The process shown on the T-V graph is pw wxbi:u )z.-an

  In an isothermal process, there is no p f5e )t.xqq83fc;eh karc2 t1tvc*s4 change in

  When the first law of thermodynamic jbes9ee)9mt5s, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volumv: za4mds6j0rr *gxo6e with no change in its temperature. This *oj: 0va 66rs rdm4gxzprocess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this 0)j0z 0ndg dkuau4b q1process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external 00bk4u0 una gqz)jdd1 mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original vo 7-2k n7.kjeyc mvivsd ;rd*9glume during an isothermal process. The fj97 r-e2vs ddgn m. kik;cv*y7inal pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 Ldy;p8yeb o0w; -/ bjbv to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gaw-8be;y pdvy;0b jo/bs. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the e,oqbpa7bsf asa5gcb* m)cp. 6971ne svent, the gas exchanged no heat with its surrmq) nbfp6aebs.*71,g57pscc abs9 a ooundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynsg3cdtgch2-s;z1 rx jh4 xw wqr:/.l6amics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume d4k1 p3(vic* )oslbplwn,m *wsuring an adiabatic process. The pwso**,s m34k(vpcli 1)bwnlfinal pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in vf5ae*x1 l kg.p,e m3mj1s2ldall respects except that one contains gk dfl, v*j3.me e1m5as2x1lp$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of ga3;hts -vp1sbu s identical in all respects except that one contains p3bsuh-s 1 vt;$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is i uypo,;k;9kl an

  In an isobaric process, l reyzx(n*/yka6:i 1 zthere is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamiavh4 pjkq4(7z cs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as+ae erp80*0lta lrn r1z2af6s heat is added to it. This process isr 0fsrlaztn62lepa + 08are*1

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sax 33/b py osg.akh*r99qrlbp3mple of ideal gas at constant pressure. p .a hr3*skyp9b39/gq3 xrbloAs a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV- gp,dqkjtmg; p .*,xs diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change i(zsiq y/m63 bkwdxqfqk ;,(h6n

  When the first law of thezkk/-peo sp74rmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid cob isxm 3- 1q9lq8:htgsntainer that cannot expand as heat energy is addedtls3m9xhis qqb-81:g to it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy qc5 f (v(fadn:are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energy of the gaf n:5((fqacd vs

State the first law of thermoc avxv5a7*3. vszxq* sdynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold re8dh/iy njaa161zs (6 rk5 4 w7fkeumspservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold*z,c7g1ozdik2cq3d o reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clawmo(- gg;e0 k stcs)h9usius.

  A gas is taken through the cycl-)l/d/aq jmwh e illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on tqa/h wd- m)/ljhis cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratio ofdes4+q eqx 2k:+wpd-y

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to i) 0fu 3n/xrfdk+vsu/be 100%, the heat sink mu)vn+0/i/ffx3dskr u ust be

  A Carnot cycle consists og,ef fc)s8*(i gssgr(f

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodyn;8;jm apatkpbszqs g* 3 s z)n*/t1s5zamics.

  The coefficient of performancmsf-i4f)g2/ x ncju*v8ul sk3e (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofl suujv23f/8 *- gsxmi4ckn)f

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump ib2 l8a a)r u-tt1f0wtds defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the water8)ne as3s ;n jyetv57c

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may l;sr rl n75h45xuq7yv occur wit7r nl5vrl7x4; qsuh5yhin an isolated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statemenrfrk -b )*t,uot of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermvb c4ap5a:zm53ok 2irodynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0z3exte-ob kqw oe4tm1x81 tap-o9 :,t J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is thtq o3t,p91x841-z:mw ooka tebxe t e-e change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from ana1j-,ccmu lfyyloxd9 74 2nam/ 4hv .g ideal gas. What is the work done m1ug7lo-l axnyj,/ 449hfvc2mcd.ayin the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in -2vkt36 ekm c.aurgob -(:-o y/znbivan isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in inteok3c ioyz/bm 6ar-bguvn 2-( vk. e-t:rnal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the l v94b(fj; anxchange in inter4(lj9nfax; v bnal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process wh0 /5,rd(m movhl8t d-yatrx 1pile doing 25 J of work. What is the change in h5m vy8oldp,(tx 0m r/radt-1 internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy ofixp80nshw u1, c7za;s a system decreases by 50 J. Whanxasz1p,c us7h;0wi 8t is the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decjghgo6-vzzmj/ 6m8 - areases by 50 J. What is tg-a/g6 j-z6mhv8m zo jhe heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas ikcf nubo85):ek,(a c o*iac6-ez 9fb vs maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplishedfbenuc-:9i ( ekc)fo 5v,6 zaco8a*kb by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volxq-(yx 87ll82hwc ;w0u 5/ms asotefaume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the sam0;mly2qhu (s w xco7wxe/ a8st fl5a-8ple?

  A system consists of 3.qhn0 4 j rt.a)yfn6lro +rhb150 kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat y j8,z4mm 9vokand loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is tjm4yo8m ,z 9vkhe efficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficienca*/yiq dwt h ; h*+yu;*g:tqizy of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perforw/;:tzqyh t *iyu qhg*;+d*aim in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an effid 0on 1el22k; pivm-ycciency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhausve i2-01ly pnk2d ;comt in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kc6chm;towb qf,if8 +i9gs9 w-q al of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiencyf q89qhw9 -iwfb6ci;so +gt, m of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 4 c 6j*1ht4dqo20 3sdsdtq2tms 2 kcal. Calculate d oc403t2d1q *hs6st2tmdqsj the work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so fa 5mny s3mv/n0ar has the following characteristicssny 3mm0 v/5na: combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engv wf(91;)f kfbrbxkl ;ines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion cham9 r )bkkfvx1fbl;( w;fber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the fqr/hsdc63h c+)6 7gccqb yhl4ollowing characteristics: combustion chamber temper+6 chch7lhb3q4y)/6gqc r cd sature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant genera1j- ntu(4ixza6p j x.otes 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric:q9jmrh4 roo ( power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MWynx+7w4o wc d8dkba2 ( of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an ene7a/zwupv;ccm+k e /5gine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for t22s stq6 7vjha:q phg2 jy,m(an engine operating between g7 2 mj:qy,tqtp2s hj2hvs( a6$100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%.4nwpel 1 ;j,vj-en8jh What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hvpl,ewj-h 81j j4;nenot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatin5,v:f1c vaht 0dvdp,mx, /cl qg between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 202 wgm:qj,jhl ;d0zw z3 c ;5w9lccd6fc kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a r;gl9wj,:qcc5zjc;mwzd d036l f2wc hoom per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator remove *j6ih 7kv5z ot3fyndsiz*a) f/n7q q3s heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and eisaz5kyvoq z)3/7qnjh i*3 t 76*n fdfjects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a r55ipnh k*oh lar+n.l; efrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cyclenkhh la p5 ln+o*5;.ir?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 5bxlpyle;u 1luuh0 :la755sr g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, trw9o oml +br/+y ,gsq40n k+vxh 5r.kihe change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expanoyju:h1h :l0s sion and its entropy chanhu 0oj1h s:yl:ges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at pevm -ls6ps-*$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.