Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of a.(ylkuir5 i nn9iteb 8otd.xqq1h( .6luminum? See the periodic table or i b. .9u ynoxtr5. lk(hiq1edn(8 qti6Appendix B.

Name several properties of mat wj)o8h g.+auperials that could be exploited to make a thermomete +goj.8uw)hp ar.

Which is larger, 1 C u40ghlivu9 a: $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not8+qpyz0ii ma 1 in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B,8 0 ym1iza+qpi and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumiz* bzvz:y 9ez4v5 *-zdt2uky dnum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Te4 k5zbz ztyvdzy9:u v*d2- z*able 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linea :dutt)lc-v fvri:xj (h 8of(;qwc-e 9h0n(or r expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control augy,ood.-nk,,ah p y7 furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how y7y gkoo,n,p.ud,ha - this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the wmg73 zwiyopd 6ix1bck 88)j.ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wm b3gcjz68d)1kx 78w wyopi i.hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at a(:kxu*s h pm9p 5l8qrg/ h(sb0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in ac. 8l+ci o3gg yy si)a*gk/jd; hot tub of water, the m g /gy*3g isldy8aojk .;ci+c)ercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapnb*nzrg1f1 hd ;x )os(idly than adjacent parts. Exr dn ngfh1)1xo;(*zs bplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its gwx f ur:2oxkdl53/ e8coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1).d :l85 ge3rxow/kf u2x Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cnbifwb i :j f +avezdk4,4548dj6.kp slock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of sod2*j zhf3oly +j( o8i 6tq0ymlia will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stf yq(jhtojy3*m2 o68zl 0+lii and up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperat)0o o2en4eeu wure increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic oeoeu)wn 42e0 theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in 1e2uqissf .mgn1 n20.uft 4nowater increase or decrease if fnsiqsm1 ungf1ne. 4o2 0t 2u.the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relati,ger3.kne mf8dxko /3on between average kinetick,/ .moe e33dxrfk8ng energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-ezfdy2 b0; qy: x g)k/bhjk0(*uatv)cLussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, th*q o;y g-,ylkme ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mug,//ozddhi z d47v : v80oa-asfh o6vjst have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practicadvo0-6o,zhs jov:4//z 8 fd vaaihdg7lly no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates moredgb a1zyo7mb;j+4e g0 quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative tg 0bj1dm 4+7o; baygezo the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at tm6 24 wizsa, rm5ugoyd2l/f.zhe same tem/grlw 2z ms,o.u2zyi 6a54fdm perature.

Is it possible to boil wan*(ponjuv5 izn +9x5mter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tej b7vu/wfey5bl1;g ci8j)f: nmperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the i jlbw;8:yfvfu1/j5 7bg e) ncsame T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap opvej1- mdo n bnb/0eu+kq0s8; f an overheated automobile ee;pvqbo 01/munkned js8b -+0ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–2 plp9jk:n8wb4 8)?

  How many atoms are there in a sqoj6a-n c6h+3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gx)+s +iq7pr5q d nbh0hold ring compare to the number in a silver +rd 0hn p)sqqib+7xh5ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often takenbh-4y x8wy1 4sb; cbq:7dtux o to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?7-bbd y4xc:qwu4 ;osytxh1 8b    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaturenx-wge :.8x, zdszakm t(a8v)s recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colbv:6 - vujz(cr nwu40k46cjdyumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 6uk(jrb- :04cnd6wjvuv yc4 z $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20z/0frq y q9)1joi(q;ismti9i $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought irnzbg4mx0j f2z;/s .cvc4 e0dkon approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) andcc 0jb/f4k402.nzm ;gsezvxd January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are w th89*oiaqq q;1i6lc larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually;6q*q wcahi 9q1o8ilt in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 znw7-fl3 u w3b$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if 7ty o-osbdc6 a5uha;)it is heat5 c; dys a)o6athoub7-ed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim yi ve14;ud5t y (x0 /m(ibmjxvwith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mp la;,0jatmc iz.s/*y L of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made ofi .c) iqki)btmp+p-b 9 iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expandiw .nawynkj; p7tq11 9,xta+t in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficitxtq ;w k71pt 1jn+y9.a ,ainwent of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change 8t*nirezt nxu6 f8 58gin the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linea wli5v3;n1hkcr expansiok;n 5c31vwlih n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isoti:xwmrku 4yk r..s 2pe(wm:2mropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfathew92dx)c. uw b4m.av y8uuo o7jr clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 xo7.4muuw )v2 ojawcdu by89 .$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer ha;(r:pl9,tk3t 1iqaqpa w h8rrs an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume raq hiw,ltt3 q1p:r9a (;pk r8of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is 63kzp xjocex1 z8j,j5 91bed grotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angulax3oj1x1z8ege, kz5 pjbjc9d6r velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whe-olk uf7i /ab.n at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increase /ak7b.if-ulo s to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel Ikvat zveru:,o9 2(6 fi-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2yyl-da -/3c6sao(zbq: usovr2y9d:o 0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Keet94 mz +oq9bilvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature kl9mer5; w+n aon the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Eojenvmhg 1v/pwon : ;( f;-s5 j)y9wmnarth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine,ebbfg 7 5w8*uxd3:5 fv1ivvno air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of ae8o b d7bniv515ffv v3x:wgu* bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the odbfls/j0 c h9k/+g(bxy 7n+g ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contaighp;ie g,9vjfib :o+*ns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen 7 utp9/wk 6neg($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at alc oq-1kl.i+pheb( m:. b;az10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at9o1cur(vud 7 n 385 dr1v9uocu(n7 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of ohevwgra -y. vk,e ih x48b: 4-qy)o+z$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by 0taz ff+m +nn k/a.7lvg o3ln4heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less denoaffgvllkna7n z0m4++t/. n3se than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at vfu*rln ew1my2 4v /;avma s-215 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at; j7yrrnvv, we23-bzx)ly yk ct+4iu9 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon es x2p3tui8g-z fp;umu0 capes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculesp: 0w 7qte2pos jj++wj / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.04+r k 6bchl5hy00 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole mpa84 i3 n;o99u/yn6quu tqjrs,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1d6 y *3g i0grzcuh iwhe/ei.31$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhaleya7+ o84tzpn w that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere yzt+op7n8 w4 ais about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of 1z)krd(1ter han oxygen molecule at STP?ktr1hzr1e ( d)    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near thezq77;a -( -zmff gaibd surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 Kfmd;iazz7 bq-g (a7 -f.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatf 8juu9.(s a3wwt *sapvbau38ure i8 f 8auwa3as3(*tsj9up.bvwus increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unitszai74+cwuohrzk q v:pzzly 4)-.cm7 0 of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, c7p47zia)wk: 4+vm-zu c qhyl.o0rz z 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0 +/fnhg7tg5j a7/ilrk*j;e yzba6s ,s$^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is douheh6)tda ,cpm+4:g:b c yla k4bled while its volume is held constant, by what factor plak)bh4d a:+ey,c 4 t6hmcg:does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mo1z rej-:g2 5z*/(rhfo g qbnbqgiu; :dlecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture oebr4s 29*rlhf d7 3qiof two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the bdseo*fhli rq27 r934 inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecuzk 6)o8cskv (s+esr j+les contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen me6 u) ypeyg,-rolecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweei6b0gc,7 abzykl :c1ln nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms sp 4a 7aemff 8iojnhmk 3g:7i6t/eed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livif/ 7emogt43 aka:n6fhi7 ijm8ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be zatbkso)j k 0i86 :y)cwritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uwkr.+ goqw9/vranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pha ev7 x,xn/ s.ptt-pjw2ses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (asc3f8k8c8lvo+fv:yyp iw y-/uph44 z) 9w:yzplh88cff4svc4 iyo8 -v / 3puyk+0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day p yiy+xo.r60ssm/8k3y hhkw2when the temperatush8+0mko2 r3hpyy sk6yxi./w re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air press91di/ct8)c/+lv xsggqjv ej , ure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in tli.*dx x fdakirf e;znrd6 3/5)vho w0:u, mc3he mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wam0d:ro.cvza33h)5xfd ;6if ,i*ln d xruke w /ter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature ony.r1e8d 3l, brwx+yf y a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and 3lyrf8e .+ ydrw1xb,ythe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial press *t y5l8t3ueznx4tvs yp.(3 joure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximo76t mix eq dskq8y )y)1)7 v4dw-p/wthablc 7ate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 12y/1d6pehali dc-mv7k t)tq 4w7 oysqwx))8b7 0 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volv. nka9j v bz+kb t96yad0xl */c0aj,zume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew+asg;0zhfovg12ek hdqxj*p 6+p9s 7t point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to dir,a meq4*um 79sazq 5+ar t,wyffuse a distance of t rwae +a5,4uq* z7q ,yasm9rm15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the s1ds+ee6n er;murface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is aboeer 6edm+s; 1nut 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated xn/; sfv v3qiyg8y6j/ at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beejgigtj)1bm , 6a0k0bo7 e)aeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at norrbb ei 5y7pbhy-97ys6 mal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, aty97p y67b bib5syr e-h 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many bxh0.hg 6dtn+q-m0kuhalloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decrhh0-6dtmn0 .h kux q+geased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6udt 8n7dnl6fy tg -sj.b5u*7n.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assu7bulnsu*nt.tn d j68f 5d7g-y me the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density c4biq0vdw9ie oxv- 7p5) fn+dof matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable uszda0 ,b54yauv ing the best available vacuum techniques is abodab5a,v u4zy0ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lunt21ir dug 4e6kovghx(3 f5bx 5gs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is tu2e43t 6 vdkghifxrg5 bx1o5 (his advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a suvb df,x8r; 9hpeed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeedx8ur;v h, b9fd, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas cy ark;9ey6j6le ,e zuz1 8tzl26xol;is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 2gpbf 64sd dvqt 20+cw770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface o e 3:2jilipxd97ned :lf the Earth, estimate the total number o3 pe2li:d 9n:dej7il xf air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained .pdqw+9fbtbav )3 3b uin a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauggu *mmqdw*2bm kio -5er1j6nl(n4u ;ke pressure = 2000 psi (13,80kk(; u ndr *q b-lom2nj m1u6wg54*mei0 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at .+ymmq;2.n *.p 8rymv qtueeg+kbv4 c 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline o1wwe,q:77p0p -fs m rpwgc q)at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s53s *. wxhqear equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2q /uczmz6nudu3ul3rt3e3 b-lfq4 /-c0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in th:w gu6eii 8sg)b4ym 1ye 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atmor 4igc bql3bo.0am3; at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ewq-/rn ( hv k-x1;iyztarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspeng6b29l a 6wr5xt +wlr0ok6ntrded against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.06rlb 92 rnw056rtowx6+lt6k ga0 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fr rdjofqie6j x -us rv.z8-//-dom a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the xv/s-8ri.6q -ufjz o/ddj e-r surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days(jvcz//l92savl .o/tpk kmu 7: zlavvml7o s/(9utp/j/k2ck .
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent+6 irb5k v7qk;p9jnrr difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is p+9 r; rbnq kj6ri75vk2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, forcvi:) j;u :ckr an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equ;c)irkuv:: cjal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot augu+q (qvh3sg-ou 0o (xrd3b2nd mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20osr(qdu+3u-qvhu 3 ggbo0x(2 $^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg