Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alum 8 ptkoi,-w*ybinum? See the periodic table or8w,bt*-o pyi k Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that ,*mw6sp9+c3; viccwwqnxpi96 tca:rcould be exploited to make a thermometixc s;6ccw6 p*pta 3rw9,civ:qmwn+9 er.

Which is larger, 1 C fmuq tms/s0r 6wa -z7lmhc 83.$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wi;be .1wwr9tan 9b :ljyth system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A jwbbl9r y w91.:ent;a, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of wj-c*98wm u/:shvgj yi p;ky9aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated,uv h;s:9cy yjwikj9*8m/ gp w- the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient 1o2p ex(6ygd0w*hs epof linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used t0ji2.j48r3 i ositpa)5 :7xnyfin ptxo control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two str2tx5np jt4.)3 : ijyi if0xpira 8s7noips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that wz vpau w +/1dcb9ni83jxaj9*are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U u *jpbdcia89zw xnw3v9/1ja+. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in,vndai*d f tzjvz3-nnx,7/3 o mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer isjtq7 ,3bmk1iuvf0 c4p first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially kf3,pcq v7mubtj0i 14descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heateds(k:kf6ave q/ or cooled more rapidly than/ks:efkq 6v( a adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expwg*5cg5xvz 5j ansion is much smaller thg*x cg5v wz5j5an that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloc (9v fcxa,ug7mek(ws2k, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause itsav:s2: xp)e,po7z lip bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. W: v2p,:xzipl) s7 apoehat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), itsnm /1am jbyqa*-4(dhz temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kineti1-dy nam(jz /qbhm*4ac theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spheu0 h7gubqo647b vu-6w wblp,ere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increeu46-u6h og w7qbbl,7u0wpb vased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charleqmsfrs6- 180nf btheho+ .fe8s’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperatufhs .8ehsn+t81 0qo-r b6 ffemre.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from ki1iun o6dd hnj:l -w70qnetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s r.s2ddkg7yb.4e)mc7izwm 5vnf n8- tatmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spe8 gugb8nr8p:v d ng;w/ed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon p8uw gd ngv8b8g:;/n ris about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room t9jo( qc 0d*/ nisunoq1lp9s2semperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the othe qi *sjpsolqosn0 c9(nd2u9 1/r?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at thetg 6p e* :25rckcs-ugf same temperature.gtkuc p5-rs*e2:c g6 f

Is it possible to boil water at room temperaturquq/4fjk e9t:9 srpap33g qc/e (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air jc- qfa,s:f*f fn-wu1 temperature is the same but the humidity is diffej:fa wu1sc*nf-,- ffq rent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap ojfz +cmcvha9 ynov6f057 -.rff an overheated automobileca f+frm0v- c9n56y7f .hjzvo engine.

Why does exhaled air af x-vwywlzg.qza(6* ydo +4u2f6 :pnxppear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there3 n4 ,mbe1ika son/,us in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number ofys8+1,yv 6h)koo skl mq)yrk+ atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of ther +ovoh1ky)y),kk6+qs s8 my l same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is tj +gub))g7ve 68e6ujqr14 gt oxomu+ mhis on the Celsius scale?+8 eu))6 rq1t7o o m e6ujgmggux+jv4b   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest z*f)daqylokpk* v 52*6mwj9ntemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohdj0uib0i7hx 9(c:7byx /x os9 ueyfx *ol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.:ixxj s/0e99 bi yx07hc fyuu( bo*xd70 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway i;m (z dvky9+f t 6*tqm6klfui7s built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29h z9olj z3 njwo:*+ifo,f8s 5s) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how mucs hznf5: jf+9,8o* iszjwool3h its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger-xx2h55g 9dfyqsz ) er than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is pq9g2he5zx sdf)-y5 rx laced in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 niw; 9k2,b 0k/km/a wqwc4yox $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in j xr/z d16tgz2 /80brmt dyxt1 s-tuu)diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 3tdt- zu/0t 1)tu8/bg 2dmrxzr6jysx 10 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mLzb1g1msy )9.tcint9emz p ypn(r8k:* of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5umiq+igun.kf;8++vl 5.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of w 0,( fxksf5 xhv45n) snbok6kiron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expau*)r,vqnb)j a nd in essentially one direction only, show t,a qru)j*n) vbhat the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change injufxw2 317nw43 m tkta the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has j88yxhqdwm8 +1xma*,la 9m mh coefficient of linear expansio *hq8,waymm8m8m1adl 9xjxh+n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidrlz(ez7,- sxy8 8h db 3+d2cj*cis tpc, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps percps.5qmvjb*k9 f) g-d fect time at 17-k .jvm9b5 gdcsf*) pq $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside di3-tm p x,cu- qotmfi52ameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has ax 3pcu5q- 2tm fio,m-t volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylind h/l4m alzz0n0rical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearingl l/4nz0mza h0s with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stres1 iiveu-fq9,ns is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases -e 19,uiivqnfto 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cs.*0qr k66urwhyl 4ytjm;bj* ross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at r+*r /w,ei cqv20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:c qzc7+ ntt)kcd (s yfr64e8v0
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is whatagl+1voi1, w e temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interiorzudco/wb,o 9so8i2yn +tk:s ;ta,l nh m* +m(f of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosphev i:j*ok lc;o(ric pressure and a temperature of about jv(i;oo *k:cl 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usingqhjf7x-p kz 4o afi5k..dpq c/255uou the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg : g+zyz..xuhdpo+k -cof nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nin4 wm07w)o3(woxflk jtrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0;l q11koc8wvo$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 8x :+iwb/wj81y, zvch8ryqha385 cy18vrw8x8+i hj/y,: q ahzwbK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofw1n 0 t)m n-xzjg)xqs)4rgc)q)u y,me $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its xq(r)vgb 2tuq 8e*)ecb(i. zj buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume ofj(vx8g .)zerb*qbi q)ue (c 2t a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air agzo( ,jh-j (bst 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at / zu x8c: h njbw85p1 5qlfcg3snuhi;818.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chir nz2 oa sdy.uyf+,2)dld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mtdt:*p dkatqn4:- x9 colecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1-p 7zwv( 8qmj.8 1ox vvq8sdtm.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number fvwp7 m c);(y c5a-jtsof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 4yr4ooj t9kqz,9ovu 4 *t9ssy5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air ar knr* j66bww zx9-m0ike in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hn0bjz6kr9k w*-mixw 6int: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energyo..no +00vnyvbg:j ngj* +x pi of an oxygen molecule at STPj0n+og .vnio+0 vjby xp:*g.n?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms spes)bp*0xhtch 5xjt/3 ded of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000h05jb xtdh c)x/pts3* K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if bj7w7w.c2;qlt.fnz ty5/ jtk t0 bkby4 7x1zn the temperature is int.l 7j 5 ;0 tx7/nykzq1w7bfzjck.t4 btb n2ywcreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follow2mcwh115g pp9 6nfwm ping speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate 6w m5wp mf1 9nhc2p1gpthe rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecuti tcmp 1d )1e9e p3lp;zldzp3s4uk1,les in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of aie7ie (r8o0 me- qxfnund-kk,1 7sd;n gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fac7qiu isd- n8 nkne ,e-ek70(mx;1dorf tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gasr 1o0w*nkhz 4js k7jq2+tzg1x is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempzdw7a.94tq b1s bgsv 4erature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular massestq wg9sbdb az417s .v4.

