The process shown on the T-Vy umbuthm7 vxbv/dr/rzxd b 1.:.8,/o graph is an

  In an isothermal process, thgl wb49no6, p yci4ku)ere is no change in

  When the first law of thereir/cwm9b*z kd2t; 3 emodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume wit2 tmpxtf:z( 4sh no change in its temperature. This pros2fm4t z:p (txcess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally wbli)n9g 30 byfrom 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy gy9n i3bwb)l0 for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its origin( bfyw 6;e v5nd8nmjg/al volume during an isothermal proceswvf8mje/n;bgn( dy 65s. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 Ll wbq:(, y2jfpir/h* s to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements i w(:j*s2r ,/qflp biyhs correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. t. b4,g2hy (utxa xh5,s:zl smn)k(itDuring the event, the gas exchanged no heat withn(tzt stlh ,a52bu m, (4i )gy.sxk:hx its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermod.nwxxor vr5. 5ynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-/9dv/qbx:x 66akr/oma;z k; yc ;mbushalf its original volume during an adiabat dxy asuv:/;9xk6qba ;o;6mcrmz//kbic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one containsj:hs: ,t8q2 *i*tzqg h2mokya 0cqz0l z*:8 a q2ks00 ,mygihlhto2jq*qct:z $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all res7ba1cd75d7:o umbe o*+gzgz dpects except that one contains d7o5g7:a +e uz7 do gdm1bczb*$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is a3d-nmr od,mwpic j(:gmwds:vx)/*o0n

  In an isobaric process8og08 s azwo7qrfw3xy3 5.ock , there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodqnes-:lue-2;p na o f0ynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure a8 cu 9 *-ecv hwiocrc:f*v9ml-s heat is added to it. This processv 9hc8cr*o:c m l f*c-9vw-eiu is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas)a yg-u-n3km wj rk8u) at constant pressure. As a result, k--) auwrmk8) nuj3ygthe internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the P. /l5ithh:k.29:brihrkd mqp V diagram is

  In an isochoric process, th. pznwuoeg ;),ere is no change in

  When the first law of thermodyn6ok1(pq8cyqk0+nndc nw 5q (camics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid cont9ah(rn7tp 9vk 7e) 3kxkjci9a ainer that cannot expand as heat energy is added trv 3 cax)k 7a9( 9tkk7epij9hno it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy at;sit wp; 1gtmgy3c)f n 8ww-3lv;ql+dw. xb.re transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. ww) m + dwty 3lg1;3;sp-.8iltq;bfx w.ctng v As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thehco qxz -ediq/z *4evm(b,)2ormodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot rez3dcmm1q w o5t8y v(1xservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot resyqdsr-l 1fcdo9 24r6vervoir?

State the second law of8 u5 ofnu,zej. thermodynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through theqpt(fgqm y5.ep 7j(7v cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine oper7m 7 (p5gqqpv j(.ytefating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is 03p aqjxm7w2m;8 t sooemor :k30pc 0edefined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carno3zd wq p8d2d+t7kl4r qt engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must bed drzq lw3 27+kptd48q

  A Carnot cycle consists9vq+ qbkwy1yx7x *sze:qn z (- of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynama,u((k hp (jdpics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratidej:r:p f4 v;v0fk*inqw cc-9 o of-ed*9p nfqwvj4ci rkv0 ::;fc

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is d1zmle87o bs+hefined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of th(/zw deog v,x:e water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any u4 whl *s4)yvz ua/*w6z mgfq+process that may occur within an isolated system, whiy/vuaf*4z+ h6m s)zqw luw g4*ch one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynamic+ao8o4. e asxvzrsj 233ii)jt s.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to co 6qir,3dl zm+m3vpt7vnclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J 61nnzpg/ba 7+ wzn0na of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in internal enezg6a7 nbznnw + ap0n/1rgy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal ga)ljk.j vv n: /3w;pzwtj,nv,h s. What vn.jv:kwvh;t)z jlwp 3j,,/nis the work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas systebzyu,rep6 09utka/ +o dw( p;(qn4xui m in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change i(( bunkt0y94p w/r6o,e ;zidq+auu xp n internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in com: y0dp0;;/ligt0do; zbamfj opressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energy of the gas?ofli;0 jt;0dpba:;zm yo/dg0

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of wnf(*pgp,7x x ,na3 uetcg, ay0y8ju6xork. What is the change in internal enerap* ,0tg3(g e, 6 xcpnuyfaxyx8,unj7gy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decre k r+sg*0;5/ws*rdg yrww-d-bd w/dyyases by 50 J. What is the woygwdb0sw w+gw;rrd /r*y */5-dk syd-rk done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a syste:cw/udq4c).ne -h pw-eoz; com decreases by 50 J. What is the heat p . zdcu4)h c-:nqeo-wwo;c/e exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at c lbvjmh;s6t imu6g85 c(cxt-r +zyjt)(9s n/w onstant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from thevxiw;j+ h 86y( 9nr/utctg5b-6z(m s )tmlcjs gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at co46hkij 5: agx radxa;7 v45woynstant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of a;i johr5gk5 d6v47a:4yxxwagas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of wate6i /,wa tulh0er at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat a2 l:yu jh648wskv (acl(wca 9bg ,zng7nd loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficiency?9,( 62:l 8( zwahcaw7k4 sncvgyugj lb

  A heat engine has an ehso*0n)mi nx6 y:ki6 hfficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform in each cy6*)y0 ii nhksh6onmx:cle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat penb4z3**kqcp f )cr r4sgciv35r cycle. How much heat doe5rsi*v fb qn3rp44z k)ccc* g3s it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal ofhgifxg 3ze1ic .91ee0 heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency f1 93.i ggc e0ix1hezeof each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts r e*cr *ivcvkd2w6q-(42 kcal. Calculate the wewk-*vqr2v rc *ic(d6ork done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following c1i1sifnnj a(+v 2:ei y-dole *haracteristics: combustion chamber tem1f +i-(ydi2e:*lnjsi 1n oa veperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built ;rk7jxhelsnebihmh /)q005 +so far has the following characteristics: com nk)/j0q+bel5r h;hix0s7e mhbustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has q9,nvy x pie2c3jug/: the following characteristics3g/,y9uj2ecni xpqv:: combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generatesd:9u t)(zbp,0gic k/bswkry 4 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 6q7 au65m2inq .f wzh2 pmwg7y(00 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uhcs; 5v0m4cn3f vdqp 9ses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates betweend0g7(v7ep xvk $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operating be6p *x,d jt (q)+kuyaqptween x qj+,qy ka pdtp6u*)($100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a )aaaiu;,y+ri Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold;) i+u aiarya, reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating tvm v 5/3+/zi.m*til vcn7a rpbetween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes h;ou8f e d+s ja559a5rqwz,rmmu f(tr1eat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cffa8m 1ru5w e9,;zo dujarr ms5+q5( tycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at j 33t9,w+ugnqhe ra9cthe rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a roomn939qcth 3+wra ge ju, per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heatdf5 ri4ff7-cs( 1pz in from the freezeirpfsz4c5 fnd-i7f (1r and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of i a:1i5sg v8mmvav -5syce melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the cha our/x,p9p9.jq9k:b hb1th axnge in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and itskftv(k)8glk1e q j/+f-c7zj s entropy 7-ftgk( zk s1eq 8cjj+f kl)/vchanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at lum)b8/ vtoi7 t, p-ff$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.