Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminjtj t9h-aa2z; um? See the periodic table or Appendix - jt9 ;t2zhjaaB.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometz-),6 3h wtp;rgwrjsq 7qyrak kz(, 0xert, j-gsx; h ),zkq0rpw k6wy qra(7r3z.

Which is larger, 1 C eml+nq*bh:ecavfn2l*:)* zp$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrid,0alpe:ig f5/wu* vkum with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures ofpk vi05 el:w d,u/fa*g A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumi chv txz2 7ya4+m09 fkgoha*,c5 m)d7imlxl+unum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which m+i,uhl4t5ma x+h m v)lx k*gm cdy7c90za7of2etal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient oh ) a aga( 5zbu15:qcg:c2ombef linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fur7b fgwj 95:ygqze /cgj*7ma3xnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consi bq* 3ea7j gf:w57m/xzycj9g gsts of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed a c7kjz6p rsrvt 1xyytlg b3).*y: 7;ket the ends often have a section in the shape of egpr 6 yb)7kjy :sl;xyv3t*.kt1zr7c a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylindw,j- 3 te)vwz+ dktxd +fs 8kty.320wwsk baf3er of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed i /e cx0twz5/+heoxn+r n a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Execoxz n+ w0/5t/+rh explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled mx pb1q6ntugw6 s 6pw2mh 12b/tore rapidly ttqwpm6/6u 61b p1sh2 x tnb2gwhan adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that i 3lfyd size6m19x7 o2fts coefficient of linear expansion is muchi3zf mfe7sd 61o2lyx 9 smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at :3ednhil5 6tbahhudi.,: o,j20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bo;bs u- uti6koij +3r d-j,ixr/ttom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stas ,rr3/- ido-jk;bi + 6juuixtnd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing dowffo k2 / so5m udlhgxvoa)990+n a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, io92ms+gf/a foh uvkod 950 lx)n particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on a 5v u.igstnskm)2 l(txv56xc.n aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperativt.5lv(gx x2m )6c. s nstuk5ure is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lawxc4p0:nt wk5 u follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetu0 t p4nwc:x5kic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussafjq-i e/*; ekbc’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atm* g*ucv m,f6n)sb s1flosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earcf5k-f8it 0 1y dm4tioth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth50df1 iokm8i ytt-f4 c and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at royh-ae8/ +h i6n3dfsdrom temperature. What can you infer aboutr-6 hd+dyais/3he8n f the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortabl kb.hxa*5rhqd*a. pk ,e than a hot dry day at the same qap.k*hh* ,.k x5 bdratemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tt t;t,:7typ bf/f3myoemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffx5cwm;n7iuiy mj ei2vkax,0 )/ ef;y7 erent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air atw;50mei2 ;,y7n )uxc avimfexyk/i 7j the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of -:vwl/iac:r8yv0s +. wl klgcan overheated automobile engi ykasivlwlg/8: c0+-.lcr :vwne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winte/ih(y j 4v tgq4skp)53czkq 8tr (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennu9uy) c fpu1aj:bb iny2. 3yd;y?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram/jrn lx/2f/b;z v7knj gold ring compare to the number in a silver rin zb;l/vn/f2 jk/n jxr7g of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale wa5ol-we wotf63pj/+?o lw+3pe/-fw5waotj 6   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowesi2e*debi1p 0pq6 z. bbt temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, tmh4+add qj*2 nhe alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 a 24hd qj*+dnm$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 1hj-kj/. -6phhedeo5a 2 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built jjuga o(7sv* 5kukr2 /e6tji1 of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 257i/st juoek k*5rj2vu 1gj6( a°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often ugpn2o i( )8ic( b3tf kxm/wn.fmi:0bj sed and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to bf fnbinmti (3(mo:w ki8g/).02bpcj xe placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a5l-im dd *9g fl *0dgtcm7xsyun*;, tzt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8 -ga9i 5s*+tka2m*q7usy zsj w.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is hest7+ s9isqukj 52ym-* wag za*ated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the ur/q6 ,de5vbv.ryhw ( brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that u8z dxy( .,zex;y say055.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of ir*t/wqnrenluuw ucn8m4 ) 5,t 1on. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vb1ji ysow go .hr63 o3q/zoh.:essel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coeffico i.oho/6 :1z.w3s h gb3ryjoqient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changbiaqzi, rof.81qjjq3h,8r)o e in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and wgfg eqv ;,y1f)idth w has coefficient of linear expansiong;f,v 1e yqgf) $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotvu6 a2h+ulk( qropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandi d+ ;kkl3 :np3+cnioufather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 13+k pn:ickul +i3on ;d7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermi )yj2xwodv a)z,t -e( yj39fnometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume ofyi(n)9vtyw2ea,3 -o jxf zj d) 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminuxs5-sxt38 qzx6 of;6uqbxm q-m cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angu;fzqqmt x o 6536b xuqsx-8xs-lar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°uury z,6,wrh7 C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tw6hru y7,r ,zuemperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional ar-fwhz1q l57wb*micl f0;jqv + u:3vz gea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134. c(,db-5mj odk0e5mn q122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temx4;q d+mcl6j (bkqx-xperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? lx-u8thc/xs.    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior 6k s(:qwo vsrgh yu7*j1zep33of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combusti cgn;.hj. oni(8fh(bm on engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of an( o;n.. f8 hgcmjh(bibout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ida 11wt0 ej)zzdeal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contaa0tz6z6 yd filpi : 8;z;o+fanins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1/2wvgseycw55 m -7hmm8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas 79t pqj 0 lmkggn53c)lis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdiicar +2mc:cv5w djen ly21z 4l0ccp ,/ng 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K5e z0c1cdc/y4vin cm2:l apc , lrjw2+?