The process shown on the T-V graphlp d,1 o ,h67lgw;blyt is an

  In an isothermal process, there is noit o-+ lvlb)9w change in

  When the first law of thermodoz1,15d 5t)4r0 lah*lhnd( l u qditvxynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volumx663kp,m nfzzx)tlb 1e with no change in its temperature. This profzt )1zmpnx66, blx3kcess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During 6hqjps pf3;is0x37cp() vj c athis process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the chang 3; 0(xs s 3ppjc67avcfqi)hjpe of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an isothermalrl9.o;m wr)w s process. The final m.rw;)olw sr9 pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally fn-famt eoj rd50 :/dg1 3fm.fgrom 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. e mg-dna . 5tj/13gf:r mfo0df Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compresieh7k61mnpy (w2,dz1cc -qgesed in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundingc16ehdpcn g2i- y1zm(, kwe7 qs. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynami p+x(rl nuc )19axh4rhc,-u vscs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original 7ti/if/bm z2mvolume during an adiabatic process. Tzi/bfi7 2/ tmmhe final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects excsuf.5iqa2e 6z ept that one contains z56 2uei qf.as$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identi0hb 7cj xh7wnwjz6 6f9cal in all respects except that one contains 9fh wjz6c nbj6w70x7h $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on 2 z )29 rqaqq5jvwyv1bthe PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, therthtly6p27 f -le is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamvf yc0m 44u;jqics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heatr.y /jy*g7 gb9on4 gk6aeh2vp is added to it. This process iy4e n vbyg gah.6po9*j72/rkgs

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of idknytfzv (w6v 67iy*+ deal gas at constant prkyiw6z*67v y+td vfn (essure. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV k-xr6wkm5 -qudiagram is

  In an isochoric process, -bq 4as;y0 qdlthere is no change in

  When the first law of thermodd-9rr( aev /niynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expaz)gk7o vmr y6+66hf mtnd as heat energy is added to it. This processgyh7 6f kt +zm)m6ovr6 is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferrewz6,6x qoi +bx 5uhsb/d to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energy of the q ih+o,6uz / b65wbxsxgas

State the first law of thermodynv6wkxo34:mwt is8 c v3;j pg:jamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a (9bwt2q ke qgu:,3 soahot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir w2xa8:5a ucuw-pynu v6h )e5oto a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according zd(bg7hxw (d6to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During 6 zcvho3h l0q:rs (z bd(suw10one cycle, how much work is done b6h z0z0 3l s(dow svhqb:r(u1cy an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined ar+znt hz/, ume2 ;q2mas the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sinkg p;n i:hypjf,qurj(. a 6;5vj must bf ;h y. jgp ijv;nap:5(ru,jq6e

  A Carnot cycle consis-.cy nurmf: gri7nl4y. eu97h+qkeki .h 7b u1ts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the secoia;z k3jivxy ak8el+(9 f;g7ond law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigeratormy/);fn e2vt,c9icsg is defined as the ratio ofctmf cy)n /2vsei;9,g

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat lqlt(t r *a9o1pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the waterv)5zvayfyal 8g* 4dl-

  According to the second law of thermodyni)fzmd1jh 9stz(9 j+u amics, for any process that may occur within an isolated syst+z sjihm1ujtd9 f z)9(em, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statemenn hk1sl z2a;a4z( 8rhwt of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynam; tx1y3,drnjlics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J p7(ityo, k, qkof heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change k,7y,oq(ipt kin internal energy?

  During an isothermal pr88ossho : c(q/v3y6dmji2tq u ocess, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the process?d o2 q8oh/yi 6(csjv u:q8mts3

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. Wha: yh3di3mpa r tw2e5-bnm,e /it is the change in inteepawri hyb 5iet m3m/2 3n,-:drnal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the q2om8:h/uzrlio3.o)u pd) aq change in internal ener8/l2 3m.qiorz:dhuu )oaq )opgy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabaticougcg5u4 uq2 6fz qg9/ process while doing 25 J of work. What is the chang u/c4guu g2qg fz9qo65e in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal e:)od v sxn7+6n1x hwwpnergy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the w xwsv:n16xwhn7o )+pdork done?

  In an isochoric processpc/ 0n*o(ugqvdj8 /fc, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is gq jdp*/occ( nvf0 /u8the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volumdxwyb)u)u; t ,e as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the g;d wb,uutxy)) as?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume whu86ds p8)z c+ evol5k3pkvdz :en 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are+v8zd) kcs p :plu6 8eodzkv35 in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of waterijrs.6/xx * :bh fcig: at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000.i5 sgi1,osnpbu m: ;/qto vw+ J in each cycle. What is the efficiency? isisb.,v5up / +gq:m nwo;t1o

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat k vdzt ): o)(+xvt1vtpper cycle. How much work does it perform in eachdzxp ktv:o) tv)1(+t v cycle?

  A heat engine has an effivsisp bji8( e:-z1(b pciency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each cj1i(-bpp8( i:zb ess vycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cyc (br1 f-ml8asple and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate lfm 8ap1-sr(bthe efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kca1pc o: cgti;l.axe9/e dl8 8ull of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate tl8l/e x8.a:lcdgcutoi;1 9ephe work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteristicn:+ w8fw)0(ghy qvalk;gp ,gbs: combustion chamber temperatureb,:hq+yfwag(nggv 8klp0w) ; = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so farobz5naec2v m55e:q 8 a has the following characteristics: combustion chamberoza m:2c 58ne55 eavbq temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characte* .(yknznmm7dp ndato0 ;keu8nb d/5:ristics: combustion cham;kznddya057d /k.u nnp*moeb(nt 8m: ber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW ofscu(96 y 3+mrvrv m4ju electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generatn2o3k.r3nzvu ; es k7zes 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates om1a8 (vkrmcx::;i ga 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency a*gtrot j2q : jnkq/ y:1n5ha+of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum themu n4dao1(3jiq jz+6 loretical efficiency possible for an engine operating betweeij4+ujz a3 ln61mdq (on $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What i(5 d)3durwtfn+rd , zas the temperature of the cold reservoir i3r t5,uddfrd ) awn(z+f the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating between (pca gkv )s ;9n/3bsh r34cggw$40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate o;bq( y79bc eusmwx3o* f 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work ;weobbuc7(93 sy mq *xis required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartmefm/zmh z(*9wh )hnd 1ta;f.b dnt at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per z91wh taz*m .; ()md fhbd/fnhcycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrig6;y)9pjb o5 wtjp+ pmierator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much wj 5t ;)jopp6mbpyi +9work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy whz3dlnz 0ab.gi)k d v8s0;dno ;en 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in enau;g+ p-q7yw ytropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansio5/ n(v u5nnlru(v-eco k)c2fqn and its entropy cnqvn 2-vk c uf(5l/rc ()noeu5hanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at /+,ttfo, qhgw $80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.