Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg ofgk*h 5n (v ouu.u i5na6s7.chb6ssj0d aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B6.u j5vugsh0 i7u5cs.b (dn ao*s6k hn.

Name several properties of materials that pbrdie,p( x9x;a+l .j could be exploited to make a thermometer.(d.blpi9x rpa +je;,x

Which is larger, 1 C kxpi nlpr; ;n(7(7v no$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in6kkv 7gy/*dvcwdx3r 8 thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperaturk3wgkdc vv*y /7 d6xr8es of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consirlq;.xntdpmizgm+eeufe .7 5t( :0 c5sts of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will be7n+gmprmfe(u5it0 zxe:5lc. .d;t eqnd. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expanw0hou ,6kv,di sion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram os; 1z7 mutwj. z4sic+yf a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals b4wmus+7 .1ys iz tzcj;onded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at(j gtz v:p6sg/j8kc0hofyutml.)b1/ the ends often have a section in the shape of a U.t/8bv:yjltf(60 gmksg z1hju ./cpo ) Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder ofg5h7jeaxwvn 4qx;6* k (bq e6e lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot3cpp*a 8 *8yi z8mdevz tub of water, the mercury initially *dzm8pvae 8 p*8yciz 3descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is e;k3wu b44-bq* atiew heated or cooled more rapidly than4eiu ;bwb3 qwt ka-e4* adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thakmy)(rne y7 (nt its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for (yry m(7nk n)eordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 skjhh(vv9;5w.2 adc d$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of sod*mjdjohazx ws00(p i+nj ;):pa will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happenednj(dx+0:0 o*zwmaps ;)jihpj ?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, o rtg6.(r,pl xtla,c1by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using t,tg(p lca 16x.rot lr,he kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminu 9jr4leyokh(5:ht z a-m sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the tempo 4j(atelhkh5-9z: yrerature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how C3ux4k+hjh /i 1sk:clcharles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation betwees ucc+1j/x4:kkh h3iln average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows f7b,hh)ldso axz ys.tme ,y/e1n)o(n :rom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth.q ,qox emwl747pesq0 ’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objqpv2 .yuhp l./ect must have to leave the Earth and never return. h pvu2.yq/pl. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thanhzk:d .vf03 rw water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecu fr:0.3kzdhv wlar properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfr ) l 7zc5ad0wmarpv+1ortable than a hot dry day at the same temperrl)m51w zp+c7av ad0rature.

Is it possible to boil water at room teayo 0jj gez1uca j54*2mperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffxz 3d 2wbh*1tu5jrwz p )0g4bherent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the wtjhzxdpuhb4 w5 r0b*12z g)3 humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overpq p-fe+jvia5- t.8gaheated automobile enfj i 8a e-qpav+gp.t5-gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white closxftnpilw ,8d ( /tpn3az(44rdx ci .,y;q)bd ud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennotp4w)r2fo xcs2v u+5-ua4c gg2y(lby?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-)*. h:+cqq yw zu2qrxzgram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the qqyh 2q:w x)u* z+rc.zsame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scaj9w u4g 5(op*u -fatghle?5j* w4 gugah- put9(fo   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lo-b7a k +0 ymkcjr:knbn1s lq(8west temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colu1. utkb tn l*7xwgzi8)mn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0k zb7 wxni tl*tg1)8u. $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m l z-a hc y2ov,2naxf+nqlkxu/82jsj ; :a67mdb ong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m th9egi7y2fttml 0-7z aall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average teea9 tly mfh727tg- zi0mperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole a;hai ,v,kfad/1;z dqs vjol1b(*or 9 mikq7e7re often used andok, qie1 s1k;v7dl v(*q;ajai7bz /fh r,dm9o the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 oj2+g 6pogy/q ;5 ks jzlcmb8+$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change imf;n.nq33,ismr2dx/a* f r g* r5o dmjn volume if it is heated from 30 /3x mmrsnf o25;jnrid,.m qg3df ar* *$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to g-bjv k/v;+l 3i btax;the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that c9ce*b+ zx5aes8co),ub5bpkbp5- h k55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to t8o3gzn: lepc:0dg z;be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expan4kqeib 9 +jzbc3 ,us //zhzk;dd in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal tszb/;4/ ib,h zezuk+9 3jckdq o the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change wd7 tk cc;5djcq 69 w48r3* iwxsfu1htin the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular p, * oh:6h*xi/kyiyq atht4vj/ late of length l and width w has coefficient of linear exi6*xh:,t akq/ th h i/*v4yoyjpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, 09bu yuz y0jn1oc( vc.