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kc/) p7tc4nml 8gtvgf/g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ix94e.)z1e7 tg sf4v z tycb f38aoo-fballoon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a bz-.89bi)ge fa f fo3z17yo44 evxtt scalloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air ad75 dki(b(h*svngaqun* 22 dat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18. vk /287wf(xa fznuwi+0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0x ra3;eu84odq4 yt a0h $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculep1 jz :66f4ygk8xklqq s / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mole: q- kbx,,z:gzw uznr5cules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (5 : 9kdjdkq+:7b -pf 4k5guhh j*vrgcva) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume4+xnblm:u*w6zu uv*n9c q a,q 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breatspvd;qr4rt j 2ye2+ 16c(thjah you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere+tj rc6hr (v4t;1e2saqdyj p2 is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an ub2h4 :jo; adloxygen molecule at STu :ljd;b2o a4hP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium 6j1/xfbsq- h:kd 4fa jvxne.3atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of aafn .h-qksjfed61 jx b4: /3vxbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will thehth/x3 5y4wv(kyd9 vevg3+ i 7gf )jjt rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is inc3 jx v3hdyeh(9)y5kj gf+ 7tvw/4ivt greased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units o +if2t+3tb/vi fds0 n vn58hdsf km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calc i+n28itf thdvvsd5+sn0/b3fulate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molt/qd,; :ci7unbts immq8 3 0jbecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is dyp:et, lq5 xb/ v0qeh(oubled while its volume is held constant, by what factov5e/ e:xpbqyqh(, lt0r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given9 wkz97 am2fusy8c - ntf-tuu8 by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the s6r0roa;dbp p a6d,m+ lame temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the invermpo;p6 0d +rd 6lrb,aase ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of 7x n:ry3xi epgd i s;0:gzjxd0;16cnbnitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule ;q pjtaynd)w4f 5 qweru18h()at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen 9yhk2/w 4j6kaybar - cmolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acb4dskj5 8 zv xj,.h3boid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living ces4x58jj. od,3bvh bz kll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P a7ptqy4vm6sc -pq41oof a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of s8y 1s )amcm hp5,u/hwuranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wuop8n.dbefj61 *itt9klk+ 0 fhat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when thn0wwlmy aarb+h+.7c .e pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9 n+bc7.a0awy+ rm l.wh0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a dayb;i3moiwt dg27 4w uh2 when the temperabwmiihwdt g23; 2ou 74ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boilsl ds6-n2 2n8md)it5vr x hwf/i at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular p)6dsddefb 4200 gnxp zlace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the te edn2 6gxd)pzd0 0fs4bmperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa a5jutyaqc8f)b+k) 6 hozxi:o1nd the re k8f )o b1qiyc+z6ux)5:tojahlative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature id )w u+3qmx)ozs 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate r27yu(s/ rs/cm2mjb ppressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at am2rcm/2br uyp/ ss(j 7 temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680e )l,,tj c4tyzq6(fwa $m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of *7jwhcik5 cjefeq 3i7ko d15nzd0j: ,5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13uustp q ad)mx +0bg-ikf (0r*a yq+:/d–4) to diffuse a dista0tiqu0 gax(bmddua*f++) -ksq rp y/:nce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throu/5hcdq 5zpav 2k+o:v8 3ukxhygh tiny tubes called tracheae. An averag 8z/3yh+ohk:dp qx c5va5 2vkue trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been c c9 i*3skgj+scalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hjjey6/ss8+ tjas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calie- l f(jnm:pa;brated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the waj;nle( a p:mf-ter and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cyling+;/ mbpjx3 lyder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the p; ym+lxj3/gb original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a ro;ojhd ,a lyya,fl34*s om of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempe ay,jh ,*3l4;fydsoa lrature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one ad0g 2 o6ke1riutom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usx8 w(gk t)/lyfing the best available vacuum techniques is about(ygkf8 /w)l tx $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.53 ajw,sud1u 3ay; a9pz L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expaw ya,asuz3 ja; 9u1pd3nd if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returni(0gfde;tj z(,b07wpnl +dsuj ng from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assumnw 0b ld7; (s(0u +ejdp,fzgtje nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incre)/p xeu/h1 qbfased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume oflp348+kuk eni (f+ ogq 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at t;b v;izu-5xz jhe surface of the Earth, estimate the total nzub5ji-z x;; vumber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molec:6l/bdz4,f1f fy)a3 zhwx fuuules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used :8 vlf:z6gzw-ci+ j ke5an b(ein a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPal 8enwc (b:+-v zz5:kf6ejgi a) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercur96febafnna5n :nw7: by at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atqy wnv2.k9jf6 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aro7 e3vd t+pr:iqund the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly8zli1xsk2 / x2fwj.b u onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, *0cw+i(lx i0 jzwyvdr74 4ma xadopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of ) xtyi*bud4ln0j 8q)p 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Em o pjh2o+gq.j:qt.)parth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended qoijs0uue,.6/ di)ll f6,m-yc p8h wragainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upwarl euidfhp8-ul6 r0.s)q/,jcoiwm6y, d at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a dep.kex 3 irwwv3(th of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the b(we wi3 .rkvx3ubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapj7rv9t;ic u7pmt6 knbj3n +/jor pressure in the air on the following two days: jjktbmunn c+77j3 iv/ 9pr6t;
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the d-w1 r*od)fdhiensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatuhr-dwfdio1 *) re is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an id+i-khz3uvmy-8 s cka9eal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equv a8m93ik-s-u+kzyh cal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people ;,(rrymvvw 2r constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20m2r rvr; ,vy(w$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg