The process shown on the T-V graph)uwairq/ 0sy+ is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no change yyhi; t/ hh4n/ n5ypg(in

  When the first law of thermodynamicsil6 wef nqn,f( ;b *)eefb(w7 gbhv,8lp wo8q,, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its oriwsmx 5.; yb0)piqt0hz7v-uh / pyr7gm ginal volume with no change in its temperature. Th- u;q/bv5ymz x 7ip00tg)rh h.yspw7mis process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermallrt ;82.plhemsy from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the 2p 8h.m tsl;regas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an isotp9 o fevto*205x7f / nfcslpt0hermal process. The fintpfcf/lno2p79fxs e5o0 t0v *al pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 xbt or0in:zvo y.3-b 5L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Whioo3x- bzv0i: yr.b5tnch of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compres9 c4guuakuct*)ft; tqb0 v1t 7sed in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas eb*0k 1afc4ut;tcv u)gq79 ut txchanged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynb( a1e5 b/bgfcamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its origina:s yg7e0 p,nbgk6abhvu 6i0 3hl volume during an adiabatic process. The final sb i:37 gubevgkh660h0, nyappressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one contak(huji (8 le6p5mvz3yins 5 3 uivmke8zyj ((hpl6$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identica9fi-jrb :gk i6l in all respects except that one contains:if b6jgk ri9- $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagra8arxloj0 z(4cm is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no cqybwusz+- p0,hange in

  When the first law of ther + 0b,7mmvtrl+f-etn jmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. Th5os:f :x 9 m9buhsl3hq+:ksao is process :u:h 9k593 bhsslso :qam+fo xis

  Ten joules of heat eneruf1ci6 fxj( 07.t yemqgy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy ofmf1 q0euty .7j(cix6 f the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram jiv*:3; ikacv is

  In an isochoric process, there is no c.te(fn .9mmcihange in

  When the first law of thermodynamix5k03dy y0cuyy2r y2ocs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energyg;6orzhq (z-e6eqo m2 is added to itmohre-;q eo g6z(zq26. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas a qu pm5 v1.pbc.dzf7heo5l0.t t constant volume. .5.czp hd l b1vpqf uto.07e5m As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodyn4k+n6yir+qsxc 3pdyw6q 0j4lamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservofuuz)zf:j./yno*rg 8 ir?

  Is it possible to transfer uxi; yt4iw4jo8 .dn:f-fm q.lheat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodyvmcp.clo )4o;namics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how mhd4e.o 2lj dxrsq567 i;)-3jxuubp mkuch work is done by an engine op .isr-e3ddm2j pu;)u xj5hlbxo 67kq4erating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined asra52 j/,neolk9t..qkmv at q * the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engimh(;q /f9m+ zh(nz buine is to be 100%, the heat sink must bez qmzbf9+; u(mh /(ihn

  A Carnot cycle consist6v9/ l8uhi4x6u fudcvod. qo8s of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the secn9 v 7vw/ty.oy2u ny)n:mu3f aond law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (CO41 vy :k; iag6.deqihoP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofodvk6 aqgy4 ih ;1ei:.

  The coefficient of performance (COP)gmva.s)b(j3+ upwj4 y of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the watershhbdj9 67d1;z )ngsgcbqd 51

  According to the second law of thermodynamicsgk ntd.ov)+9s , for any process that may occur within an is.d9o)skvntg + olated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the secocj 3tp j1mkb k(/:k,sind law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamiq/fu6qczh 54d9 rno6jcs leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from 6n3 ;ttw;5zfkxivgx-ilwz75 an ideal gas. What is the change in internal energy?z5 itlgwi3kw5znt - 7x ;vf;x6

  During an isothermal proce6j)1 hwbc ec)jss, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the proce1c j) ecwhj6)bss?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal prohavun*ce-l / , xf0y:ocess is -400 J. What is yf,h e*n/c ux-0v:aolthe change in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in com7wz kyh wwy(9nk3i(m +pressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energy o3 79kikz+w hyy(wmn w(f the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adwkbtk ;b f: (e0h+1zciiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is thei +bck(kt feb; hw0z:1 change in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by6k- g8 gzph)al 50 J. What is l )g-86pagkzhthe work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreaslei kge: qd128r2eyp5es by 50 J. What is th2gi2edeyl:1rk pe5 q 8e heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maint9n wnzy s3err df+.+g(4tc)n fained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the rf ensgw(ndz.tf4+3r+ 9cny )gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled byp1.to-ous6ydp5y2v q xsq 6o s6ce*c7 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the sc56yesuyovdpqc2qs 6 67. -tp x*1 oosample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg z/ a dsax w(;te.omp,g:s8j8rof water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and lf/cweg 3 ul(zy(4sl-doses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficiency(ud/f4l e 3s(ywzc l-g?

  A heat engine has an exojz3d4d4 n40h 1 *zi6f hodp*bif7nofficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform in each cycle?do4 6f4 bx30nzzhfd 4ioj no* d17h*ip

  A heat engine has an efficienkf (z bq-4t:-dbct sy5cy of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each y kbqc5b:4z t-sd-f t(cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal offx4 x:i(n+1orn4w ccy heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculatxryx conf 4w4i+ n1c(:e the efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal ,p5kjcp-j/ji -hih:z jd1xz (. Calculate thc, (/k p-: ihp5x1zzjjjjhd-ie work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines buihe4jfx30e:bbkyv-) kq.6d (gp-laeolt so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperature =b leq(30 k4ypk . -b efg)vo6:deh-xja $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far haj 3q/-0bxovwas the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperature/ 0jbx3avow -q = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far9f rr4,hvderf0wa 1) 4fhoa,b has the following characteristics: combustion chahfw4fd,9rb e1 ha4a)frvro ,0mber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant g9 :jjf up6p(qtenerates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant use .170 a/nsbm5i -aw5oq)5c xpd p:wme1hmvln cs $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generatesidrk v- e+( 4d)umt28sudq jr7 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot effici 9i q3 jy(xi. eyqm)a7.ri4keeency of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical9-t v p6gwegbe)ev1e* efficiency possible for an engine operating betweeee1g)v*p9wb -g6 evet n $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. Wxlrmzajx z,(c*x(f *p rs 6nb9(dkh 2,hat is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the ,nja2zbmz xch*, *frk(( s9pxl dr6x(temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bk3, uwyuoj22o etween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate3fuo;y6 w4ilo+ tx pvkyk1c1( of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cyc1 613uo+fi xwt;(4po yclvyk kle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat froh* wl5- wz5pbvv a)ci2m the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle.cwh2* lpiav- )vzw55b What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of kffcg 1;rgo*0a sjl8.heat from the fr* oj;rs8kf .fl 0gc1gaeezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in ei-ayq od*n w48ntropy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change o 8gc45+l9wbqjwo o9f/ .0mhxp,kj wiin entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion a mgt0r;xct njyl;-vt..vp ruoqz*69. nd its entropy cha; 0 mlxgn-.9po c.z rvyrq *u;t6tj.vtnges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at l6in)drdja8h6t mnk.. 00 eo l$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.