The process shown on950 /yl 7 bbnzajtm(;*x afbj*dy6 iuq the T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no gv l9g kebn f+(qn+)1ochange in

  When the first law of t2 zj:7k(t)voynp7 hrrhermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice ijxhgl2.fs /z ahve9up 5;;+d bts original volume with no change in its temperature. This pg9e;/padu; vxzj2hb hs.5lf+ rocess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During thisx/ot px nam+lc0l4, me11sh k8 process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the chan apcn8xo4xl1,l1sm0tmhke/+ge of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-halftl09 xo67sezk4 qq-9b8i 7j/pas qfp *rhq8ch its original volume during an isothermal proces8bq 7op9hrqs-9 8liz70t esaj 4* qqx6 phkcf/s. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isotherma7 v/3 )fmuu.bszhnbt9 lly from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of themhb.tzns)vfu/ 7b 9 3u following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the event,4 oxu/.ssu d lraef81e n:n4x1.ab-xl the gas exchanged no heat with i n 1xur4x uelfs.alx b4/ 1-sa.8nod:ets surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamh 5:nppzz ,(dlics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during aol;b:)9z m f zvje2cc,u e,9 5m8 mnxxvtn.(vgn adiabatic process. The final pressure of thee.vzlc, )8mb,cx nv5em2 nogt9jxf9z :;u mv( gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one /r vo9s ttap- 5b7 8a;amp4xggcontainso9vr 5/tbta ;gma px4-gspa78 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in alld d/,x s*l.nic x/hq6z respects except that one contains/xi6dnxl , z ./shcd*q $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is 7r u4-vjv h6t ij4tag27r,grm an

  In an isobaric process, there me u+j7yfka1ost l*9* is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamidijdft4dycei .7 ev .yv0rz z eh.:-/8cs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. Thi 0z po;p0dv.+9 odmzpas pro 0pa+9. dzop0opzmvd; cess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constanv;+/ 3 jf6nsav dmsl9lt pressure. fjl m +vs3l ;vas9d/6nAs a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagrddsu0 u c/7y7grfa16 fam is

  In an isochoric process,:9nyk8nvwoak+ax t 31 there is no change in

  When the first law ofvo;dgvimw:p:vo (e;b ez .omgr-6(og4xp ,n6 thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container*4 (sq p*dnco-wm 2o*)0 vvnbmgk9tiq that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. This proces( qi*gkos *9n* bt4dp 0 qmvomw)cn2v-s is

  Ten joules of heat energy (1vtnf7qcc1 k7pqt -zare transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internavcpq71zqc-tt f n(7k1 l energy of the gas

State the first law of thc*;4d5 dmr qsbermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoi 6dtn*i4vm8 .b)gwoaw)5hcr4ynu9 i or to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer 3b h,-zc)eqpq g8hcl +nv-*pd heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics accorih)mm7b l9dhndc9-yb : g tv56ding to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cyc/icv -sgh kalc(-r d;1le illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on this gvlrkd -a1h /s(cic-; cycle?

  The efficiency of a -86mg tvvb6hy8 rm+wj+xy,k hheat engine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficienyd*sdtfzf 9y/ be .4r 8:iien4a15jdecy of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must beye:erdt1ffd/dz 8s9y.eb i*45j n4i a

  A Carnot cycle consists ofpd m3,,bnybihu d;(/l

Give the Kelvin-Planck stathg 0 o 1tnp,b,o 74av()nbxlqgement of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined asx91 7wsy xsp)k the ratio ofpx 9ws1)x7syk

  The coefficient of performanc;lq.tth: ;2rby u)gxr e (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the wate2gqsszmzyh82. f7 k j7l*is x-r

