The process shown on 8.8rz rnedo* 0ty :r.n(zkqolthe T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, therepu n qnbt,o:zy-t8)kt(3 l azg94gdy.+0znuu is no change in

  When the first law ong7n wu2*:o hxlm/;rav0 xdx0w-v uq(f thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its or *wzm wehfjv) p*5vp-xoi;03dlt/y/b iginal volume with no change in its temperature. This process izj op0 /fwx*iy -tw/*5vp3d v; h)belms

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to ubzau r9)l4l.rcx6i: 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. x6.4ru i9) rblzaul :c What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during ani fadye; ,;xmtu6j2.. uo5c og isothermal process.ae;yxo25c6f tg o ;i.,mju .ud The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30p5xx7;ublondqtv7 wi04 g/ /b L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the 7x0q odvibxbgt wul;p 7 5n//4following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the event k pmupphz;num7, 2y) i39rkh:, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. Thisrmkun,ky)3 92z:hp up ;pm7hi process is

  When the first law of asly 1* ltf:./pb 6i2( kfpojkthermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-7nqnsyvc 9)a5,x tx7pyl)vbvoy1yp r5a18)n half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure av9 n)yp 71o sy vx 51c8x,pb7tn5lyvrqay)n)of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respesb8*d;2uwm vvcts except that one containsbv*2 ;u8dvsm w $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one coxs on8ml1m*8rxq iu,/ntainsm18*x xn s,/rlumio 8q $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram;puu:gnxc b- xmq)5, h is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no cpralv/exg :0 ,hange in

  When the first law of thermodynamisb+n :gz, -*tj4tdhf60/ zynuig 6dshcs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressures(+yjp3s ifo 0rwsw2( as heat is added to it. This proco 2 sjif r+s(p0wwys3(ess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gawib ,+n*51f.cp m-ke aqb 7jiks at constant pressure. As a k-q7*bb ,ij 5+imekpfwn 1a.cresult, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram is e a(3z2t(z qpkl .4jnc

  In an isochoric process, there is no c3sl ue;bgwm,,guq- 4phange in

  When the first law of thermod2 bce zp(y9qknu0)d2nynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to 2 jz184:veqxcwvdz zd3:8bys a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. Tz v38s42x:8jwdq z1bzd y:evc his process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sam qga llxe)y2vgz(*)n.ple of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the ie.) gzyn)*2x (v qgllanternal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamn56gnjc sc28 mics.

  Is it possible to transfe9 )pz: t cr-y6zkdhz11rf2wqer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoi0r*w z olspl8fjz(;z-y7 +odmr?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clauze8.h9utw0 uq.r,c2zdj(cs b sius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. Duri ,di7vd7fv0k gng one cycle, how much work is done by an engine ope,0 gf d7dkvvi7rating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is de/6-eq+g *c:wfld z v*i;ggpvefined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency ikve5ok/ 9x6nof a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must69n x ov5ekik/ be

  A Carnot cycle consists of2oltu yts4 35q

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of therm6-bxs+ o sre ujg54:geodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is dejzho5re cw8e16gabm(vy 9z8 9fined as the ratio ofeh8j65yc9 (w e1gz8oav9mrbz

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined +ccca m 3)*qndas the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of theb pa0 *-vgo/hx water

  According to the second law of thermodyna*)fcq 0m0 ezdvmics, for any process that may occur within an cd0e mz)vqf0 *isolated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the seco92 el: 8wai* ajo0bdbjnd law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads 8 nmvbn/fd56csk k +*9)eqaeius to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.oxx 71ngy+,9awr6 9 h2kubhl r0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change o27g 9xhru, rw+ nx6a9kbl1y hin internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is v9nd -n+fcga flgwcf1 lu) ,*3removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in tg)9 -fndlwfv3gu+*c,lfc1 na he process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an is cs4)lyd jogybam:);f5f fz*z d u..rujzn233othermal process is -400 J. What iszf5uz*4adc 3 m 2f;)dyf jg y.u.z3j)nbolr :s the change in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change itr-61c(k(w iwqn-v xiqu:j5zn internal energy of the((z5qivn6xr jq:-1t-k wiwcu gas?

  An ideal gas undergoewaj6pg37) iqujk;ww5s an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in inwqauj)p; w 3w5 jik7g6ternal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. 5u y9 owran((rWhatu(oya 5 (rwn9r is the work done?

  In an isochoric processqr9t+ d gcl wpy-utnbix. 2p;:qz370d, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exchadqb;w30qgc. 7 2n:lxdztiyt+ppr - 9unge?

  A certain amount of a monm,m-c; . om+ .pdrk vzr)rm6oeatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is corzm+ kr;v)-.. mc o m,rmodep6oled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energ4id r4,zu8u .b)2ln rxixh -nhy is removed from it. How many moles of gas ),4n.l uzxxd 8iunh4rh- i2rbare in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of 3(ino 8ikb cx1*cb1 bpg9ycn:*,zgfu water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. Whay+rn4 6 *s7gid a 0w)fb0dxw v/xvs(ayt is the efficiencyrf)vwavsysix0+ndwbd /04g*7 6( yx a ?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0%rq+ .b+ew0*dqqyp hf* and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform in each cycleqfrpqb he+w+ yd.q *0*?

  A heat engine has an efxgy)lddz+1 fk 4mdu;68vqrw,ficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How muc+wd6f z)vq4u m 1rk8d;ld ,ygxh heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of . u, g)nhr9etkheat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate th)trgh , nu.k9ee efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cyc8, y/n*dksah ble and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the wh n*k/by ,8dsaork done each cycle.

  One of the most effi)kqox7t gkej i-*6 v1 a4.cauphr ji40cient engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion .*a7 o )iv4ikx0hekcqt6jg1ujp r 4-a chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following ch6kg9i5 7j2p 6ggmz gbkegh(as- +. qaqaracteristics: c+ sig 6 9.(agqqag2kb6mzkp57-gej ghombustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following charactetl oofkfz q8/s,ce(5( ,g7vferistics: combustion chamber te qg,ft/eol 5k(cvs, 8fzof e7(mperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generate5 8ol-h.vnnouw b zg*u2l1m c5s 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses :wegki/h. i* q$4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The 6 ,qzgx.c kb3mplant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operategc 5eds30s6 uas between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency poss 1abrl ,2zl86i0 n-3tkk+oo lbu6cytr ible for an engine operating betwel+y ur8kn,a6 i zook6tc0 blrbt-1l23en $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of ,odd-omlc)izv9fg, 9the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoz 9o,-m flo9,id)vcdgir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operaty6y t.uaw n:j :e.uq9oing between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing co;mfom 4mb;zuqm-mi )6v)1w aompartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. Hom 1o)um;bw4m ;m)f-zm6oq iavw much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the ygb:cgy; vf bgub9ox5i. q )abo;1 h7:rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of perforob)b:yyq1ggi9gfab7 ;o; u5x . v:h cbmance?

  During each cycle of operat mgz250s 3+ j7bqojj n6mf 9.qqkflp2lion, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much wj.slm9j fgj pnk50z3q 2+7bf 62qqomlork input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy wheg/q;go:h+jntx (: sp mn 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in eni .;,m;hw ttoltropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansioq9mndvv; p 51)ovej(.*rehi in and its entropy chm*e iep) odr1; (9hn5.ivvvjqanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at mcgew75x6 9d1yu0: vun.pvwd7 vo lg8$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.