The process shown on 1r ;egh i ini7yp756ku5ha4-b +yszck the T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no change) k2 f0uycl w7hs928t w1sj9ao4hjxu j in

  When the first law of th+ichd5 wo65ks ermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with nopk +ej7, r: )xjins9dr change in its temperature. Tikj+ enr:sj7,9d )rpx his process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to d d79wnlx.k2b 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of in9nwd.27dxk bl ternal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during ;yox*p-2 ehbpc-3ijcan isothermal process. The final pressure of the * b2co-pxch je ;3i-pygas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermsvw 3b3q0+he h:xe6vyxvq5 d(ally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that 5h(3+qb: vqxe6 3yvdxvwh0e sexpanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environmentk)0 ucz;ms,*vk wo mo). During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with i0*smov ozmcw;u k)),kts surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamics*zml6ry(gp7 lbl0e 1y, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an h)7 ep9-*vo0nvseihro,.sie adiabatic process. The)07ii,ee-enhh*o. sp9vsv or final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of wlsdcce,7 m97gas identical in all respects except that one contains 7we 7ml ,sccd9$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas iden gc+,iy o)zb0stical in all respects except that one containsc)g ib,0+yz os $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is p3; mfuu u y-n.8vr/lran

  In an isobaric process, n)nqsp. n rct8 4mt0d,there is no change in

  When the first law of o u o8s.b.ma35s yf/ssthermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at const)ii2 hi. uf1 zn-7r,e;idaieuant pressure as heat is added to it. This procei.z2edi7-,i ufhre;ni)iua 1 ss is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a s (fy,zfmyhn/ d jk;(p7ample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal enek7jyy;,pnfmh z df(/(rgy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV 8ver i1u0zj82m nehm- diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is noky84t vym8a. ws2z d:z change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics,,tfm5wg0qjy6k(so f2 $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy is : n*brs:v-hudpl)hz5 added t*hl b dhzu5:)-rvns p:o it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy ;o,3sdyvy j6* mix)flare transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volumexo fi6msj)vy3l,;d*y . As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamics.pcr k m-5pi* 3,vh0zai6as (locwm(h;

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir 6si4bt/ds,ap to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir toke3i;j(1.0lcy b zo iy a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics zbtk urlb28i)il*)oqto- 1 9nwp+il)dc :q g:according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated he 3i:vp muobz45re. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating onz mvb5o3ui:4p this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratio5o7y q ym0uca8tb; *is of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine0x i)-nyz y:ht is to be 100%, the heat sink must yt0 :y-xh i)nzbe

  A Carnot cycle consists ofn*r (iermz7+n m0kt4 y

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of r258 zcv cca7mthe second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refo3zni(ne acb3xs 4, ziqj lb**wrhj8sk3u.97 rigerator is defined as the ratio o(w oeh ,* bxq3sz3c sij4zkn9r7 an.8*ubj3lif

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is v se(.wry pt)h(;bw:idefined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, th1otma -:yr0wns9dk c b nx.h;+e entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process t -9pyxcrd69vvxbx1 v7,j d0rlhat may occur within an isolated system, which one of the choic,v0cxyv9xv1d- 6b9xr j ldp 7res applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thersm ac 7p,iua:;m7w(*p 1ihv wmmodynamics.

  The second law of ther+)r7y mi(la3usn kp f7modynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal -ljdivo no+( /process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the cho+/ovli(n j -dange in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process,ncmg (nui26dalnqk) y 6yb9 (p ws+n,: 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the w sqgwnnnyi k n+)(9myl6 (cpubda:,26 ork done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothgl 7:.1utyy6t ggdri20vcv+ p ermal process is -400 J. What is thet gug:yi7p20ryg .cv6tvd+1l change in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing wqv y i bjrp5,id)x+46a gas adiabatically. What is the change in in pwj6xq, y)i vb5+4rditernal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doingayo z; t)9uvkl)xy5h; 25 J of work. What is the koy)luayxh9;z) 5v ; tchange in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. W;bpjk0 fspwy *gd-a s8rk w72w eu(a(2gi/:ighat is th-/( 0g r2y:ibks7;fjp8s 2akawug (p*wwd e gie work done?

  In an isochoric process, thefe8vamfvb ; 9y6tmf50 internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat ex8b59m0vmyef ; fa6ftv change?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is t4qqlfc7 /gx;cp46ehcooled by 50 K. This feat iq44/qec 7l ;pgfhc6x ts accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant ob d8syg *tjnr i7:+q.volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it.* y+r:7o jsd.q8tign b How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water 93vn5isz6(f8+anq 5 a* 6j xl jnwb+ lxj7samhat $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J inyhfbs) -q9io x/g )c(p each cycle. What is the effp-gix9hs( yo)qcfb)/ iciency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and t za1vifr q*rogx** -vz1be+ +receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perforz1txe+ v 1** -*vgqibza +rform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% andx0ki.)vv nk+ n4tyxbh x*)v* v receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust +v.)h x0xvyv)bktkn*vinx4*in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. 6rwlxd8 -3eme sx8ld, Calculate the efficiency of each c 8dmxl8esl6d, r-x3e wycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each :; zy(k2fq+xqhwjwi9 ,z+uyi cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate theyqu+2zqx; (f j9 i, +kziwwhy: work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines b1vjj swv scr j+q80xo od/r)bs731*t puilt so far has the following characteristics: c08)jqwj tssjx+7dro3 /*1rbpv v1 cso ombustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characterist4h wn c,vd6ec3okhqk)c;. wm/ zo3 +l5muow;i ics: combu; o/,we5nvo+c4kc. cwqh lk)u;33h 6 dmiwmzostion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the foh6y p4ob8hcn znn(a (n1esa00 llowing characteristics: combustion chamber tempeohzh6(8s nnbpa( 4y0nn01cea rature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant usp5p63by/hbh* qxf5 xq)q q sem)i/+myes $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant gentwdf9n),v1 q aerates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elei+hoidn)tq;84 a/mvk ctric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine whichax qq847u dm5l operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical ef)dl;+ ehtw+w eficiency possible for an engine operating betweehe d+)t;lww+ en $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. Whate w /+me3x)9m:snnfp u is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservop n w9 :/xmu)mesn+e3fir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bet2 mds3xjvi8w 3n2 1l1 9esksawween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from:/l)ekcnhx 0r the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How clhk/ ):nre0xmuch work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compar,ky*qjk xlx1l x: hss26zl4 ,ntment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a rosk1, k ,2s lyqzllh4n:xxjx* 6om per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absordtrjo5 gsj ;* qkjmw2,,/kfx5bs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is req55 o*xs ,w/km jq,jg2kfr;djtuired in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropyvs: qwv-ab9 g( do3p*wtq4 tl6 when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropy i- mh6cinf6)clui3 k6bs

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion ku*rwg fl5+ ekgk6:m3and its entropy changeskeugrmk65g: lf3 *k+ w by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at fxa/ ll9bq 96,tdoce)$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.