The process shown onbrubv347yikuao+8 7 j the T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, t 4ml61qgnpv.wxnd1. q5bpbp (here is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics +e703bk:qdsqa9q ys ipo 3qc:j70h:dh8dj qa, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to two.0w3j2z-*ck* opr xfl0v hmtice its original volume with no change in its temperature. This proces3*zow0-k0x.f p2tj hlm* cov rs is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L.7lp/qu2 vkp .5ugh pbh-q9ke2 During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the g9h bh.pl kqkuq5/ve2p u-72p gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its origin vg58.h+s (ptwe mmau1 dwoc1*al volume during an isothermal process. 1 uv cw+o*psw5a1e.g tdm( mh8The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally*0f obus fkap0s,99m f from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following fspf*f 09abmok, 90 usstatements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During th3/lp9xvui7;l7 qiga ue event, the gas exchanged no heat wit x;9lgv/ a7pluqi7iu3h its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamics,.cw+t 9hpjwt,*.jxnf $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original vo3+.koj 5 ppd)k(d eyeh5un omxde(p9 1lume during an adiabatic process. The final 5 1k 5 eop9oh+jpe3d.)(k edum(pyndx pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except thaggxbf2dkmx9z013o a cqz +3c*t one contains 3c9kx2xmdzcazo0b qg 1f+*3g $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one corg*9r8s:m tyg hga5x)poo8;e ntainsrsm gro8:)5o8a ;gy* 9hetgpx $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on tvf)scozk 45; lldj.qm p z.0-7ym:zu the PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no change dnph;+ bkv (e58xrp,ek v.i5a 3n.mboin

  When the first law of thermo2b+kjo xx 20xbowt) f1dynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as t9m7i ie1e9; j0rku ufheat is added to it. This procer;ftemk1 ij i 9u7e09uss is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at conmg*m z / p 4;nmbs9auk2,bfy(yq5mkt 3stant pressure. As a result, the ay 4*u,m2kgmm(z ;bbkyq53st 9nm p/finternal energy of the gas

  The process shown on tqa8ui z8c f8k3gyc-kxqx*5b 3he PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change i-+s qsn:nquvpo 1x 32pn

  When the first law of thermod0e+x.k9rn vqf 90-yyy gw-tjhynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to .g dhovgxe;d,jh179p a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. gv; ohp7xh.1e9 j dg,dThis process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to /d )vyw iyt-t zc-r bf(d06(esa sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As t 0d( -v)if6ebcrzyytws/d (- a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermonmv8 o*umg8m. ibd/) sdynamics.

  Is it possible to transfernx-* * mv9,ab mote*dd heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to7 3 ipv-uo6u tjf*rrc8c8,e yl a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according:7lw-0plj7f vsxq5 ex to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During oney 1lsj71sm)rf cycle, how much work isyssjlfm 1r1)7 done by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined lwt ,d9svd /d-c ioc5k5w32s xas the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink a +xjp)it y6s94agv: nmust bsa:4tp6x in+)g j9v aye

  A Carnot cycle consissbj)5ke(c wj 0+taq0ats of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of tijq8)u3-.tjp4d5pn9jf9 y i d9 xyquthe second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refridet u6 +h6f; mklp* ggo(knc+1gerator is defined as the ratio ockno tk;1+h(6gdpe m 6l*gf+ uf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is di2 uul.h3hbm l8n3 hs5a4ha1jq4 nt9l efined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the wachm 31h2fmu*yuv 9*t 6gkszh *ter

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, foapz67 l 2jr4iir any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the choic rajp6 4lii27zes applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of ther4cqtm 1zd/d3vp - s8 th;ckro*modynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to cs 1/py8t*(pu,n lnni)5lfyg n onclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heanca6 rebh :)(st is removed from an ideal gas. What is the en6:) acrsb(hchange in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 Jze5n)lb1sv 3( 4qqzupm rv;1w of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is th1(3vz sq5pnzlw4rmu) v1 q;e be work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothe- q2:ha8 e f-griiy9rirmal process is -400 J. What is the change ini:iyfh q -a-ig8r9r e2 internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. Wha898di (ex 8qw ekw2uqat is the change in internal energy of the gas?8adqu x 8e( 2wwe9iqk8

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic puym(a o 27tu( l:gst oxx*s.3erocess while doing 25 J of work. What is the change ix:t(y sumt(3sglo7. *2a o uexn internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreasn6(q3 jy r)-all n0v;xvon*jces by 50 J. What is the work nlnxoalnr jy(3 )6*cv v0;-qj done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system de ms8,chagr3s 6i4g4 bicreases by 50 J. What is the heat ex4,s4ic6 s h8rmi3bg agchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as 5zg2exs6 h,ore w9n+uit is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. Hnee +9gs5wr,hu2z o6x ow much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled bx/ djminau 5+8qh0gbmeu: ,q/ y 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed fremm n/5+/qqba hguiux8d j ,:0om it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of x*u.lupz )/ xa0u oz-fd1m9ltwater at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7yyu z3 -)wclxk*n)*ll(nx* ny000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficiency* llcyn(kzxy-)ynl)u* *wn 3x ?

  A heat engine has an 2e 5ejp+ 2esf2 u1qwbwefficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much wowbj up2f252q eese1+ wrk does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an effic eh v zo(2*(e6tkit7tfiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat 7( tzt thokef2 v6(ei*does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calcu4novzp (dm*wod;-e+k late the effic( d+*o-p4 m;dznwove kiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal ofo9b 0zre5vbe,b:hiid d8al). heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the ii d9:bhel 0rd.vzebo,)5 8a bwork done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines b9rf; a: hvjc1hurt s0(zyie t sv+z17;uilt so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperature =t(;0iysze7cu s1zh;j+r t:h ra9v1f v $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient eqydyc, (afs+-y9.1pal+ pkolk3e8avngines built so far has the following characteristics: combukkqva c -o .+f1+3l,s 9dyy8pa eal(pystion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has thvt ,yu*0hsn q xisx)0)e following characteristics,s u 0x )qv)0s*niyhtx: combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electr1g-oj ;yel s/xic power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant gen ou*+p*bisy5nerates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600*u; nk/kib1) xrdupl83wy q0 w MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates vkhi0j2o*t dl6:pe+d between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine x*aul06k)m*xrrn ip8 operating betweexkr *x6m0iu8lnrp *a)n $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of thd*/ uv7ba h(sae cold reservoir if the temperaturvasab/ (*u7h de of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatir:a14k+v ,(2g z/mrz rcrfrwk3y dqb zec(8/rng between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at t-tk6 ru3u.w72(y oy +mug*cra8sxvar he rate of 20 kJ and ejecvg kua2xcuy8+s o(7r3r-*.taywurm6 ts 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the free 3rvm3 (6mxmugzing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into 6xm3 mvurmg3(a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a(4u: t8h6cmbzepxh85n1 td tn refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?c htthbnxpzemn51884( ut6:d

  What is the change in entropy when 5w/ mma2b(i/21hiz ehg0 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in )hug drm i6z5ck.z a5.entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at ST9x/q4bxl. toc0 v3f0vf;ut igP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changexoft0 v/x;qui3 t l4vb9fcg. 0s by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 70 ajwb w.n (j94uzoon$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.