The process shown on thk-,hqm)he 7 3z e, +f-hcyxecfe T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is nm*)w25 ,imy gxqnh+ky o change in

  When the first law of thermjc r: e/:okyg(kbqs:vgv*q- - odynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no c niz94+krsu*c* ;zwbjhange in its temperature. Thiw;z bij**u9 rz+ns4k cs process is

  An ideal gas is compressed irfamcu8r 3eicrjhv(u,/9(ai : 2qst)sothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. a:(cfj )h9rqur e8i um v s(t/rc3a2,i What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume durint8yanj+o r;5i w:t (dxg an isothermal process. The fx ray j;+n5 :w(ittd8oinal pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. Durinq6k r*v8ex k8: lmg3skg this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded*r 8:3sex8vk6lgk mq k the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isol.wm g i9iyckzf)1n s-2ated environment. During the event, the gas excha- 9).fkgz mcw21nyisinged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermor gg5; m(*saivdynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to on1rzymqkv pr**-swun0 fm z q,n6,k 7y0e-half its original volume during an adn 70py rkq,uy0- *k1qrs 6vzm,w*m fzniabatic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects excepp w ikw )-0uni4axg.vgg8-cz/t that one contains kn 8ca gp 0-g/)w.w-ugizixv4$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of /bji8t 7(,gjwq, pvpqgas identical in all respects except that one contains, (jtp,ib7j /8p vwgqq $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is agla.96q i wjs iksrull7z+ w0/-fx 46an

  In an isobaric process, there is no m-z+h uyq,d+i,my o6ichange in

  When the first law of thermo*k +tx kjxrdov;;9lnnchuc,1 2.z.t gdynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is n8scu*6jd s /zw9nga. added to it. This process i9gdz nws86 /jn auc.*ss

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gay1:okzmq e a5-s at constant pressure. As a result,oea-1 zqm :5ky the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagrammtmd9l;2i sw be ,8a3f is

  In an isochoric process,0a6jpw.z8k e p-,cn . tg1tod *xnmx9f there is no change in

  When the first law of tai-hugbj 4)yt 5)gq s:hermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid c+loc(qh. bc;e 7s4hmw ontainer that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it.mec4w l bs;qco7h+(. h This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are*).ziaig/h :s/ua7pltx .. b0tj tgsz transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the inter a:.sx7tp*0iatb.t sg z lui.hz jg/)/nal energy of the gas

State the first law of the5lc6ujovuigaf(x u 8zorz-r)3 ;0w *krmodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a:98 o hb wzvf/s-+h5qxgub7bvrvj 7: d cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot (usfli, re-; kreservoir?

State the second law of thers0k-/rmz -3s :n(dpv; ockuxrmodynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. Dcmsh57 hs557 8o nkgi8qpsrl9 uring one cycle, how much work is dono9pg 8qm85hic7rkns7 5 s5lsh e by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a hearv 7z51-e:oo6sepq ba9vjd9bt engine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical eff jow8l.x ds8,6nmegsf/p 8 mmon1;6pwiciency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must b. s8;pm8ngxfwmo j1,6spwmld6e/ 8noe

  A Carnot cycle consismv) ek42y g(tz.0jvo tts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thv bznit9r:5r:m y+z *bermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the rah jtt4s55bj*muwh vbd qi.dd*8(x81cf; a,g jtio ofh xawm u.hdfjd bj;4cts 85*1 5,8tgbi*(vqdj

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heatg gc,51:g1xfug;1 .sdr wfi tw pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the water(:)unh ml2 qhyi7+7pz3 pq z)wot a:oz

  According to the second law of tha p2c 3ip4,n)ayx5c hz,jgvj3ermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the cho4xcgi, zn 53hjp ,)ja2aycpv3ices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynaoba:/zospo/nt.y z c: fr e:;+lel*c8mics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to concludecf9(7hge 9lmv+fo-5prj7p m b that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed tiplu f7.:s1)o n9zf mfrom an ideal gas. What is the change in internal energl p:f1nsi.9)o f zum7ty?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal 01 qn)d)duyku gas. What is the work done in the pr) d)nyk q1uud0ocess?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isother px2 oebj)l1rcgrg q xg01o-pv62-sv:mal process is -400 J. What is the c xp20 :qsbpe jgl-)og grx-2vc1 1vor6hange in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adia2tg/ vn3qp0 bgbatically. What is the change in interna0 ngvpt gq3b/2l energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is tk selvgh)e 5,b70nx .ihe change in internal ener,n lg0h7ik es x).ve5bgy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a 5 )r a+72fzv4butbfmz system decreases by 50 J. What is the work dofz ur bmf2zatb7v45)+ne?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases ot/b.f7poq2 (t z5uasby 50 J. What is the tq5us2/bt.o7op z fa(heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at cqcsf)6 ,4g+piavewaffw 9 h+ 7onstant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. g,icqaf)f74 9+ wh6+pfv awseHow much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is coolkd 52vb6a1eu u5fn08y3cofz n4yysv )ed by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the sam2ys0 55e)3daf y uufv ckb1z46yv n8nople?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg 68o-im2kc1ul mpx5qez ys g-2 of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J i h1jwb;pe v,d.abvz c)32l 9syn each cycle. What is the effcl a.; 39dz2p1bvebw vy,sjh)iciency?

  A heat engine has an efficiy-qvnk*, 4grw(jlx3 ev, z9aeency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much woxkan9 vgy4v-jre eq *,l3z,(wrk does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycbpc4exl m : tg:z0l)ui3j5yp *le. How muczl0)ex tygb:u 5iclp*3jm:4ph heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat/ 6qsjer-t03 aizqz1yto;-uk each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the e-zaq1/s kz0te;y ou qji-rt36 fficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycleh5+vuy0l5n f3ivh c ,x and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate v xu0yfnlc35+vhi ,h5 the work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient h v6o.jt3m2i4noin nav4oae x7 ym:4(engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperatu.j47ao(o noiy :tn432vv6 4ixah nemmre = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteristic1 oiw3*kuic )syu(kj6 s: combustion chamber teo(3ujwi y*1su6k )ikc mperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteristic/;i lvdg+b9*ogq0d 5 o:lifgis: combustion chambe*i;5id f/vg9dl : oobgilq0 g+r temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric powes+qpuwg0 n* p:n;b/rpr. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant genev a;ukqq kc5z09,es j4rates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power.gll)v;(sxo 3 t The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine whichxagrpltlao486 . +6m(+ odzjd operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiw hh2+5q/ m2 ehqskhi 0mmc//vj d8 1n+ug)uhfency possible for an engine operating betweeh2 0h u+ /mkfndhq8+w/ v/muhgqjcei s)5h1m2n $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carn i a172lppwjb7st i)i*ot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the tempe7*t 1)spib2 lwjip ai7rature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatingm8wgt+era+ j v3qjhq1y2i 0i0 between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat 0a33 uu ikhgk*)6 az*los/2vabgppt- from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work g *a*kb23k 0szt-ug vl6pp3a u )i/ahois required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartmenv4oa:tmnz ,+q t at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. n ,: a4z+mtoqvWhat is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of h)4xo- :ci vzlyeat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in eac:l voiy)-4zcxh cycle?

  What is the change in entropy wheng(nl9 z5u ouy* 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in en7zr *rlp6 vj 5clgg4b:tropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal ex(ub f8oc) :+aoo pnlf(pansion and its entropy ch(lb)op+8fan:o o(ufc anges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at mvx ij e :fe.-91:n vkzcu6mk5$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.