The process shown on the T-V gra9fwh0vg,pqgkls+vf7x6/ ux 0ph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no chansbb ;i(f y:ua/ge in

  When the first law of thermyeeb3 8 zgf+/codynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in its temperatuyngx i7pr adq+.tqtb/n 2;v98re. This procqg9 vayrnqt;/t .xbp72d+ i8ness is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this proc l6m z:5,6k2:pl/lyq vm wnrjiess, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal 6rzmv 5k:/n6 pwl:lmj,q l2yienergy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an isothermalj 1v6m)mp36 /pizzszxmay :os/ 4 sin+ process. pszoz /m 631mjspaisn6i x+v4:y )/ mzThe final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded b)r 06a:(g8 qkky)mt g;iijjk isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mecha jmq b)gkj;86:)0i(igyta krknism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated enviro 9fvzqkm7v5uxf)7( x7jctxv7nment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This vq7779fc z kxxu) t5vjx fm7v(process is

  When the first law of thermodya(cp- (06xkwuui 6 bb8tud v w(k5g0nbnamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original +c-i:il d0 ea:;vplsmvolume during an adiabatic process. The finaield+::a -sp ;v0 climl pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identiwdoa b8p8550 +nubzle ak rs*8cal in all respects except that one containszwpkuebn as5l+bd r8*a o085 8 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders +8yp x v)wt7ggqf)*qd,jf qv6of gas identical in all respects except that one contains f+6g v * )gp7qjtd,xqyf )qvw8$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV disz y: /j6:pqac0w jfa8agram is an

  In an isobaric process, t 3gl op7i x)(/susb/r j+wnr-ihere is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamic) 6hcgg m,gyhk abpj2w c;2*+ls, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure axnlma/ py0d3oa)o1sp xjx:h yr)y+73 s heat is added to it. This process ojn0)alx: h y x7/p )pa+oyys3dx rm13is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas atts e9 ejcv tie:jg-/c;6f;df+ constant pressure. A;cecg 96fdtjv:;e+ -i/ jsefts a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram i8nr* - )emuxhvs

  In an isochoric process, there is no change tgh;+tac +ah 9d(m ea*in

  When the first law of thermodye*g21b hkv0gwu(q8k*njr8 ygz3 i* umnamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to ;rn:83kmtz5i3 gvh gm c3 rn2wa rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy is adde23chkrmtn3ivw mg3 8n zg5:; rd to it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat encqsv:labfs1 cs/3o ; 5ergy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. Alqf :v3 5c/1bo; ssacss a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermoap2nkg1hgb h2h(,9 qt dynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat fr c )rd-5hks3; 0.yu6wjpxq- (znwistiom a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat fro fk6 ish5fs,5tg x y+g*9xzzd7m a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of therc2syw ;d hvj;/modynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycl: k(fk+z fomf)e illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine oomff:(k +fk)z perating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined artejyl1v o mh9jzk3,p;n65 8gs the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot e++dyn 4x0/.bd aqc owxngine is to be 100%, the heat sink mustbq+xcad y. nd4wo+x/0 be

  A Carnot cycle consists amtx t. wzd9 6q,4jb:fof

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the sec/ :jlbwowc 6f7ond law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as th g,h z.c:x:no;,bptqs 5i-x sne ratio opbn, i :gqoc-,xs:n. x5th s;zf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the 8qr+b)jy9uwy qip4 *fratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of thee 8b+*noj rq;z74d;niik3yw y water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that me is((egm 59ufay occur within an isolated system, which one of theu((eg9mefs i 5 choices applies?

Give a general statement iyh5* cuph);bfw,6nn of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us th/+aodjl nl33hqz37ig sw 23eo conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heah+ 2ahvxte +k7t is removed from an ideal gas. What is thth7 ex a+h+vk2e change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 y7m:- wliv ks yd-x8fj.qq5+oJ of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the proce 7xy: mo8.s-v5lq idw k+qj-yfss?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an iso0bm/bv9 3so jvthermal process is -400 J. What is tbv 3 ms0/o9vbjhe change in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in6cy, d :0p earlz6;azhyd67b fi-n,p g compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energy old:g60yz n6hf dypb7,ierz6a a-;,p cf the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of ncpiw;;,f g;*adgf0i work. What is the change in internal energy c0p;iw* gnif;fd,a;g?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50h 8j4a.5, x vyrmxe:au J. What is the work may 5:xx rj v.8ha4,uedone?

  In an isochoric process, the internapmv 8uiqk/94y.m t9q6gz8ul e l energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What isum me tq9z9l.y4kgvpi/ 6qu8 8 the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as is z)scdg 11v2jt is cod gzvsjc1) s12oled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is coolei/ehzd:x3kk)x44c:*i rr:ctn /t jjar/u s k1d by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the ahx sr:/k 4r4/z1* n3k/):kd ect icu jt:ixjrsample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water at4dc3f*nah1ich arf w2l 5+n d- $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receiv+mpxvy /f x4*y1 jlsacem0 2d5es 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the e0a 1 lfyepj2y +cs/*v d5mxx4mfficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 g0:r12 q3bk ddpwc k7lJ of heat per cycle. How muql 7k13d :r2cgd kb0wpch work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 159 xu5qystkd(pdf-4* j0 J of heat per cycle. How qp9dkt 4f(yj d-su5x*much heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cyc,,7i rf1 ezbbx-s+y 8lkv/ jlmle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each cycx, vjr7 y/bfsl ki+ 1-,lbmez8le.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cyclb.nq bs 92o1vse and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done e2s 1nbqvo .9sbach cycle.

  One of the most effic 1heakf26ure( h: d.bmient engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperatf ahh(ubkem1. 6de:2 rure = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines. 9s6b2m 4fl jpmq2bdi built so far has the following characteristics: combi 2.9mp624 dfmqsb bljustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following char 5 vk rjj .6n7 r8t)o2nbmbl6(phvhno:acteristics: combustion chamber tempera8k v 5)n:j . ojlhbrbh626nrm(to7pvnture = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 M6l :sb4kal3t ra3r l/xW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uspp*rb)u;,yn rq q819kmw n/ xjrn7ik+ es $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW o(p (.ia,mk f,hbefg4nf electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which* 8 gct:;x-;kvrs) d3ufkijpe operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine opera 2 v/7spe ishwe6k49 lc6,g.tav,xho rting between sv6tc egp4el 9/hhw,ak o6x7,v .is2r $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine i u17bj h*vmp3xq1r3zt s 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reserv bthv zjxu3*7pm1q13roir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatingbqmuy 13 ).xpf between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing c n;o:+ojmbm/jompartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle./ m;nm+: bjjoo How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rfrs q9rm5*f wy6m) ,akate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of pe)sm5*q6wya fk9fmr,r rformance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from nzhh372p,7d h:2d dsre:n1vs ,n4sjphur d q 4the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is requiredn,12z hr d vdq3:4n: sdh4pe7jh2,n psru7dsh in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice melt x w.ztsd;uu;o9 6x a3rat $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in enlkn 5gox .f75etropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isot hmve6isfv 621i k7tt*hermal expansion and its entropy chang mtt6hi1v*7e6f2 vskies by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at h9 mr(m,v((hom x;ahi$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.