The process shown on thv;cmr sa sx/3yq5)6a fe T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal procesq-+rg p;, kedhb7*ji 6xa ymox,exj(4s, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermo8y6 g+2;qx1 )qxl5wuvybq yfddynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in its tems xol)oc2+ cs7perature. This proc+o o2l7s )xsccess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this proces;dxef 4t/n x7ns, 6.;/7n dxfne4xt0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compres6ed4k)jyy j-1r5 grqgsed to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. Th6-k) ry45gyerq1jg jde final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. D lwjlu,)8ss+o-p i3mzuring this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external meczw8 um sps,i+3ol )lj-hanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. dlzl bi0qtdg3 *(7et45 lq-c h During the event, the gas exchanged no ztg*0q-3 4dhqbt c e (7li5lldheat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodyfk ih )rl-syjwo x;7y. 9r79 6dieqj3anamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is /r1 dw vhzhl3 8ve7fq-7kh5am compressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic prlmkq7 7a 5h-1 fv8hwde/3vr zhocess. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of q ak+2p.kf087u ec ima0xrxf/gas identical in all respects except that one contains px+acf7 k2iam uf0 ek8q .0x/r$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one cda**v ((tfpf qz0+fnyqe6 4qd;; i fbeontains e6*f d(4fb e tqpfi;;fqn y*+qa(dvz 0$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram /2av e23w ch dgn:3nwmis an

  In an isobaric process, there is no ccbo- q5 zbdv ((ozh2 :ktv7f;ihange in

  When the first law of therm9t1 e0.jvz h(+jenj neodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure .v ddbko-h da/ ,*ej7ias heat is added to it. This process dd.*-kideab j,o/ hv7is

  Ten joules of heat energy are trans*dh hu 6q25yfpferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of the 6hh5 *fyu2d qpgas

  The process shown on the /s j ewrzk;m yy:6ij96hay)- mPV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no chs2 k t3uz71oxgange in

  When the first law of thermodynamics,g*w.i-f32+rbc kwvev $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy is adde1js(a hv526ykjj cg0yd to a v(jyg hj01ys26kc5jit. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal468ll v.n0h rsfaos4* xly1zy gas at constant volume.xrh v41ysln4z0lyoa6slf .8 * As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynam)d *c4b qkxapw(mg*9eu,kw -c ics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a z r c()ljnv58icold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a coll(s0vt zw/2tla2,ka4f1 qaot 3i8 ajr d reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics aclu::; ebl+ cd -wpet7ccording to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustratekm4z: *,rh)jp3;shl*6 :mb2gz(y pt uxowre xd here. During one cycle, how much work is done by:rkztz6wmgs;pbuyhx)4*32e(,*:p l mjxh r o an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a h0ofpy*c j r-2pgct.n 3eat engine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficienc+q;osdtf6fm 2q9tyh 1y of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must be1tmdos;t qqy92h f+6f

  A Carnot cycle consists of-vr;/j4ukvu e0 l jt+g

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the secozar5d(hz3y ,qjf: 6xwnd law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is dvvt-yz)0to sq i;c)93x,mmqlux 2 zk0efined as the ratio o;tzq9 mu)-s,0y 023xvmz)xkqivo tcl f

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat p*htnn nnm6z-adi rm kr.(;,a*ump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy oqz7cm c59 mue+f the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any p-oqksbhtzf 2sw / 3+f*dihw.(v5-xgy rocess that may occur within an isola(qsh/+bkdh 2z wt-*yv. xf3- gfiw5s oted system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermzy w db l+ 5z:::z6ikrcx-z:hbodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to concluuu/6daue2pxqx .jo / 1de that

  During an isothermal process, yu4/ s ;ws+ u*gb-l9cl6vo antyb9h4 a5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change inhaa9 tcsy6oul+yl;4w*-4/ gbs 9ubv n internal energy?

  During an isothermal processea .u+ l(wx)jmj) ond), 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done inmd.) oenu (+w)jl )xaj the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J.xmvcx),*xj ha(pro5)*k t7qy What is the change in internal energhqx7rp j *k*(,o x5))tvyamxcy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change 2y2mqkgt49s) c ashg4in internal energy of the92qsmy kc 4)a 4stgh2g gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while d-i, c6w7nc): t qj4phzcx2y qnoing 25 J of work. What is the6472inc-y:,w pxqjtqz h cnc ) change in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system jjcl; ym* dq9z6imf m s9*1hk-8;hrg zdecreases by 50 J. What is the work doneli* 1;crqym-j6kh8g smmhz jd* 99;z f?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 Jdjbjt t933 )oh-e3nfn. What is the heato ) -jf3 hbtnejn93td3 exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is mainta (q/t4dcco;4; mtjor iined at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. Horocm4d ; t;q (t/j4icow much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is coolej/i39i iv8dded0het m/q qpvf8zakn500xv ;/ d by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. Howt ne 5f8pdqqzd0 i/ia/e/ 83vx;mdki09vjv0h many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of n9w6c el mby3e1, de5twater at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in ; 1vzsnifar0 8each cycle. What is the evrs8a;0i1 zf nfficiency?

  A heat engine has an e+t* ( odafa s+h+pxs 2vo4jtzgjax0oe,2 65axfficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it 2va,+jxgh asaxf5(++ *ooa6 40 pdtjz stxeo2perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and r,5we pt;h k9pgeceives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in eack5egtwp9ph,; h cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calk rlu76-: -lj9wagbwuculate the efficiency of each a:w9-ru6-jglbwk 7 lu cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycl9vvzz1y +1.pp fu u4lle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each up1p1y4lf+zu9l z. vv cycle.

  One of the most efficient evg+;l so onjwk 2/iw.3ngines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamln/oww sok.j2v3gi;+ ber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followin304w+nrwtn.f7td yhq g characteristics: combustion chamber tempera0nq 73yfw.twh+rnt4d ture = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most effielqug3;qrhq22:o / pocient engines built so far has the following characteristics: combusti3:qpq2 rhgu ;ol /eoq2on chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. buetnv m n.zccp8/d;-wh 9t72The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant genera+*mg38*qne*p jnifq ates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant genell0wo1ky*ron6 lun ++y8 (hy6bo+l vdrates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operat wsij4yj ; byox-5t12ges between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum t(w y- 5 6arhtrvhrtejv862 zh+heoretical efficiency possible for an engine operating betweevh r 6 jrhyvr -+e6(8th5wzt2an $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. jj9 0n; l*p 3l6lt ci( yba 5jyoow0ejcg//q*bWhat is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the tem c(0elolb3 jy*jbo*0 jilgq5/;acywj pn6t9/perature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating b1g(b avinbe ks 3(+59(lbei7bxsgse )etween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate os5m g+htho.vu so5r 9idkhp:agz7(1 6f 20 kJ an kud :.s9phmtvhog 75zsr1ia +(56g hod ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freez,bhnb5(ptxe 0 ing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 (b50n hb ep,xtkJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of92k aea s/.m-r+x gurf heat from the freezer and expelg/2fra rkm.-a es9x+us 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice melshh/jo ; fx9og*/s6z lt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropy 6tjhs3)xhv +vis

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes a9yc a1k8e xct0n isothermal expansion and its entropy changes byk c90xta 1c8ey
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at dyb :y+,pe;ks$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.