The process shown on the T-V ggxdj6;+ ynv2- fl fr lbc5i5f16g4hnbraph is an

  In an isothermal process, there k/ v3o p*6oo /lo.wvf*bic/j iis no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, gak 8spb7sfsg st76 fl d/2-3i;myna 3$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its origii. dv8d93oc nhtp;hc. nal volume with no change in its temperature. This processn.3 h t9c.vo8pddi;c h is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally m;r09u ansx e7from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that ;rsua m ne097xcompressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compr ptyq q0 fp5iuw17h62sessed to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of thpq 6 wht2p7fy0qi15us e gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this proce mgukk8y,e 23xss, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the fo2xkm3yu8 k,eg llowing statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an :fa4d0 0- vm0fcf kfpeisolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with 0mc0k-apv fed4 f:0ff its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodyna0f4nb(we h+vecqo9tc4 z-e j ri /lu:0mics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-hal bxst x80jy8 q3 8n+)zuw-cfgff its original volume during an adiabatic proces+fy gc3xftbq s88-z 0u8 xj)wns. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that 1dphxluo5 jrl n26zt+n(x;.cxy /p,j one containsy.n1o p6jl j(h/ rtnlpc, +;xu2xxzd 5 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas idenja). cjp4. (nn jbby2ktical in all respects except that one containsnk.j2 ajb ) n.4cby(pj $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on ther 8 +8u :z0ae.jcgrylma.h e4z PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, thi . y1p9 /c0icw,ueytsere is no change in

  When the first law of thermob:muo5q4fkkeble/ plgp 8- 73dynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pr+pe ;- jmwpwqxrp.84l essure as heat is added to it. This procesx-8ww;m jlp.pr peq+4 s is

  Ten joules of heat energy n* -ojf.ys/g3emdtk) kve9+t are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of the gassfkey ot)nm. d*t gv j-+3/ek9

  The process shown on the cmczdpw)n 1dqdj189.zm ( k9jf4 v:lv PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no chanr9) 7j) jevb6 olhlv)s/tbpd6ge in

  When the first law of therdcm /k5,ujc5g6 c v78n(+6iaacdt gbjmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigm,- hhv, k9c o9ecfn)trk)g, aid container that cannot expand as heat energy is added too nvhc ), g)ketm9,k-hc,9afr it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferredk6nt9 c6b ocmke+ m5b; to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a resulb66k5+ncc9b mt k;oe mt, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamics.nk+ 67 8ayxpnz

  Is it possible to transfer heat fro 4tgvuafn4b4n:yjrqup7y 8 , 8m a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot re ;n: *cgvwiba441l i 0/rwbkvhservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics a)bt3eq8npl - vccording to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through*wphz6: n gruzu*, w-o the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operatin*u-:wp zu wr6oh ngz*,g on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratioifv9(rzx3 rd i36p+ xhgj7b:ujg*:p g ai0u r0 of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to a 47tnst qad2k-ty7 y2;zpn(:wd s3ho be 100%, the heat sink must ban;3t2na2w:h dkdy4qt pzy7 t(-7 osse

  A Carnot cycle consists of5*2h: wt, d8xael;ro1i 1sdo u.ljtz s

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamic7ug7t1es+l y bi5ol2 thl)r0asx, 2o qs.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is define.4w w -xt)v e4y dxm9rc ra645c)uyneid as the ratio ofyx)-4tce4 5wrrxn4imdevu6.w 9 y)a c

  The coefficient of performance (mtlj n81sp5x*,d.dlq u +5cys COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy oyl2-kscl x1dm w;-kc/,-mg xwf the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occbrrx ,19 -zcjt dpbd59ur within an isolated system, which one of the rtd91-cbd9, r xzpbj5choices applies?

Give a general statement of theb2 k w*chpq6p:1gt7 wc68d ccr second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to consd/kivb:( t5c clude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideattlw )8b7lw1:f)f mdal gas. What is the change in intf8 w af1 )7:mlbldw)tternal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J ofuqf :a 23ibuv2rq-nikae x ;++ heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the proce-uua2:;qni3xb avk2ifq++e rss?

  The work done on an ideal gas syst8m nc;0y0vi /h t glit2t4+cwrem in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in intergti+ 0cth 2nr;m4cwlv/y8 i0 tnal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressib)8c+jf (zq uxng a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energy ob+ 8c qz(fjxu)f the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes anz*e2pmvr(s a.ket,;z adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the changea r*ezep.zmv; 2k,( st in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J.qjt8+ fy ,zduqsr)x y(:* 8njr What is the worfr8( *uy sx+t :)qj rynqd,jz8k done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a sys 2e z ,in600vu5njodxitem decreases by 50 J. What is the2 ii v, 005no6ujdzxne heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at coy(o8t-o-uo n 5noim6a nstant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much 5au8-( noy monoo6t-iwork is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant vo qes, ki7xfn;)2nmaj *lume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are j sqxf7m)i2kn; ,a *nein the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water atjf+,j0 en:zqm $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and losekz9z19qs/0k t c rop9vs 3000 J in each cycle. What is the effi1st9rzvo 9kp0c k z9q/ciency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receivu htuax) p 91qg,iabsiy1/c :1es 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it pp )si9auyia1 hg, cbt:1ux/q1erform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J ofz u8kw9w s,jk5 x*bp+g heat per cycle. How much heat does ukk x5sw9*+8jp,bzwg it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat 3tw m+76 fcnujeach cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each c3 7fwc+numt6j ycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each ;jod8sibwv+npnu z.y5 :q 322rx zr 5lcycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work donqj inruz d52:ynwo8 +bp;vlr2 x3s 5.ze each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engil2x r.tiq,sq 7nes built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperatt,xq.i q7rsl2 ure = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines buil v7xh-bcm2g3 82-8 stwxb jtwit so far has the following characteristics: combustion chambgctwmbxv 32 bxs7 ijhw-28t8- er temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficith p8d 3 6:b76ze8ds/yuhadgcent engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber teh ad88u yd6eh 3 7czspd6b:tg/mperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electutb aim-;b/(iric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elec*ebm 7-bz;8c pa+pbhytric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electriw9mp27tmoz . 8f,jcho c power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engi1 f-.zoqr smf,7 r q5gtuwc7-tne which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretica u,cx:.r4l 8 rfzwy/iil efficiency possible for an engine operating between xu, y.8ci f:4rwlir z/$100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine rdox q68n1 9mlis 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold resern6xqd1r8ol 9mvoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating e+m fijfo*.y266 euq mbetween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removespc1tem.:; )abh+y42d fnngu d heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work ih m2 n;e)+ytnf1 c p:ub4.agdds required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartmentrc+.obs)3ej1d bv +p)qk-e k l at the rate of 20 kJ andsqr+ e-)l ov1.kpebcj 3dk+)b ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs kgclqqx/. 1l3 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. / cg1l3.qlxq k How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when pwnvumtj+-j+mcgh ar a(-j*/s;m70b50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the ch mv dhtgqsk(kg61v1v86p0(bqm 5xml8 ange in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gascy.kc,8oygx: r(i +bh at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy c:c.yrh 8xk(+ bcoi ,yghanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 5 rna4k/ 1-v /md2jae bul5bwo$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.