The process shown on the T-V gpe b,3j 5 a+zhoomhe*w* j0tq7raph is an

  In an isothermal process pryb)q0q *n8b59mz ch25qrb v i1o;bs, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermody-ws.k/ex/3tzrb2b aj x9 l nf+namics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume wix4 jx/9 n8 e2cqgt9njith no change in its temperature. T/jcn4n2 9 qi8 jetx9xghis process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During tprkcu1v qqm69j x ui)6h8e a u0k1i48this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external m 1vekh 0r 8 quu9tikxmj6)c8p1aqi4u6echanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to onnkxrc4na3ek xz w(-w0 ) wne9x(:cit-e-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of th()ix n-c9(w xwee atnnk-xw ck340r:ze gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process 0e0-deaia yvtmi06h (, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism thata- v6ie(y de0imh0at0 expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the event, the ggg zk5uuf48ttz z8 l;)as exchanged no heat w4 8)ttzzk8u5gf;lgz uith its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamics,*;4jx;ar flzoe+z3 (yo5iq h o:8rn go $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its origi jw lckt+l4*b*a9t; m x2bx7fvnal volume during an adiabati*tv k jxm2;bxb4wl9*7+tfcalc process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identic 5xtt1,z ;q/; h;wqdgxm0 vbald)1chial in all respects except that one containsv1htq;g0zwt xdhc;5qaim,x)l /1bd ; $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylindersg4z fwc; +ur/k of gas identical in all respects except that one contains + zw4/;uc kgfr$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diag*lf :xv,5,b siry:9j 0i hoefmram is an

  In an isobaric process, theru/ga6gz1k oa+j62 tz ae is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynam eda jc;ikyp;2vs74n 1ics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at co2 h (hgep j**1motod;cnstant pressure as heat is added to it. This process i(ed h*2jt*;mc 1gpo ohs

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gask7emp4 s9z 2zp at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of th42s7m pzzk ep9e gas

  The process shown on the PV ev4g 4r+m97mcj aacu*diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no chg5hria4y:d/u+o v f4m ange in

  When the first law of thermodb3z 9fdvjw-.k ynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat8hgu*a)sr* z pv:sxo + energy is added to itpa+v rx8*u :szogh *)s. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of )uua6jw u2 03cox zy.(lf1yctideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energy of tho2 jzxly) 63 ufc0aut.w1yc u(e gas

State the first law of ther-zf++b0f+p yzqu zo 7bb 1m,3y8ywxrgmodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a c nozr v-ro-46ung6c+-q idn r3old reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot rsn( kuqa66q uth(0krf.. xa j2eservoir?

State the second law t(o (g.qlz3s -1e0zukey 0z ehof thermodynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. Du;t8jgfdtq xo /+fp/-w) h:yw/cfrbx, ring one cycle, how much work is done by an engi)qjcw, /;pdx+ ft/fr f/8wo-gb:yt xhne operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is h7i 1o6m gq6eidxb-1idefined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, 2 nslec,/ ml +u-s7eswthe heat sink must be,wls2mcns es +l u7-e/

  A Carnot cycle consisctwg/t8ebkx g q1w;-+ts of

Give the Kelvin-Planco5psjm/: ,4ql6-fha d ng 1yppk statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance wn ryp6qdmemqc9g .8 zs,-t 4((COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio of8.gtq p4-,zyqse cm wm96 r(nd

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defino 2.heb*urtylld1 l-+rfu9c u,i/qz*ed as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy o*aa*ef5bk c1 cf the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process thato( u708u fjj (tm/iv ple4c7lbq9g( pc may occur within an isolated system, which one of the ch ((74t b0lq7c8ogju/c9e vupml(pij foices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodl:3vxs-9; usd/+r jo k e1duodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us i)4go4jnot :*8wdgv yuf97vlto conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. h)u7nu)(a:ao x bxp( wxf;f *o What is the change in internal e)obf:huaao)wu*x7x;f x (p (n nergy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal garoko1pop8./r+ r y u7ws. What is the w +.78r kpyrp/rooo wu1ork done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gam .w3sn s90r,a7dbvnos system in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in internal eners .bn30sa ,7vdo9wm nrgy?

  200 J of work is done in comp6k7rrox-q 8hxu xs x6 x,)9fjmressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energyo6xsr) fx89x 7xqmuhrk, j-6x of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What t0k+2p 7iczczfy/h8zis the change in interpcf0t/z2z7zky 8hi+c nal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 Jr o68w bv4 x/5qw-)ytgvke vj(. What is the work dgre4jvw6)y5t8 vw/vb kx (o-qone?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. ja 9.fk(l )i gtdsswuv0n 62q9What is the heat excs vk9q.f6lung)2 jsad9 i(tw0hange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constantolv-i hu0h8foshan yi6q, l8t s4e.;9 volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the g qht4h,ll oi8ia ofy869 .sshve-un0; as. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant vol+scg+s;m+ ca dume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in gd+ccas++sm; the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kxu4n cs9b;6+fm )r, 1mgauy ivg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 300k(x0s gv*78eo 0p.gzycud7 wf0 J in each cycle. What is the efficiencxsp7fdk70(*8uy. cgz0gev o wy?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receiv,c+w :i kn/xyda hd5-qes 150 J of heat per cycle. How much xniq ,dh/wc5ky:da-+ work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of hehg0d ol2(ss b *icxh1)at per cycle. How much heat doesih2osc) lx0dbh *g1s( it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal.vt;4 0j::xxr*7jfktntqqtd * Calculate the efficiency of e;f0dn rtt xq*v4t*:jtjq:7xkach cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculatk xu5g ks65pyf5j-.mbuh2qk9 e the work done each cyjkkuy xs2. bm95uq5-p6khgf5 cle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followi79.h(sp/rkugbblq): loep i3ft.ootde.),w ng characteristics: combustion chamber temperature btfe,p o so )3p:/( ow e9g..7uhdb)t .rliqkl= $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most effivuoeze4 e1 pe;91pmr rl t/),b at5y*xcient engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber t*) z;pee9 oyt plbv,1me5rx1u4a/rteemperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so farl, --ejq,2plg b:.gs dqh 3zhz has the following characteristics: combust 3d -q -z,jezgslh2lg,qbhp.:ion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electc b,dsnt .vc:5ric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant usess3omal9x hglu9 /cj91.g vui) $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW o-gjb4dpk -(3uoypa . ef electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engi4 jpxlkcw .wr td:6.ps;,azl2 ne which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency p. 5bh+ikjnb 5oossible for an engine operating betweh i.5o 5+bjbknen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temper+ 4ldt9tnmo+vature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservl+ +v49t ntmdooir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating b 723hfi2 e kd:kwss 3xj;wps7mw7d3)a addzs6 etween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 ia; b5rxu(rm.j.y :zdkJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cymr .j5u;r xbyd z.:i(acle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ zxyg4p123n0bcf* 0tbmj j,ktand ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coef2z 3 yt,01b p0mgxtj4fb cnkj*ficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrig 0 ch5j*id -kmw*x5wbderator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 5bxm 0cdj hdwk*w*-i5356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy -fwyffikq 9eka q0+2z)wj5:owhen 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in enlf0dl 9*mv4fl s s/7c9ess+dstropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP :did5 :mn q6qoundergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy change m6qn:d i:d5oqs by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 1 idtbx.h5 u; 1x)k4)uda vggj$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.