The process shown on the T-V graph i2wp )e,6ows yes an

  In an isothermal procesy9ktj -nij o;,s, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermody 1xq .jp1vy/l+/lqwglnamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice it+xc, v(qwvm.d 2ksfh /6t sv2es original volume with no change in its temperature. This prtvvvk(/h.exw d22 +qfm sc,6socess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothe92oj.m+ oli dxrmally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy ii mxd.+9oj2 los expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original fudnh6 (l*z*bvolume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of**duzlnbhf6 ( the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isotherfib7o) heed) 13de3n+s9g i62 n jnqpqmally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statemen1+p )7ngi9es 2 )qhjn6e3 nqodibf3ed ts is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in yjx94k*ohoi-an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no he yx-j iok94oh*at with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermoco)rv w7( qr-edynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas isp )qj j dcwfe)+3+)nxzvqt s21 compressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pr)pqf2 jn1jevqzx +wd3c)t+)s essure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas0/s(de7zcng- w/pq ah identical in all respects except that one contains s/e /0zdc-nqp h 7gw(a$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one co(oiq 7huo tec-wipehl ooqdn9+.,xn9 ,fd34- ntainsxoq9 hw 7e4i+o-d93 n,finloot,q u e(p .hdc- $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagra mphw5s69 kvy*m is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no change :g- a ter .pr32lpt)ndin

  When the first law of thermodynqeoq3jq.+a p*y,4y r damics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is awq0nlvr /7 p)/ x -igdj1.p t6lfah;eedded to it. This pro-e/x01i wtf;l vj p/.er nqph6a7dg)lcess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are tra .hlnfg2 1ug.ohcx9l ns*,4vpps;f k)nsferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the in.l.*on hhv u;f g,sp)42gslpxfk9c n 1ternal energy of the gas

  The process shown on thpmb c+4h*ebb6 e PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change ih; xor 7;jy.azn

  When the first law of therne 4)/t 7cep,ct9a5pj.apfk lmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a xuh6u81+gk e t5,u02 mjm mn)gjbkzr.rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy is added 1+h8kn)gt,rmuj06mzm ebj.gk u5 2xuto it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferre8yk:3 ekch ih-d to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a rke:ic8h k -h3yesult, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thed it1 tcj 0w32ule0ta./1hfi frmodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from5 ue2is0rc.cj a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from 3/z.w ho-od hy(rhi;fa cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law ev6gh9cpb8 -knm k)sz0 fc+e.v;wab *of thermodynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. D0tfoma1 95 wca5 rrd;8jg1yiruring one cycle, how much work is done by an engine rt1a5a158cyi ; mjg ro9dr0wfoperating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is definef *ycsm6tvw .4dh 2n:od as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 10pngkpogtqq*yr+ b 3 + a13u.p80%, the heat sink must b 33q1*ngr kpq o+g8uy.b+app te

  A Carnot cycle consists o;l2lott7ev z646chya f

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of theh5y u* pj/ wy46cuukr:rmodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigeratdr xk0hw*w-rcq./kn5 or is defined as the ratio o*/-rcdqk.h w 5n0kxrwf

  The coefficient of pj jnmzuv9p65*6d 9;0a5 ul(owaxt xdxerformance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the encwvo12osh 6 b6tropy of the water

  According to the second law of t n9ttxmoj )67ivp7e ,fhermodynamics, for any process that may occur within 7v6j,x) poeimn7f tt9 an isolated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement ;w kkumwu9-ti:1au/6qo*7:sp n exj qof the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us tp .mxma5b 4c) rbis0up9w01tro conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is re;e) 0og w;*a48-jjkzuqde9rqgu lz ; pbx.:wzmoved from an ideal gas. What isz8 .zuk9ljqgbe04:;x *pj)ewwd ru;agzq;-o the change in internal energy?

  During an isothermalaa(y,j- e; yns process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is theaynj,(e; a s-y work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal proceg6tns*mjvy8 yas7dyg0r; 55q ss is -400 J. What is the change in inayy7 sy*5jqr 6sd;5mtv80ngg ternal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. Wh * dm dis7f8tqw5m;aa8at is the change in internal energyi8m7f;d*adqas58 mt w of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is;isky3 v6j w.o the change iwj.k63o vyi;s n internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. Wh )ul i0r 6o9jqscq9ayz1g0 s6bat is thg6096j0r u1cab qoqsysiz l9) e work done?

  In an isochoric procevvca6zk27ztml)pe (6r4 py 9mss, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the) r4zc(7mmp6ayve6 2vz9pl kt heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monato4xtkd+ie:oqx 72 t*cymic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy f2cx*dix 7kt:t+ oey 4qrom the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when rj5v6qstoe8yq+4 a-8qn,ib g 831 J of energy is removed from it. +6 -s qi8y5rebtvo8na qq, g4j How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of wajq m2o y/vk;v aec,a/,ter at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 300 4npkg)6uko v20 J in each cycle. What is th6n p2 )vguo4kke efficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of+ ) o3figmbmrl a)t4dsez+r63 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform in each cyos4gt)) +3 l 3zd+aimr mef6rbcle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. h0xeopyk0 *u.(s(i+dzhax( f How much heat ds(ok.ea0fhi0 xypu(+h *d(z xoes it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and el1tqn/o0e8b h xhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficien noqetl 80h/1bcy of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle andlruj.*x/ 9xa0 a4 tqya exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the woa/xjaxa ru4t0q9 *l .yrk done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient eah09md:q wf dl3m8e, ingines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber m 3qwefhald:, 98i md0temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficgusrk0h ; e6l/cj(p9zq dp/,cient engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber tempera plzd( 0pj urgks,96h;/eccq /ture = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteristk robtccd74mhdw7:0) ics: combustion chambwccdm0rh74 t:)o7dk ber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elect0lmr kg+p5 -1rpxx+f qric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elect8w1f xlt(bj/eric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW wp (pm1ll jtkb0 ):g0q 1mj9dcof electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiejq *hy00m.s*-oe).vdc spprc ncy of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical ,p ueo*v n/e:cefficiency possible for an engine operating between *:epc, e/uovn $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0hog0 /x2vr aw eh1r2sh0alom:9 p 9yp(%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot0ry9( o9mp ohxghla p:r0/va12esw h2 reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatiyz ehso-c.p 5f*g2e7gng between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat eh;vbp 6ant 11from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ intot pa6vnh 1;1eb a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat fror 8uk* i0ifw(gm the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a r0r8i( *wufk gioom per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the f, +6aeetal3 kbh zsev *z:42jzreezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work iszb 3,4vl t6+2zkzahj*ee : eanput is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of icgve+6yt3xk8 s+9 w awye melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the chan*i7wcdg qnr04ge in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP u+jtbo qzuh ,9,r jca ib(ln;v7d(.c, qndergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changes byqlqvojt,n+ (hc. a7b b9,juc z;,ird(
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at s846te6yakceh sll0 2 yd,g+g $80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.