The process shown on the T-V graph ises* d6sapwj*tt *zx23 an

  In an isothermal proc. issuqjj ya+j:uw6: (ess, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamrt 1p0 8f7 jfjon lge))rug2w8ics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in 45:kbt7yu*pwo:x2ludix( r st f1r+ kits temperature. This pro+ d lu(ft2kri 7r*1pk otsu5yx4:wx:bcess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L thq5 w qxs7x*mzt5nl si/1ir2)o 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of int/ swl5xhsm1)q2itz7i5*xqrn ernal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-halfx 3r *c2+q(vdinp y:)fedd )lh its original volume during an isothermal proces)*e)h +lxi dn:23cr( qfvd dpys. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this processdds;08w fygi8, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is cowgd88 fy0;idsrrect?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated enrm56ukk2c+iogr*l ) ud /je; /c* lzzbvironment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its sue6/ucucrk*mg;zl i/j+lorz)kd* 5 2 brroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamics+ u5ned;;ooau , $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-hazqz88sa:l0k, zj e u;hai9 q9jz7k , .wlp7ypqlf its original volume during an adiabatic process. The fkpljz 8zj:weq;. a 7a hi9 zyquqk0p98,s7,zlinal pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all res4vri *45kepocz:, eqt49 tvvzpects except that one containszq ,kevcp44voe 4 rt*v:t5i z9 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except thdj t ae2-+j/bqat one containsa2bdjtj+ eq-/ $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is an er (xjux 96cs-2fwe e,

  In an isobaric procet3mho av0+ h.jss, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodyicie(2sl ubrc;7g,; hnamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expans k-2isdxh *073 kjopl r/f5zx jk;0spd at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This pr0 x0ksojz7/lksxsi j ;5k3p d *2f-rhpocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant anzu kn6y3)) epressure.3)zenn )u6 kya As a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on th.m dqv 2epjl)4e PV diagram is

  In an isochoric proc p 3;xu.j;jrcdo *lc,eess, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodyns,x*kemh;,yb amics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannotvb ) h69icj3mx expand as heat energy is added to it. This procemjh 6vi9c bx)3ss is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constanmgt f1l:4:n p5h*xkknt volume. As a result, the internal energy of the gan:nfgkm45x:* kth1 lps

State the first law of thjc6a4mqrp + ;39f8alul d0sogermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfe4agqayhhw0 9a (u5vb*r heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir uae*fjc4 1q3fe, *qwrmnmi,; to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clausius.fu 1wxud.uk;bbd mig./7/ rd1

  A gas is taken through bnc.25xze,v q the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is zq.cbnex, 52v done by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat rd.oxosdyr 2gheqc0pe/8j dcl 342 t(q44j0 n engine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot 7;57wua8/fb yx4nvv xnn8s je engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must beau 87vb jx47vw sn5/fnye;nx 8

  A Carnot cycle consists be+gokh/ 3 bd 11v2oax/6 arrnof

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodyn9o0itlk0 tin9dp3jr b 8mi 7+j3lvvu8amics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio b0rd,the6:5eh ;td g iof6tr:hed dgt 5b;ehi,0

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the fxs.+w ofnm:b5ti/ f0 ratio of

  When water freezes, the entro; vlqv*fs9d p8p1l7fu py of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for anyg8q3uvn53 bz )njx3to 0mk ch6 process that may occur within an isolated systen)gv6m jh0 bz8 3ck3qut ox53nm, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thr; e jcl)7u2 s(xf)qoaermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclude tha g)o8g6spa2kv1p)yd 2nj a2gat

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removedm+g dy7a ir1 ztrs(ry i2dx(n8-8tgu5 from an ideal gas. What is the change in 7 ytd-ynu2 rm d8ggas8(r(i+1ixtz r5internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an idea )x)x 4bo py:7a ,nqmhqnf6-uvl gas. What is thq 64n)v )bxom7q,-ua nxp: fyhe work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal proob2 iaz( 1a,bacess is -400 J. What is the change in zba(boa,2 ia1internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. Whatm7wt0qw +p+v m is the change in intew 0m+pw+ qmt7vrnal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiady9sdwmm o0i;77wv88o2 a y + ev4aaesbatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internal sda mm 2v7wyd4w9s8oe8eav;07 i+ yao energy?

  In an isochoric process, aubk7h5nl7hu m 7+xg 8the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is t7 bh7al5h7 8m+kxuunghe work done?

  In an isochoric process, the inrbc.qya xdc +.(p+ yy.ternal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exchange?a c c(.bdq+yp.xy+ y.r

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at jy g 0pxlrf349constant volume as it is cooled by 5xgr lfp49y3j0 0 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant voo4q xq9( k.xawlume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas ao9qw4q x.( kxare in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water at v4aeqg3d c tazbl3y5 j5*u7,n$80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses5cvd,n r yv5,:zg- dub 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficiencducbd,y:-v z5 n rg,5vy?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of++u -61 gy ,hpc*sn6/azjesd1s bznzw heat per cycle. How much work does it perform in ejd,wpnnhzz +s 1/ebys+sgz6 16 cu*a-ach cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. z)6sarn5ls3z: sh ) foHow much heat does it exhnfz)6r zssah3ol )s:5aust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal ofugcwzzl tau;a 4/47,goh8hnt3zco4 7 heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficienc czaggzt ,cho38u/z4n 4tawl oh7u;47y of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhauso afbel, i7t;9j7 uzb-ts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each cyc9-f;bjt 7ae,bzu7 olile.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the qn,j( ft9zi m/((u9l;puqn cp following characteristics: combustion chamber temperature = ipqn(m, /99 clpzn qtjuu;( f($1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far h12ox/( tt,,nnqe rolaas the following characteristics: combus 2 /ntlrno,o(axt ,e1qtion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far ha.5*9qhhgc( r loje.tgt- 6kwyoi39 nas the following characteristics: .9c 3*e gwqok- ar iltjt(59.hgnoh6ycombustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates qn ri:4 mv8afodoq01 ,600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant yk *n.k efj2,uuses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power.h)./ 3fgq vq0 tpupop* The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of/-nju nbje4;lr31j xk an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operating betwer uhf:)k-fn1u/aq7f59qq k ueena 7 kfun)qu h q/ke-9q:uf5r1f $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot i /yirxzgc)v. zp2-3nengine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reci -z)iv3gy/z2x n .rpservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating0,rz mbuk28o,ow7e aea ohk,/ between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the free)xg)t9*rr:h +r fmuixdql;1izing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cyclexh)+m ;tdg u9)f*:x q1lriir r. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJq.b eil0 *na3ibn:a;n and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of perform.3aa b;nqe:inlb0 *inance?

  During each cycle of operatiff0 g 7a)rrk6ut(mpd(on, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is r(gtamfp f7)r(kdu 60required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice d,( 54.ce z heghf44bih5erse melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the chanc) gy4t:w0 *7x.nhdjbddly1 zmb3 ra4ge in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STb*-k nnt vqfo2lt . 9b. /k/jxrgigs3-P undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changesbti2.s9v-- k3g g/nfbqxn. t*l k /roj by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 5ysmda1xg)0 i$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.