The process shown on the 1x1nh5w w c,b4 69xzjq anwke ,-l8lbfT-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, th .1t (8*s/vnfimjzp-sw tcgu.ere is no change in

  When the first law of thermodyn : b 1z29wwm*cywarjg-amics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volqt j5qy17d 7lo*frk uqv -k9e0ume with no change in its temperature. This process isuk-jqt*qyk079 v1oql5e 7rfd

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermal( 3 xyrn eoczdv3pq.x5vuv. 5:ly from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gunx.zy 53(pq5rd:v.3 eov vcxas?

  An ideal gas is compreswly9/mlhy+s 8mz:de *sed to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of the gad y +8lzs:l*m wyem/9hs

  An ideal gas is expanded isoxsq8gh8 f +v/ o9jnwz*thermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by tq8+ n sg zvxhf98w/o*jhe external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the e8t k yig02n9ghvent, the gas exchanged no heat with its surround8h k9gy 0gn2tiings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamicsxfg97o0 8m(oim5z rg+y9lyvt, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an avy g2nnd0ohw(9 as0g: w4o,m2vwt7uc diabatic procev0w (nn4,9 wv0wm t g7ydg2h o:usaco2ss. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas iden g v:ks xm.jsdb ka9-km,n*ev38bu.o9 tical in all respects except that one containsbv8.s e.k3sm 9gbko*v:uad-mxn,jk 9 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in n4qbv8oe o wqwt;//0j ,*8eak3rrzg mall respects except that one containso;jk/wrqboa/tw 8me* q8, 4 vgnzer30 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram isvrnal7gpm-) 4 3:1 lbyh hwti7 an

  In an isobaric process, there is no change t8pe).hqd xn :in

  When the first law of thermodync:- e ha7mtvz xzz-+6iamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expandea -8jt 0b+z et t*of84bl9ebt at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This proctt+t49jeb 0b o*lzta8beef-8ess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas lc)qfn6tt/ga+ .4u hrny,+wqat constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy+cnw rl.t,nuqtq ay4g/ 6h f+) of the gas

  The process shown on the PV d 1 t)yqp;sqbxs q048 poh5z1pqiagram is

  In an isochoric process, ther.cw zv 5 t-xaw5(e 6ilvzk;ld3e is no change in

  When the first law of t w:, jj*teqzt g0ct40zhermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined tooysqp x0r;itw0m + -x- a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy is added to imx-p qxi+;-ytw 00 orst. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at cons mlfp0 kb.2c5etant volume. As a result, the internal energy of tf5el2 p 0kcm.bhe gas

State the first law of thermodynamic+ ad qqn7,qh6cs.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot) -7wr6b yvtsq reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a9k*1lxtoe() xtx zi3fyak +x8 hot reservoir?

State the second law ov+ p-a(yjboeb w9* f+zf thermodynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycleb), h3sy4k for8 zqn:3 cykw2j illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operatinfkj n):z,yhsco4 3 y rb823kqwg on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratio kk4-c6+ g tyhvof

  If the theoretical efficiency ca1cm eas 60u*8okh c*of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink mustcsea6hcco 0a * 1k*mu8 be

  A Carnot cycle consists of6g81 1xiu4n 3gxc pdid y;rlt;

Give the Kelvin-Planc:8mug ffq gyfp+1nq* .k statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refriger yya1e,w(8t dz/*r np7kj;fp nator is defined as the ratio o ad*1/yprtfe; ny zkw8,7j np(f

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a 4c low4/nazlv1o2mw5 heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the en jdslln ky;y /p2y qoqyj-,8 xm)6j.l/tropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamheknp(v0-(y 2bo:p ew ics, for any process that may occur within an iek -0epn2oh(wy( pbv:solated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynam1 xfc /at+e8ckics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leao l9 g jgf)bmtros-b5 :-.pee6ds us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an thavmlzv145a ax7o 5: ideal gas. What is the change in interao mav557xz: 4v 1thlanal energy?

  During an isothermal procesya+olnxa6i*o-/ ut6c a .3 7ldk/ulobs, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the proculaaa7oiontxkl6- c+.bylo 3 u6*d //ess?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermab2ub 1a- j u,czei.kxro)( h/a7qef+hl process is -400 J. What is the change in inter2i z (-job71e ), /.ru efhqb+ukxcaahnal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressinvd 4xupr -w7c7hiwqj3gaq37 9g a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal enegh dvq97iqjw73 awcux -7pr34rgy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J orttlf4efgvglq 2oe*0 , 0(d1a- 3ua mrf work. What is the change tor,g 0f q3mfa1le0a-(v e4*gdt ru2lin internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. W9 ttviz 4o*0ushat iz0u94t*t siv os the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. Whah o ul3+3 l+ 7ihq)*knzg)crastlk )*h)hln7 3+r+qc gsa3zuo i is the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained alx(wlq ) hvf)9t constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of f)(lhlw9) qv xenergy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 83 fp/vhs9fgyp;2p ( *pu1 J of energy is removed from it. How manh2f;* /(yp pv9sg uppfy moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.+of (uhu8 bd(e0 kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receivh5/ wc;)/+lb rzt hhxoes 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the effibhtlh5h)/o;+r/cz wxciency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat perotn7+vva mx1k9 kz1 n-el-z9q cycle. How muc1 lxq1 tkavk- nv m-9+7zz9eonh work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and 2 8igf9 qcvmt4receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much qmvtgi9 482cf heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcab-k ,s*m;bhrb8 dh )zpl. Calculate the efficiency of each *zkhpbs-bd;8 ),bh rmcycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat eanqzjy i/1(y cjjl(ug);lxz.2 ch cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each l u2z;gn/i1xq zjyyc(l j )j(.cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so) fhzrn;n rmi*vr/+. 5q ayw7i far has the following characteristics: combustionairrw/y;r) m5+f z7 hinqnv*. chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficien xb1r.+sx3ld;s sys- vt engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion ; sdsx3s xys .+-vrb1lchamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far hauy:-z(e /hxjm s the following characteristics: comh:/emy (-jxzu bustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 Mu31,-sp ff vr7 wkt+v;edy0 uhg)tcde2t1.fhW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 6xh(/9qx tdq y7osl;:t 00 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600)wqz.zot u.lszkm87e)5k g7 b*z4hyy MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiencz: i :tscj,)z:mbh. ycy of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency pv3 ct.dt0*h ;j6lkvznossible for an engine operating betweek3l 6n;j*vdzt0 vtc.hn $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the tempera hz eew1:s:txrodj :5*ture of the cold reservoir if the temperature of r*h se:xd5: j1 zweto:the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating 5qts4lxi :jgplk 8c(;between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing c6xz5 a n.x3u vx+vvne4ompartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in ea v avxz4vn x5xun3e6.+ch cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing comdy0cs 83ulp k( b-o;aspartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficientassy0ckbo u-pl( 8d 3; of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat frkd.0zy *y g (qj.yj59r1jlzka om the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cyclely *zk kq.gjr(91djj. 5ay0zy ?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice melt v.,l68a) tnut i8z2xjoyddv 8at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezh , 9gx cq73ru/ l:r3.ylgjulees, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isotes a 1b zi6*jk0tpl.(dhermal expansion and its entropy changes byd*pe 0tjzs.bi(1 a6lk
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at p m 2bi9oedc dbe( 24e1rvg5c;$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.