  What is the rms speed of nitroj8 ( vcc;tfpo48b e1*mgqz dz.gen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecugi. .:pp kgp 31xhyf2xle at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogenyjpa1 3aik1px 3g8* ei molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whosy i7ced*ws/59an 9nx re molecular mass is 89 u in a living cele*9 rn7i cywxda9/5 nsl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a g :0-f clhrs(ac(;lvmuas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,h5j oev4 fd3mn4k0fc) $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cani1 o1cma1:gz za4s; bo $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperxr6b)( 6 p lw0j31jivcxeja3 vature is (a) acrjwjx 31 (i0vlpejx 3v6b )690 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxim:mu*7)3rpr j a zz)diqately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempzur zpm3)j rq7i*: ad)erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place )fslh,q8r h2a where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particularo n0qt5u 1bu3t place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wateron03u t1t5qub boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when thed )gg rg/ llkat6ij06, partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relativeirl6gg d ,g0tkj/a6l) humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wateryzrc g0-b z)v0 i;fd2-;wggyq on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insid )cx9 vb3zkyx)e a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a cvx)z 9) bx3yktemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a-zq,y.6l6zonnx r 1o+a2lu;ya8 dyjm room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its debbrfj0) fz 3)gw point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fou9.mwy 6.ata8 dak1hd r a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanc9a1.w.adm du a86khyt e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of i1xgo 6s,, xtztnsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and hs1g ,xxtoz, 6tas cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been rm n y l:v26r1rk1f+,n-il rnvcalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beenta 1x;ygvdti e887;p *ypzn+q calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was cali ubko:rkw. *-kbrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of kb.ru o:kw-k*cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initiallyoi6b9y wm:)yz 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreaiwmby 6z9) o:ysed to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of le)2ja3 riyo+.fso8 uytngth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assua yyros+ j )i3of2u.t8me the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom q fgq; w0.rprk, (*xnzakcz47 per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainablcuc9p3 +bqzpsjkw1t 7 z:42uce using the best available vacuum techniques is abo1+bj :cz29tws up p47uck3zcqut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 dabng)0 z.to9;ur ;cw ha t;/rL when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would hiscdo azhbtt/;0);narg ;.urw9 lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a :fdel *5en q*xn ;,k zw9st2irspeed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, panei: 92wx5*k e, rlqdszft;n *rt of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasedj:iv:mxf 5dr+ tq3o4q from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume m t5lqu58;0t/p ixgg qof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the sx.kf dx-bjfh5p1 u0m 5urface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.hbmufk 5xj1x .dfp0 -5    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conrm; )ybcx; +.2jfxayv n .b9nutained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 pshny 2 r13rk,7fh sijhv /zfh(my x-*r um9*k1ii (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressu 2f( mkzhfur/rk7 ,nmy9x hsr 13hy1i*-*jvi hre, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl/qg e/.q(u/dp ftq8v l of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0fp kfxrd2h) q1*o18gd$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the E4nm b wne4u2 s4mtsvi8 (nw)f5arth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly on hzz (*yj ;fw/ng9igy,ix(n agw7q8f+to a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 2( hkl ,8w/lh p 2j*cmosuw;xj18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 18hq o2rznq; oe0is3b895 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is3-h tbg8n+:b 6s 8tzjt)qxwei $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by e;smd1mt; b77dlit0 n zt+)+ebfji u5 tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m17+tiid 5 m fe07stbn;m)jute;bd zl +/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air frz1af g;ildo -fjv-2c*om a depth of 14.;cov g1-f -z*2adj lfi0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two da5- bl zvgstc2c865 zwbys: gt6c5zlc2 zv- ws5 b8b
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it iskyh)c yeoc-2p7)j8fd a solid deep in the Earth where th )pdkeo 2hc7y j-fy)c8e temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, f2 ;nvu (j:m)w0 iusbuv1e ccu1or an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expacsju(m 121u;0 uivc:bvu )enwnsion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their r 2 r3:espsv mw,j)e1qcellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the svr) pe1 mweqj2, :rs3cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg