The process shown on the T-V gras-wk0 msv-w )eph is an

  In an isothermal proces r jt/tyb7t*gh 0vy;m2n74slzs, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamicszdo0f rkqr.c3gdhgdj585 n /y0i2 8d p, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume wisxm,w jfn3:3ez z; sl,th no change in its temperature. Thilmez 3:, js3f xnw,;zss process is

  An ideal gas is compressed5m q hljyi. *hch(e3puzdg)bfp pd.:/ c,j33e isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the chang. 3e/.qhfm33jhpbc5i) phdc :j d *,z lue(ygpe of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume durii. y5c 4 ny/3h:mqnjxwng an isothermal process. xnwi54. cmyyn : /hjq3The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this proc ug +3j2ljm3lp4t3m maess, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gmuml2j pm4a3t+3jgl 3as. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the elrv: ac9dvg in );7x*(, jcune pl(fd+vent, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This procesrgjxai dv7n*l ,9 e) +(pulcc (vd;:nfs is

  When the first law of thermofauko;2apmh: l(f ()ndynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compregmg-:w7 6hlib ssed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure obgmwl- 6i7g h:f the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects exq(5yvn*x y:fblw j+dt f5-cj:cept that one containsc +xb:n*5dtl 5 y (yv-wfqjj:f $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all re2 ;ib:nw8lj+dw;b en xkn /mh/d9ghi .*pfy- vspects except that one contains 2 g8ww-k/h n* il: pjx+ ndy;hf/ .vnbb;emi9d$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the Pe *p, d8mp1bpwV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is noqkyf(/pow.c7;nd psw s / 4fu. change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, +ya4ol(c a i5 a7dg)st$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand0fv9d bobpsc9 i29txb lz59b( at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This proc(bxb9zs b i9c9d5pv f90to2bless is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant szii+qn0k2de qe 59 n;pressure. As a iq;0kden95zqne s+i2 result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PVi3 f5lgk6afj 2 diagram is

  In an isochoric process, ther skx:0mrr9q8se is no change in

  When the first law of thermodyna2mai *leq dfm ( ,5fu4ao:ui(lmics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid coq6glu 4h;.ufpl,b o0 fntainer that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. This process is4gl., u; qlf60b fhupo

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a s:m //jd 0n)bav3rot wtample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energy of0tdw/mb3v: ao/jnr)t the gas

State the first law of thermodynamicsd4 cj(fg:aqey8: pq-qmt3 ma;.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a0;xd1t spg;p1vcsn; 7l :lxy p hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a h xl-p t+(tsut3ot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according toq3c:1d8ytmd5s i 1 ptd Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the wx0e).ar f;jtcycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on this c0e)fr ;ajtw .xycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined aidb)0 1 unefgxg9 9zw/s the ratio of

  If the theoretical effiir;ay- xw2 5ia1jayd 3ciency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink mus 3jaixy- a5;ydr1wa2 it be

  A Carnot cycle consio3d c6a*t; nhxsts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of the8*/z )y1lv6z3xmftu3jeghto rmodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator iyz;/4i ge /rrqs defined as the ratio oz4yr rq;/g/eif

  The coefficient of performance (CO 7qpi y6pwi5*g-bxlg:P) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy bo,r:xb8p5) (clg wg pof the water

  According to the second law 6az0c 1qx, k9t7prn j56mhby dof thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated sy xm56ykqarjctdpn90 , 6b hz17stem, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the seconoxyo/ /m ka0li1y:ty -d law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to cotrmqsc80t* xu7nb7* tnclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removi01d 26dj 2td(dbket0d1 gjgd ed from an ideal gas. What is the cha1dgi0(jett 6bd1d0kdj2g2 d dnge in internal energy?

  During an isothermal p ep) sm/)f.jz5x n ik43bg-prrrocess, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the s5m34/kpib ex )rjp)nrf-.gz process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an zown:b9it fzv7gb;(bm 8*:pe isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in internal ewtvgi7nb*:bmzeb pz;: 8fo(9 nergy?

  200 J of work is done in compressa mx thvo:j;( 5puwac/k 6hq(+ing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internam5/ajwth q 6 a(k;(pv+xo:uchl energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic)el +hn.og ywm3xz)y6d(1ja.mkrxj q8gf3e1 process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in iagy+oz8fyxmm( )drlexq )6 e.j.1j1 hwkn3 3gnternal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the int3kh.laj e6g 6;men:-cixp8ldernal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What ise-3nlpxd la6 kc .e ;hi8gjm6: the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the( jtkr e+3 xxd0:np0he internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exchangh 3x j0n+etdrpk: x(e0e?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gv 4tm*y7sm1e /)sf2qrrfktz7 as is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the 4r/z)2 ftfvs7yes 1 7mqrt *mkgas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is a 7z4mfrs/9e g8rss.v removed from it. How many moles of gas are in tr4.sesg9f r/s78vza mhe sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of w 6k i a4p;gj9e1b:o.mg8jaihqrj8dr; ater at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is wz f3 sb4f,w 2 g3hmv(5,x+8nnvqecvqthe effici,x8evnfc(mvqbh3zw5+ vfg3n2 w 4s,q ency?

  A heat engine has an efficien08vz;z nr9y sy,y yzo0cy of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it pe0oz8zz,s yy y 9rvy0n;rform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency jmf9tz9mca j,eli +sv*v8b46 of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. mbszc8i ,a j jvt 9f+l9ev*64mHow much heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

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  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhaun 8o h1;t4fyirsts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency;8i4yh r1fnto of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and ef:hs1a ls(/ske /use, xhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each cycle/ k(ssafes: h1/sle ,u.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the follo/.+uf0nnz 0qiykxp3t wing characteristics: combustion chamber temperattu/ni 0n px3q .f+0zkyure = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the f3bzghf.e*( 9;3 zibxll.gxos ollowing characteristics: combusti.gxi e ;lf3.zzsl9(bh*b xo3 gon chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficientr ,and-. 0g 04gybocyq engines built so far has the following characteristics: combug4-q0c y ayb.d onrg,0stion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generatogsgan .4rwj2)g*1 0,hi afv: g0ok ryes 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The 6ocb1;phnz j4plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generatefjgs 0;4l/upm s 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot effi;as),( doz 6 .tjlkqwu9j ezaw0ct/9f ciency of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an 6j5gko.,v)m7rph d c gengine operating between pk6h) ,gdc 5m7jrvg.o $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a km6e)dl, 5xkx(/ zaqf Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot x , qzxka(5de )6mlkf/reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bet ay2ks1u pl+6fween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat f45;:ae 2.juwkv eh hh/w ak.igrom the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ an4a: h 2w;ag5ej w/kh.ev huki.d ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removesbz e9pqu +pwoan43*wko c6l55 heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient ofok abw3+n6w4euc95qzp5 *olp performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a t/ 9qshcje (6eymm k .vc072eos/rrb 7refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work inp/ 07 sceqhok6er .(bmc/jtm v7r29yseut is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy whenfiy* .l(r:,oyancl.vu+) r vlqrs 57w 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the ul26;1onh2p o xs 6vhuchange in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal;chq*8 (ac ntj90 yw(e6owzls expansion and its entropy changes ty wwals(n6cc(9; z0h e*ojq8 by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at skkt9p *ycqw -e-.ysqr :u ..y :yzz/u$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.