The process shown on the T-V graph is anskcg0owd)(ex31itd u 8 )p lv(

  In an isothermal process, there is no changelm-( vu gn3t/utdw552;n kwtedu ( *uf in

  When the first law of thermodyps+c k); g o:fsp91jl2zj3lsxnamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original voehnuq,(0sjc mb ,y 6my1h.3szovdnw75ms :z ;lume with no change in its temperature. Thi3 chmyn v 5osb;.61 yhjnq,mz:m0( zd u,e7swss process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L.m ikew(0 d4f2uq+xlc / During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the ke4 lu2fwx+/cd(0 iq mexternal mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressedsfza 6 4jsp 0z 5ip9a)p)pwi4p to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final presszzj iipp 9ss60)wp 4 ap)p54afure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L.hyqn;rii8 (g * During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that ex*i8 h;(irgny qpanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isoll+ si,xf*n 9ojated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surrox*i+nfosl j,9 undings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamicsbvur xp5pz s,ls:q+s )wh f2ct6y89 c5, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its o4zk(zai zh5k/wkz4 p 0riginal volume during an adiabatic process. kkz05 4i/(z kazwpz h4The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that/ gti np h;v4)ok,(9/4vzrf)hwrjngn one contains phthgj /,knv)(rrvi4wgz f) /o n49n;$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas iilv ha3-2 *hczdentical in all respects except that one containschai*z 3l2v-h $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is an6oin y9i:x;h:q9dp gbi 3gw*w

  In an isobaric process, ther uz(24rqx,3 syj fl4 .giqbxm4e is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynam7q4v64n 3 j:h3 rrcagy3pyl *9xvqg nwics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expaoh7mda2f -czwt8gtfl/ p u/23 nd at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This process af7dm2w8/gpcz3/lohtuft 2 -is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a buf9m/*0g(xi 6 dehe bsample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energbb9m6 0h*fgie /eu dx(y of the gas

  The process shown on the PV dia2 0ar;xkrn1awgram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change i)mmbkn8 h3 1tyn

  When the first law of thjvu +97w,lt+s ow hn4lermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigief5u oa,2yqd9;n cnn:ds:, s:cs9eup d container that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. This prd p2 9:,d:n ye quscn: e5a;,nfso9scuocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at cox:mfs 8.z; *vmot vs4cnstant volume. As a result, the internal en4 f;:8sm v.tcx*vszomergy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamiga00u7s r(-;x mg; vncijp rx(cs.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a h dwek3x t pjds23sjp-/be 3ub43:w w*cot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cq 7ngd, pr 8uye.j( 5bvy1.am4rz0ym kold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of ef0ccni14)il5as p9w a,slac,hu +)a thermodynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated herns( arqx* 2dc8e. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engcdrs a q28n(x*ine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heainzf*0 l/ l1/u+. olfa3)3fepbksnq st engine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sf0twe28vwmb9hv3zl x 7grv r-ina:75 ink must bevv9fh75wtr2m z3 -rg 7 iwa80:nbxlev

  A Carnot cycle consists ora/vcu :8h 0r 218ima wmsmm4ff

Give the Kelvin-Planck statem jlqz2o 4bhxz/k/1ur88myp m /ent of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) ofkwey6 p. 2z2co a refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofz o peykw.26c2

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the 7* /mcg yv4fwg2mo k;6aguin- ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of thyuy6vse:of vlm )+rr93su.a-e water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any procesrx5 :bhm :3po/f4l xfus that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the c/bpx 4 r5 m:xfulf:h3ohoices applies?

Give a general statement+7 of 9i0tzb,(sab)q o/iqo2)hacbymq b (x+v of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to concl xe,d e2:mj/giude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat i2m5 zj cl5qehtt:k+ d5s removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in internatczmdqj 525 5tel+h:kl energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removedou m,,-em:b ppuxwb4; from an ideal gas. What is the w umope bp :u,4mwx,;b-ork done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal prw z6, -l*bzthmocess is -400 J. What is the change in intehz*l6 bw- ztm,rnal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compp;k y;pk hw.h0ressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energy yh ;hw0;kpk.p of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of wf;rw)u61y ; l1jv.h/ 9imfpkt m9wbplork. What is the c .1 fw rtlj)k/b;phpmu9fi; vm9w 16ylhange in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases szsjqs xa /sen75: o:.by 50 J. What is the work dn 5a zsjs/oe:ssxq: .7one?

  In an isochoric process, the 0a ;x(psy7st ginternal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exch;tspsg 70(x ayange?

  A certain amount of a mo:waqsf;hl kosq6t( -/natomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomp:6lsokq h/f-(s q;wa tlished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when -ya8a(+ yxgd bxzd2d )831 J of energy is removed from it. -ad8yxd+y)ab (2z gdx How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of /b9 ozgvhh. 2dwater at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is tp/t90ikioug l h)ao8) he efficienco0hi/p l go ))a9i8utky?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of op66q ju i6s mhzzh94wm,9xd635.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it performq 6dm6shz9z ux,p6wjihom64 9 in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat pegvkbi+23h; wbz1a7hh3g aj(l r cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each h 2l1z7(;i+b wahkajv33gbg hcycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each3jkntu5k5hu7 xqw 90q cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of eat5nq530 whjqku7x u9kch cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Cal4d -kvg3,vdji 7qm/9ic r n(*yhl*mvjculate the work donem v /gq h7kcijd9 *v-,4idy(j3l*m nvr each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the follomu4w o*lf(4bu 5xe0 haleq(1ewing characteristics: combus lq0e ueh4l b(*(fx e4mo5u1wation chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines buil0izidn9(i 41ezud +1lsco c6xt so far has the following characteristics: comb0du zez4x 16c9+ d(sini1icloustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient edo.:,xz0 0 lo6m:b m2vtw on-ha x;joengines built so far has the following characteristics: combov.6bowah,d: 0m xe0;om: n l2z-t xjoustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses fzg 0f )d7xzv8$4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates c4d**y8ho2 c 3uv7ewdxxmbc)600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant genera8 (dq;/wte;*; nsazktix 4wxites 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an eng,g8eql7 z l0z/:xg ;xn d1dnzline which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operaq)fb57/w m ,kiay: bjiting betwe:a)fk ,mi jwi5y/bq7b en $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot enginmu w (8bej1qu1e is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if theewq1( u81 jmbu temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bermf 1 u;cb8ck42e(u i nbd6i/iyml:3 dtween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the fr48dj zdnm*2iuo/s-bzuqs 8-r eezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 zj4id-ns2 *sb/m8z duor-u q8kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 k jmffe e-,cjo1v+n ;d(J and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient fjj (c,vd1emfe+; -on of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrige;l9e8*+s4qqediouzc nb fn4 -rator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezfnz- 9;c lien4o*+sqbue 8q4der and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of cp .3rethvl,:z c) fq4ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the fmtwoivi*prj51aqh k:k;810viuk0 4)wrm .rchange in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at Sr,tiu5v 1/ 1b gj,qeluTP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy c,r/,vq5ij utbug 1el1hanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at ux ug cnk 2+6jv:ofp*4$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.