The process shown on th9 uvgdo4n7xc ;9a,p7-ui)rseqpor /g)ozhc0e T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, the2o xc69op2/mn 3o hjrqre is no change in

  When the first law ovz0t*/9sai8bu z7fau)x i o)df thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twig5wn.6spt -.ih.owkv ce its original volume with no change in its temperature. np5s 6ikthw .w. .v-go This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this processd16 b. :nh.uoos2na*y)mxvf x, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the exvx.6:hy 1nfsmb *2od )nuox a.ternal mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half wil/4-is.m vh its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of the ih vl.-i/ws 4mgas

  An ideal gas is expanded isotherm8.xyo3 4m.bawwsh9u0v 3-e 9tkgy9 ut nt:grpally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the externagyb .g3m.t yo0n- w8 9e h9x9kpa:rw3 tuvsu4tl mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compress+sq,e1n+en cvzlwh ;*ed in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. Thi,eqhlwzc+ * +env sn;1s process is

  When the first law of thermodynaz8 a1i e,mh3mvyc; f8.ta5o cmmics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume dujyp6*2no pl5vs)t x(g ring an adioj2yspx(56nv pt l*g)abatic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects ex*b - k/hym8yg-luwxdv0;z( zhcept that one contains / ;bg-kywhd*lu y8v 0zzx- h(m$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identicfchr0 e.+s lzf. 7uw+k/ahm, oal in all respects except that one contains ha+kf c.ursm+oefh 7zl,w /0.$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV d nlvi a/,9lgkgpd7bohr(77 .miagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is j.njtd jyl5.m 8 n*c(eno change in

  When the first law of therra q1izq xje-1-kc0,y.zxtx0modynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat c9ie0 bdzy+2zsvt)+e is added to it. This proces d+t92 zeeb+iyc0s)vzs is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to hh9bu +6s 1z sz,v0inia sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of thss0u9z 6+,v1ni ih bhze gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram is mo..0sa yl 1+otol26 z3k -dpo)myi lp

  In an isochoric process, th+g r eo3,y;0ek ln9cltere is no change in

  When the first law of1q2:u25ns yh oma7nxz thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container/c /h-z r7akkzx5v m2d that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. This vazc72-/ xk5 drkzh/m process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at .hswp;3d2*a ij;pqf,v s / agvconstant volume. f3/*aij ;g ,q.h;av2 spdvspwAs a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law o:sl -tqldg(1gw/)z ia f thermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a ho; +u 3cmmwtj*.jp:ibrt reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot r6 ok+ by*yo6eueservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to hp*2b*dynrwe4opx 1/fb+w n/Clausius.

  A gas is taken through th; + hs6 fu;,aym wh(sf;jvu(ime cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operashm ( fu6 +w; (vm;ahi;,jsfyuting on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defineds+ 25xv4dfhjhn *s+uo as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink q8xbty0/172 gq bw3hx ewfj e4l .hk(emuhbekt0lwyeb2j/ q.8 qxge1f4x73 h(w st be

  A Carnot cycle consists oftdu0 03h0e g(dsg9bz58 lcivf

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermzer/8jndug3cr :3h5r4 n8ugem 9 a:ldodynamics.

  The coefficient of perl8ug,- yf/czlformance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio o/-g 8lcuz ly,ff

  The coefficient of performanc1b)2wf -nx5vs6e 2 f ig6 m8s9pchyuxwe (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy5ap w v6sehkk6 79g.l8zguq+w of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur)uai 9ccs6xy la1.6 h/mvv(z5ymj d6e within an isolated system, which one of the choices 5 6 y1/ieh9 juas(d .vlmy cm6cav6z)xapplies?

Give a general statement of the second law od: 4wtoi)p,h by 2r,vs+ id z.q5vvch9f thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamzpb any;jp-4a:b -a d24qo)b mwj1s s,ics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. Whasvu1u 2pi -(itt is the c (i-us 2uvpi1thange in internal energy?

  During an isothermal proceskpq(. / flvtn6s, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work donn vtp(6l/kq.f e in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an is 6898lf pwacwsothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in inw8a6swf8lc p9 ternal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. W 33sk -b0y3 eno4gudcbhat is the change in intern ed-g bbyu330sk3n c4oal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of workge kghm 2:,mrv6:e:rti /orb:. What is the change in internalmg th r,rg:vo:em6b2:ekr/i: energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy urge *isc djll+( 9+0)mp5i; (izqudz of a system decreases by 50 J. What isz * 9g0dsm)(jlu +5zip+( rulqi;ceid the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal e83,hor 3 dwnfe) j+ucenergy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is 3oj+ue3 e,n d8wr)fchthe heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomigpi 4v/- 0yivmc gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is agvy-m i4vi/p 0ccomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant vojy3j n5g-eddmd ; oi)+lume when 831 J of energy is removed from -)+d3dgne yj5dij;om it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0royowa/4 5-e g kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3tzx4g wzh05wl 4hdv ;4000 J in each cycle. What is the efficien4 5d4gl04zw;txh zh vwcy?

  A heat engine has an efqtrtfn33p-2+r* mja cficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work doe*t-3mjpt3 fnc2 a+ rrqs it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and rece+6u4e+ qq9h5 vgj mxupives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much he+64qu g vhexmqj up9+5at does it exhaust in each cycle?

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  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cyeoy 03vq rr8h; txxx70cle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each cr8reo7 hx;qv 0x0txy3ycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cyclow r z3z6(c5,abfvu d9e and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the fad5uz9wc(boz3,r6v work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built sph g-j,cf. ,k bicsam7 o/n9, ,zbs-iqo far has the following characteristicsiqmk/c j 9- s7oa-ih,,pc, bnbg. ,zsf: combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines buili94 nl:u4cbs 7(g9pzpcotdu 7 t so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber tempera4tplc cio(:zd7unb p7sg9 4u9 ture = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so fay3 hxb0qe/ qo,r has the following characteristics: combustion chamy 0xqo/eq,3 hbber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric i;:d,f 3i6:qxqhj,cm;l* sp72i mno8thmaj opower. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. 35ap 5mft oq6ps8pr7v The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 6vpa6g9g8 x,u/.en o yv00 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot effi2 ri9pf1z3d kbtc/x0qciency of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operac+ bhosjg kte(m,18r9ting betweenh(k smt1g8orc+ ,9bje $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Cxgw .z1hy25l,xie lq5 arnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the tex2ihlq5x1. lwg5y, ez mperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatinbub94u ww9i: *wizy+cg between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartmenthrl 4v 16-benxa(8deg at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How rven6( h 8xd 4glbae-1much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heatkhu *0o9)vin;o 9f *jm xhn)wm from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coeff nu9w)k h0)x9 hvo*ojmfn;mi*icient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from tu1mkks5ic*/ 2 u dvkx0he freezer and expels 356 J of heat to t/xu2kci*mv u5k k0 1dshe room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ic 6;)45u mgb6 aqb*iqlwz jwgv-e melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropy is,jgzx.eis*1 yfg e7ine)k*t 8 s7apc1

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its eb 0 i0;fgzv9m)qt:+gzllc *vmntropy chan ;lgzv:t9q*0)mizcbf+ml g0 vges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at k(y gi(hi :5s3j xfv-g$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.