The process shown on the T-V graph is antd+-4d:nui*i culy6a w vfesm0.wrvt2 ,z *5j

  In an isothermal process, there is no ch60 jva)nnm 1fqylao2 ,ange in

  When the first law of thermodyna;co(pd hk9fs;q kc)u1mics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to; c ew;mr0w9tf twice its original volume with no change in its temperature. This pror mw 0ce;f;9twcess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this proces)g .xscnhv:mlk9o20as, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gl.gsc9hx:a2ko )0n v mas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an )hza:* uc 90l/ s63cnrnurcygisothermal process. The final pressure of the gasr60n*s:uyug ) c9ch larcn z3/

  An ideal gas is expanded aubfhfk bk02xu :msn4+.td, f 4ia2/xisothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is co4/xf2nhx0bfd: ik bf,4a.s k2m+at u urrect?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an iso-j7wa( w: feuqlated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings.(fj-qu7wa:e w This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamics,6 dcrtfex*d./ fi.du, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half aquun o7.f:s2its original volume during an ad7n 2uou a:.sfqiabatic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gh1rd x2 v3lnl3as identical in all respects except that one contains l v313dn2rx lh$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical il.p kdt/ +-y/pxr)9qxvu2 lh vy y0my9n all respects except that one contains ykudpll+yv9 h y x)20mt.p9vy-// xq r$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is vfp; 9p: 5d fstak+1cian

  In an isobaric process, there inl(l8 xhpdh51 x4hf:rs no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, )bz wzksnf0(o/w- to,4l7t rv$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This um7, p)jcoorfx b+kzf1 -s-4 rprocesf j- o,u 1 -op4kxf+)s7zmrbcrs is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of idealu4h 6ih(u ; k xgcpx8q-pby yth)g0h8, gas at constant pressure. As a resuluhb, 40;thp6)g(qph x y -xihg cyku88t, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on k92dklvit-r + the PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there i;w bc8xw1bxfzwr ;f +6s no change in

  When the first law of themwwozyn7 i,n2- v+k m*bzioim1w 6/1 lrmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand ass5 g-d;ai8a rqj5dy :yp fq*9s heat energy is added to it. T;jp-*igd 5 :qsaq ryd y98sa5fhis process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transfe6x9s 6fs *ldzg ea r/y7ag0:hsrred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the inte dzg gss 0rf:7ahyelxas9*/66 rnal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamics.p1 kg:c, gw:pslmm* 0*o4dw mm

  Is it possible to transfer hea.u f6 3lrtm6bit from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat mhm)m 0i*um)*5jmbcffrom a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics acco lvgiff i8 7ux.+swl 5a9pn )bckl/t-8rding to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, hyocx+0jf v2,o*m )nzwow much work is done by an enginecfz0onyvom2 wj+) , *x operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the wbmp3:r4d ewq-hcb;(q+l c4xd b49ftratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Car)a:bctn:/zc dnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink mus )b:cdntz a:c/t be

  A Carnot cycle consimqzz)l *0p 5d)(c ;mysdkj-fosts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement 8 ytz9: g :cioae6u3 06vkhcrnof the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as th z 81 t2wqr56gufd2eo(7sdu hge ratio orq ggu2d6wez2ho 7uf581s( td f

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a2 g od5dfwuy.0 heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, tdo pn;p/j:u;ghe entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occ+ nkn2y,r+z4podi01f 1dekh z ur within an isolated system, which one of the choices appdn1doz n h12pyk+0fe z4rik,+lies?

Give a general statement of the second law o6 in2q:2nl tcevqziw,sf; /3xf thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclude p ii3g,,d 1)gn ecn-juthat

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What v+7 fgchi7j)g;bvjr) isgv+ )c 7hv) r7ijgb;jf the change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal proce .:bzjzz2b mdxhlww, v24vc3 ms/v-,css, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the w 2: z/hbvx-mw 3dmv2, vbjz,l4 .sczwcork done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal proxci;6cx.,kt2 qwf an7cess is -400 J. What is the change in.nfqc7t ;iaxx wc26,k internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing 2dbn e7ypnj 4um.u;h34gofb :vg+sp0h1 4x nwa gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal enersed w37:om fh b hng4+p.1nypn;u24gvj4bux 0gy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What53r vfa2wnf 6z is the c azw5f6r32fn vhange in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a (e*o*m3exh vasystem decreases by 50 J. What is the work donav*e e(oxm h3*e?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system /upp+ cdx9c,udij3t2x3*iz d decreases by 50 J. What is the heatidj3 ticu,/*p +dx2udp 3xcz9 exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained awy+)bg8 frk 3nt constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gagb+frn 38y)wk s?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of enkz1 x/j*e4)ftv-uio2cv+ n4 pg dhty6ergy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are intt u hneyk+o)2p4 dv4xi /6gcfv j-1z* the sample?

  A system consists of i )f7a6wu 6yai-;ili* zot9t f3.0 kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat ang7 owny h1v,1lju-p9c zr /-scd loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the effiy lz jc-rhogcv1p-1 n/s uw,79ciency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J d ,3j*i7yby:ho1 sagjof heat per cycle. How much work does it perform iyjdibs gh*73:yjo a1, n each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cyclm;oz8b j 9rxa8e. How much heat does a bjmro8x9;8z it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cyclah ;v3wr oy7uy1o)6mve and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency36ya;m7vr )h1 oo yuvw of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kca3*1ltkyj 9nbt vhv4fc9x ;.zi94x nd gk1x,igl of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate thej9.yk tcgzt,;bi*v4in3g1 fnxlx1v94 k9 hxd work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines eo,8 7u dgdxbmd3uaaw(o*h 0a ;;*vmhbuilt so far has the following characteristics: m7dh*e ,u oh (*uo8wxm;3;davgad0ba combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following charactf0+h ;2l-pwqylx 1v v4g(efiqeristics: 1vh(x2q+f;04fle l q-gyivw p combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the folloobag )lr2t:ljx: ,) yxu,v 2hywing characteristics: combustiorllu,,2vg ohxj:a 2xyb):) ytn chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generarxmr 57(x(fdyzy0 a6w tes 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elm* n.,cp muxp.ectric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. Thkk -za (l5a /tz fky4zi6m/jh9)eo 8tpe plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an en(, a)he7 hantogine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operat n4gv,ika*7ndnzxf:l:w( z-v ing betwen fnzl ,*xvz in47wv:(-kagd: en $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the buz 2r 7v c+)nksgnvq(k-/ )qbtemperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is q)n ksgb 2rzbncvv/- + u(k7q)$500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bet0debmusl +rom.b+ .3yween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ m gcy8:m 0j gd,r-j+ztand ejecttgr8jg, -c+yzj d:0m ms 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartmer*n ev51 7qpbyy sx,4znt at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performancq45sp1 *yn,yb 7exzvre?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerato;ff o. 2jiqpi-r absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each c- i;foi.qpjf 2ycle?

  What is the change in entr i0aj/abh3x6o7f q 7tuopy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entz o a,v s53lotm)*jsq7ropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an 0dqgnk pjojid 9tf52 9x.(oh/tea*8rh-rz 8eisothermal expansion and its entropy chif (-0x/dok8hp5 hq9t9j*e 2or tdr8azgn. jeanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at */e)(jprmdk1s, go+ wt 1fknp$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.