The process shown on th /onk4 p.wgb9 aozv-5i iqft4q *85lgte T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is t+z:h9sltmb lq3e nm9l9y k 95no change in

  When the first law of thermodynh/ fj4kp: yqtq/d5nc; amics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with noch ( 7w;gft2g.dtar6 q change in its temperature. This procesfrwc2 gtt7gq .d6h ;a(s is

  An ideal gas is compre lgm6r1xbk i:-(si prhc8mb+ ,ssed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of inter( 1k8-h6+p rsl cbiim :mx,gbrnal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is comprb*un+1nn zt g4essed to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of thgt1n z4n*bu +ne gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to lfxjt:.) 0ly38 ceed o30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy i ld8fytxle0:je. o3 )cs expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. Dx;cwb4lq nc46 uring the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This proclxb44cqn c;w6 ess is

  When the first law of thkwt0y8 0sy4fmermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volu tzewq2+,*r 3xkkklm;me during an adiabatic process.k ek32;km,* +twzx lrq The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one coi fyrrg fdncy-( -.od9x,q-0pntains oi-d 0n fc9pxy-,q.yf-(dr r g$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical 4v+svop n2xcnyl:; ci df 516m4m9qqk in all respects except that one containsn q:mf m;vpy+n5q46xlcc19o4vids k 2 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is djoxb68 fl :j3an

  In an isobaric process, there is no chan/,6d dyttsn*zi ;ihy0 ge in

  When the first law of thermodynamics,jj;tjj*-;w;cw v nb k2 $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heaf +,obuvy9y zyo.bb8zdyod90s, *p. st is added to it. This process is0y fysyy.bb,9z* zdo.o8d+ 9s upv, bo

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant : dsqia0n9zkgq 5tgb49 dvv*4dxm* y)pressure. As a re4s gai9kv d *dd g9mt4vny0):qxz*q5bsult, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV sv+l+ag4 .nw. xwpr3b diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change l 4lh3)yy(ax 1qwh,uqin

  When the first law of thermodya5,sey6ugeg( d:ce 2 ynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand atgfn 0l3-xm,*hot ;rm m),xqi s heat energy is added to it. This pro3- mf,m)mil t* roqg xn;,t0xhcess is

  Ten joules of heat eneos(+dou .kmi3 rgy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the int(+u ooi3 dkm.sernal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynapx8uw7jc9 7f e:f3,6bryo jd tmics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservo 10wteob5qtgk1d79v gir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot*p2 bjnit5 e7e reservoir?

State the second law of thermo o3aoiyplo6,mp5+t- l5urz r7wx 9p e,dynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cyclv0a*c fo1v; j0ux wte8e, how much work is done by an engine ope081owe0j tv a ;vc*fxurating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a .uel d-57q tui 5-fjrlheat engine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency oxmrc7s0haql+ qq:) ,6 ;zpic gf a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must0phsg7zaq)m, ; rq qcl6i: c+x be

  A Carnot cycle consi*)j f,rpq+2 ws9fda5g5zot rcsts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics.(0 1)af;tpepctdn-a x

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is rl 8 lf)q6d t8)i2fj)aelwuz3defined as the ratio o ef)8)ufda68ji2tlr)l l w qz3f

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defkdcoged; 0b jg4-rl 0em;qx-.i*vr8k ined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the wate**mw*.ak;wt qcy( iwpr

  According to the secoi7az,walu6 k4kf. e0 pnd law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, whicza4e 7iap,k k l06f.wuh one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second lau v.iue0scvjm5o+b: h :-q :ihw of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to concludgq1 8n71yo2vq/pq p mwe that

  During an isothermal processl0 q( l..dzlie, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in inte.0l(edl zil .qrnal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J)c:h,z.azom c of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the workohz ,czm):ca. done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas syif:mdaie 35typ xa1 x j:;r3m1stem in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in r3m;pi:1 tma53a:yf x ej1ixdinternal energy?

  200 J of work is done in- ce*nvr )yg6n compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energy *-cegrv6)y nnof the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of 4em d929diskt xooz+; work. What is the change in internal enez 99ddsoke24om t;ix +rgy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal ed:y-pp n9qfp59 uey0-brj:lb nergy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the work done?p:pu0:r-f9pdq5-yyle b9bj n

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of2cehl:u ,k h)sl u3 8udcn7v0o a system decreases by 50 J. What is toeu vl78h u ckd lhnc:,s023u)he heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained txgwsk km.1cwh/15i l* 2nrt1j ,2t daat constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How mrn /m*w2w, ta i.stgl5kd j1k1h1 txc2uch work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is rqt 11my dg13itemoved from it. How my1qitg 1t 13mdany moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3(/phv7qxpqwc:a salzk3kt v 5.+90hk.0 kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 70719hsb rg8t eo2hrk)c00 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the eff8h 7ce)9b1org rhs kt2iciency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% m 4c:nat:k41bd 4uekiand receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform nd:: 4ucea4bt41 kmik in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J ofq ls.ius ewr/ :w-zsg4u)f6)m heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhue/l4).fwgi-wz) mu :ssq rs6aust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and e2mc 3 .ca 9orau07vl ,gx1ihlbxhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each cyci 9l1maha7xv c ,2uco3br0.lgle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of hfc 1d5ll)b8 fleat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each cycd1bff 5l8 )cllle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characterip4 qrjyrcy 7 p7j 69)ss9s6ubrsticsy s7pc)6u bpqr4r j7sj9 6y9rs: combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient en/z5judcpa4 jv8;lps u *q .:qdgines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temp vd:dq54z*upc.;saplj8 q/ j uerature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characterist tj5msr0sy7 elk +,a7pics: combustion chamber7r+l07pjms e,kt5ysa temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant gene5jxtdyvc yw87 ai-*l9rates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW ojutem5(e)p t1tm gn ,5f electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generatk3cfoac)c 96b es 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engineh mkynp. x *c57a8g d-mhl*6lx which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible fxj *4.h3um.o c9tiugdor an engine operating betweenhtx.id m9u.g4*o 3cju $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engin6/r -g vc99rgr xmilf/e is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the coldci- r 69l/9rgmfv /xrg reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betweep8)g4hdkcym: ao1m8 66mx fk en $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the ratei1bmm5ga6 y,v of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per 5ya b mg,1iv6mcycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from tlaqfh la/:*; jhe freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room jqlfh:/*al a;per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbn/1nl emo ko7tg. 7y3hs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expe l13nty o .7mog/hnk7els 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy whe 08gvtsm16mmm 4-o i, jz-rnvrn 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change mwbuj 8s-b09nk;ryi0 in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP un jc3 )nmhn30azdergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy chaz)n mn jha33c0nges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at k 1ihd, iavi135ph;ub$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.