The process shown on the T-V graph is lo)g *ts,k4*mobovhmch r/69d24 woo an

  In an isothermal process, ady(hc e;7jc )kyoo; /there is no change in

  When the first law of thermo: tarbm 1e)n4udynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in ity i rlt;w)6ubn r9rm3jncxbrjd5;7 8uu 3.ta9s temperature. wtx5a3 j.j;9uru9 lmbrnd rb; i)7ryc63u8t n This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. Durie4 p*r e 0hi4) 2h0jbncdfq+hxng this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal *0 f) eicjnq+rhhp 4 b04x2edhenergy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an in*9t:bvw8-e;nv1uh)rjcw6 u ppgb7h9rggn :sothermal process. The final pressu:6v7ghb r*b)p tw9n8jng9cr:u- w uvnge;1 hpre of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. Ds ;47lyxx *n h:j(s9k6x,8i roca+ q eiq4lwawuring this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external 4cy9 7s(i:oeah8w;lxjxs4 xn*k wa6 +qlqi r ,mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the event, the g+df p/dt8*t7 p iuh8-h1r crvpas exchanged no heat with its surroundings8cvdr 7+td/iphh-t1 8 f*prp u. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynad0syi l8sv n/3mics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to on+i yi-5jhnvg;0j*) gf ak2vrqe-half its original volume during an adiabatic ij0r-+gjq f2*gy ihn )5vav;kprocess. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one con9nn( dydpl2f*w r: q:atains n(q*:y w rnfd2p :9lad$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respecth14ko;7oudqk2 wx6lrs except that one contains w4k ;o6hud2rlo71q xk$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV tcnus1l*j b ,,diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is a *oe- ghrsvvp(9anyyv4/- 1rno change in

  When the first law of thermodynami c8z3ybaid m51:lvz2w oxvv, 76rr;e gcs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at8g5wd3 l1:xwl4 eaw9thg + aoj constant pressure as heat is added to it. This process 5gw9aw lawg1dt3ejl48o +h: xis

  Ten joules of heat enerrryo8e +a b -k5ct2/w z.wxf-jgy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. t 8o k-+zac-w2j5bw eyrxf /r.As a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagra0:amyo,4 ld fql7n1emf )w; tmm is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change in qnx(*0mis 3499al,bkzqes ub

  When the first law of thermodynamics,hdvik0vphaiw )b woe88a6 un)3 (o w-; $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand ase;+r5 gnyf- n .t*lqxf heat energy is added to it. This process in r.y+ eq5xf;tglnf -*s

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at co,htqq 0/d;vp09fr xbt9gf x 8unstant volume. As a result, theu vxfq9hq tx8,tf9/ dg;0pr b0 internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamics3lvgo8e v;ut/.

  Is it possible to transfer ej 32;kf /ovhyjj-u ,zheat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transxrvf,1 gq ct5lis1ca8op 2*5s fer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clausius.xrt.bzx . 5u*o

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, ho/i 4 pb9mj7d5ekm*akmw much wm9p5kik /mmea* db 7j4ork is done by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the iegk5jlvn61) i 9y5suratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency ofytkdsby (f *lj891 5ospnst,; a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must 8tk fn*sdy1yb j9;tl,s( os5pbe

  A Carnot cycle consistlt:z9h; wsec6s of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law 6 9l+dfwemy0 vof thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is def ; -non:v drd0g-flzmc-/,juyined as the ratio oz nd,-0fnr-go l:/cdumj;yv- f

  The coefficient of perforw j7b+d3+;n)trc plhwmance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the er*,cjn2 xf va:,m(ys76in vnmu(1xe entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any proc)p b4;jibtn gw5o-t ,wess that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the choice t-4bpo); jwwn5b,itgs applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermody9g;r.n.0c tj m ,0 hwtbk,n9jpup9gnynamics.

  The second law of therms*y*dq) eqisw:+ jse )odynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is rh9e 8d(x 6epbcemoved from an ideal gas. What is the change in internal energy9c68ephd xeb (?

  During an isothermal process, fv3)s0ezanfet ;gos5 t8*rn0 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work d8 t *tns z 0res3;egaonv0)ff5one in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. Wha y :ut1m.ul.tft is the cha 1.t:ylm.u ftunge in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatica k.0rxabzk g x.j.6lj)lly. What is the change in internal 0gjkrz ).x.x lja.6kbenergy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is (uy4j qum: kwtb4 )6fxthe chfybku46mw)j 4qt u( x:ange in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system+ai yotv,e ,0k decreases by 50 J. What is the work done ,oki,v0at+ey ?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreaqz9gv8) e54qlv veoduu1x u* *ses by 50 J. What is the heat uvxu e51 u*qgzlvv) 49de8*qoexchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at cn h8zs*mg(f6wmkl8p * onstant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by rew*p hf8gz*6 snmk(ml8moving 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume wheh90a sdy5t*e7ralt 6 ln 831 J of energy is removelalt9t* r6a5ys07 dhed from it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of watecte ,oh 0*fk6mr at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cyc hk;u .w z9ov d,7k/8)e(z xmkfpz7xaale. What is the eff uw/ f9 ax;7o kmkze.z7vd)(az k8h,xpiciency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat perqkbj3 sy b-l zdta re6ne8 s)7;q-6.gp cycle. How much work does it perform in each el.3atbg j s)6k srd6;8by7-q n-zp qecycle?

  A heat engine has an ef,( - l bxrhv/r4vmq7vuficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each cycle,v7vlhv-b4rx / uqmr( ?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 05e+g9firo/ rrr tyy- u4wnl -kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each en5tr4ufrrg0yw- loiy- 9+ /rcycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausu 4ygtmr(l01y ts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each cr1uylmg 0 4ty(ycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has gmdtfc. i 75diq7xn2 0the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperni.2ix td57 dc7gmq0f ature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the follor8 gx 8t:vny6hxt 55 rcza.-s-a9/kk:ike udwwing characteristics: combusar8w :8/vgzict -hku .6n9x:e kk5d 5ary-st xtion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteristiciyvn/;f5( he m1 yk/ljs: combustion chamber tempei1 ;mykl vj(/5hyn/efrature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 6003hx,4cmwkkzut c.y .* MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW/p6xiiqz n8 x*h: ppy*r+ f-uh1hqzfui:+9 tf of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric pot vqjf9 ,:vv/rwer. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engf( 7 gqf)kxl0,p wj:kmine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an eng:x( yny -d4kw yv*eohwz(tv ,)ine operating betweew vnx)yw( y*zo,y-e 4dh:v(ktn $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot enginek:yxtkge3cq0sfn4q 323 e h*njimm+l cd6 /7i is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservokmy :3n n67 e*h30tq f ec/2cjqdixim4+kls3gir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betwelv7q(-8 uo0 vodl4hkree 71txen $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat fg0m:ff 9eihks (bm21 4zzf()opycjsl4 r2. csrom the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cyclez9iezgsfbyor2 m04f(f)sj( l. 2 4ck1 hm:psc. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20)4 hhmv,: ns.oskvf 1r kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the ro 4n)f,s1hks.m: vvh coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absor,-lsckt8z 6r a, )a e ycfc+:1(tysqqybs 230 J of heat from the freezer ay lt yc1qa( +6,r :a)ykc-fst,8zseq cnd expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in encytd c7(o+ arn )uj*x8 iuv-p;tropy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice fr;a*:tnjec r+bi* of r/eezes, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gaxw-2 q 5r 9zhq4;h roqhcsc7;ks at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changes byh;q h;5 hrq9sow q7k 2c4zrcx-
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at f3 xnqp9,j o4cqwa1.z$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.