The process shown on the T-V g6k o8qalc:5mu :ecr. rraph is an

  In an isothermal process, t5 tdkat8iu3(ktrr x: 0here is no change in

  When the first law of therm;uhxrc9rseh8rf9 r.,/ lo1 su odynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its originalf.7hum g*i)e n volume with no change in its temperature. Tfhen7* gu) i.mhis process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this procph q(/sm.xjj;r mnd 95ess, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is .p(9x; ms5j /hmjqrndthe change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume :v7h:qgp jit9 u 3lrom0 u/l*oduring an isothermal process. The final prev9 j7/l*r:u mouo3qh0l: pt igssure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6sdq)mfe 7tju+ lv*1b)4 mdnp9 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expav14)qbmpj 9 t +ud)slf7dn*mended the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an is1 h9vcovg nio y+-h);rolated environment. During the event, the gas exc-ghn1+ )ovhriv9yoc ;hanged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamics,vpde .v*)6yia 2 2bzmc $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volumemgn y o1vu94z7 zn7 jy. uuc.:)9ulyke during an adiabatic process4ul1n9 uznz9: me 7u) j.oy gc7vy.uky. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical 4s8gdcby.s -: 8 ,f df;thdzgkin all respects except that one contains;csdb4 ygf8z8 ,df: tks.g-dh $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one contai qv9o4zn 2:/a 2wkbulonslokq2nz9o4wu /2 vb:a $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on gv5*/lr (x 8iu6u ggespl1.b qthe PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no cha3jfkcf/3c1 v unge in

  When the first law of thermodynam b5m6do; pun0pics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heaths, 0rmy7c, sm+w,gp g is added to it. This process hs,c7, 0ry+ mms g,gpwis

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of 5j13stk: j 8kalc)pjo ideal gas at constant pressure. As a rop)8 jlsk5:c1k aj t3jesult, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diaz/s 7 ; sdwh*5m6kkvhztyzw ;.gram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no chaywe v8+wy) b-d7 m;jhynge in

  When the first law of thermodynami 29toh d19+dgy tisci3cs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat -5gig5v68rf(gowlo sto m mh/w d6;6zenergy is added to it. This pro866ho(gtoi 6 wsg5v-zmdr/gm wolf 5;cess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas atz*o8lubml2ap7b m /6y constant volume. As a result, tp 6*mybloz/abu82lm 7 he internal energy of the gas

State the first law of w*s 96mfy2iysg) zv /srp iv29thermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat goa7e n 8,:z0vxjoio 2quzv0i4mb/.gfrom a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold rp(qp qx *23wtkeservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clausidf6 .nufqia5zn2wu dww96+-n us.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During vd6/cx1rpoan7w)97vqcmh g - z8s 0hi one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on this cyv 6swr9)-7vahx od1h08m/i c7zq c gpncle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as t+g 8m-;frm pkwhe ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be hs0cv*g1j.af25 (ky+1x ju mjnh cf3(hzpy u8100%, the heat sink mustch2jkg1yxm.n ya3f vu1 *+0jh(jchu zf5(8sp be

  A Carnot cycle consists o omik.u lt zved(p362+f

Give the Kelvin-Planck sblr6tgx7d5s87ai8wrk+ ob x 6tatement of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) ofib(oxi o y0c0d 7rbl2) a refrigerator is defined as the ratio of r2bcblo(iy0 i)ox d07

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio f)q/qs v sga.lwi)*tr)1dt 7 lof

  When water freezes, the entropy ox ddq1 epv6 1n;3r1rkzf the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process thaoy;zwv e,hc;9.kv o66 jo(ak+ sp -lsat may occur within an isolated system, which one of the choicekj+a9 vlk ce ;azwoopysh(.s6v6 o ;,-s applies?

Give a general statement of the second l 9 rbze2 j + 9gspf4wwtw((g5q-pzsgj(aw of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads (as g)op+ u+u2a:tx xous to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is w ij3s-cf 9ya8removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in inter3if9jaws y- c8nal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J omaq 7,+3kl oyfnkst .2f heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in thefy7q 3,k2ns.mot+ka l process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal pr1n1vfp 1ua6esocess is -400 J. What is the cup en 1asv611fhange in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas kes7z9x 6mxhf )yb*ts7q 6 h)vadiabatically. What is the change in internal en7e6q*7txh9sfsvh ))k mbx 6yzergy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic processqkwx4i (,,r*0qy3ct ck9 pbpy while doing 25 J of work. What is tw ,iyk9rqcp y30xct( p4*q,kbhe change in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the int -n,gmri/)xa/xjdq osqfm :bb )r g0:7ernal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the work do -o/nixafr 7:sb)qx,)jd qgr/b0gm m :ne?

  In an isochoric process, the inftn/ 7cgg)j -:ym+ tvvfv-+e3uv; b+ pcjz/esternal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exchang-;z tv ue /ns3+j+/ygfb7cme)v:t+fjpv cv- ge?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at con hi,o*o8j7e3ahzp6k c stant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much woea h h87ckpoi3zj,o6*rk is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is coolkbseyk 8:li3/ed by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the samplyi kbksel/38 :e?

  A system consists of 3.i rkt2y-f44j932cbvlk /ni(x /cjyii 0 kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in eac ):rhrz r7kr8:p4mdxy h cycle. What is the efficienc::dxpr7rkrz hmy)r 84y?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of h;9(5f8npl,nqnm+u 62ld2kiey9bu/j s f hp cr eat per cycle. How n9qs 9yef(5 kc+p,j2du2/ mhur8nn i6l;fblpmuch work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receivevosk,*iehx +(s 150 J of heat per cycle. Howishv+ ko*(ex , much heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cyclew28ccsl dqghe); ,:xb and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculatxcwec)8bs h2l d,:gq;e the efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 k1nx l4s2 :jg kt)fg-sdcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each cyltdg g24jss)fk :1-xn cle.

  One of the most efficient engines bui9v0pppyuu vks u2 f ii i9-5y(bdw+7s.lt so far has the following characteristics: combustioup .ud (iwib7s2+5pvsv09pyfiy ku- 9n chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines u j;gv dr):* srra1o-6s;xmzm built so far has the following characteristics1* j)rv;;sgx:ro6adm u - mrsz: combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the fop/;qe wrw :jy.a0d3jrllowing characteristics: combustion chambeq a0p wr/r3je;.jwd: yr temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plde5,jz p:nv,o ant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW ofn1bfgd z9 r(jj93, fws electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power5byl,9 lj deh -nxcp-/. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficieskt(z8k, x(djhmen5, ncy of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possi*q. l8falx/ ml b+fkr8ble for an engine operating betw/8*b.fa+klr mf 8 qlxleen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine islkwq2hpkm:o my44lr8. r7tw , 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reserv2omw t:q7w,8k4.l4 lhmykr r poir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatinn o ,qk5ij+9m6rbm8*q7pe+9fum ovbrg between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing comav n)4v39omu36 lxcompartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a r xm46onmvc voa 3u)9l3oom per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from thlmvtu q2zc+r0p 2qu1+e freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room pept r 0qcm+uq2u2+ lv1zr cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigera un)i.r3 breu7tor absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is ur b3u e.nir7)required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice mejn 621xtkkp:yz0or5wgeve :-*p hu l*rb5s7o lt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezesdqnigw) fc*c2mks7 bd:b(7e 0 , the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP underbjs8 4kunl-u4yr * ,digoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changes b,lu 8u kny sib-4d*r4jy
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at ,z gv q adcgk/lk7jpur6a: r5+- ya73z$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.