The process shown on theohy+-b 9hj;x e xi8,lz T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no change ibb+ea5,+pn x k;x y)9cgall8f,j,tpjn

  When the first law of thermou6 dsuw 2e2ih-dynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its vr0o. wr+m u2coriginal volume with no change in its temperature. This process uv+.02o rwrmc is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. x3r4e-*t(q v)qpjtzu+lh y+o During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the chz 3*r+-x eqtty4o)h( u+jvlpqange of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original,5e8ks/i mv hf volume during an isothermal process. The final press m5 skvh8ef/i,ure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isotheso eb3,ih3 ;7y our9dpru6ex/rmally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J ouebo7reo9 rdxh,ps3;3/6u y if energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the event,re7w5g:t9a bp2jwrt7 the gas eg 9wb2tat 7:p 5wjr7rexchanged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodyq0 (: +yzh7pfysjwat 9namics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to on, 1cw-yk8oks oe-half its original volume during an adiabat1kw oo-yk8 sc,ic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one contbmn e ;ax6(z,h0qogy/ ains; gm /q6h0oexnz( ayb, $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except th30fo.jyx-nsl0)bz e wat one contains zn f.ews0-y)3 o xl0bj$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the iq)p +(qiu0lm c0k:tf PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, ekh;w.n sn;i5there is no change in

  When the first law of therqe/7m yg5y97s2ikfmc modynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to yw t5d-lqg vz zk5w6 p5;87yciexpand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This process iscy8p5vq -zi;tzwd7gw k5 ly65

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideahsn9g-ui bz (:l gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of the gasgbh-9(:uns iz

  The process shown on the PV diagram f;j5t qb: nlhrs3r6 f4is

  In an isochoric process, there is no ;aty uis 64t6+/j6 1yhi xfqrm9+lmbmchange in

  When the first law of thvekl*q6 a pbm l0l)b5+fp5x1p ermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as h/e)4rf(cr0g r*s :-ycftsc i deat energy is added to it. This -*:4f se/c(cfrgsiy d)t0crrprocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at conlbvsq5h wmc4f 3b1k7) stant volume. As a result, the internm)5f 3 1bhsl cqw4vk7bal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynoql009h)o h poamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat fj2 ,09nakmbss rom a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservzq3*;l -q.u wlb5 1lkb ;seqafoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of m iu++i9pcqv5 j7)vh4h:t: bhq yp( zbthermodynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, hcs )va2o *3e5*emtx:lca zxe5ow much work is dov 5ax3 ceoae tsle:5z2cx**m)ne by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engtf*v1e.k3rrtw f)ou, ine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%,4/ j 14pyl4zftq)wuu m the heat sink musttlf )/z44 1qpymuujw4 be

  A Carnot cycle consistbcy7u.s ej0d :z a(nhp7.3swliw *:tjs of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement o0sjxf(i47unr f the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of iesxm89d.qx tj3 0 tw-a refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofttj-9x3 seq.iw0m dx8

  The coefficient of performance (COPrhi b0* ouf+n7) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the udvkk ovz7, o+(,by: zwater

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occurq.zoxwf8o2 *x within an isolated system, which one of the qxo2wzx.f8*o choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermod x kp6ya nzh;(*r.wiu/ynamics.

  The second law of thpfgkr+yqva8* e/6vhow;d;f tw:kn: ( ermodynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J oflogy9olq 4ppv breg cb;m9m(347 ,vl/ heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the cgm9v 9vr74,;g lopeby3 cpb4lomql/(hange in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is remod;sx e6j( a9g,lznc3yw 7f :lv8 ym*xzved from an ideal gas. What is the work done in zx yeg;,lz:nax7sw( y*d89jmlvfc3 6 the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is*gq x-ys 94zt4sx,qnu -400 J. What is the change in inttyqsq u4z 4 *g,xs9n-xernal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatc;y/4; teqgl icbd 94zically. What is the change in i bt4;ql;eciy9dzcg/4nternal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while d1mdvkdk)jdckmo37q1,5 s,rx .fv+i koing 25 J of work. What is the change in internal en jk k,1vskri +c,mdvdm3fqd17 5 .o)kxergy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a systz36m2 tfbhsn 9f*yc3 yem decreases by 50 J. What isb3mn69zyy fhcs2t *3f the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreasasqs* uo,/ x:tes by 50 J. What u so *:s/txqa,is the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of avlv84inlr w 7q9 .,epq monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much wpqqn r8 4e7l l.,viwv9ork is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at ck l-cf*j 3/nvn9 w.icnonstant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How manyn/ i3 cnjl-wkf nv9c.* moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of watyw,y o5fs)desp0rl .*nn9 -u0f y hui1er at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle.6 eb:6052mfdj jebqrmp18 ahfu:i wo + What is the efficiency fu+qod:660ebfpjm: 12r we8 5bajmhi?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of hex xozy e, :p.62:vomwbat per cycle. How much work does i xo zy.xb :6pw:ove2,mt perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 Jyce9t(:g s8s83bdebu08 aywd of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust e 8daus0d(b8:wcbyey93sg8t in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal o: iybg;iwhi*,f heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each c iyw*gihi: ,b;ycle.

  A heat engine absorbssewg 6;6i w,2t d9plw3ce6p zp 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the wppp e6i c3ltgw6;9esd6, 2wzw ork done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followi1hp4(5r juh 2vnu g:vl1way9jng characteristics: co uw4p:h 12yr 5hvuv9j lajng(1mbustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the fwj1bxbf ia8r)x vjp4iep*6:;ollowing characteristics: combus1 p*r46 vxfbxbaw p8iejji): ;tion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characterittcd6dty5;iad*kk 17 stics: combustion chamber temperykt t17k dd;5t cd*ia6ature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 e2hg)mh53 jsf MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates.mglykt+ a bff:rus9s6p y6: 5 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plguhaeg cf:96r)e h2l ;ant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an z5mk 3li4;as;tboq.3t,h u uiengine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficie0a lbcilwv0he 84ml *uel;8(rncy possible for an engine operating betwl* lw0e 80mc la 8(e;h4irbvuleen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a C rbq2 192ht8q8vpbozmf2 bso *arnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperatupmht2 r*b 228sb8q 19zqf ovobre of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bet t( dyh lfcc802k;bg3tween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rat,lwpb; . 4rlpre of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ ,lpr .;pw4blrinto a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kw/oyqw-i + /blJ and ejects 24 kJ into boyi+-w/q/ l wa room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigeratvzf3j; q o+d-ror absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is f3qd vr-o;z+ jrequired in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of5f.ed5i(u gnsxtq e 2xxo0;e:-.p9ssgeh8 ta ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in bv;s 9dqs;g (y.njrvy4*pk 6tentropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal k hex9(p*nf1k2n cf2z expansion and its entropy changes byepk2fncn1 k9 (2*hf zx
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at ml+;ap :ufl8gb0/ m 4l intg 9sd(l3uk6zkn9n$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.