The process shown on the T-yeiv z *n8yn+on17;m fvo(l)fV graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no2v2yf0 iab(ol change in

  When the first law of thermodynzi,91lq .c y1fra q4mzamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its orisz hlju-ipzf;1 a.4+rw4n)y y ginal volume with no change in its temperature. This procen-u y1zas)j h.fprz+44 yl wi;ss is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. Du;lwra-n a9yc 4 h9tw+g3jliz-1 h(jclring this process, 6.0 J(lj 9h ia9hgzwl n4-acj1+t- 3y;lwrc of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an isotherma7 y)1pi 6odlyol process.1d6oyl i)oyp7 The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20rr1l9h-8mk7e., ck+l f wart2uitc o5 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded trfkh7t1c8+u9w, el alkr o 5rm it-2c.he gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressiyeg, k0t.a7h ed in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings ahti,k.0e7 gy. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamizmlmd jc+:tbwij2 36dbx.. 1 jcs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-halvvqb) 80ar( o,num,g lf its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressur0)ub8gl,vavo( , qnmre of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects excep:1ggcrz8.nk+mej7u ;r tonl; t that one contains7;u1m; +.reo ntgj:gzkcn8 rl $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas idenn+2a1r 2 n7 z(nxdwt f91wlpwctical in all respects except that one containsa2+nwwndx r1t1ln9 c(7w 2zpf $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV -s sklrywh9f773l3c ip5flx (diagram is an

  In an isobaric proce7ur/itin8p h,hmr ;q7;l 8sk sss, there is no change in

  When the first law of thezeq 02pe a;z41 hyyow7rmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as qmn 7 nkwftds9ac ev,tv7. );5heat is added to it. This process s cdm;nvw 7vq)e. tnt7ak f95,is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferrels .vpjrx ; ghj2z2/r+d to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the interna. h+jrrvgjpl2;x/ s 2zl energy of the gas

  The process shown on therln ; y9i-x ,,fd, zz2izp3ife PV diagram is

  In an isochoric procwczt.:me* 1z4 xygvt 3ess, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynit+3w)6 jzw iz ,2 zlcqnnll*0s5,uyeamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that p mx. t.ylz ujirr3/d8-wo: h8cannot expand as heat energy is added to it xuj3r. mh-i 8rzdl/.:w8otyp. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constantz :xom gx836 ks8i3qvo44q gks volume. As a result, the internal gos4kxq4 x gkims6z3ov8q:83energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynaiu9owyoni;9 *mics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold re ad9q v0yq ;wqy7+n hj4p(gx2jservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a codysntk4x5v , 34ie qe4ld reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clm.s7;anr4vl :fb m5yu ausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycl6a6.igv5l6 dh:yhxn we, how much work is done by an engine operating 6al6. hygv6inwx h: d5on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the 95n,z sslgl fc5mgg63j lh ct8/)1dh lratio of

  If the theoretical effi *bi vj8)1ra6 yj(zwlwciency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must zl iv jw*)b61ywj8(ar be

  A Carnot cycle consists of 8j-lm m)j- nutzl+d6x

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermtbw:9si0gt. ua i726t 2svp xjodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (C2oh2sab2 c gje8tevce775 no1OP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio of2tv2ec2h8goe 5bsoenj7 7 1a c

  The coefficient of performance (COP) mnep +/ei*v j )mg(tshu(q/u9of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the aw*l35)5b tvace u. mzentropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any pror d3ir.q hhb9(h/k )o87ooogecess that may occur within an hr/93 8bihdoqoo(roe )h g.7k isolated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of therm rybfgbsb,1fg2i*-g 3odynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to cplm vmc2 c(1oy1.j u6:h3zsh jns5n+ ionclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is remo3a5ta +cwzq8. rsc,r after:1ved from an ideal gas. What is the chc+ .cr58aerqtr,3: a1 wtzf saange in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.ize 2 u/uxy- w72jndhyiu t4-+0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done ii/j7h du4 -e2ny+ 2u txuiyw-zn the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas sysr iemukj-rd2b4l(tx/ ,v 0vu 4tem in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in internal vvk44ruju/-l0be mdt2,r x( ienergy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing aw/ y z4dshs2ffb;bh (5 gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energy of the fbz2 fs;b(4y5dwh hs /gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process wx;+pxam+n f-re huy8g5yof* 4 hile doing 25 J of work. What is the cha*fyn+;xm-+rxf p8g 5y e uao4hnge in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the ig 2g6i4 krle5dnternal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the word rgig45k2le6 k done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases uim7boj vb7 m)d+ tq(z8j,(cd :lbd6mby 50 J. What is the heat exchang77bdq j)u : +86dbv c bt,mdolz(m(mije?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained axf*ibvhbt; xn1r f451t constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work isfi4 nh;fx brb5x1vt* 1 done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at con,klf7fy.83 si7hklgz stant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many molel,f z kyi8ls73.kg7fh s of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of /bex( hth*w0yzxq/0d/n /.sby wt;sg1w b)k g3.0 kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. Wb/c0qmkldeuh ,.q yck r7)i.r t :zr:8hat is the ef :dqtqu8k/ke7z . hb 0r)cr,:icmylr.ficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat,i 1 6kuvrcf5n-iyu9b per cycle. How much work does it peif 9n16kb r,vu iyc5-urform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receive5iyf +3*aiu) q6mx8l apr1r xss 150 J of heat per cycle. x8uifa mar+p1r *qxslyi3 56)How much heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calcula4ijekp*cd .5zio9g o6te the e kgz oji6eco*9i.54p dfficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Car) exg+0 )0nocm)wpyelculate the work done eachy )0 e0mp)+nxcg)oewr cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built i5910nks.y mui zhje-so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber tem 1.9ynk-ezuhs5i m0ij perature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following qb/q+ahn-ap qhra6c 3thi 86 u3yw;5vcharacteristics: combus6ha5 6ib wtq+h/r 3 8u3vqc-;pa yqnahtion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient enginesk2dw v07v+ig ij2-n jt built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber t0iw d jt7vj+invg22-kemperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 60+e ) molgfpiu,+k)*ga0 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant genera/g)b,uz6td z; mvuz2 vtes 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant i hsg*bypl2jwtv e (z8.o84+quses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an enmg9.f:k +lc- nl mf6rqgine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiencyhmvqs: .3kvi-n n+.zvyrh08pw4ou boa* cu 8. possible for an engine operating betwe48hmv :hnv b -8pw0u. riv..ao3z+qucn*osyken $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperatur*hn(hcx1re 7 s8 e71swyw 3gc)x/dk nqe of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir igw7wqyn ee1*hs ccd(3nx1 hs x8/ kr)7s $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betweenh0 ba,e6tv8q n $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate o-jv*i6vf s yu o.7 f*zvq4uaw)f 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. Howvuwj 74a f6*ufq yoz*.vi) -vs much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing com7kw7 v pm*-zshpartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is tw7m h7-v p*zkshe coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs nr ngtg* ud5*2230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat tnn5g u*rt2*dgo the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice m4fel)xg2v +lfv1y5xaelt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropy uzkir uakj/j8,7 5x*jis

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermagmzbud1x i9.- l expansion and its entropy changes by .bu 9xdmg1i-z
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 8-8v qe-wt wrr9f +k8wwjxf0f$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.