The process shown on-;f bzc3rbae, the T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal processlq c9t,*ux4y r, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamicshfwkm)ju/8l -us q4 )owedg81 , $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its originakm eli 5)s e)o.o:bz6al volume with no change in its temperature. This proclozae6s )bmk)5 o.i :eess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. Du,orvh9 d i17v2)qy:nun5r/ tg ktftg, ring this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the extfgttihk v,79 1nr: /5 vyqnu d2trg,)oernal mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original (+zw8luj rydax)),2ws5 wcw kvolume during an isothermal process.(c2ukwj+awr8w5dx,wl ) zs)y The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L.zz/iiwn /:3c yx1q gz4 During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statemzyzxn4 wg1iz3 /cq /i:ents is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an iso:esth7d 8o hycmx 9k k9tnl-r,1xn, xvvnq;3,lated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surrounding8;,,7 ,csonq d1 x:39vx9vhntm lrthxy-kknes. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamfgq +y 6qub(l-ics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas0vsu3qj1w )v8og:v) r p9fd mr tx2n:o is compressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final prjp 2 0nmw1x qv:o3)s)urto89fr gvvd:essure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respectfe 7jsm29h9 uf( 4zlm- f/tmjgs except that one contains- /z9g7s u2el jmfff9mj(th4m $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in allo 8xt:e1foa ew+-y* nx respects except that one containsn xtae:eo18xfy*wo -+ $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on8q7vt x5hziqd f,t* c7 the PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, thehn,t+u qk hb50re is no change in

  When the first law of tpb oej)r08hvok0yf yxaks- zp*x g(is/36u:8hermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. 3)*h2xlzyy( e5q egnp This processel3xy( *gezhy )2npq5 is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at cons8b,zhf. ci ;*m.kucyahgk6q1tant pressure. As a result..c*h;ia uzqk8h16y, gcm fkb , the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PVc4-r yeq ,1j.pxh -unh diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no cw r 42ovuyub7+hange in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, pstxn4f mrb u;9sa/,1$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container tha/x.7x(8el4mrqjiz yn t cannot expand as heat energy is addedx(7qj n/yi lx.zr 4e8m to it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat enexm yjk3p2; x5prgy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energy of the g5jykpxxp;m23 as

State the first law of theymi:ok,hlz;4 rmodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot rese.r jesp8bz3( arvoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from 3r;,zwsn)o dn a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according tp3(hp0+vjc5r-; cg jm/ sre mto Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During oc)1e p0w)0ba zdutb z1ne cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating onc1azwedpbtb )0)0 uz 1 this cycle?

  The efficiency of a e55as2 +ynh 7ex:y: )p,qp hz tjys:aqheat engine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a p/5a1l/ha rjf vl f4tdsb35;jCarnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must b1a5/4ljfv aj; r/shtbd 5l3fpe

  A Carnot cycle consists ojfd o7 mhre 4*/tren29/r pun3f

Give the Kelvin-Planck statem,/e f oeou0bm0ent of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigeru 2uzntsu1b )-1-5ntd h1dtspator is defined as the ratio ohnt25 ss1n1d pbztuud)-t- 1uf

  The coefficient of performance (Cqf u .pntyp;,m zav90 k2c3rkut3:qp;OP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the en),60q wdb) emu6czysi 15quovtropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur x*pnzj7bm/ub ys; f.+within an bz7p n/ ybjm+u. *xs;fisolated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general state/bz p, ds)eh5xy89.im ;m4gz tl czf:tment of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclt0fb08f1.qc wwh 8aemude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ivqn , c2jbx m01l.8;tcrz50fd ulh /hjdeal gas. What is the change in internal energj2ncjr5uhb c xq01fl.0dhl; mv8z/t, y?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat isd )gji65mq*olqqt/ 8)tz 97wcryp oe) removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the ote i9qy7p5 )l6 qg8dtr/zmqo*w)cj) process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal pai 4wihh2m;h5/g)d7k(myv yu rocess is -400 J. What is the change in internal energim5ha7u4y v2hdyw )kihmg;/ ( y?

  200 J of work is dona n9.h5g7/q zd:olaen e in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internala qdae5 hg.9oznl7/ :n energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing rfpfci o8dz(t8 .v;q bayh8)625 J of work. What is the cvqi 88c.6ff;t8 da(p ozyhb)rhange in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases b 8qqqr.e h6l jgi/oic(f9b+lmi 23+nry 50 J. What is the work done?oj( b g+h inilqlr .ifer89m3qq6/+2c

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. Whz/+0+ ybcb ftx-;yqa c jym8v40rhn9 bat is the he+ yqb/yr c0jzt-9vxch4;b+08mb ay nfat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gasqfg,q b:mr 5q)wb0 :y1xble gl)2erh - is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the g2lb0e) qqw5be:r ,fgh :-xm1b q)lygras. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is so( *jze;5u- vh(vx i2:hwzq*5gaitjremoved from it. How many moles of gas are e-h*2:;*w v vjzojitzq(g sa hi5u(x5in the sample?

  A system consists of t2nv (z wpx.k/3.0 kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycj+j7ur5;apoveu 4hsq 9 +u476aobrt p le. What is the efficiency?b+6rha7j 9uor54+7 p vtu ;4o jpqueas

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J o:dar 0xz5w5wdt im+(av ,mr0rf heat per cycle. How much work doe:dr0 m wdzar0aw(r m v55i,+xts it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cgb*e;:eo3j z oh/ b6ryc;y z1aycle. How much heat does it exhaust ergzy;jbh6co 31aez/:by; o* in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Cal;vm) o ;aqq/a 9y.mmqcculate the efficiency of eqqm 9o;/c.qm;mavy)a ach cycle.

  A heat engine absorb23-2abet rsj vud5 f( *sva5*km: jucus 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate thek5*vj: ebms2a52t v s*cj(uaur -fud3 work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteristilczzf- t/sz:p 5cmj*j7 +mzz,cs: combuscz*/ zm pmzj, ztlz:57jc-f +stion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient etu:cx+n:6f(izu3 x ca ngines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber 6xictx f:(cnau3+zu : temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following charactez2 , -89+epr4pkv:yptkxirwsristics: combustion chamber temperaptpx89+s,rpkkw: 2r yvzi4 e-ture = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plkrp*am 2ezguz/u8dsh+7, 3q+t/qg yt ant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates22,7 fwlu2hrl;tp wrh 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. 6i.hl3puym; l6sy q qj(dh.i8The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot effi-30 kr iqvtu/0;aniw rciency of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiencyx*a j grpee6/8 possible for an engine operating betwexa6/j8e g* erpen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the tenmjidjz9 k 0q5:tho * (sm2+zpp)s9kimperature of the cold reservoir if the tezijp( m)skh9+djo ps tn:m92kq 5z i*0mperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating b1 b4mnq g-oj-7xmoc 5w:k auk5etween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes r kj.7ca*7 pp,qz9dgpheat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much w9g. ,qda7cp*p kpz r7jork is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from t x,/8a duor:/6qlv, ac/ ky lmq92oufche freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What 6m/2lyur/a c,aox, /kcq 8 l9uqd:ofvis the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator n8* s vcfpv17z i57xpmabsorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycsv5cf ix zp 71mn87pv*le?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ib:- gjpx azn0.a jq,*zce melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the chang72i7q4ngd.bz ibw7 zme in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP underg pdx obvo(cq;0(dt8-uoes an isothermal expansion and its entropyxb d vcdp;8 otq(o-0u( changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 5pvl6ujc2 fl 6- mf:xi$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.