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that 1d0plzhnv92b h2dd)7jtce:h may occur wi):7hv92pe h0t b2dj 1lczhd dnthin an isolated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement ofh g)o/e6m8zrhw8: je,ngrh)i the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads uskd-ixzzb ( +7 )/b *adhrzyp;o x(nqw/ to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. Whatxobl536tfxo5d ( ,siwbp6zz *mf )a9e lt4+vu is the cm( 6o*p uzvbal dtwfx4+l o),ti6 f5exzs35b9hange in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is remove *wybi4;4gmbh d from an ideal gas. What is the workmw4;hg yb* 4ib done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J8;wj y;954 artz tmg( y.ecpyh. What is the4heyt;ta .9;cp( rgm y 8jy5zw change in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a ghf0 6 zwd,ec7cas adiabatically. What is the change in intern ce,7cdz6 fw0hal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes anr /x 9yljugf)b4ho7te *7jp) jb zx5f6 adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the bp7 hfory6e9lg/)4tj x* bzj )ux57jfchange in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 5e4.fz r-)j 0zwps ;t3vsafbu9k y/mb)0 J. What is te/m r)upkzb;sz3 y vj.a9- wfb)t0s4fhe work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50e/nuasli93wqv4; z4yb v6v : g J. What is the heat excha9;aev4b v6quvi4nwy l g/z:3snge?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is main5(hdek,th2rc l 8q rk2tained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from ther ehh (rktd82, 5qk2cl gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energyrs9x/,fo)bldk v lk8cd vss b*/7k/qvhd q /9. is remove q s/v k)rlsbd*klx v/.8bdq /cfk9 7h,9sdov/d from it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0z b mse(;*mhuvz:xr;*1yo2ez kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. v-bk z m iv+t508jrm2yWhat is the efficiejt8v5im2yk0+- r vbzmncy?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of htxuu v .6dx;+2nl )mqgeat per cycle. How much work dg+m ndxux;u2 )q6.t vloes it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of xt, c4( 9o/6n vfbwmgz35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in fm4o bct 9n(6xgvz/w, each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 ky3 0eugh; f6dqcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of eyhgqfe;0u36d ach cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcf+t4/ ) ptfyklygiq)(x: v1qlo h32n tal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate t pvq:o2x / )kh3l1)4tg+fiqtfy y ln(the work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far h-utg1k 7e- 9)(z he8 nybpjfisas the following characteristics: combustiee9ip(-ufb )g k8j7z1- tynsh on chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficientgi+ 871hkiaqj 27(nbut icw6l engines built so far has the following characteristics: co8n7bl62w 7+igiau cq(i h k1tjmbustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following cl d.2o-ex ;vem0.vwcbqq spo;4( fm .qharacteristics: combustion chamber tem. elqx4d(s. m;vo.w q pe-vc0omq;f2bperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric poweg )(6jjwgm96gi*kb 7 zfcdk)lr. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600z a3bxte,bt iqhh8,x+2f v+i4 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plaq7 cbpben c-6tfh5*6ynt uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates betwemecd0+e:f d*j ;sypjl2m0 +tr 87 huucx9y5mren $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theore8bq gs;h1te/atical efficiency possible for an engine operating betweenahb;81g s e/qt $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. Watsv l92ezxn9z)( ye.hat is the temperature of the coldz(t2 .n e9yz9alev) sx reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating be tb9fp z1dlqi b5,v,0ntween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes e0o v6ndlix0uj( h )mzu:o69xi*+pkoheat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycleph 6v 6 d0(uzx0muooioiex )lk+: *n9j. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezi*shevxm; 0 ;or0 +4it4maf gfnng compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejectsi*r t0n o+g0mxa;fe; hv44msf 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, mj +mpj35/unl a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room./njml5 3ujm p+ How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entro :1(hit gvaq(cz2 pd6 mk4r1hepy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice *fui4(sb )z4ualzv hckv-i,6 freezes, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isotk5f2hpix yr3- hermal expansion and its entropyifh25rx - yp3k changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 6sa bu h08v;ubud6zo;lbi+ c0$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.