The process shown on the T-V graph ql ,mh:e mhl93is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no chandmd lhbeb2u4o3 xi-6(h*koh) u68w-: brkivj ge in

  When the first law of thea)) p, p1g; mijcwlfwdrh p2/ug8(:tqrmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no chan kdgb+1skfu awz j d t:3u,*fua5z1ij :,w(a;kge in its temperature. This process,f+aizw(j kskf 1u bk31uj5z,: d;*w:gtdaua is

  An ideal gas is compressedembqn7mj1y -h2gt p* . isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for tbym7p1tmqg*-jhe2 n.his gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an isotht) o.mnvy+t8q ermal process. The final pressure of the gasqt+8n)y t.v mo

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. Du*6nr9:5, kbre 2ut f f5ajbom 2y7dkjxring this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the followin o9k562rft d5rjbkma 2:*7f,be xuyjng statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressem.-n0:itd5rt* dgcpg ;-7a) ydn ahcjd in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchan;7.rda nd g)jgt py-0:na ic 5mct-d*hged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamics, dqmg oit,ib-/a8iwo7*yau sl ee :43-$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during a e),gbw)0phun4hn 0)z lh (ur5sw0ermn adiabatic process. The final pressure omz)gneublhh r h0)s0 ,50en)4p r(wuwf the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all resp2w7cole-(mqi- .htcp6mm) zsects except that one containsw7(m i6.sm)-pqm-ech ct2z ol $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except tb0*8 6exzkx0amtmf76qsd2xm hat one contains e7xzsmxt6 0f02db mqmk8a*x6 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the;x5 tczo.+p *ikgo5aqf) igg* PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no change irh*k20c s+li0 fxed+xn

  When the first law of o 5bk2bk t-;qcthermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is cl1t7cc,ro s *e3rbw 5sd6b;tadded to it. This process istccs7blc;d t3o5 * 1 6wrb,res

  Ten joules of heat energy are lr; hwcz 9v-do6(j :k7kz4 jhrtransferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. cl:;k7 4vwhh-9( k zrdo 6rzjj As a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on,m k6kjt) rhd7l5c5w w the PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there)3oijl ;kw,kt (rh.;j+ qv +mltg il5c is no change in

  When the first law of thermfg +kc/f a01mloxs9r:odynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a oqu7*,c2 cj u.xknfl9 rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. This process isuq79ofu. k c,jc*nlx2

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of9v wq0(v+cnb f ideal gas at constant volume. As a re9 bw 0c+fn(qvvsult, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law ae/ l2dq 1+abv xgk0:ek2 fr8uof thermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold resduh8 -xdlg -g+; ;xluyptc06fervoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a s x0+l f)b4+ki.z: jidhm xl1kcold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynaom mc88f1mm-e mics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illusti- -5c xs5s(cs,ai-ymf 2kyymrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating oyx-ics smy2a- fkm5-( sc y5i,n this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defiigj/l2n m*z1e-4* xl x uzb37h 2ldasdned as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine i+h,.dmvh 59 qtrnmlh lsg651is to be 100%, the heat sink must b ls,dh9h.+l q5nhm tmi5r gv61e

  A Carnot cycle consists ox5eeh.5zn8 :4k r oca4k-6rar. zmmgv f

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodyn pytyzqz,d:3n:o1+ yx-v5 yocamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COPycl*t ,qn(x -5n wz/dy2yrr 7a) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio orcw-dx2yy zqn/an y, l t7*(5rf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratiokee1 j++8cc rncu6(u e of

  When water freezes, the entdvd d0dtv/9 b s:fnp26ropy of the water

  According to the second ls ss 905bc;uj5nmq4mfaw of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which onq 0j;4c5m ssbmf5 9usne of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynar,:*ty8sc4ni sk us )kt;g3t ymics.

  The second law of thermodynamics lez3muo 68e*dnj owfiu : cy9+g0ads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed fr49bczb2 qp ex-;: om0jkaptq t.c/qn2o-8kwuom an ideal gas. What b:-89oo0-2xmq tuq.4 p2pz;c t/ jn kqa bkwceis the change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J5uy v0vvu.t+o of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the wtv v.0u+5yvu oork done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is ddkxk8 .o6jv;-400 J. What is the change ikdkxd; ovj86. n internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabaz4q )uv uwqyw5b;x- 8utically. What is the change in in-q4uu; vz8xwy5wq bu) ternal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing s yuor *tzio2i; 37+v))tk9mmu7klix:j4dz i25 J of work. What is the change in in9)t 7tyokiz;oi*vslr) i 7id+:m jmku2 3xz4uternal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy d/s1l/jq,a q,sbkio3h7 ( ntf of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the wor7qbflkoqn,sd a,ht(/3i 1/sj k done?

  In an isochoric procew:wh (ct,l7+u dw1c,of *pf55rnjz bpss, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What isj*f55o p( f1rdlh,:c zcw 7uwn, bt+wp the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it isb9 q.b2t rmqy 8fk 3tyh.jlvg6w-c 2q9 cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplish-3tfl .96j2gy8q9q.twrmyb ckb 2vq hed by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volumm a5evfy.fd y8,h4pxnpa4pcs,7* jv68 dzm: ge when 831 J of energy is removed frvmnfx8 p cmgydea.,yj876 v:,4s dh* f4zap5pom it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water g(xmktjgq.k-49y/2n jel6j i at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each8. tfl(z1pv xs cycle. What is the effici p8x (.1tfvszlency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receivemzfy nw 20.qo4tc+eo)s 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does w+0oo tyzef2 )cn4.mqit perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cyclef;ry1zxniryk7f33sh)6 kan,7 vj p h 3. How much heat does it exhaus)yn fk3 3iky6 ;prr3aj,1 znvhfx77hst in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42c3n(aw:l.mn mj*sx m 9 kcal. Calculate the efficienca cnj3 mm.x:9lms* nw(y of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of h9. ,+hk,s5bxqj smkgdx 81va jeat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate sd kqx h5k9 ,g8b.1sv+,mxjja the work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following chin:atv3.7 etn /thk 2caracteristics: combustion chamber t3t ka/2tcn n ih.evt:7emperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficiegukv av-*s71 snt engines built so far has the following characteristics: c-suvsk* g71av ombustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following d t7kj-bso( a5characteristics: combus(s tjb-akdo75 tion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant us61wxt 4 ox+ompes $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The jxqbc0 gg fz7x**rupy30 .9 vcplant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant usestorp 3v0.m/:xou* odx $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engin bc ruy4c9r(li2 ub;e5j. -,sixrhdx. e which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operatz1j 3.1defqw4x g/wkying betwe4./ydkqf13zje xw1g wen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot eng;e :9(f wtj6ep,ml+qd3za m vwine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reserd9+et, q v awm;mf6ew3jz(pl :voir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating b(i*i js,v v 4h08lqyvjetween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezux5)u,ftmp8 b1s6: zueib k 9ling compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejecx8fkp uet,bu5sbil z)um 9:6 1ts 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the razn1 ::hniz.x,v qlty -te of 20 kJ an:tyn z -ql ih:z.1,vxnd ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heaezf c(c7ud43qqoe p0t0e 4l (ut from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How muchq4o u d07f(epz3 ecuc4tel0q ( work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice melt a(nv 4dkgr 751qp+zstnt $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropy f5 a lsyvk/csddt/h6-4l s e4**ymx:dis

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansionl uh5qdkz /-7-8bhs vh and its entropy changes bl 7-h/ksqd-v 8h5ubzhy
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 9ut6u8kqmmw+rr(tx-k/)a ee$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.