The process shown on1ae )m olkana2x3 cvr66x- dq- the T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal proce2,(ltr7 xraq*6 ncp,fl m f.xqss, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics :*(ydeol0r io1qxuu vjbq94hhf(qf0)c0 u6y , $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume wig;kvovy- qfd fxjle+k.;4k12f 3bcs -th no change in its temperature. This process isqx;--2sof1lb+ 4kejdf;.3fk c vvgky

  An ideal gas is compressnf9ng hl w ;80l:nec3eed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, hncfl39 e:8n;le 0gwn6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an isiz (ye+7a re-bothermal process. Thie+-b( zyrea 7e final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 3kj 1omi;fcsl)4 -if6b 0 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the sfb1k -6 )i 4clm;jiofgas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isom fe cl5; wrudzr/+.5y89faorlated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with itszf9eo / 5f85lw;d m+cr.uyar r surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynami: i lve/rnz fc26jb2)wcs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed togo6:ebs ecx1,*9s do-zbi2 dw one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure of the gbz ,die:o2xdesb o w1c-s9 *g6as

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except 6p: ijrcm*-z: :y obuzthat one containsjb y:ipmz rou:c: *-6z $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects exce/nyo* 1f:djmq pt that one contains n*:qyfo1m /jd $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagra4mr*aorgq mxhg 65;( sm is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no change2 ba/jb(gih ki94e9 jd in

  When the first law of thermovro rg f8)b5g-dynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressj7jxsp 4: 4ymeure as heat is added to it. This proc7x: jy4em4psj ess is

  Ten joules of heat energy ar ms)wpvk ,tv4*e transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. ts vmvkw) 4*p, As a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV di)n8ua0 vpl (jjti(.zg agram is

  In an isochoric processx bu+cb; 2te9 2sfobl4, there is no change in

  When the first law of z 6oakhz00r 1wthermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand aso+)5) pk pep4hu fcm/s heat energy is added t4)m fp) kou5 pph+sec/o it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are tl.0nyf r * 7wv7ht1ow o*l-hjmransferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volum* wj7rlvont 7h-y h0fowml*1.e. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamicu i8km4 /y )yarv.(bgfs.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold rescui+r;+.,pv c xtk q,vervoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold re+nancpl jvv p dqd59:4d px4t -f+z*8oservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynabt)6 ap3i hm,q o(u6e*jh g.ny, huwtc;7 1suomics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken throu mxe* )hebw9g mp7:c:aaz,ruyk+5.k j gh the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operatinkh*+ce :wm. amu,bkzp9jxy: 7e5agr )g on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the:rz8xzghcb h,t 9dv+20u w*ua ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, theu abgt1h uy629 heat sink musb h1ugt 6ay9u2t be

  A Carnot cycle consisdok;ra,fco n.85k e:fts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement o0ld su5y;r8 gpf the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of perfo u9r( xij2bf x3;u)uyormance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio o(yf o 2u j9uxubir);x3f

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defid.c 0fzf bgv1:+yr2ssned as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the water cyrvo)* p/ +q.wzcy0a

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any proceht4/se x/dhn( ss that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the choices e(/x/d s nhh4tapplies?

Give a general statement of tn0u c5b)dw4 3 7:qaxlcqo hm(ahe second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads ) isc-bce/ 1n3tk,s hhru6/ pme+c cu;us to conclude that

  During an isothermal 4;: nww *ee n6zss/qgxpfj+q( process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What g n+;z ej6(fqp:*ewxs wq4ns/is the change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process0map)z-0g oom9 q3*-c ikkhps, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work mo gk9 om0p*-h3q)-zcpk0a sidone in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process i+tgw 4o-6vrxmt4g, oqsa+e :ts -400 J. What is the change in internaqt-g wav+g +r4 xs m,4e:6totol energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is thc1rhht7e 01f7;29 ut /hzcgcgw kxh6be change in int;7 /hghkw0zh9fc7u1gxec1t btr6 2 chernal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of wor5ewhy31)ri tv6 uua 23m t.ksgk. What is the change inv m6r.utktua3wih s3e2y5 1g) internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy ofhhw5r/rbu0qm 73j sz1 a system decreases by 50 J. What i5qr7w 0hzms ubhr/j31s the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J.tc.*lzbp5d-/jkkl p 9 What is the he-*j ppk /kllcdbtz 95.at exchange?

  A certain amount of a mono0 ;apzxu+p-; guf5lratomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J up u;l+gz-a5 r;o0f pxof energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy e6w*phw:k bm.:9y*ravq iz hv9p,sh, is removed from it. How many moles of gm* q*psh wehih yk ,:ab 69:,wr.zvp9vas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of wat5 m6plx w9q6nnm6x-wy er at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cyclxprf1rt: xj5fyd3 d-r m6b ,*se. What is tyf1p ,xrm rf-dd:3 xj 5*rbt6she efficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficien(xp 5 9os)nlwd17t eiv,k58dhm a58p+ oqgd xwcy of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much 8e8w s kw5o9pp 15o7,qh5+idgddlanx t x v)(mwork does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J ou0r 0g7q 4c.kz7zpgblk q4 c6of heat per cycle. How much c7kkz p 4g00l 6r4zqgou.cb7q heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycjx.x-2c7om x zagp,z 5le and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate-x,x7a cox.g j2mzz5 p the efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculat . t4dyyr1k(npe the t1n4dpk.y(r y work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient enginq59(90dy (mnrp eh/b8zp h nmtes built so far has the following characteristics: combunney/rb((9mqp9 5h0thp8zmd stion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines;zz roiv/ogj.*yv13vf7m0gh built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperag/1 ozr0 im.vj*zhoy v7gf3 ;vture = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engi 2p/y1z(c3kt 1prot ktnes built so far has the following characteristics: combustionz13yt/k (k pto1r tp2c chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant usespj tx5)+nysi0 $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generateyz8yr/ z5q+,k, g jbhds 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses6ly ,n g3hew+eo1uo.x $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an enr,jrh:q /dk 2n pa0wd5gine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theo*5uu99;qx 4 u8.7finnhi y vn*nv fezvretical efficiency possible for an engine operating between xn9fyv8e vui*fqzv4in9 h5*nu u ;.7n $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Cabqzt+,y ,l (vvuxph9v8p+rfrto2) p;rnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoi xt,;l v+(f 8h ,pvroqz2+uyp9b)rvt pr if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating beibeg:6f19lm-we 29nkd pj+z, acvh)y tween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the fr8f. ijjy+xe-54t)s nse*kfa weezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room p+f)-tkx8je 5fs wa4 e* jy.niser cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rat;tr+albbpduk)p i c 7ws8.v(h-u+bte) s1n7 se of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the p8twlbknp)ie r(vh7d- s.usb+7us b;t1 ca )+coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat fr/t- s4r9xgu6e;xgxt g71asdh7xh, ya om the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work 6 4 xttg7;9xrudeh7xs/g-aya gx , 1hsinput is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in 4l l .q7;msbp o1m0vd1sr9isventropy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezngkej, d 5xlx;jo33 6bes, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP)dfe0( *l5mobx4x-tw jlh ( as undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changes b 0maxf d*x4(ejb -w(hltslo)5y
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at wlg/n -o3y kgp3bn,b /$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.