The process shown on the T u,vh-v2o 1. infok/0sy9ur(h iim+qc -V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no chaxsz;hz qj)l1(p88x nvnge in

  When the first law of th*n v38duv64 qra9 x5mdrie/o fermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume g( zh :6ww/gskwith no change in its temperaturekg( whs:g6z w/. This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 1;fomp0b2r 9jwnsdd sf+ 17 aj30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy isapj fjsb7sndf 21o1wd0+;r m9 expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an imau lj/9-nz+swihzs:y3 5 so wsfe+46sothermal process. The final pressure of tu6m9w54 nslzfsz 3 + ja:-i /s+wseyohhe gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally 9mu ebt3a8h5a from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanismb3 u9 8ahae5mt that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compre vjc*:6od s*7n8y nl ynx:mjo/ssed in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its s odvn 8:/oycmy 7xs6jn:* lnj*urroundings. This process is

  When the first law oi m) kcgp*etg(+w7nu7f thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is cowvx68jco1 r)d zt,k9umpressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabat t rvcz, x816ok)djwu9ic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one co-;kc ozttqc 53y2 c-zvntains cct2yo-k;t5v- zzq3 c $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one con 7 51jnkjbw,jgtainsb175 wn ,jgkjj $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the 3y1ot jsp -v -kpmr5us mrj5;2PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, tgy :gn,uqn73q zxrw:, here is no change in

  When the first law of thtws02y*f7j0 t*l hi4 qf;mo;y syy /fhermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure abrdn wx13,* cas heat is added to it. This process xwdb*n,1a c3ris

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferredz;heectb* 0/e to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of the g; * eh/z0ecbetas

  The process shown on the PV diagryubdh7 l8(h6hb.o/-)8z:cs zzb6dp l1u pi leam is

  In an isochoric processmu ;*ts cx)-bf, there is no change in

  When the first law of j*d3my/ap8 /st r95ygbm cza8 thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot exxt n e28dt aelqe,qi33+ oj13t*xu v5kpand as heat energy is added to it. Thi 31q v8onl2t3ktjat dxeux35+e,i* eq s process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal g)u.0d az+ swcsjxh(5-.pmj koas at constant vol0s .)dz-cj+wak( jupsx5mo.hume. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of th2pkh7gosu2k6 ermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a co7, ane+.0kjx +dsota jn5v ps;ld reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold (:hi;; .f(ngttit ygb37n qg breservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of ther aiv6yt8s (*nvo:kzfc.lx g(1 modynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cf2(wgs0 edo3 cycle, how much work is 3wgc02sef( oddone by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the rati7c yp6nw :v xwd t/y 3uz-4+68kmymmgko of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sin/8-vr 28 jxzj eanq cv0w-x92lb4 -gix u6ombik must bb2 v/q2mou -z ejxi jw nb0l8a6 rc8--v9gxix4e

  A Carnot cycle consis6 iqt9kjy sr//-od:xz 9mn3i fts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck sqc7p(zqebk i* b3; 6qbtatement of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerde vzk :xlx y-v4 b24hzia4zb-0;z(xaator is defined as the ratio ofx zxl-0- ;v4 2 xyzzivkaa4bd 4eh(b:z

  The coefficient of performannib(k)4 yek .kj6fd(lww;pxq; ,loi+ce (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the ebo8b )r1kds4yntropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for an ua ozxt c*xp*5-7acp6zvmp7+y process that may occur within an isolated system, which opo c7a cx6mvt *7pz*+5aup -zxne of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynamjm+vck : kms/15fl(nf ics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclude thatw2n kch+n..l6q;hji n

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat i/rkev vet,ijr;y( )9qumo4 g;s removed from an ideal gas. What is t/r(qv; 9r4 ,uiyg)tj;ve mokehe change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of hm4sm; s:ghlu1eat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the ; l4m1umgs s:hprocess?

  The work done on an ideal gas system ddyuw(vwhzrcl 91,cw x; 7c(6in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the chang xy; 69(chc w1zv7w,ldrucwd(e in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in co(mnqz-fb+ u .ompressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in i-mq.zb+ n fou(nternal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic procestow-ordnjf0a43sq v;ut()nr 52+igy s while doing 25 J of work. What is the o4 tqv(oj+fw y 5r d-)isn0nag2;3truchange in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a syst-zzgqr h.6if2em decreases by 50 J. What iz 2ihrf. qgz6-s the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decrease hi3ddwy q fchf62:dr +et660piw1 -p 1ox4egfs by 50 J. What is the hi -6xfg: f6odqctdw6p wf34hreh1 yie p12 0d+eat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is)udn) v /pha;l maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of ;du pal)nh)/venergy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K aoh- m yzn(6 3xcpiw/yq-3xb(qt constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How maoyx6 (qnimz3bp3-/qhy cw- (xny moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of wat+t2u0xjq3pq0 mt w0 9ocqn 3sner at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 700qe+(8 j qg:boq0 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the eff(ojbeq :qg8+q iciency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle.gr7g o+h w:)5sf*p )ole-ilb u How much work does it perform in each cw l )5usofrg:e7pg )-bi*l+hoycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% anhh + wyfi91st(wv0a k(d receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How f01a9wk(ywv+ (sthih much heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

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  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal.a u3f27foa:tj m kk(;/ hsoos* Calculate the efficiency of3*aomf:/t k oofa(u ;h72j ssk each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cl/er23ku 8m qvycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done /uv 82e lmrk3qeach cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far.xy4 deccwy , ,irn9 kq*q:xd; has the following characteristics: combustdky,qr. qwcndx9*e :;xi4,yc ion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficientw:0f7b wbi4zyaq ;bo2 engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperature zqbyb;o4iw 02bf w7: a= $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following charact5b(e (j0 j dot,u4yqgweristics: combustion co,0dey ubwj54 qgj t((hamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generatesh8 q*7g n6shhy 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant z 2/ng,c15 afr4b ,ellcqdoxd9g.7ex uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elecsisasopu4;0)0 to te ;7mkz;ttric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which8pmfm-8 p ais *k)vm.piy9hg*rp 7d3 c operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engint ,fta) 4tf0fd2,zxmhe operating betweent d azfm ,)t0tfh2f4,x $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is te act wrfl-2hj)py*9xn )/ g8xhe temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot resep/)9g xj8xl-y)fn* a e2t hwrcrvoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating between 0r rh:+,zl)c kcgwhfvj;knx3j2:od.$40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from +18ps yvpir h(the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much p8rsy1vih(p +work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the ruabzctt-4gqvsrqut m6 4 6(9. ate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. W(4t4rvcg t-a9 uqt.6u bzq6s mhat is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from fc80 ,i -mfdp1 +pgldk 6/cg)n zp/hur8vzaq.the freezer and expels 356 J of c)/duz6 /qf 1ph8,.0d rpfk8iczgg-+ alnmv pheat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropyoun63hizte.0m1ac/4p/ ec l p when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropy is. llhzupb c5obf ix g*h/0m3:;

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its ent9 dx9bw,6 dp3apgkfk*ropy chang9dd b6k93*fpxa ,pkgwes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 64tdix o, ; dmbgo8u wwi8(w- ge:j2ue$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.