The process shown on the T-sn.du 18cj xyk*h sat6 li::x3V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, theqc45+t.vhc;y*k yf4tew bru8.e j:ytre is no change in

  When the first law of ezj .cd(s f*yyhlm5(wvk)wf;8n mom)d77i) gthermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in its tempj(gsbd (1,hd t4b4ot perature. This pddth4( b1pjo(4bgst,rocess is

  An ideal gas is compmzec1slj;qldex 1+ ( 4ressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the ljml;1 4qxd (sz+ 1ceeexternal mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its origincpt ; ( 6zzhxj-gs0+szal volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of th xg;z-6cj(sz0 p +zthse gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally ktmxy;a9t 4 ;lgtahr .rzk.4.from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded thez.h9xtla4 .krk a4g; . yrtmt; gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the event, the.d haqcvzn9c02m: c4c gas excncz2 c9v maq:04hcd.c hanged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of ther ) jw2qho/wn9o llv+8emodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its js/,vh-kk0l poriginal volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure h-kk,/ 0jv pslof the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one contau +2bxgz7g ct9insc+bgx2 u z79gt $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects extiyg czivr 4llte-+3-nk 74j pf4 c((gcept that one contains jntctcl4gk4-ilve47(p y r3 +f(g i-z $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is anme((:9pb90nd df xc;lcpul ;q

  In an isobaric procesbz(x32r m.,arkh c m(cs, there is no change in

  When the first law of therah*nzp g p)ui jo10(ms) a0ku;modynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat4 9ebjhs) 2fegcbwvm g* v fh/t2kl079 is added to it. This procegg2*h7v /c 4 kf9we msbj0btveh2)9flss is

  Ten joules of heat energ6 (iwoxqvg 8ijk-7x.ph.rxisf q.w(2 y are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the intsxhwj(i7(26.pi8 kg- wf qrixo.xq. v ernal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV dia ukp zp20fp;,cgram is

  In an isochoric process, ther30v b3l/adu dze is no change in

  When the first law of thhduu yp+ 4lb0pesd 9vsh*;/6xermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expandcxc*x)3 7aedrm;mi. o as heat energy is added to dr3c7ox*a mx .m) e;icit. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant dkj (jvv,)cz* volume. As a result, the internal energy o*vcjj)zv, (dk f the gas

State the first law of thert4k)3 jdfnfu8 env22 dmodynamics.

  Is it possible to transij70 * jcbmv8tfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat f ep ,.yftt ks:p*j2.xgrom a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of therm1xz/0 s )lcs6k(aitb todynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrate uw- ;d:qs9 xm rgesy;yi-e8.md here. During one cycle, how much work is8;;wymesq ix: srud-9. gm- ye done by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratio ;c0n rpq 2t2nv5jz9a ;d 16o:zrsewtn of

  If the theoretical efficiendr*jx1ji5+b:u hu7-e2t ingw cy of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must7 +-u :*n5jh dbuietg1wi2xjr be

  A Carnot cycle consists o9cq.jgl fjgm gd 3l):1f

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of :6h xqz ejd4(oxnws+o*r3 f1 nthe second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refriger- 29ay7c vw.xzxmij 00g3uxerator is defined as the ratio of0x- air9yzxu2cw0mgv3 7j .xe

  The coefficient of performancqm knl3h-c6n8v9usa i/pt(t- e (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the ecej::y :fzh n(/;wpsp1z5vtv ntropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodyucoz pb)/61v3 9t31mrx aoe zvnamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the choicesmeza633x)9b vo vto 1p/cu 1zr applies?

Give a general statement of the second lag ay 6;4.j78tcy/ u5h hieog*lzg3uhcw of thermodynamics.

  The second law of the5-7xodq1ey sbrmodynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. Wh) y2jx2u w21c6l woe uld ,a25ygm5bslat is the ,2y21)xmlu2 obwuclsa5 d 2 gyejl65wchange in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J ofwiv4smm/i 21)h k qb(es-6(w9db yj;6mzdfg u heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the bzkdgse6 (mswm(2jq v-if /uw d1m;4by9)h6 iprocess?

  The work done on an 9/a t cjm; 2sd9*pzg;oy2zket ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the chan 9jtd9; symzoc 2az;p k*e/gt2ge in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is then 2hq92p7rxxe ggl- y,mmt90,d si5s n change in,-rl,9 xd t0nsxsq9g ehgy2m5nm2 7pi internal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes0ikskx)+y, gb an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in ins0 )kx+bkiyg, ternal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases sxm) ujxy4; .zby 50 J. What is zj;uy)mxxs4.the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a systghdwf+:9 om3,o e tj/yem decreases by 50 J. What is the heatjytoo/wg:9dm 3ef+ ,h exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is uxtpg,hg/ k h2h4c* j+cooled by 50 K. This feat chu/gh+h 4pj,2 *tkgxis accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at c *9;xh)z lduzt1w p6p q-k t50ycn+eih tj4w1donstant volume when 831 J of energy is removed frowkdhxzid1 4pzqt;jh 6yt -* ncule19+p50w)tm it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water at pdxhn 4kdbttlijt :0)51 l51p$80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and lo;,0rzz:egwxv(5f q+i u;ko rt ses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficienczrw5v zote, xq+0g( uk;:rf;iy?

  A heat engine has an efficiebj9 .z;fn tid23-is frp2c7ejncy of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform t2djip.bje i2 f3nz7s;9r -fcin each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 Jo:p56d k/w1mk ok r,ltlej)z: of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in p)eorl w :k d5/:tjkm 6kozl,1each cycle?

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  A heat engine absorbl+x2t-kfa o iv:wv4yknh;3d 5s 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculatl3vh ad k- k2ofvwx+:54;n tiye the efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cyclnes.+bm b6m4k q hr:n;e and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done eachm: +n;mkbs6 hrne .qb4 cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines psi3 k8hy)e 20ejq2 jobuilt so far has the following characteristics: c22kq0eje sy83 hpo)j iombustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient ej 9 urldpj/*wg/tnwdnr4o37 0ojoz3* ngines built so far has the following characteristics: gjdjpr /7ulzwt3j*ow/d9 4*r03on on combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has thev vi(t5z-3fanh3zz h/ following characteristics: co t3in( vfh5z3zhav/z -mbustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uselanhxpa:sna)x0e49(sp/ l.q-i x4ib s $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant ge- )0m0zxg4tl-ggiupe nerates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MWrvddbp 3dn1,sv a/i/5 of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine ku; lqk--yr 4ewhich operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for ancoee* x1oht9cg5 k. u3*cdt5n:6tgma engine operating betwee ctke ut. t*da hnoxc eg95og6:3c5m1*n $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. Whaf4lb cn/wxv7y /h;;a qt is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot rhn/yxqb4 cl 7a;/v;wfeservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatin +g2xwvp u+7sbgnl8yw4vb7 d1g between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat 9xh ,1d/wg v9yshn;erv16rbgfrom the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cgndhh,x9 9w/g1b1y6; vr e rvsycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing ce.:y j;t6cvylompartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle.v.y:;y 6cjl et What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of ;4qnqqfd/vh)operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer q v qfdn;4q/h)and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice melt at u .jv)/sh9 aojtqf)/,9 vmzmf $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entro1ai7 qnu9z cm-py is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP underg 7mj-u.fk wqcrv6;pm 4oes an isothermal expansion and its entropy c w pc7qmuk r.-64fj;vmhanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at rz aspnr mxanl27+5,7$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.