$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather -xzrkb/ij6-p0+ 8th yi3hzb aclock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17zkrh/b8 6tpib3 yza0 xji -+h- $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bzr i*l5iebz i6 :sl;7mulb has 5bm: rzi*;eli7lzs i 6a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rota xrokepcsa; v .q -tz5:3dc8l,ting about its axle on frictionlesl53dzeoc,pa ck.xs- 8vqt;:r s bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired le7dek2ko k2goj1t4lmp 2 4;rben)erjz )s3u )fngth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 kk71 nl gjbed2 tj 4eo r3zp)m22ue;fo)s4k r)$^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crostkvr 97h,ci ,ys-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122/) yu mvbvt3kvy4o, 0zgbs1r; cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tem)(vv*hfd wq*rperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheituo 7t1 u:kf*pqter w tbk 2ac*,hx5+9a scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 40n+tlxj e 5ve456)vmjiqhc 0ncw3() sk 00$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric p.tn-,gcyoais) i+z6 - mqch-r ressure and a temperature oho . zci -)yt- ,inqga6+-rcmsf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas lta.i2wes t 9w.aw.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen lbc5c xtsu;q9n q.+spb +w.4x($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg ofv.2y;sfzd r0 ao pw7q8 nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.i:(: *mz8 *qmyymva( x7fqhih0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas aiw733 puym( 8dfv;geyf ;.fxft 38;x73 8fpfgi .(y vfmyfde wu;35 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ok8ll(:v y(s ;.dudyq zf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieum-e) +m*f n1 bfjard17uiop9 3cob 6ives its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less den17f)b-ncr3 oedi 6b1 i9fou m+pj* aumse than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with -0t3k:w.wl w5j(xn sitspb7hhs,s,a air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at hpqk olqa1ve+o3 7;p918.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand azpue c4kr+91whc90z at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleiuti k f7y5duyfj)um0q-nv (-(7jk f1cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How ) )ejfmj57hil many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m3n b5q5qndx r/oles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumr.d(;)vspyj r e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of a 1njnx 1/tih)pir are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosph p/ntnx )1ij1here is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxyg mnsb;0eu6 t,9q +1m5o4iooshlkcc 8fen molecule at STP?0 t98 eo5cl;bcsm4fn6qmios+ uh 1ok,    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near tdv9*w5 mrzu5s he surface of the Sun at a temperature of about z sdu* r5w9vm56000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molgtk.k * /2wrivecules increase if the temperature is increktw/ri2*.v k gased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/sug wgm*mh w7fmjp/72w o v2i(5: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, jw 2(p g7vw72iw5u*om mhgmf/ 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a r( bwj5 9af7ptm;;p qjgas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whkp 6pl)m86dvwzk z1 *mat fapkvz )1l pm668 mkdwz*ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spefcwqg;e/4/t b *j-zp,efzr2 wed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their8sii70 fezp/e --ry o.aeevn / rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the 8.pfies r- yeoen/0evi/ a7-zsquare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containeoizjr ,ky5( 4qd in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an kpu r. rcr*j+f2ezcb)pgr74 .pz 5g+doxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules awah;j-ood8;0uf; wm 8v v9:0yqz; ove rig0zqt STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose mole/pr zict ;ak7*i s2jrxwx85r:cular mass is 89 u in a livin cjix8akrrz2*5xrs7w ip t:;/g cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P b*63vvi,t do9kc;boe of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniupgcj 55 6m/yea.c* 9 xlfolu;sm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phas fw+37vm2hy habie*p3es can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0yd auv qf je 9(2p3qnvnj(-u0*.