Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg )8n*bh gcwa+cof aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendixa+)b hg 8wccn* B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to man8w+ut olqykre 7r. xri 08ju8e+b0 (xke a thermometerl ry x8 weo0+7r.nuqkbijrx8(et+0u 8.

Which is larger, 1 C ssmq )2er1 m(h$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, 7e m8(8tbd2bpv v+ twwbut B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tw e+tt(pvbv8wdmb82 7 emperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rive s4,l/r gscp5nted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will besp r/c gs5,l4nnd. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear e -+)nfj hg8 6fdq9oeysxpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermo+)q bf d*8hpv6xi cgk7opx*j0stat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing fqx +pig0hk7 * o8j6*d )xvpcbliquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have al xdh4,bkw j9x. vmqc7ja2,*do+cuz1 section in the shape of a U. Whyxjqdwkjzh, 9 .b*cxuv+cao ,214m7l d?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercu,y aj+qx+d e5+* glq(xjj k5zdry at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first pla:(dhurmp, 4g rced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initiallm: (, rd4rupghy descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooledb),ye zo/de;s:s:rgv ,k2lkgd +pmb 1 more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.dyo,brm ;)pde ,kb lk +ggesz:2/1:v s

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient ov p p-+2twra.cf linear expansion is much smaller thanw p2-t .+apvrc that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurawp uzn23mf 2-ete at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badlypm3/q4sr 1l0ahpwgl . the can will not stand up. What h3p0q.grs / lp4w h1lmaas happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatzq *7,b+x wilnd(d 4zture increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changeszw*dt 4qi+b ,n(x zd7l in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged inq(yag5 *7 sisl water increase or decrease if the t7a yq*i 5ls(sgemperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Cii,-hj, rojtx *lh6nr.(6 pj gharles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the abho(j*. j,h-pjrn6 lt,gi 6r ixsolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic j*9gnzi-bu3bi6yvj3lq l (ty b.c 9t,theory.

As you go higher in theyd5 ld)y2/4taboi5a/ m/se pw Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an -mnt-ebl4 k89 3unlje object must have to ulnl98j t4 e-nek-m3bleave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly tql, f6fgb5* whhan water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecu 6g 5*,bfwlfqhlar properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is,5nv)m,3 c2 zgi aya,wc*ytai far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sa*,zv3 , )ynt5cwmaig2ay, c iame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at ruken/-( w/j4 4rf fbfjoom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but thezwp(z*+ i pz 6ir5a6mu humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air atpp a5wzirz+mi6z( *u6 the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiato by9(q0:)e m2sxc hpjnr cap of an overheated automobile engjx(qm)esnp:9 c 0 byh2ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in then,i oc b;f*(w(w knin)eb *c9z winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there gvtw n(6bflz4rm+b; 7 in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gra i35(md,ams dlm gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same,is dam(53dlm mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often;w owv0tof;v.cy5 b,c taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? ,0vf;bccy.o5w t;owv    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordeee :bdbev7u 4;gzsa,o c,6c qgw 32gt3d are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol columno-1 k3r 2l6pbxm f(paj;myb)tputj94 has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 j f3mrl1) (6x jtp 2 t-;bpao9bypmuk4$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built al 1d*6hm rm(l ior,t+of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apppnh bc/reb)6 xawy .- ;jt)/cyroximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much i)arj6ye;)/c cy.pb -x ntwb/ hts height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than 7,6lhq*/*zqasu cc zw +.erbzthe rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivetq, q6hz/bera+c 7 l c.uz*szw* 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a,no6a a6n cire/7c p/ot 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its c8bd/y.hmlo e5veds/b1b s(w8 hange in volume if it is heated from b (odelhs/s581 y bew8b/d.mv30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350. c4g ao58hdc4i0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at htg ukp0 :/ yy2+a,l;/k:(xj ybaaiga20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a p+f i 2n6 v;.uivcjey07ho cg0stp7c-ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nes- hrb0/3ybo w 3mu2fywx.x*arrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately e2xb omf ruy30bse whyw.x-*/3qual to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chavc;l6(w 2f ad)t9hhewnge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate vvzf k +:je)-jo,kb/gof length l and width w has coefficient of linear expa-,o/ f:v+kjez )kvjgb nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropin6dp *,y h:rp l hizemm/kr,5*c solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect a u((hbmc *,cahr+doxhod(t,6/wa +ztime at 1ch, t (bcrwax+d( o6,dm+ha( *aou/zh 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermov kx6n8g- 1abjmeter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a voln- bk6jgv81xa ume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m ia-dt 0jh, 0g*o ps)h uetf:yx6c.mf.us rotating about its axle on frictionless bearins ef, u)ou*hcyj.t: pg-d.f0mxa ht0 6gs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whdelfk b10o4a 9en at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases tl 1f40bekdoa 9o 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bes8ev;a-d,py g hh4hq6am of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122l,wy 8 *nj2fgi nhs0*f cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: wt/ wen 2 g.lijf*bn10(5re a q13oxi9fkov:z
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fah8tf fu0/9sr+j yc3aut renheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior oq63g 78ozy7yi.*5bzaav zplx h(m y4 tf the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, ai 11 t)qetr5 rage3r+4nlywe. ar at atmospheric pressure and a temperature g qta14rnt.ay)rewrl 5e+13 eof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the p u2my)ic-p62 amw8w zideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains q /:coar7a - jo,wvjowx v,b7421.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg ofv8 hw8we c,4nn nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10 +u qgins*2l k/ k:5b(hloe4ur.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure in8lig kuyenydzn/v. +z-y;g( 9side a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38zykydvgn-u 9/e(8gl;n +z . yi5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of qv j) ,b;yja*gva(;rn$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift nha1dg8 xqgc)x;y :2(;rbtze by heating the air inside the balloon, w1 haedy8btx 2rq;z)(cg:; n xghich makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with an(8uquxf a 0;air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18e.u mbg7nlm-8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level andjhdub45e jh68 j3cm9g 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number oe pxgxrpb*itkbk8xvg75 d:7f+7mm4 * f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wat kwlrjdd bd u(69-gv77er are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)ob8nh/h8rvl q/ h+3)nve g29dd jp)ol moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5y vv: ue*t/h)f ckmq*42xw s)po7h6fo.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wer15g1djpy,rnd z u +f6re also in the last breath Galilnz+ dupy1, jg5d16rr feo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule am2 zh( 9rs.gtwt STP? 9.2m rztgwsh(    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of h szwp i/5co 7lxo)db63elium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about b)ic /xo7 wol56p3szd 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatureta1wq(ghv+ ,,(;sklk dnd 5 ic is increased fsa+gv 1k(tcl(,w ,qn;i 5ddh krom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, p22-ij9lfedt2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Cfdiepl-t229j alculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molm:qr;yfl q;blg*a b,1ecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whil 539yl nn yuw.x,oed;6ji+ig le its volume is held constant, by what f;g5uwyldj+9i i x 3.oy6ne ,lnactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules +n1vsryt51kg 6e x2bxsa1k *n in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, nmfhu * xg-m ,k)vl/p5the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse rup /m5nhkf)g, *v-xmlatio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nidvjblkt1t7*3cu.c 9u e+rdfmnpq: 6,trogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule i.r/wdw ap 3 8il84cwmat 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules apuk58u i fd(m 5 29jdqrmhrz2,t STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moleculq4bt,r.7go,g5 l v kpoar mass is 89 u in a livingg .,lbvgk7r5toq p o4, cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writte-xa,f5/wt by jn P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u2t*a9d xt4ifra v9w;l ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prx:;9dnfwb1(tr 7oyn xessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase wcsl;c t qsui:eev 3-l3;f6,jchen the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 e,3ijfc6 ;lcsel:;v-s qu 3ct $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the hd i6x2 ck )h+k2c 6,mr9if.lla2bhe qnumidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is c) 26n ad6i kke92b,+lqcrfh x .i2hml25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wnr2fh:he zkb36 ,(kfv5w xrc+ here water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in th.vwai .bwu wsvr-b:3(e mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which w3rv :.ba(wibw w.sv u-ater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the nm); z olf 61yegvs63npartial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humiditfg)6m oz nse36y1l;vny is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature isvqe9aj r-x6+m 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookehob yz+o 1vhab)5 :hq6r if the water is boiling :1o h)bhqb 5h6v+oyzaat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ok4 9den+5.m2vh wv vayf volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poyhzs4tbn, 12dint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine s nbv*12y z85 gircos2q/bk9l molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1 b9giq5bcl* 28rs/vykzs2n1o 5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through oi5mek h)j-+*k -l*ubl 4ua ubtiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area ku-e*)uoku4 hl *-lij abmb +5of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibr +*wcb ,dbj;at5 g/fznated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated x+ag)3/ lp090a v- hnebfr xady xm/v0at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at 5m 1fuidm/2oknormal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the 5mki1f o2/d umwater and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gaq1f;dle :oeh .s cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been1q f :eeo;d.lh blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m,/6a1 uwzl*p/g kzc t0oldo5w8 width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m.60a/utlc/ww15g *o 8z pok zdl Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom sqwl;dc-, vls j,-k( xper $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available:5tboro wrj :9 vacuum techniques is about: wo5jrro bt:9 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whe f dzx /5zc8/6/lmdirzn 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly zdz d/x r6 f/ilcm/58zrose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed ofp mjs(/95qk vfduy r9- about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and 9jsykd/q vur5p9-(m f this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increaslv ,0l+3f+krkm0lex1 2ia c aied from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770q(fpvz s53x*yvd (r*im$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric b8j - 5gehltkas,dv/: pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimatet vae- d5 j,/k8:lhsbg the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecwzuh,l jj zn) ;8p:o-iules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gau0n/(w/ mnyrh+ arzr t;ge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800r (//0;rnyarnz m+twh kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a; scnlpr ny5t+: 03q g6eo,hyn bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ak*g+5aljv *mtia md 04i /d;ljt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eart al 0y4eofq;i/lf1k/3uqrm 7wh’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gl h ,9kz+y1gcf.yhu:nm ass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted i(z 0 pgy 1 fo+pmnc*d+g+l5 m4i/xzlfin the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at w)xw+7h/hvym 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth iwusf:,/y+ gdhv62qs+ e xaj)mi d,e7as $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by t:-aoh/bkuo2awu* 8 mpennis balls thrown vertically/o2-b 8:a* u upmakwho upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) b yeuj7r/nmtqb14)fu 9 ubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gan4jr )y1/e7ut9b fum qs. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressuk;4i csnnog1 s/ :gv-rre in the air on the following two days: 1v gi-k;n4 :/srcsngo
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent cyzajy;5w;gr1ut2i wk i8e(5 difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature iw(jr uk2te;8; ig1zya5y 5ciws 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant ec*;u 3jf1 x(yzfqki 1pressure, the fz1ckq1eyu*3f;(i xj coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify theirnl oev q9 fu+vo (:;zl3ck9c nld7ai2+ cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (klvl znovd+:9+i;3c qu 9al(27 f cnkeoept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg