The process shown on the T-V graph hw;2oqrocqnw h* /4m9is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no chanaoh8 gvi7l0 b-ge in

  When the first law of thermodynamic5eizh :-z5ev ss, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in its ter wu4xmfp*-((btbt o7mperature. This procesw* t rbxtu 7(fb(-mpo4s is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 Lz 3jr 0(mepz( b peeg2jin*uz74c-u+j to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What i+ pj73c eu(- zzijjbg2 *u4(epz0n emrs the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressedcb5wi 5)(y i9t ,(dfxvx ew/sg to one-half its original volume during an isothermal prov,sc(5 ew /yx9wbi 5ftx(d) gicess. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 Lrved ;o7iy w6d :mk7c-vdlq* 1 to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements iedmd1loc7*q:iy vk -6r 7 vd;ws correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the event, theirtv jtes7q-).xi :e/ gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. T)iqejs -vxr:/ie7t.t his process is

  When the first law oftn c :hw /1hto6*oyqc;ntw8; d thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compres7tu:qmjs egfff+b36n3h2zp7f - w9 mised to one-half its original volume during an adiab: 3utnf h2 3emp6j- wfs7zqbffmi+g97 atic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders .pe x l 0f,vzsvf-n.b7p:0mqcof gas identical in all respects except that one contains 0vsb p-flfv0p,: znm.q. xc e7$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of godxr f)a*zil k(5 q 5d51qm0ihas identical in all respects except that one contains 5 1kr*iaximlqqfo )5d h(50d z$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on4ber tp uk-.j+ the PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no chn l6wbs(z /7ttange in

  When the first law of thermodyn j jom7plj97f)amics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is c jqpb l b1qy;9so9:;i5dvm2jg 4)d1xm cwt5 gadded to it. This process lds)m v j g95d91;ct :bgcq b4om5y1p i2q;wjxis

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sampp1 imae 9,yz 806nvunz6 t/wjkzrvf 88le of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the rvekn6v9 p /az 16f0n8 8mi,twzu yz8jinternal energy of the gas

  The process shown on theuxtz. 8gw0 m5c PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, idjnlu*;hp94pt (;fq there is no change in

  When the first law of apoxo-fl(94o0m,lly ikx 0p 7thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rig6d/z.ldij s3yid container that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. s3ydid.z6jl /This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred +fv -hyf1bhvh, j*.kl to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume b.j,hy+f *f1lkhh-vv. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamnmi+;jyq oh:;ics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot re ir wa) 4acwo(+j:9frlservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hotcsye e)rp-fv5/t;.y ,+kyyy5vh )tep reservoir?

State the second law of thermodyna)p zt4 sl0hvcxam-g- )40ewvwmics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustr c)/ m(tz +b/j5jfqwncwl,jw0ated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on f5/ zqw j/+lbwjcm (nw)c,jt 0this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engin9b*jj g-c4bsqb5it 7jfnt3w l pun5 w .op4,k(e is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of s x0;9/8c-tuqlatco+rd 6 vqg a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must08vtx c9art/ocudsq6-q l+; g be

  A Carnot cycle consists hwy)ew,;tqmo 8g1sj i g4xk/9of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamiu3h)9qkfzgax c21ft .s r8mn-cs.

  The coefficient of performance (COrdz.hcpl0xsg+ 9n x)2 P) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio of)9nx0 chsz2g.r+ l xdp

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ra;;xeug ij8y x1tio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the wat5qj-;jhbaq9 r. vz4 oo/1bqn ) s*szumer

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that ma6oagigtl 0(7 xy occur within an isolated system, which one of ta(7x o igtgl06he choices applies?

Give a general statement of the seconr9j0glo aw25 cd law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads u vv(p.h3sg mdpo++o i,s to conclude that

  During an isothermal prf2 )(*x4( rgwyshoakh ocess, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change inyrh* ( k wxgs2o)h(4af internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal g,e47+jozcdgz rxl /w- as. What is the work done in the plc 4+/odrwg-ezzj x,7rocess?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. Wh4oumwbj )4 uy.zfcq*q;mr 8 v8at is the change in internal enzf4*mu) v 8 8u4r.y mcb;qwojqergy?

  200 J of work is done in ml)znx sv7 )x*compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energy of the gasznv)* sl7m) xx?

  An ideal gas undergoesq5pg4x axs -5l x,.wafd,cam 18yzpc: an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internal enwcz85fp4 xy,:xxm5. l-a a gdaps1c,qergy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy gytq q)j cy(81 mcfp3*of a system decreases by 50 J. What i*gq mcf8 qt y)cpj1y3(s the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy xb lw5:h5c j)tof a system decreases by 50 J. What is th:)t5jh 5xwlc be heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is mainb94 :,dfjlzh3lu//nfhv7uas + gf 3xftained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removi,z l f3f :uj7g4 s+fld9bah/xf/3unvh ng 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K atf 4pezy- fec):2ds ny) constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many mole f)yepnyzscdf-e: 24) s of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water at2wlhodaw,lo 4(rsk(: $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cyclaszu xc :1nv0ak:)epdfb j(1: e. What is the efficf kp)( :za:b0desv:a cxujn11iency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cyt5pt;r4/xp0 6 jkcamgcle. How much work does it perform in eachj;6 pa gxt5pmk0 ct4r/ cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and rece iv cmw,wcsb ic2c64id(:2v)2tp:g orives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhco(m42 rw,i:g2 2)bsdpc:i6ccv vwi taust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cykkb(jto0-f r: cle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculat( jt:kr kbo-0fe the efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhaustsbwh0s o:dd:j 6 42 kcal. Calculate the work don dd6:sw 0bhj:oe each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteri/)*se9i i z.;uymofq4zpj yb*stics: combustion chaz /f9 4eyib.zuj)op;y*si* mqmber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following chiq :2qyaj7+ ivaracteristics: combustioaq: qi 7jy+v2in chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient enginesh6v 1i(*lip ye built so far has the following characteristics: combustion cve1* 6yh pl(iihamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generig44h g o7hh4cates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric poon9wn 0fmj)l(wer. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MWu3 grp 0aucv,n0) fyv8 of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which zr:b8hea xm:wh1+ y jdgfh-. :*gd r:5z p+hsuoperates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficien qo tnepr+cw1u6x.(( fcy possible for an engine operating betwcx.w1en q( 6rp tfuo(+een $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0ilt9;q zsvf. e9 9o;nqwz7m(c%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the l;z( tcms9 q ezqw 97ni;.9fovhot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatingk ahso:h4jx(fj 11f 3b;bf7lu between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate rq h+10mgp 9ufon rg8,of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work isg hrnrq,9f1m08p ugo+ required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes;:,utdhznv (xnv- u w9lwc 881udk1 iv heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJh x:cnukd ;8wuzu11l-8vd,n ti v(v9w into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of ope 4,z74- wn:rhbf avhnyration, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in eachnhfa ,v47bw-r:ynzh 4 cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice melt at p sxf3w 4f 9hptzzt8. al vv7z9jc1.:d$0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropc s9; +i c0 tefi0fx.otlmyo:,y is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoesi c hrvppet5r7,er-08 an isothermal expansion and its entropy cha-rtecrpri5h v,7p08e nges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at tzun/((fqd o1/ 39uasoq5wes $80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.