The process shown on the T-V graph iyqm;x02 hvo.r+ f5 oyas an

  In an isothermal process,hqx9w+zk -, 4 u)domv z)4y1p8 /pxov2yzs yyg there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, o9.s kh y u7orxhhi+fhki(;m,n -ai;9$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in its tem oh0 l23sdwsg3perature. This prdsgls 23o0h 3wocess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process,nb owx x0b.t(( 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this g. bx (txbn(ow0as?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume d-2b ;zgap8fk3gja4 uuuring an isothermal process. The final pressure of th4gzaugjf2-bk8 a;up 3e gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, d-mpqa oc8f(9 6 J of energy is expended by8aq- op(f 9dcm the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environme,ciz/45 ( w3mjh :t:av vdueexnt. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat wit zdxa ej(4:mvh3cv5/w e :i,uth its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodyn30e gq u4x35eyb- i3pzjavzd:i7 va; ylrs8-yamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its origin( vtd1 *cb;gmaal volume during an adiabatic process. mactv*d1b ;g( The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all f wj e5zgq*3p.fks6v l.r0q2urespects except that one contains u6.wg2zqf3pfjr 5skv. q0* el$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinderssh2s(r. aywk 24pe.vf of gas identical in all respects except that one contains ash s wvp42..ekf 2ry($O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is anq 1y6 h5h/q x9ycx-y/wn u (dlrsrdr.;

  In an isobaric process, t,:8pu9ayr9h olh* nu there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodx1n/ y q2kz1/wjsl w8cynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as hh4.of,s+2m rb/-l k.rz qkrfkeat is added to it. This process kb rf-r.o2lqf4/khk+s .rz,m is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant 6x hr tag3056hlei.ztws ,iq; pressure. As awitl.h6e;r65,3 zgit0 qs ax h result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV dia(y:*29pelwltlpc p1zo khw ** gram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change in x*ns:s5ce x .sy6dfq(

  When the first law of thermody.ov.2 ynwm*rlnamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannotdxo82.nefvqqd:6z1iz. 1 /iflzr(t r expand as heat energy is added to it.2z81tx ief/ro . nqd f(dv q6l:.i1zzr This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferreqal rkw6 3bm-3d to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result,qmr 3a wkb3-l6 the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodu6xru0 jwg4 4.ahd;js5g y ei;ynamics.

  Is it possible to tra+zja l:npn) jg/+w k6xnsfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot ru-s,hbp0xy 0zw *w+w/8 amehaeservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics ac5uf 5vn3js9h sv12cjicording to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much mhheo 3);wmy5v)9owt w5mhhw o))o3mw evt 9;york is done by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defin* * v/ gcx6rujoybnw;3apc+-fed as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%kt fr5:zf,tmd(wuid50f t ()n, the heat sink mustut(nwzd5(t,5 fk0ff i)dm rt: be

  A Carnot cycle consists rni6y y ,+2tn7 u2iqwsnkxc* /of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics*(l jqauk:g, d.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the j:hosgy5tx;b83q(mpa;e l ppt0:*l t ratio ol:tl;o5pg:3m ysetpjqx b(h0 8 ;*atpf

  The coefficient of performance (C;s,yg vibwzab 9g1 vnv 3v3-)eOP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the ilu tq8 9dmh2c*szx8qu(,*k nvaup92entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, f z dvt*x/)q/x7tn5p9hbjg*i uor any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the choices appliesdzt*h/ uiv9n )p7 *txxb/j5qg?

Give a general stateh+ 2g oanw 2sb1 *u64n*a pptlhxq4jn4ment of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics lp3eef)cph6 +xq /k-hgeads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ip/w j twi gr+uoan9015x)ufa/deal gas. What is the change in internal enexao ur1tju wwi f/np0+/9)5 agrgy?

  During an isothermal proces.ho9btek4 uk2 e 2* gf.padq-gs, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in thd2ok.4e9-kqgu.e2g hapb *f t e process?

  The work done on an ideal gas 3 ijb5m.dzms2system in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change imb32jm z5s.di n internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compres s-)v)30bmnp2 g)efl bx(n d:byp5ch bsing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internalfbc )lh :e)-nnvxpmb gs (3)ybdbp 502 energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic 9+1g9,, jxim mtm srpnprocess while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internal enxsmnt9mg,+i9,1jpm rergy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a systemmomae 1+ fv/w z82ar u-wzo,4n decreases by 50 J. What is thz re a/n2a m1-zou+ 8o,m4fwvwe work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of nb (ytz1e6cl8*hiq r0a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exy6 t 0zic8 nlb*(qh1erchange?

  A certain amount of a mondz 8ea9 j)xo61w/kcl2 juw fg8atomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work w ok/6jcfwlj8xa8de 9 z12u)g is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J off o0-esyo z.9s energy is removed from it. How many mz y seo9so-f0.oles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg hzme/8j5z5p fd 1tnmb39,;sn kp +agd of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receiv7riao .:7usz xb,txj( qb +eq8es 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficiena q,xoex778s(bq b.urz ti +j:cy?

  A heat engine has an efficienjke,lq; d3lo4s7/rdncy of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it p3/r7keqn; ,4djsdl lo erform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receihc+ms:+r m )5 v48jjsrjw;kk+4 q hckq mhpf13ves 150 J of heat per cycle. Hohkjs)4c4h+mw p1+ m+mhfjj q3vkr qs:8ck 5;rw much heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat 5r- 1 6piqbz t4nch1dreach cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each cyclhq 6bt14-ndrczir5 1 pe.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of hey5ixemu.n, oof+l bdyj0 02/o at each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate thej/youm idol0fe0 o. ,5+n2bxy work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has thee a, 5svx-ragcng0, v2iwwxq8 -)htfl qoe;16 following characteristics: combustion chamberew fvs2gh5vqe8ao,qa i-xwlr)1x -0g6; tcn, temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has asrjp3s6 ;,;hva n7n lthe following characteristics: combustion chamber temperrsl p vjn7sa 6;;h,3anature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following zk)c*jiys vb0ayl4h:g.3 l w :characteristics: combustion chambersy blh:.:z w0g)a yi4kjcv*l3 temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. Thji f*-xa+dnt8ej7w,llm8zh 7zte ,jw+p o x,1e plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant gexwjfy:-6eia 4 h0i7ornerates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generatexub ,c9yj86h es 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an e2i8 jxw hziu10ngine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine ope,iu75z y33o46o egmtw4vt) brg nbds*rating between6o) b4*tt57 vbgzo3ysn d,w im gu4er3 $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. q)8qt uz: s-)i0 yjneo What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoiru)-toiqeq ):yz8 0nsj is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatinpk6,qzcr-d rq.zt 4 8eg between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat frogr.f0:avz : ypm the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work :0:p.a fgz rvyis required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes hcxh)y5 :zc 6ukeat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ6h k:c)5xuyzc into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the. mh6 kvdqbxv)o6 :dz*z0qdx 3 frx) 6bd.vzm zo6 *vdxq30qd:hkeezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice m128c q jk8fc r;imi8hlelt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, bvo4 l b)djg+,the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansiok.z3i9 sdrz; sn and its entropy ch;9s3 rzz ki.dsanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at oju 5td;rl ;f-/a , tu(ctu1dz$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.