The process shown on thu idm)v (seh brj-5hb ;l.pk4:/yap1k e T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal procesj 7djt)x2-x.e ,dyf) ush vuj.s, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermoda:qs6cze51-flk*6x/uwf x dr ynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume :)t1f1jd b60 cejmql;ct3z pq with no change in its temperature;q31 lpf0ec6jt)m:t c z1qbdj. This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally+7pswj6 yns8kpgn*o z chz9 f273d7t e from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.nsdoh+ ngpj cspf*87ky z2e tw69z73 70 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressedih4iz75y ,n1 9a c :sj.onzg52sqellh to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of th5 zj1c.hnl 47ys lq,o e2i5 a:ni9zghse gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this procenejg8( qfd97*xqw+h gss, 6 J of energy isg wenh(+gdqxq f *987j expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated en-ap )j9 mqwyja2x *h)nvironment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with ij)aj*-na yw9)2xmqp h ts surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermoddks ebs/03j9+kxgv d:ynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume z 93aj6e/sug1otu.nz during an adiabatic procesu1j3oagu.znz et9/6s s. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except efh7s:z2n* ciq 2mf 1cthat one contains *z fcse:n21 f im72hcq$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas id zeyknlm0c- (h2nt:;pevho,x l.j5w (pty70dentical in all respects except that one contains7 2,nhx(jh.ylp(n5ev t k;eo y-lz0 tpmc:0wd $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the Pl n) uu 31un*fh6ye0m cklp3)tV diagram is an

  In an isobaric processu9f3rmahslm 1 9j0qnq 1yqg(0 , there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodyna yq:g.yvm+o :zmics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This etj 8o6m7guqt7(uec;kw)n s/)h* ylm processmjg/l6e)nyc weu t;k hq) *77m(out 8s is

  Ten joules of heat energy are e crd.v3 x6p0otransferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal enerxovc0p6r 3 .degy of the gas

  The process shown on the : 5rm1wvnb2 opPV diagram is

  In an isochoric proc7. 8wn38.jj usjal ptsess, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodyn5t;m z*kt 5 znt8t,3u;kybg kmamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energ wrtwv* j7 5xh26.gugxiq:) goy is addei*ut 6wgo:2g) q wx7hxj5r .gvd to it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to aihbz/6da+x.zz8qm; k sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the int .hk;am/+zz8q6z bxdi ernal energy of the gas

State the first law oyjk5c.hvkh(pbs8 yb 7 6y lu/6f thermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer :/i/cj 8 ,b0n (uwg,dqrqkhzsheat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfezl;)l;w 3,s wo1h rkqzr heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law ofqtj12i58 s0g/lnoji d thermodynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cyci tuow)l9m, 6 elp1fwau :t9:ble illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an enw u1ow9:mtft:,pe9 )blulai6gine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as thea3c fs0g+x:4zgi ,xxb0k:acd ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is ,4kk63 ycm n dvg+xl8rto be 100%, the heat sink must 8yc ,vld3kmx4n6 k+gr be

  A Carnot cycle consists ov vis5b0ah/0 vf

Give the Kelvin-Planckcb *n49c; j+ xtqflv3o statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defin m:kns.yfu)ek;fh q2b9ao1c 8ed as the ratio ofn fh.:kbc8kf s;yumoa )21qe9

  The coefficient of performance (efg dk* l:uk3zorwjgi-;)+ 2+s wsg(eCOP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, 57e.dt1bihz+zlti-zp- wy m8 9ubg+ kthe entropy of the water

  According to the second law of :qml:9ztb(-5hm9ihjimrm qc pp6 1u 1thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, wh-mi5m(9huzp::h1 tblmqr1pqjci 9 6 m ich one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynnbgxx7q8asx2k0+k;v t hmlg1 5cq9*bao5fc; amics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclude1 *whk0j9dkl j that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from j xpz8h 6r )7-4hrfsmcan ideal gas. What is the change in x6r mj hp4hczf)-87rsinternal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. Whxpz/g1u3pv v9*a00z )odx t dnat is the work0ddvnz) * 0 x 31xuagopv9zp/t done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isotherm2b8azhq/*6 ba:q a wl*fvket2 al process is -400 J. What is the change inla6b8kb2/ :w*zqqa fva2 t e*h internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the changu64 tt-. hknere in internakt-nru46 .het l energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabat8 4lrnxy 92y-t, lxt qls(di8oic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internal en x8i(sy2doq,-4lxlny9 8tr l tergy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J) 1x3f pvoer/z. What is the work donp1r/fzv)x3e oe?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decredkz.+3a r)lok0qm dq0ases by 50 J. What is the heat 0k+ d ld a)k.m0z3rqqoexchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintaineddvey/rf+;5mky b3)8cj w: kln(pf *of at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?8n k:cmwb r(vlojf e3k p+f*;5d)/yyf

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at ceny g1(g9w-i oonstant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?9(eo yg1ing w-

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of waa is7y*nt( ht o b6rg g2.9*-xooftb-ater at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of h7njz mb g- tk vkonhf;wf,c8,(e:7* lzeat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is t7;jgh kovz,n ,:m8*7 -n lf(kbftewzche efficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficienc9 y ac7tf0.9lx fl3 pvf9bhen8y of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How mucv3h 7xb09t n 8lf.fcy9 epfla9h work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 1miu 9rd,r)5b; 8, qiyj 49rym0jnkslr50 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does y u4rry,jd9km9nq)irrmjs 0;lib, 85it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhaustvv ax)2eua*t 6f+bfl6 s 42 kcal. Calculatevux*t+a6 26a eb )ffvl the efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 41 .vz,sdhjkr. z)w rn12 kcal. Calculate.jz h,.rdvn k szr11w) the work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characte2yvt t6 ,tqcijok*b/f)op8;tez . 9ok ristics: combusti)pzcejt8/ 2 t;*,o6y9 qtkt.kovb foion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far dnks - 2ts/b)tk6lzvdl-yv5 -has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperaturestyl 2dd/ n 56-z vkbtv)k-s-l = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following charactex 9 4h8 lo24iwwr5ryepristicsrxeo8r4 ilw4 2whyp59: combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant gen wegj mb-6 azhe33(wk9erates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generatevsbi1ipbg (*w9 f)p5w s 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant genera vj3,i /z-d7bsi b7ej5 3ydbdates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine whichd)l5x+ xn);vn lok7w b operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for(r jzk.(n2ysu0y; n oteb 3ex/ an engine operating betweeozn3k 2n(eseybx/ j.0; rt yu(n $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%5huajd/ jq,4w+wt h.r:bll -r. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reserqhw l:rr .uj4w ,5l-dahtb+/ jvoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating between *w w7 0mt6mpiwjx8 ;aq$40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from 2x:kykfm iyb*m6zbr0wb:3et,e7 2ugthe freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 t0ebbuke7f mb6yg* r 3x2iy,::zmk w 2kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at th zf zr,kx9(7* nh2f9 swwu:gkhe rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coeffihk* wr (f9u7zxns zw:9 2,hgfkcient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refri-oec3irs-( zt jlzf49gerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in e4coz flse93 r(i j-t-zach cycle?

  What is the change in entropy whmo3mb)v(vc;k5cm j rk)u0 wi3en 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, xn,uzs*4yy(olx + )jlj 9c2tgthe change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP unjmso --;64u*vi btb ptwc7d9fdergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy ch-9mwp b7c; ij tbu-ofvtds*46anges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at rtzq d-pzr4qzf.7*5r$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.