The process shown on the T-V graph is an x;d1 h,epbzv89p-cx q

  In an isothermal process, there is no chang,qc0j-62t 1re jdlhjge in

  When the first law of therip rw1pzc (0041vi(; mveh jybmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its originalzi.be (p* fqk. wzp+r8mide3;p +n+qu volume with no change in its temperature. This.(i fdr3e q;*z qe8zwbpn+ppumi. k ++ process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. Du+8dbc77hjypvxndata 0r,:h4m; 8ctx ring this process, 6.0r+jvxt0n4 ;mtypbd :8h ,dcxhca787 a J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its orig9,0 /dd(h 0kh-ag1k nxd9 m 0jksoupvvinal volume during an isothermal processn (/09aks v ,1dkvk hdhdux09m -o0pgj. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 309xs ;-dxfak mne8 : ax,/qqhf* L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expandedfhed9 x8 n sakx/*q-a;m :fqx, the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly comki.bgq-3 vx.lpressed in an isolated environment. During the event, the g qlx.gbvk.i- 3as exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynaw*d o k;g;qw r8 1czd:cjrx.j.mics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressx8/cugse.rbxk. 6 th6* owu)hed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic procxc*6hhor .. ux)s gw/teu8kb 6ess. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except tx59q nif(z 0w+ ,iyynohat one containso(ny9 n iw05ixq+z,fy $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in)vf)e h+sd9xi f9heb 1 all respects except that one containsbis9defxfv h)9h)1e+ $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV dis-b;b;0iqv vtbf:b1k agram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no change if:2mz 9tc3xd5lbx6uin

  When the first law of thermodyfd)9d c*wef b3namics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat im)vay(qsg: e4k2) aln s added to it. This prol4 aa):yn)gs k2(vqm ecess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to 9n )tp tv.iqk7 x34ju 7djjf2u5aj6 ik 0tfha-a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of9ai 3nj67ftfvxp jktktj .h7)jauu5d0-2i 4q the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagra :z1fc*i7 ; qty lita/64qb m0(qwhwxem is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change i6dfq8 y bb.kb0n

  When the first law of thermo3 wk yh2lmned).qy9 5ydynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannyy4bbss81t 2k(fiz .qot expand as heat energy is added to 2s( b. fzst81qykiby4 it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferrk1x jch)q8x8 u0v:ckiv8g ne1ed to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. c8:g jevq81 x8)1hxuk0 cnkvi As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of therm p:vf4fr v :o30gfzqg-odynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a 4/f-umnnj gr9 hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot re0+4x ft/*kwszl h.*g16tkvt3ite oj qservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according t.cqy;nbbr avcs 8/*b6 o Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illubx/0w7,pe v2c tiv;hbstrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine op vw cb7ex;phib 0/2vt,erating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat endovxc2;xgdc: s/x /(egine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot enkax)5 wa1 qnznp5;/ dogine is to be 100%, the heat sink must 1paxaz;qn / n55wd)kobe

  A Carnot cycle consist;el/hur2 p uwff3 os52s of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thery6:;or er a)comodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ra,q 9 7d2 m-o(ecs iuag*k.bvlstio ofb92 c.u ,s-e*(s mkdlg7iovqa

  The coefficient of perforb,k -iz6 me nedhrr)2e5ao4p0mance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entz( dn9vmjtqs(. vq7bjnh9)0q ropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermds4 )/qvv+oe modynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the choices ap d)4mveo+v/sqplies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thxi 9 wdc)mjorpam6+ve*8 hs/q* wi-v;ermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclude that4 693,ulf hvjte7f n6e2xnyv g

  During an isothermal b cny6 /d,h:lxx6:jdh process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What i 6d6hcn,jx:l x b/hyd:s the change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal procesoi fq4d u0i:x+s, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the process?x:fdo+ 04iiuq

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal procx1r tk6em:f l:ess is -400 J. What is the change in internal6r e1txk:lf:m energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressibk obc*ubmq7q5k m3 zb*9-a-k ng a gas adiabatically. What is the change in in 3*kzqocku bb* 7kq-b9 ab5mm-ternal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is 8vbnra j rvnl :lm811q3o5e/ar7 xr0q the change in intx :1n0rr 3 1obla8rmv jeqqv78r5n /laernal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy6+/ s,ivuwd*t x u.50nflvvfg of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the wor0gxu /v f,i dvt5*lufs.n6v w+k done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy o4/4q :2ow t+(4 mhznivrhjuc xal-rz1f a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exchange4ljin:wzcrqm-uv/(1 tx h4a zo h24 +r?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume85,jy2pebhr e as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much wohpey eb5jr,8 2rk is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 Kl9 sgpckqhzin5 ubq, :+ 20jf( at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. Howzq(,gbnquh2kfp:5 s c+0lj 9i many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 w, i ;75yzr :k.aw:fo9avmzigkg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loselc al)2f;u pq0ja6hc2s 3000 J in each cycle. What is the ej;fpc)la22q0l a6u hcfficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 1w6 d0 e*jc2cvi6zbsw;tt0hwg9 kl .) p50 J of heat per cycle. How much; 2kt. ) itj9p 0egcwwc6wv0hsz lb6*d work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receiv 3e56tjqo- k1e sgyjg.es 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does itjs6kjqg5 e 3- .ty1goe exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42p-)d+3,rcabdyikt 2fsh p,2a kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each cycle.sa)k- p3,f h2tc+bpir2ddy, a

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhaustsh3 loj50 -)nhig.wiyn 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each cy-onwngy35j.)il ih h0cle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followingld ,k xsrpm)6: characteristics: combustion chambex p:rs)ldk, 6mr temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient enginesyn ,vhev/jexyk(f0.mc (/0fx built so far has the following characteristics: combu0chy v0fevy/jf(xn(,/ x.kme stion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient e6pdukgxz176*b4 m juongines built so far has the following characteristics: combustio7zoj4p *uguxbmd k166 n chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plantw. u(:vim xp8jn.wbn2 uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW ofpe(f9pun n2* e electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant5xkk d yaj7,cv)l1d.4j,shc r uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operatesrxpl t91sm6n: between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency/f j:i 8rf1bsox-xad2 possible for an engine operating betwo j2 xa /r1-f:xfdbsi8een $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the tempera3 7l cz9a;akyku ;me -hm7dx 0y2fpxx)ture of the cold reservoifl9pdhx; ;u2)kz y7cammkaxe0- xy73 r if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bet2:mgvh eek-: meeu95,8 em nciween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat frm,f ea2k*1jdoh+ q. zpe 0udu(s4xza6om the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ int0 (puzq. j 24x1h*+aozu6meakes d,dfo a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ 1ezxg.vh1ak0and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of per1hgx0 e.k1v zaformance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heafafbgcip5 2gx6 n n;w:6y; o9ssb0)s xt from the freezer ansxg5c )pn2if;90xbb: fga6; nys6oswd expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice me zq5,sz)+z8 agzni-z+hv pjb7lt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropyine c g-)3e7.mm ksr gy5c5(5wcz;hdf is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermalq4drv17:x8h/bf cxct expansion and its entropy changes b8 crbx/c:tvh7 14fdxqy
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at hhx c/r+tr ,;r ,evi;p$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.