The process shown on theaf pkb*r7he) y8/hc3 k T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal processp n39f)jr/ xlp, there is no change in

  When the first law of the;)6bmfp pd 6cg5(jh)i f c (lva i9hw,pd,8imormodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original vol drt4td ,md, uuiu(*.wm- 4uquume with no change in its temperature. This process i. wtdu*,u(du, 4-m ruqmuti4ds

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this prokhkh9o4 tt 7euf g5.m(q y9o7wcess, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the chan(t 9 tuhfh5k.k9 74w7m oeyqogge of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to oeoe0+2* opoz-e h)* vfate(wj2.ekgvne-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of-h *vvee2wk)p+*2 0tj oaeg.oe(fe oz the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During thihfo25 h7 -fbzk/ul/bp o0nb ;iy 7k5ghs process, 6 J of energy 0 gbh5/ n7zob;/ukfkoih72bp5 hfyl- is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly com w. lo5scbrl*.4dvo. d .r2t:dvnrwy: pressed in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This procesv.r: 4.d5cro.dvylnwlsb.2to* r : wds is

  When the first law of thermodynamicsj( niglh2;3g.1*ip l k8pg fyg, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one -.xrmyzx1 o2:6exccpjxw3 g6 -half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure of the ga6-m z6 rjcy 2opxgx31wc:. exxs

  Consider two cylinders of gas identi .(b unsm1bv6tcal in all respects except that one contains bu 6v1mb (s.nt$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that f 9(oqgnrbu/.j-tg x9 one contains 9x/r uq(bnfjt.9g -og $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the8-f.ub8tkd s k PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no change o;di *rard *:iin

  When the first law ofungqt+ /p/sk ; thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to exdu6 v0wgd 6*dgpand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This prd vg0 d6d*6wguocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ig .ohjfc l.whz/.d)v; deal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of th. gfj.l;/dc)ozvhh. we gas

  The process shown on the PVj8+p a :vn(kxl91ipjb diagram is

  In an isochoric process, therent9a dr 1nd ,l4+ulhj: is no change in

  When the first law of gimke r1qq 5 8l58xbf+ks-c 1cthermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot exedb6-7k igp+ j2jt(udyz 4b4 wpand as heat energy is added to it. This 4b dw2e4jt 6z-b (+u7pjdgki yprocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of id+ynqg2 j)t0oy6vy)q5 ve/x wh eal gas at constant volqw2)0yvonj/5ey)+yhqtx g6v ume. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of the9kdq 4iqli/tv3.a+y xrmodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot re2mx-ts l x, m0tftwn60s 1v4mqservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat f)7uqhs ,u :tgzz.v vf/rom a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of ths-mfcq 5s.cl :ermodynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustbenoe)vy* r+ .rated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on)rvb+e nyo.* e this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratio of5:v agjfu wbq44sqf19

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engi(uzy(743w a rxp8r nptne is to be 100%, the heat sink mustya(zu3 rw ppx(4rn 78t be

  A Carnot cycle consisu0 q kfi05nz;n*;vqnrk(1lfsts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodyy u4d80o:txtq zvb.d d h8k/h-fdx0d0 namics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratiomcx/j-w* y94syy 7k+z(*i9a+)rlp z jiqne tb o9xji4-sawyc*zl/yb+t k y9 q *p nemirz7+ j()f

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the5a fe-c1x8jld *ur: aj ratio of

  When water freezes, th0b;ekau9 *)v6wxsteswl6 f* y e entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynjo +i:x* sz**tegij u8amics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the choicegxst+* o*8e:zjjui *is applies?

Give a general statement of the seconbk2o b03;jmcz d law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclude thgx(11jh iwk;a):blq,gqq vfjm b6 7y7rv) v(dat

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of hklan- bu8eyc92w-j 1ps aum( 3eat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change insp-m(9e 38l1ynaajk2w cbuu- internal energy?

  During an isothermal procevz:w3 v/sa t;oss, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done wt:;vav /zso3in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process issd9 5zpj/rd 6 xswd32c -400 J. What is the change in interd s3ps/5c z6w2ddj x9rnal energy?

  200 J of work is done in trsnsq8bg m,4 az2(s ,compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in inaq,,82st zb4m(sr gnsternal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. Whaty*rga;u,2mcaof 2oh j 7c +a8t is the changojyo,cua*cm rgt2 +7fa 82h;ae in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the inte nblfp q c(fec +3p.q0tl/)ki6rnal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is th efk 6t)fqbni3(cqcp+0p/.ll e work done?

  In an isochoric proces 8( ydn:wd:izhp4o; yps, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is theypy8z; 4: (d:woindph heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is m)gzwv mng6-fkxpd*g7 5:y9p raintained at constant volume as it is coz mg vx:p*f6grpw kny-9g7 )d5oled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by sr5u)4e k*gg;zmx6q e50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in e5)ux*gzgkers6 ;mq4 the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0pe0p tgx.jzy64r +h4 q kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 300p51 qhc;9 apms 3kitg50 J in each cycle. What is the efficienagspik3m ;1q55h pt9 ccy?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and retkz 8c-sea: 6qceives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much worae6qs8z :-c tkk does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency tq9 sr) y)g0ovof 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each cyco0tr)vq )y gs9le?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 vdr*r 1w2/fyna -ne1akcal. Calculate the effifean r2nd11wy-r* av/ciency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 uduk9xdu2 f(,e -8 f2x d9w:odsg ft9hkcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each cy:29uw hffdx8s 2ddko99,gu -fe(udxtcle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following charac z5d )u9g/eqi;g0x.2d yw4njifcqp 6cteristics: combustion chamber tempe4iyfdq;/2d zcgpu6 0q j5x)9nigcw.erature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the foll4ylg-hwf( nlf t; 7k 6/avblq)owing characteristics: combustion chambe f v g47tky-al/h;w 6lb)nfl(qr temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far hastzp 05 r,r0cl, kajl(z the following characteristics: combust0tla,rz(jkrp5, z lc 0ion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric powern5t;v; ac dhsj v:x(-k. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plr64yvy)9nl1l 3o llu oant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of wu/)pa-q,v m5 ye;x o 9b*reybelectric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of x w+ys ix4saf2u2 f/at9 y0s,can engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operating wky6) +pn zwbvp 5izc5)k oh5*betwe6 b hw5o cp)nzz)vk55*p+kw iyen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%.h 44j g.*qdjja What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the haj*.d h4qjjg4 ot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bcg61 q1 xmc0 f3u3orzf +eqrp/p6mh7ketween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the frb-rh,8h2z e 3j hc7lcreezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a roojzh- hh83c, lr7r2bcem per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at na qr q 9cpho7f2g/k :;c(8irkthe rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cyc afrnq 9;kripqk o8c7(gc2h /:le. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator k25jymp(p+8nz-z xmtuke5e +absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work in8(k z5pxm uk e5e2p-njzytm+ +put is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy q-seknwui /k:0 m :ua,i13pt wa0rii6fmu z)1when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropy isrzw b21q 0+ u.qd7ar ih4-z;gyfoip4l

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal ej/rqgkwoh2 r3 .h;3s mxpansion and its entropy changq o3jmhs3 w.r;2rkh/ ges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 6dxhnh+g/ /cq. vb)ch$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.