The process shown on the T-V graph is a4 tt:fofa*ef9e zp (k4n

  In an isothermal process, there is no c-1jmd1vim/(jj+xyx/ww cr 5 ihange in

  When the first law of ther5pg07v aq dx*bmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original voboj pp0xt: 6o5lume with no change in its temperature.:px0tjopb 6o5 This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isoth,) g7:. ykz 70bodmstc yx6kvz5noi6sermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of inv) y7 t.xiz0ks7 sodzo5b 6,nyc:g m6kternal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its orr fsor+s(hzmp +rkf3+;k 3 z1siginal volume during an isothermal process. The final pr;+ofz3 k3+sfhkp(s 1 + zsrmrressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6-2mx:ce1bua bmf 4 q+j J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following stateme4e1 +2bxf- :qamu cmbjnts is correct?

  A gas is quickly comprerkdd6 oxa2-o/ ssed in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no - xkod oad2r/6heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynami s7bnu1wwp zwpf yt(n4lj :()s*zfs9;cs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is cb: v)clg3dw7 :-h5b wvjom:kkompressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final press-)gc: :57ovj lkwkvh b :3bdmwure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that. vcq infb97cse+y4grm. *f0t one contains yfc7+f. 0v r4 mtc.nbgqe 9i*s$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas p tq br,4;8i.av s0utfidentical in all respects except that one contains tvia b.;,8rtuf4 sq0p $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PVwhcva)uq y u7ke6.7 f8 diagram is an

  In an isobaric process,9h,c1rp cvo/94uiugx qh* +fe there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamimi1 fhex b6t8*cs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as he emmap/agq-/ 9at is added to it. This prp/g maam/ e9-qocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal ret3 ki rod 66.a ,5z5n1a lluofeg;v9gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of the gt95r , 6rf;vaaz3n.ould i1e65o l kegas

  The process shown on the PV diagram q:njc0uj f)cxm:hvgp302qyj0r-4ldis

  In an isochoric process, there is no cc 6y 36s .odkde0s ywye4cld 47v1+vmwhange in

  When the first law of thermodynamics,xgn;i u 3, i,vapsrs8l;b)i2 g $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid cq(cniec 8hpx9s7 j 8(jontainer that cannot expand as heat energy is added to 8pj j i8xq(c( 7cn9ehsit. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal lhyz3 rhrer,n(166 lkgas at constant vo( hrr,lrl1yhz6nk6 3elume. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamiurdqrqw pi. 4o+ 3*8fycs.

  Is it possible to transfer heate4tqyd lvf4xz v).*j2 y3 tde) from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer hea1 lvmcya.n p87t from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of ther7szay/j ly h undv.xnp4:e6;8 modynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustra-l jc* gv28l1jy)llx9f 6iti 1;dkfar ted here. During one cycle, how much work iy6-1 vc 9)i2lxf;jfgidl t lkl81jr* as done by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is d1 gmlx8n0k0 qi )zjhz/efined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency ,toj )m;-.s1 rpyzzsnns;dy9of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must z1ospdy)n- s tjs9mn;;yr .z, be

  A Carnot cycle consist7:.xhw i6+zpzxnyl/lr k 8j139bg.znkemk .q s of

Give the Kelvin-Planck /4c d3yflx.lk statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator iul rx(bgj3anx69a9a )hhsw,)s r 28 gos defined as the ratio ofu) o (3)n2slh9rj9bx6hwxra ggas 8a,

  The coefficient of perfozaekp+ 6m b 7j7+rqq*jfkb)8rrmance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the euof7 6)yrms(zb(gc 7x h+l; pcntropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur wi 2+d8zr8, k,quev vm,ise1jqbthin an isolated sysdzj+b 28 qs,r,e 8qui1vv, ekmtem, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermo8aj ( pngm-kjppzp-96dynamics.

  The second law of thermoxg7/))cn r8 g jxnkmm5(40nw )etn xgydynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is rem4t0( wgegr0 3,f az cr)6we2gyc r3ddnoved from an ideal gas. What is the change in internal endcg ga6cw dr03, )wegf 3y02ez t4rnr(ergy?

  During an isothermal proc((ml)ifj, p; 4 ssixciess, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the proceis;i,xi)c (jfspl4m(ss?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an vsmh. 5x gh3y0isothermal process is -400 J. What is the chanh mx5y3h 0sv.gge in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabaticallyc gfk1i4z; 4yb. What is the change in internal kiy4g bc; 1fz4energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabat xrozn- 75nz-m ge:-bgic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the cz-nr5zx- nbmg7eg :- ohange in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the int2k . 6 ngac2z6swyw-cp(w d)cncc8gy9 ernal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is tnap .g- nc698wcy(w zcg2y6 cs2dkcw)he work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of jqsi 3o* d6ddl *gim29a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heatgq2m ds 9iiol** 3d6dj exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as itsn ygb f(79zw5 is co9nywzf5s g (b7oled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at c :eopsou//,q lonstant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are e,/lo q/pu os:in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg oypl(clsg5om+o2( z pl0a9 w r-f water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J iam3; y/ oqixow pi/quuv1;4d4n each cycle. What is the efficienii v;u3pqwd m; ooaq/41y/u4x cy?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle.4)c-ephq xd/b How much wqc4hb x/d pe)-ork does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. j6o.qfl7/a hl How much helf/l q7. j6hoaat does it exhaust in each cycle?

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  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cyclew ,uslt2p0mp. 5 *ka/okmu+vq and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the eff2ovs 5atkp/*lpum 0.,qmu+kw iciency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat eacmvd+up8o8. qjh cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate th do.mpuq88+ jve work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engiz18gz;3 c ndh7(skv0o x9d fmlnes built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber ted80 o(;zz7lcv9h1 g3dx nkf smmperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has thedgt) *ly:i/4tdai q2e following characteristics: combustion chamber te:2a de)gylq d/t*4t iimperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the fifgdbev -f-8: ollowing characteristics: combustion chamber temper efd:-f-v big8ature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uskyql hkt )2( 1prr4z2des $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elelh;wn-(b 1h0;oya ilu ctric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elecip +ns.awub dl, ,j)nuob+)s,tric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an en84a1tmlj asz a ma.1d0: cdzc7gine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theo ehfq .e*ca;od:d ;gp3retical efficiency possible for an engine operating betwpaceo;h e: *ddg3;q f.een $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot nbfoa,q ;/(* t+e zwgkd:z54f)gre glengine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir :)(goew5 ;/l zgrnfd bf*4qa k +tzg,eis $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betweench c vw,w91r 9bbq+en9 $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 )2f9 3 kpu htyb.)fndzkJ and)u bp.y)t zk3d92 ffnh ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ *fq oyf:lji w.o.5p8-xt4ljr and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?ol8f:.tqj x rlpwf4ij-5y.o*

  During each cycle of operatiofx.f6no vyvx.;cu+i sa b+p;+n, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each y.bo+ xf+ c6;vpxn vi;fas.+ucycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice me/k6g,fkd n3f 6 z-wedplt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice frwsong/023fu jb/ px6 fb,)a 33crviteeezes, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isotl/:tf efz.u5l vadg (y/gxb./hermal expansion and its entropy c/l/g.g 5 (b tdfza/ux:vy.fel hanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 3e r*92 mm5jltr8sa u4mc1gth$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.