The process shown on the T-V graph o5upbg4nlkj8c: ;xa 0 is an

  In an isothermal proces)h xpb//nqts*,te hz69n nc0js, there is no change in

  When the first law of t,q(g)9zk+b i :jxbmm 4hibgpr,qoi6 ,hermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original vol(;+ rh-mei:jzb1 coy qume with no change in its temperature. This proce-c iq+bje (1o:y;mhrzss is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this prmhyj9 zkh+ qp,qs pit 28,gb15ocess, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this z21im9y ,h qbhpq,ks 8jgt5p+gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an isothermi104yo ny.nrval procei.oy nr0n 41vyss. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, g*07+qty9dy mua;ok k4 v3hv f-ci 2wq6 J of energy is wd2kaqm* y u0 cftqv9hv-; 4o yi73kg+expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment.qpvmk j0(dq8t2r/of ti9z 1ioz5 2t2b During the event, the gas exchanged no hqi(1qvzzo28/p 2m9r0f2i 5t o ttbjkd eat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodyg9b-8eq fhs t1namics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an a mscp,c *:.b9vkf57uo+mdrmrdiabatic process. The final pressure of the gafck, 9mo murm pvs+.dr b:7*c5s

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except thvlqoj x 79q(x:mvg2, nat one contains j:ol2xqgqn( ,97vvx m$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical incj9vc uw0g5 z8 r-/xef6lr.zx all respects except that one contains -8r6xc zxjcw .ur9ez v5 fg/l0$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV dfwvrgse 8v *5,iagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no chan) m/r hl5jxt3y5nmq;uufo -m1ge in

  When the first law of th-v1hajv819 e94urhyrbgan)y ermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is 5 0i5f,cxv,dz zxb2 bzadded to it. This process iscdif5x bz z,52v,xb0z

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of idea pme6) (.tadv .tabanbro4h-x1gd /(qu h /*iil gas at constant pressure. As a result, h (1. /da.m *dpe xt/t( nbvia46)uior gbqah-the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV -b 0swvfjyg .i0 ;4zaxdiagram is

  In an isochoric process, the1zb (w copu;t /3drx8ere is no change in

  When the first law of th1ruv65 b+ becju-wua( ermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container t1yx;o9* b hag-imh pe34( tscg nr3/r:caj8ithat cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. This process i j3 gmtp 8(c9ia -g: ;4cah1hres*bi3noxt/rys

  Ten joules of heat enk h3cez +in0eg+t/ets0js :jsn 1t.4j ergy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant v 340een+ ssicte01ntj / s.: hzjgt+kjolume. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law ql,ej/+ w- acxof thermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a ho+tft4nk.7amw t reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot recc jr d5b,(,6 a.woeeu 01kcjcv.v 0a.sol8f qservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clausiusrdufq a+a lp3i)6u/.d .

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how ikqzu0f+ p3 hgv4bu;,much work is done by an engine operating on thiskp3hu u;b,+0fg 4 ziqv cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratio l o 7lt2suth77s6sg o7kyghn1*:(l ssof

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is 4,ca4c kuhg3savf) 1l to be 100%, the heat sink mus ,hv3cc1a kgf4salu )4t be

  A Carnot cycle consists owj9am y3yry6s -( ajq c*p1cw6f

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second vua; ,+zwkxrs (.5s4gw xnt7ilaw of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) ob.pl s l3zn28gf a refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofbln3gs2z8 . lp

  The coefficient of performance (COPbu7jr8z,tsnck cq+,m4u9 t y+) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of thnl7vbz2f62m;eqow l (e water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may ocrr9kk2+ss zrn. 1eex 0cur within an irzeer+2s09.s nk1x rksolated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of ther;.tm85vaarsk7 d ysdb(z9kz )modynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads -i w5f9lc * 6rlmoy/crus to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of hk3* b8x+vto); jwdv jly -2yseeat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change i2 +syytb j*k3wdovxl-ej;8v)n internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J3utm:9oq . kgg of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is th3q tm.go 9:kuge work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal proces 76tb ae+f+ikrs is -400 J. What is the changei6et+br7f+ka in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas ad f fgkt)ox20r5iabatically. What is the change in internal energy of x5f )rkof0t2 gthe gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiazd:xh gup:e.: z037 ; vgbojcpbatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change :0x opzzjc3. vgph:e:b ug7;din internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a ne q +p v+4xxged,e2(:f)digf system decreases by 50 J. What is the work done+ngxqde f f)p(,i:4v +eegd2 x?

  In an isochoric process, the intelr83p4iqvgp: 1 o8v aornal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. Whato 4lvv831gp a8 rq:oip is the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic x qag/t1ink*/gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This fetx*1qkig// naat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volu vfor94tesxz 36lx6oe; /kgo)me when 831 J of energy is remo94r3xeo)6gfkv ets 6xzlo/; oved from it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water ato 7t24jne* +xtzt 5mhl $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and losesew hd.9*/utvj 3000 J in each cycle. What is the effici.du9e*wth /vj ency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receivesajet+s 2)u x6:zzps o4 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform zs4e)pt+: saju26ozxin each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficie6c d,( n4drdftncy of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaustddc 6,n(tfr 4d in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat e 7cx71fzcw 9s;f fj:ygn7z-dkach cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiencyxfc y:w;snz7 1f7dc7- zgkfj9 of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cy y1jy: hv7m,iccle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each cycle. cm 7yj1hy:iv,

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the 6axxjmmx9f:;2 wp1 qvc j)a*ifollowing characteristics: combustion chamber temp amxj q:m)wpx6*c;xfij 92v1aerature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the fol)ya:kx;p+kd0dn2r g plowing characteristics: combustion chamber temperaturrpp k ka+;:nxg2y)d 0de = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient eno)sgn j8pptrptj.( 4.gines built so far has the following characteristics: combustp tr)o4(.ntpjs .gjp 8ion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The planp(ote:v9z:mm t uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant genera/tic/s rn;,1dkdps xao(26a ktes 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates be46smg m/4/ h6 yhmka600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which 2kmx k(w4qvj,* fj.rcoperates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theo tqmh+hmk/ykk .n:;d( eo4*if retical efficiency possible for an engine operating betwee/hhnmf 4k;k mq:k*o+eiy (. tdn $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. Wht,zc3: 3zt8:lpchsx,eu s*h:c zj 5erat is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperatc:elz:r s3:5 ph,te, c 3t sj*xczzu8hure of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betwe5s;2kt)zf1c 1sypmo n en $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartyj+qi 8ti e5n6u*fkqci3v 2( hment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejectu5cvh3(+6 nqi*yq2ekj 8ii tfs 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of*o zgy3ry+fr 1hm7 ;ac 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ rcf+m 7 ao;*rgyhyz3 1into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J l*5xjis5f1 a js/ tgt4of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in ls*tfjx a5g1 j4i5s/ teach cycle?

  What is the change in entropyv; mzh(0bojff 2,4fuc when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice fr y1x2kayx9w1u lrz p p.2.5; ary;xubaeezes, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal;). y kjxlr,tg expansion and its entropy xlyt gr,) .jk;changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at ql xh/b12.(p2qd efks$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.