The process shown on the T-V graph +25fpm 9fi h0qu8v lgxis an

  In an isothermal process, there is no change 2g2aoxbj5q.; g7v+ h bmpq 6ssin

  When the first law of theru(2l9qxjh2 g ymodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its ogz-/4 ltz24 ml ilqt.ga b04tsriginal volume with no change in its temperature. This procestt4l44q .s l/ig2ta0b z z-gmls is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 Le9l+ vrp0o: f6e)t du7aujf;q to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the ch6j tf+:e)du7oqv ;0lpr ufa9eange of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an isothe:h-)yqqs+qtv)rk k/t z4r;vnrmal prok h/) n+vtz;q4vq-s):kt yq rrcess. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this2ucgzlay7hk3 6+e6u /p7 ht*hu m;ja x process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism cl2/7 ujhyaahex zkpt;3mh*g67 6u+ uthat expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the event, the y2wddh v16bam(r9lq vv);,pvg5wrb . gas exchanged no heat with its surrounvvha56v.r r 1)qwvg;p,(wdb9lbym2d dings. This process is

  When the first law of zdbgj+.pi 0j,n.:t*bfct sf ) thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original v:6b28p5dmbh85yxnf w e. un rekpq61yolume during an adiabaticnf56:y p5xeu .e1hmp8 y2rwb b86kndq process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respe6;gme3 -r+ s;h0 qn2necsyaou1k7 uticts except that one contains2tc h -iy 30n1su kq;eeo6anms7+gru; $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas iden -xm3 hnf6na2dtical in all respects except that one contains d nxa6h 2-nmf3$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV d jecj;6xs )p(vh9 (y-dl riw49gu *lsciagram is an

  In an isobaric process, iojm mkq h5-7 pwkv-).x3vcp5there is no change in

  When the first law oszb6e1ez2 e5c .rwm:yr-q7yuf thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heatyyhug-j67((xuq:eus is added to it. This procee hj7 ((y u:guu6yq-xsss is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample g/rrck 4o nz7+of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the in/ 7 ck+gn4orzrternal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram ih+anw g*. ni4:jzrqz7*t iax4:xbf6e s

  In an isochoric procesvkcbd;l; ).ab0 , vgtus, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynami7j-aj3jz m,etcs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container thatmb( g uofek.(zw+ v)0e cannot expand as heat energy is added +z g)kemo.f( ewbu( v0to it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal *nq nf/9i )0q o2flzljgas at constant volume. As a resuq l/9ojq0n2 iff)ln*zlt, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of t f39hsgge7bt 6hermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservufxv s( bum0m10 c1m5moir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to agdz*e hh3h ngexj/5 lb5rm 83- hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clausius. -(dzl4dltba3 5q.rdnke,. va d)hr.p

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. Duri bsxoh/u,z*p/ng one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on this cycle hup/ x*s,zob/?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the r*0mwjp e/j6nav.a (4c(glk dz yhi* ;0zj*pfkatio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot( lzwjrpb9w(;h ,a ;ow engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must w(zhjar;pww( lo;b9 , be

  A Carnot cycle consists u7(cz4golt +f8 /rdqb of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement 0 7+:nygtlxvg of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a r7 z r qxc1ufhgz8i1-,cgtd84 yehmn/3efrigerator is defined as the ratio o q7hh88c g,fm z-xnrz1e tycg4u1id /3f

  The coefficient of performance (COP) -pk(4l(qifrl)( lu teof a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, ty1.j9+pya, +x(e wswp a o5imxhe entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any procesmj r*az 7i..w-vp,qz5gs :pzqs that may occur within an isolated system, which one of thpqg ,aj:7z.-m .sw zv5q*pi zre choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermod,j43cwl8(o y*g izjtyynamics.

  The second law of thermodynantfrqjdf69h bb1 6,+xmics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process,3:0op(vpq0 /wq dxtht 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the chang3p0o (wphxdqq t /tv0:e in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat es86a )rek7(x : krmxcis removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the proxrk7(x)s 6e rmea:k8 ccess?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal /vk /2uxr2wl59 jn braai:0oc process is -400 J. What is the change in internal energyajvca:on b/xuw52ik /r0 2r9l?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the chan/l6nr0hli: wgge in inth :6i/rnlwgl0ernal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process whil m(x t5k 4ua3fm48txhoe doing 25 J of work. What is the change muttm 3xf4(5oa4h8k xin internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by rwqur k*-7 5i+-sfrhg4imtr ;50 J. What 4q h;tr-fgw us-+i7*imrr5rkis the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a systemyj-)/sw0cjs;js fd y( pq 30lt decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exchange?-3pt0 l jq/s c0sw;sy(dyj)f j

  A certain amount of a monatomic gasio90q nhna8me anq6- k7 5f/rk is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of eneki k7qh0 56/8 qmnnrf9an-eoargy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is coolo7lv nk6el/l -g em3wjqg9q-db9m/w;ed by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the s9blqql/- 3wj/mml d n9g6; -g7vowkee ample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of wateu v o;+hvhx(x )itsj5v9x q.(nr at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 700-:+q7wwvmim z;0i ore0 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is twz +:rm;miiqev o7-0 whe efficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cy+q55 gct:mueqcle. How much work does it perform in each cyc5cqe5u mt+qg:le?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J j (v (e3vv+th*3xnaoib0 4b loof heat per cycle. How much heataoxj(lt0e3 v3( *onvvbih4+ b does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal ody3r 2l6fl v,dr.:kr icp i49fbup6(c f heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of c( y k :d9ul.f 6rpl2rrcfdi4i,36pbveach cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 4 wf *ku;evu alapm:hjb:1/ 6y-2 kcal. Calculate the work done each c*:6-uml j:y/ ;k baav euh1fpwycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the foll ( g,0ov*j irkwldf tbn,2(l*dowing characteristics: combustion chamber temoij(r(lf* ,tl2b*k0 d,nd gvw perature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the fo(m1y(3ojiy k.ay6 xogr1 me rj5:ew3dllowing characteristics: co(ydme.j (kj 3o11eoa6gyi53 rrx:mwy mbustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteristf0j59 ict3 rer 2kb)orqbx9t: ics: combustion chamb2eb9cri) f btojq kt9:53r0xrer temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MWhb,tk74*yauep.) ,ukk;uw cm of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The)d z 4bn48dy3l5xaqcs plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. Thefl w63)/fb 2eudvfw.fn /xsb 8 plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates bu2s;e ulc /vz.h6c 6kyetween $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency poh0z +:cntu / bddeu 7tvru6a97ssible for an engine operating betwerub dett6zuha90+:u c/v7d7n en $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold-aa/ jr 4 xiq;jvc k.2lg(/feo reservoir if the temperature of the hotir eak;/ /-gqjo2j4 c .vaxlf( reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bb9v iwg85jhph696-ygi he)-xkbl yh(etween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compart3wx+ ao+ *zpz8dmj1 gqment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycleqwop 8*+1g+m3zadzjx . How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing nr n6u 932u5gfhhgbb8 compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is thnnfr3 u 5b6g2gb8u9hh e coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, az maq7a-, i,a;zfzv *j refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in q;af,z-*i, azmzjv a 7each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy whe ubp)rygtx nr)4 :fs2;n 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, th*j35z/l( e z o6zgtv6)ap ihtdyhh2v4e change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergjm07;/ apk.i6mpye zdoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy 6ze0d/ pm a;mjp7 yik.changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at fldprdq(mp4dv,9:a :0o9pueqr i9 * a$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.