The process shown on the T-V graph ibvm dn0 2z7i04-;cs vfxe;,w*husfgb s an

  In an isothermal process, there is f tcx gg* u3ejr3i63sky:m( o-no change in

  When the first law of thermodyivvi/v k/-bm-(n w; 2 aylnp8ynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in itsy5de.)a 7 /(idlmgl jc temperature. This pry. lj m)adci7edg 5/l(ocess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermal2 *bu9g;h0ui7s y rhuuubb ;;gly from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compresurhy;2ig u;bu *0s;uhu7g9bb sed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume durinvv;.y.mdd .sk drc3 0lg an isothermal procem d rkd3l0vsy..cv;. dss. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. Durjkvp 5yrfo/e.68m/ y qing this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the exto pq jfv86/m/ey5y.rkernal mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed l 4e *-wrl:z-x gq3pwbin an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged nxlw4l3qz-e pg-:*b w ro heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamics,,,cbd xuxxfgn1q2o4 , $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas z2.axvho7z(iu h zu9 ,is compressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The h2ui.hv9ao xu7,zzz( final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one d2 dt7o sa+libr23h-:9 9xznxksbxs3lj.(lrcontains 33zl(.siltxx-b2d+hnrl7bxr jasok 9sd9 2: $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas idenjo(rk 93lc+ 0rf9 ; hd*wt(z-ygyq dmatical in all respects except that one contains0aq39c+h *gfjmyw dkyrrzt9l- ((; od $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is+8j0q kmf6ugn (0p ijx an

  In an isobaric process, there is no cfg4 nfsid8 ;ett. t/3.pef*ryhange in

  When the first law of thermodynamics9g ;qq*rq9j ro, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constantbv-o7-: u -j/gmuut c/kt)dru pressure as heat is added to it. This procesg7 dtur)ujv-- : /- tomuukcb/s is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to wt5dvj+;e 3j7-fms uga sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result,jm5+f 3u7gv - djt;wse the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram iol v.8ceyx tg;,5i+1qjz3 yqv xx(1kgs

  In an isochoric process, zy 10p4j/ m2g7dqwdkvthere is no change in

  When the first law of thex49qt1sv uls5rmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energ b+fef4o ;i u(trf4aj,y is added to it. This process +f;eruf,f (tbaoi4 4jis

  Ten joules of heat energy are transfd q, ,*/2lezxd,09 wyejcryot erred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energy of the 9,jlqoeey0x/,,ytcdz2 *wr dgas

State the first law of thermodynamic :kzz; acc(fgh,;m6 .tz5gja1/xcc/d 2b vazbs.

  Is it possible to tra6yuuvzq u :wr -3.z+ zn46gkktnsfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a onllnhkvt6:7j n7z0z k,4 *ph hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clau vq()n77wzrygsius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one k4dmgq)+x8s i cycle, how much work is done by an d4xqk+ 8sig)m engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine y4yy* g-l k7:)oqyf vbuvj0n8 is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot eng7 hw ;zy, +/brx3vdlj lxj8l/nine is to be 100%, the heat sink must ,8 jxn ylvl+7wlrb3xjz;/hd/be

  A Carnot cycle consiv6 m6rijm sbni2; i25tsts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the se hrx , d z8hdj6j:+2lll3kuwu.mili:0cond law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP)wd h/v7bhj..t 8il 66f3rncwh of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofci/ 7lfvh 83r6njww6.th.d h b

  The coefficient of performance (Cbuemg7q6, 8qe2gvf n -OP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the e4fbuv bx 1(+bkz5ies, ntropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur 1:q*;pvplb wc ,/ipmbwithin an isolated system, which one of the choices applv iwlcbbm,* :ppp;1/q ies?

Give a general statement of the second law of therm+ d763t) yq:modyda ffodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us t0j 9.mc)pmp xbo conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. Whazokw42 zp4pl 7t is the changelp7o2kpz4w z4 in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. Wh:7utwkq -5b w,560cy7gc /sbfx lzxqxat is the work done in the xs ,0yxcc/g:q kxq5 -ut 76b75lbf zwwprocess?

  The work done on an ideal gas syste rtaa3-m7 r-wm)/jth 7uxv4 r37vf6m, txrhejm in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in iva,x fa-6 /347vmewr7r) -mt r jjh m3thurt7xnternal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. Whov6( t0myfkkmrj ,p1-at is the change in internal enm ,m0 jk6pfv( -1toyrkergy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is ta plx-mb 05ojyg9 0p,dhe change in alp0g5j-md9x o,pb 0yinternal energy?

  In an isochoric proces hjv:.0t e+w n7vsp)lxs, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What in x 7hls .v0ep)wt+v:js the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy 8fny vma+,1d pof a system decreases by 50 J. What is the hen8vypd+ a,m1f at exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at 4bc3k.mu p os z9+l.uhe f2e-econstant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by th.- sel9p mukfh.o3bz ee+cu42e gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume w ,aw0 xs 7ybz;*0ohui5+xjlus hen 831 J of energy is removed from it. How ;7oy ,+b xhalss u0wz*u0x i5jmany moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg r e.,g wxu8(nfj, ir6zof water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 Jam:09 .khmyku0(jd h j of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the effih ua(kj0:0ymk 9hj .mdciency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35q9mve)c lr e 8t,iv 0es4zb9zn91emo1 .0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform in each cyc,q cvmntvr18 0991eebieeozm9 4)lzsle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35. er:iwc-4 d6bh0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat do dh:rw-be46i ces it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhaus j/y1tvdx3rz0yl+px 5 4kkmc.ts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each cvt5d/ k3mrx4c0 +zyxlj py1.kycle.

  A heat engine absorbs owz vk 7qs, ,x +oe7ynwv7rt7-64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate th q7so7wtrnkwv v ,+-7yzex, 7oe work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines builmf 1e:sjtl 08rt so far has the following characteristics: combustion t r 8emsl:f01jchamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characte-k0a+ra) :dyjrd +lveristics: combustion chamber temperrl+v :+akdre- yj0 )adature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient os, jll/j+fo)engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber teo,jsll)j+ of/mperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plan *(wmuwu+5u+ og4cr eat uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant g6rqpi1fgn h5 e 94/i90amoawf enerates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant genersthn0om dvas)5 n3/cq9 p; *yvates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which q ntb9yb+ilb009)j x8tsz8us/ ram2noperates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine ope::/; pbuluhi jrating betwee u /j:hp;:ublin $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of p 57:zl nddvdsmhm8j1 -x5.pdthe cold reservoir7ppddvd:. 1shx-5 z58njmldm if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating between gz7- aof gdp-up0p/ ,xo(pqe5$40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat fromuz 0eor ,t4iid3z 6;fx the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle.3,0i x6 4eorfuz d;izt How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from tjw- 8t+zg)ud 86ej krihe freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficie8 +trj6ejd8zu -wik )gnt of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of 2j(j2osj;k dnnl2 ; zn5bjg;nheat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the ;2j( snl;b5j;gdn2 znjo2jknroom. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice q(8 ) mndrjo3zic(pg9t1 zb4,h qrge8melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, thkd cgrm1g msy )h/i6-;e change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideale+v y-gy cg2/u gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changeyu g2 v/gy-c+es by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 016 fezpw z8dmk6x-ygk 7sw( j$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.