The process shown on the T-V graph 8 6dv(u:f (5nxstuz 6apng3ncis an

  In an isothermal process, therrlfl3 d t4zng5e.7rfx1tq 32h e is no change in

  When the first law of thergen -f+iazd( +)iaqhkmyca8 :)qpu:7)vu:admodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its orij2, -yxu vpxd dsg;39cginal volume with no change in its temperature. This process dg,d2x u -3sj9vcypx;is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 cp9.i9pb/e a5q)dqth L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the externachd q/9ipbp9ae).q t5l mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is comprp. m(f zy*3cc-qou 3gwessed to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressup(cy. wq-gozf3*cm3ure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During w;vs 3es rn:9kr/(w cbifjhoe3mr,2:jw;g 7qthis process, 6 J of energy k 39/7jeoh( r:g r;2q; c fbnrme3s,wswwv:jiis expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the event, the g:-mpb;z- lljnhe b5: 4aexa/ aas exchanged no heat with it/:;jazh nb5aa e-m:l lpb-4exs surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of therehka -*yi6t41-i,hqh ids, abmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-hq)v* qd. xrph-mhx: m :h2-ybbq7n,jealf its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final prrh,x :-)dyq.vqe b:n p q*m-h7m2x jbhessure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas iden(kys- c4l(hpl1(zy) x0 s hisbtical in all respects except that one containsyk104ls-cls x(hihz ) y(bps( $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identi46*diys.t3q/ehj jllcal in all respects except that one containsjl3 j/l*yqsi.4edt6h $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is .zr4.ckt dp2s*e6xvgc y +pm 3 (8kzbcan

  In an isobaric process, there is no chgojkwz5duew 6;1.x5 ml 49f8ui/e om zange in

  When the first law of thermodynamic gzg8dbuh e)np8.n z y4 ,brik*9fqo*)s, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to eavuiwmq. /6eqz : j,1mxpand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This process6vwzamjq,.m u: 1 /qie is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of idea w5/ay 7lw0yvyl gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of the g507/yl wwayv yas

  The process shown on tn io)0xsv5jm+ oou,e9he PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change innf yw)m+ d p4ly3p+oz8,rpf; q

  When the first law of thermodyna; ldo37ltlxb4y7 3mpd)-punnmics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy it38;mi cs./s+gav h :ivnk6l (xc 3hfds added to it. This process iflagdsm( cxt3i8;ih6k vv:hcn 3s/ +.s

  Ten joules of heat en.w) vkbj2vnxdvx. p iof8*;d.ergy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume.o. n.*idkv2wxfvj 8bpd ;.)vx As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynam, :sqe3*k2bkjkot)miu ;vp, fics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir sdatmc2 v3 .*ln(hb; lto a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoi, rf6m,dovn:54m*xa t rpv3vhr to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynjalx+c7/z:z-iwg(4 ,lj,n h/xwslh j amics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. 05t au cwtcy)2z;8hb r1g7ymk During one cycle, how much work is done by anm0hrctytb ga u;y 2)w7z1c 5k8 engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engt-rm uj9kr8ivu 6-*unine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnothv9/pkj vm1f0 engine is to be 100%, the heat sink mus0jh1mf9p/kv vt be

  A Carnot cycle consi,84kb gyjx,bbsts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second i3a6t4yush x(law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator puxx*q6: eb,q; fwv (fis defined as the ratio of ;eb6 (f xv:qfu,pqx*w

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio o)jx j*02 ;lipv4yvo v o4ni8hif

  When water freezes, :9 93izj8kg j mpaeap/the entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamicsp;1 6v 9do 5d9gwslsak, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which gsslav d5 wo19kp;69d one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodyn c0qw(uo5-n5kjf kiq2 amics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to co *;0zqz 3u8cg1pgo khlnclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J ofaqbo*l )iuh*)b:+v w t heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change *h)w*utb) qivlb+ oa:in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. Whaaxveor 7iripkn3 ; 15ww e2e3)t is the work done in the proc3371r repovii)wxae 5wen2;k ess?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in achl)h8jq 3fvd1rym1(:(s vqan isothermal process is -400 J. What is thes(:dqr h( qf)3v 1yc1m j8lhva change in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compi9)e8h fvpgojzi ) :4xressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in intx o8zpiveh :f)i)g4 j9ernal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes ;o v r25a0rmkuan adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the chak5rv0 ro 2ua;mnge in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, en/y+hdpoa:a p a8d(9 the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the wo (eoy +98pdanaa: hp/drk done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. Wha+ aq;6a hz4/ y)4ob f7 manv:7npjovgzt is the heat exchang+44oz h:vm /aog6) vpf7;qyzbnjan7 ae?

  A certain amount of a monatomic olpyfmqt.,dp2y 5 9jr8e3xa, gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplishe xp58t.qf p ryem,o239da,jlyd by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energyyar1s bp0p/cwo7 v7:s is removed from it. How many moles of gvryc1 / 7ob :sa07pwpsas are in the sample?

  A system consists of w2nfbt*.gnp - 7ftju6s5j) sy3.0 kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7; :q fih/qmpd*000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficiency:mdi/;hp fqq *?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 h 9 i9o-c,gt-hmtr9hfJ of heat per cycle. How much work does it performg , tc9r9i9- -hthmfoh in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and jgr lys 9-tkhs2i)v/7receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat doev)i- j/ sy2 h7slrk9gts it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kc )tswb3xz-c ea5cy9u(al of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate thbc-zw9)sc3t a (e5xyue efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and e68dbokw (-fy dxhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done ea8y(f- bkwddo6ch cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far(;*8(u 3ypl 0kypvq jjx9cwyx has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperature = p*k9 yyc3 x(8q(;pyjvwj0lu x $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteris w g*deqecd3 o u8;czar.r(fvwz0dv/ .id6g;2tics: crz3w6 v. 8cidfe cq(d/r degd u2o.0zw* ;a;vgombustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followin 2bdu3d:itof a1if ,u8g characteristics: comufd ia83toibdfu,1:2bustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW ojag *6tbff3h h:m op4sfmq,06 f electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant gener;x*,)d7mxcxmqm2f t1 l ;vpt eates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plankm.3 iu s6eh(fx,ryi7t uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of30oy8z6uf6p nks; c89lfe dsr an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for 3dg: hkw lvz jfe*q)x l)k0p*ix0:eg* an engine operating between vqg xhwl :kz 0 3*)d0ie)jgfkp:exl**$100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the c 8t lmq5642;arm 4zbrs;vyk ycold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is 8y;6 zylr2mbca5kts;mvr 44q $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betweqmu1 ,6p4u cejen $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartm (bz,cv6ydjl-q 3 1zzrent at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work rv, j-zqd 6c (ylzb31zis required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes 7h dnnn23 uu2y3n 4mnk8,en4jlj 9fme heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 23mk huy 84n2n9 7nn3f2ne,4jej um nld4 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs c-(spd, te0v73;dzf/ge aqvu230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to gs(/a qt3ec0vu- fd pdve7z ,;the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in en )q3s,z4ie 01qhcgfwbtropy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice fd 0fbw otgx);-reezes, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entrme/ + 7n2o3x n7eiprbpopy2e+ bxo 77np/me3pn ri changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at ug x,6d3kn*4 ey)yomh$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.