Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table t3 h)quwvv 6nv:9jq5qm5 b/2w wrgx /por Ap 35gvvquq/w)6x92q: jm ww vrh/npbt5pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thm tt6- :tls+n6/ypig gp8f/dzermometes g6 :lpingmt/8pf/ 6 -+zyttdr.

Which is larger, 1 C8 ekjfs e.j;s)d8o5en $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal +u*p, jhj o3ylequj*jlou3h y, p+ilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strikp ;so7uz3a9pp of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal za 9p;3o7puks will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansouhek di6f5 ovy; q3*l1p3 ao9ion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a fsq.,;7i2q 9 bmaophh furnace (or other heating or cooling sysqaqs9p; oi.hhb2 7,fmtem). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed axu,k/9jgjf xj d u0.df 2y0f(at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why,k juj9dg2da(f 0xf ufj/ xy0.?

A flat, uniform cylinrl2 x,u l wck;ir(lmf8k +s1u;der of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of w9:uo,bzlox+qyx, u sf oc3i ..ater, o.,9o,uq3xxcol+zsf yi: b .uthe mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if oneoz um87mz c)x.sk8 wgv3x67gi part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly thkv.778 zo mg) w c38xi6xuszgman adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffivs:md z ,eigh8rsyl( r7v 094icient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explagsr 7 84 mr,ie:vd9zvsyi(0lhin why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20w:w /5(got ls-ba4oop $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its b5oeng9fo4; dmottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What oe 5d4;gomn9fhas happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempera4bc kst+l n enn:p:d.;ture increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular notingnp . ek;+dlnbt4:csn: what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an atpi.*q 57x.8.poshchmh0ve m luminum sphere submerged in water increase or decreaseohcs.*h e h 78pi.xvtm .pq05m if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how qmc)dr8oz44 kCharles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between av rqkzcm4do8) 4erage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows froih 1(ldrxpq 1shv/*95wq f)ylm kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospjg,e2n spueb.b *;c i+here, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to th 2f-tnjbwgt :5e minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. t:2n 5tfwj-gb The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates m)jb,2 wpt)zh0)sovalf /mri6ore quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relati lft )bvaiw)s)/,om6z h2p0rjve to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dr /;8na t.n5j 5eemx+ ayhqg9zny day at the same tetj5. /qy8;he 9 gz5e axnnmna+mperature.

Is it possible to boil water at .2kgxch,e z,aqls6s2 room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when tgkwco-x 8xnhl+6pix x.18p/s he air temperature is the same but the humidity is differentpkhnox x8gx+6.8 s-cw x1i/l p. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated04r* m 8 e-syxn9kejao automobile engine.j-*eekrs0yn 4x9mao 8