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9jd(09 epf3vuv aunj q2y-q*n( 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (hog.d1rle3l1ag( 8tgza. kn: approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature 31ahg t re. lkdlonga1 .8:z(gis 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at gbb ; 5 ltf:.jjfgt8wgc)5c)n90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the moub lcpgos *m5do(20o r wfvav9(5m*1lqntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whicm5 aq59(*0prgdo v*molc2 s (1vwofblh water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the x5 sy9*g.f m3rkp dl5dpartial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the reld*m lr559 fdgsxpy3.kative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of 6u(zcb0xwo :0a vf lx-crss ;;water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pr0qu (mv721xqpyqg 9be essure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120x(gv 270buqym91peqq $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68;+gv nuep4dv8. 8scwc0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its deqm+ m4adw7a dx, tf5ux0 lb9a7w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (s9thn ;6o ,e 9etkwaq,lee Table 13–4) to diffuse a din 96oh, aeqe,tlwk9 ;tstance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface z1;8snkj8tmtle ry1 x2g6 xz9 of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area;rge t8jz x21nzl16tk9 xm8ys of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has/8. 6nzdb2et iid8 kox been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedn4me j wv5 toa15(wv h7nthmy86b9 5df at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was caliv; 3kgq5 p).8g t pt(m+wfmbtobrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe q+ botmf gt3(.kt; v)pp 8gw5mcalling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftevek.l9c+*e w bw* nh8lr many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction ov ne+kbw*8*.ceh w9llf the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width lo- ee7 ch9* fx29ycco3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temper l-2 f 9xcecoy7o*9cheature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matte1p2ojhboe rtu81-t8q r is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques isr :)qdy/ scye0qi6/ tq aboui yqd)qs/q0ter y6/:ct $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full ca jm*8u5n5uwl opacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surf 5lw*mu8n5o ujace? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters ;ps*r hdq;er,Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking , epsrq;*dh; rthe nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 1 ee4ic;5-qyxi10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 72t3btw( xlla6 3o. /o1zixo 7g6pfull70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known valueh9gz z5.lx j,e of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in th .z5hl,9g xzjee Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen cgtti ago0ag6g;e:0a y lv*9/ molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psqcq.u6 z.-kq2a xsvv. itrn7g7q1mz1i (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last.7c-qnz2q kmsa71vgx 6.tuqzri1v q. if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats intg.(o )o u1b sw):gpdv a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline airm . m(n1ab: pqibi,2t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at,v i,:p v+qkn g4xihw( 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at a9 oyw jx+0sepsy+*hj/ b+jj*20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopte, n*6xyt)4; uylvrz f -jv3pysd in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 2yisgst9o (sa,cl ea6ep0 -xxm :8a/3a0$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ea*. oqw)atnvo dx5pk/ 8rth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended a wdwgzn w no(sz7)8lue:l w7*2gainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second munzel2wgu(dlwn7)w o :s 78w* zst rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphe3 g9 yfx/.llmtflr-5t rical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature ttmf -l9gx35y/flr l. is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pk:5 nqakv; )arressure in the air on the following two days: aq:v 5ak;rnk )
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of rvepjab2d:9y) i- + gziron at STP, and when it is a soli-br py+z9d2e a:v)igjd deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas l/iqmof qec*5 il0 f1r6 fpp2a8cfbx-. aw to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volumep*q2cii-o1 0frf q8 .5cm6ax lf/ fpbe expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot; mio 2wbslse4g:u*xqw)sk(k5 y3mh fo/;gt; and mildew. If the cellar iofyigs t;(;ql:kw5hesm /4 ; )mw gkxbs2ou3*n a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg