The process shown on the T-V graph r,kz4/m5wri c5m +i ixis an

  In an isothermal process, there is no changepx ,mef v,vfrf g2pe,u ;8zn71m)ne5e in

  When the first law of the6-mj.l4 thv6itt2 b i1bta r:ormodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice5hh.1 b ku7rie /s9paw its original volume with no change in its temperature. This p i 7b.uh/1kwrpa9s5ehrocess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process,s hpdki *97on*5ewqe, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the externs*w,dqop e7 9ie *khn5al mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an isother97 akj)euzraiq6y0vj5 z3 u; emal process. The fr; )0uuea5ey67j 3i 9qazjkvzinal pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20dbotj /h/,h+l L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is cor/ +dh/l both,jrect?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the 2hdw m;z+5 qaxx7.u ceevent, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This prm;7x5.2c qw duzx eh+aocess is

  When the first law of thermodynamic+*4 f 0jtjlpb.cg.czhs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-halfth4kl5 ,*vo- rmh.p ua its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure of tm*phru 5. vhlko4,ta-he gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except thatk y iu;:8sq3h;gaa(c w one contains aiwshkuq;(:8 ;ac3gy $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders (3xx 2m ,uvbobg4, cvlof gas identical in all respects except that one contains b3,xco b2vm l4uxg,v($O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is m8jnz+wp h8)2obh;q d an

  In an isobaric process, there is no changemvti57 wrp, f w)o,d2v in

  When the first law of thermodynam,0qz 9p)wyq7 ha-beitics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat f11 x bfi-j839op z5bmeqol6dis added to it. This proce68qxb m ff po3ble5zjd1o-i1 9ss is

  Ten joules of heat energy *x+gh-wz9c;b ku6iv pcj3 e8 fare transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the in3*z pbuc8-f9 kigwh exv 6;jc+ternal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram is k-eu0*b-d-lu/ljjxae/.qa c pb6*ha

  In an isochoric process, there/k( w;kg. lpxe is no change in

  When the first law of thermo* z( d5n;ispn agk,qg(dynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy is ad9 - pvq3furch,xlz/r+ded to i-qc ,h 3pxz9uvr f+rl/t. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constane9:.9ra) vycc 8s)gssk44t d:dzfz nyt volume. As a result, the internal energy ofsy) t:9fs .: a9 )z 8ecsdkczvnydr44g the gas

State the first law ofg-m1fkh 63 fzl thermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfey19x 65ql3hf7 )*mkrgzkvq fbr heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hox1 y bb481dtuct reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clxo .0 wp(h qzgw)j /0f/axjk/yausius.

  A gas is taken througk;c3rwxj1 xzec/r;lv.b 0a-t h the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on this cycz1wjcer;t -x3a0klr .x/ v;bcle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the rf t ecc91h3ioncw139vatio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, ti0f2prm-l+l k r5vmdy 7mvmvgfo+(:3he heat sink mu m+ r dlvy5m-vv 7lmmr:pfo32ig0f+k (st be

  A Carnot cycle consists a2/ulh 5xhm6u i(xoo5kz 0*nlof

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement 70 phxn.,a :j q-yrsaoof the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defin-tf(p8 id3ceo ed as the ratio of -c(o8f idept3

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is cb*qvo3 tbgy/ d5f1; tzu9yv8defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entr 2wr189 kvi3pj-0r7 ljl, x6 cwckiompopy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur wiv orm1l( zk 8g:/9f z,qflaj(cthin an iso(v/l1 zf oqg:l(rk8f ca9jz, mlated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of th,wju6s:y z:tr ermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads j.s2 anhxc oe 0t223avus to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is remoa 35hd1ykykk6,zty*2. ljyqd ved from an ideal gas. What ist ykdkyy6yzlq3k5,had* j.12 the change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J o7 1 vqy0xzec0bf heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the cq71zyvx0eb0work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system i(h0 bhkauj ued5-pb3 , e 8qze+e2jcp2n an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in i3j,u ebhej-z +uph (520eqd8pck b ae2nternal energy?

  200 J of work is done:m.-,5mfd gxv rmtou) in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energymov udx5 mf r-m:t,.)g of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process wh1 lrp14fnrb2ljpeo-2xk: )d sile doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internal jf-) 1ne21ps4l :r2p bolxdk renergy?

  In an isochoric procnr7u /)ij7k/wix+ 0gbo u *5+egc oigtsm2s/ness, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the woroe nx)*0sigo7 c+ +7b2gn ti5giwmr u k/s/uj/k done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. W-;dz7sfqgc 0( k ,dzr)bbrpd;hat is the heat exc;b7, rd ;z pq0 sfkr)-g(bzcddhange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintainedgyd0 b;jz q;/:r kxri7 at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done 7r0y ;jrz;: /xqgdkbiby the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when ns ,u-wrq9r-jj 4y *p(wms fc9831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles qws w-crr,9jf y4nusj*m (p -9of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg dpiy5, n q8yqkz k8-)yof water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J ofi loxwa 8p.77f heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is thepw77fo.il8xa efficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives gey8 -m7 obg-8hlne e/ph;zsw0s j q)8150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it pn8wq 8s m)y8gl7;- esebe h/-pghzjo 0erform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J ofaz 5ux z2ab9fd1 ybw84 heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each cycle?axu2yd91 fz8bwaz 54b

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle andq/: ;p)nmvxoh exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each cyclehvq )/x:;no mp.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Cal**w :dsujm u.w3 o.evvculate the work donevwu*u*o3:sdm wv.. j e each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far hasz: q9u3p,s+gj fkv.*crn:f eo the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperavcf93jeqpr*+g ,:.ofnz ks u:ture = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines buiass 6v;b x4s4 /rumv9alt so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber tempera v4v ;69b/xrmss aus4ature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following charac- rpb 8sl/ p qep9nem15xa7(jnteristics: combustq1ple7( b5rmp 8jnesx/p9 an-ion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. Thyt 0os+ft72nr4rxq/ r)-xjzd tu ::v/j3tkhr e plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electrgb +v8*e8oe :mgwc ca,ic power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The /unq:*tx: xyf)- chdbplant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates b8ouko(bna u:2 etween $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine ope-+kshkf9vc1ob+o mt7i qy -b2rating betwebkbo9 i+72s- h-qo+vyk1t mf cen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the vu*/l +:gocmccold reservoir if the temperature of th+ *volcucg/ m:e hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bchv72bqzr) j :pxpa5:etween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing -ou6 z nbq7q+e0ip3cg ce7.rd compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle7e bqo uid-3 .cez+qrpg7cn6 0. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removqk2z/ *fczw8: 5d3:eumh ( kfikk0s znes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of pezku 2fzd/khi nm0 cf835 s*k:(z qkwe:rformance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the/y-jutpieb:n.f3x dil6a*gcw)7 dd * freezer and expels 356 J of heat to tlfc id*y p-.ed:uxij7tn6bw3*/d ) gahe room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in 6dsc j 8)/hkipentropy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, th)1z t+af nr2y/ ;inucce change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isocxb j*0axer4kl o29h 9thermal expansion and its entropyo9*a9h 2x4j0bce lk rx changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at fm/ * qug+ mq;c.ey er+x*3gpb$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.