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in tpoe1e:9fhejxy8i * ueok 9 3l-c;*wy:u6ww mche winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram co6c tka+;7nwl);gudrb4 xp/ axry/(rk in, ;jspper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number 2 an 9jtvdcl-r**gce3 of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silverl- d29 rjg*ce3vn*tca ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F 58j8k.zq-wf8zk(/reatet gc. What is this on the Celsius scale?8zekk a re88t t/cj.( zgf-w5q   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperat,au-jwvp-3pm:f pnct4c 5f7 sures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengv z(i+)bkk. m2gbyt38qq ih 3wth 11.82 cm at 0.0 tq+2bgib) 38q3(kh .kzvyi wm$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12334 -x tu:67mj i6qtdgy gwupk m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) tou3g), u rx4pfz65 seis built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estir6su u z5gefto)3p 4x,mate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rived .9;3 fowzkubab9j+ jt hole are often used and the rd+u bjwa9 fo9jkb.;3z ivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a ugxccdp. 2/chahaa,vw xe 9x5(bmbx7(:a;i 6t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chang +tr ov1 h6hru0x(cb6u3ivl 5ne in volume if it is heated6+v u( ub5cr3n 6ohrhl1xiv 0t from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water atbv a5ajmo (,esc,ay(+ 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that o.x c8wm)-q mw55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring ma-6m3hnp rxs2b de of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained i( pji (qu-e:ncn a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately eeucp( :(nj i-qqual to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the derfx +n5t.qac0nsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lenl,z7 inwr 5x4of t7)zk4z;s1qxayy6agth l and width w has coefficient of linear exp k5r6,o7t)y zy4 s7wfnaaxi;zxlq1z4 ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropicvhhc:h ia 4n2/ *dajh; solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clo;) w.bisy* jo ujn3il6ck is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 jyj; o*u i3bi6nwsl.)$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.1ipo2g7fxn)vq .y+t dk-ff9/ s 40 mm. The bulb has iy /o 72dfgpntfvkxqs+) .9f-a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatingu789 iuq;l4k)uvrcn g about its axle on frictionless bearings witu7 qk8i49vnr)ulgcu ;h angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requkmza1 5txv/w hy:zlk.o n643 aired to keep it at this l5v wh 3 4yt/z1a.omlxk 6:anzkength if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam a t)y pqqagf62:* (ctmof cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 6:g zzuwv(c+5me6 bv 2 ny4-s0gsg udj20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempw;zm*1y/by m5ar 4fvk: hbs4weratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatu ,it7 fw xety-sl1ge tr8a;44nre on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures if7bqq jbe2+2 bn the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion ajrt 3fv5j51e engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of ar1e 5v ajtf3j5bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas lawo,omvb;3f eb1 .    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen ( 4nii-p.lo++ ianbn amer 5/f6$N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP f6 f4rl*yf.f bcontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas gmpa : t/exm+bn;-ms i8/nj-his at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg 6;k8 :0 itzyjkhbgi ,0lml7iekm/i+cof argon gas at 385e k0lgt 0:zib+l7mi/j8;kchk i y6im , K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgs.:le sxz1f 8p of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the bonwl(uj -r*u( alloon, w u(n-lj( uor*which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 6vr/n ,wqulk jvh:28m15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18..b mqc+;2zxkda ,dfv+0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon hd5ei-h6 cu2 xescapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecelb740 + pl ine6f rw0f:h,wmjules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mole uld6:l+gfew8e y63tlcules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)5h1:cj aif 0xp moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5 n bu/g1ku(xd..1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air a9yx tb(+ ano4qre in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last n bt+a9oxq(y4 breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST5nje;vjnaje,8 j-r 9cu l1i7w2fcfw 4P 9-cf ijn28lj;r,u1we7 jv5wca4 efn j?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at aojgz m/dtz:-i 7pvx *j *lk6/d temperature ox:*g pt/ /vml7j6kjod z -dz*if about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperj,uejh/j8go u;(y0u g ature is injhuo e j(;/y0u,gu8jgcreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2)gkmo z:yqbt;6 nqc(2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rm )gm: ckyq26nbo;q(t zs speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gasyf.cy69 aw. egh 8xg+p at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled bnh w6v x4-ju:while its volume is held constant, by what factor doe6 bu4 n-vjwhx:s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is mw0z(4fmi/ wu given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture ;dgu 0, q5kg6rm d8 2 atzf-t+fribew;of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is eq20 z+; tqgm6ekria-5 gftw f,ubd8rd;ual to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.)0m gl6 vnva6u5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleq uu;qccfe s) 0(lg7+gx)c9q9o t:uw mcule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecd3hxqrqb upw+ )gu l)0p4*+ot ules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose mol2 msttvhwi320k( s gz21qi -r,zjy kv5ecular mass is 89 u in a living-tvkzgjv2 ri 3 st (1q2whmz5y20 ,sik cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wrabg pgdftbh *w y5lih/ ,a:f )ir7822ynl,l :hitten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur,yykp0 rmauu(6 ,9b dyanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pkjct4m1x )*h ghases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temper3k,)jqqicpc)if kg43 ature is (a) 90 pc4 q3ckf ,jgiqik3))$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 4e zn8v8q ,1e wlm0aid50% on a day when the temperatuwma081 ndez ,4le q8vire is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place rz) (elkca6i fsxj ) )0*7ezqewhere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place j+heuq+k eky+b*-9kf in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate th*fke+ +e -bk+y9kh qjue temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day wh gzmgnq 0o4q,+en the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is n0gq qm4o+z, g40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when p 5je0 gg 7b7fik t6.,qe+zjvhthe temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wh vrv*3i7bfs; ater is boiling at a tempe73v if*b rvsh;rature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volbqkq87k ca*4 6p ;cs7 np.oerqume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of hf1- +mfqftr05 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffujk q-gnpp1tp3i -q*j2a1 ov. cse a dispa1ov* tp2gkc j3q-.1j-n piqtance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interi(lxragqd+l9p z/+b a .or through tiny tubes called tra/( lp da.z+9xlg+r baqcheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at xy9 ot .pf54pyb, lq-h20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedln,m5/ a+r dqj at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibram* zu-y0dndam p((qqn4pyt,1ted at normal room temperature. How much error will be made intzap,n q u 4m-dp*(yyqdn (10m a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindqi k/fsqh )8l8(u9zt+k h:o cner is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas ro)8 ltkzsf(i9h8/ khun+ :cqq emains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air mou:1 f(bd*yni*n+q. r4bgnaa qlecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.*+ nnanrdqfq:4 *g.ui( 1ybba5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matt: xddtn:bh9 5wer is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is a5pa5 skl5dp:y0z l1qivn3j. sbout :svpna5 5s 5ldy0qkilz13j.p$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 Lb-z,.:75of,dsdxa h1boyx cjp 9i 7fs when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisabl.fbj-z7xhoy,x 9: pd ds bo1c i7,sf5ae?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at t 9 +onz2evrd.a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with 2 d+r9tnov.ezthis speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an icjp.(c5zy q*y x wq5y7deal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mggb 6 6+h fbvdknyv*- 7q7o*yxq5di ,l$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of at nj5 z;ajl,ee*u huw(/mospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in euh5zj a, /;(njwl* euthe Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained iw pc6fcn/m *u+xg (c7vn a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen us iq/o4fq0hlv.e0x ,* na-bayued in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmosphero-x0eiq/a,*f.n h lquy 4b 0vaic pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid /gvifmn1 h-:ri + 3mzrmercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a+2qv3ojmci-7 -sretvw+ ;uwg t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earlks1vj3s( .hpth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a )qt uglcqu* fq2l2*:rglass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, y5 d,bc+ pby jq4hls8ujw3l60adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure oe a):5 i4gtdnaf 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear+p:73nv hgf-6 mdz ddjth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis badi0d9 uw5kg ;pxhg +.hlls thrown verticah;gxh0d+ gu5pk i9 dw.lly upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter erm n,4 0owne4(spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume tmewnnr0 e4o 4,he temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pr(b ad:hdwb1/ /+h3mp*1hc fo fuo,wy tessure in the air on the following two days: wy /* u:a+3m pc owb,d1f(tfhb1od/ hh
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density ofz7 pc0rwx6 m5i iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 6cwx7ip5r z m02000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for anjtqo4 l )ti0l q:cf3l9 ideal gas at constant pressure, the coeffitlij l90:t3fq qlco4)cient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidifyor1h o9a.rl dr8. :fie5g/up b their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cella95db.l1rhoo.ir u/aep:rf8 gr in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg