Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or jon1 //p1au jcg(21 7m mkbzdy1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table ocaj / y/2jm1o dku z1mp1bgn7(r Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermo f8xc mk1 (wop4gmrn./meter.cfropk ng(x84mw./1m

Which is larger, 1 C h6zhgml ))e2z $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equ;z gw asg l6h 1 ( rk+(qgeho+y)t/:fphil*e(yilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatur g sz+hfi1(l*6y h/rggeqhk)ap(to:w( y+l;ees of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of irjlq l;or6i7hc- oi ovo6)s6 )ll;vm-qon. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on tvho l6v6si) -qojqcri7ol ll 6m)o-;;he outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of l o,k;/atbio/ finear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a f u (k(),1dvw9qd,vfpzgu+fy jurnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass ve19v (u(fgj,uvdpydw)k ,+z q fssel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed afr/ +ep2egli3 rs5h 6jt the ends often have a section in the shape of a U.s62+e3e g/pfr irh5jl Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lea;tps*y; nr -l+x slnroa2 qd86d floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomxg;+u)yyr n9 feter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercyyun)fgr + 9x;ury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one2o cbu qhc()z4q :.tze part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjaceceo bu4tqz.cz) (q2 :hnt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expans8+ u0-*jow eawzeeoch +u,m0a ion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Tabl00e,juzw o*uam a+ohe 8ewc+-e 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, a;q1a6.nyj6fp; xw- -bxu9n vq mpjm u)ccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the c o;d+q o4n:zo*c8:.os 1x*uffxwssiaan will not stand up. Whas idsz:1f4oqfw.ono ** ;8so+xu: ca xt has happened?

When a gas is rapidl7 /8otkfmry+f y compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the mo +r oyt7ff8/mkmentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water i0o*wo;6lfyzcm 7:n7ojrm1k dncrease or decrease if the temperaturmf k*; : 17 c0o7roldyonj6wzme is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theor zu)(tbhlfmxhgn9yq x95x;xb+13-sg y and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature(su;z xtxx l3hf1-n5 9h gb9 m)+yxqgb.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fo4* 58 +rw9l vsalehb/e ,dgenzllows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s 6ewy7tdo1lq*;r te*matmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must 1 u**c/g2wzljjqj5/4ys x vqe have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velg ejcs4jz *w lyv/15j*qx2qu/ocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than ;tc fc(b8;xf:e np 5sjbp3b98lmh .rpwater at room temperature. What can you infer ;: c;.j3lbfxbc8pt pmp8 fh r9enb5s(about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far mor5.u;l3v -1mqpep xkiue uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatup5 .m v;-31eu kulipqxre.

Is it possible to boil um4(snu i2tf4q+.ur xwater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the hp rwzv( 31(e0twck an+umidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same 30( e1cvzna+ktw prw(T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiatu5ouyao kz;72or cap of an overheated automobile engine uou7kaz2y o5;.

Why does exhaled air a0q xay/qbf/ ).d 6 s,f8fvyaofppear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grmim re1-6fgg 7d74xmn am copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number ol-) c br5mi0llf atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring crl-ml0)5ib lof the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is cz a9p 9xiin1j 0qxo--this on the Celsius scale?a01xn -oipcq9z ji9x-   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13ooj59 da)cl1z)cq z .k6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82*hn+ ili-o 6 b1t6howa cm at 0.0o6i*+ obh t1nh-il 6wa $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 1 s 8y;x+wi4uoc0 )x58inciqe x2 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron app2advedd/i3g n75ag0zroximately 300 m tall. Estimate how mucd/az2 dg5van0 3d7ei gh its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hol)b90iy* rgqujz(i .q*)lfr i oe are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at i froi*qgbj()quly )r *0i9.z20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at d, g :ko;kyhp+4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in8e enyi;b vu971gbj:r ( p+oty volume if it is hea79ieb 8 t+jvn u1;br(yoyeg:pted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled toaspwi1s6 mj (+ the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wa+,kgjmp3 lb z4ter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is cjgo-;v .z ,ecto be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiall p-.h;ogjclpl;t 0bid+us,wln;w(3s y one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volum+.p3h llts0;s n b-d w(;,;guc jploiwe expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the deyx60 u ah8 m h2eqnq-vo2 nw4sw*hc)ez0rk40lnsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plat0ilz 2 wg.edkc.o8vd- e of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansii2d8kzgelw vd.-c o 0.on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropiab) ,yxdrru/7e9pj+ed pa 8m4c solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfee wdoa9kb(q(/q ;r(olct time at 17qqrd;a/kboo9 ewl ((( $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insiderznf2h *vje jvz 7 1:/km)sml1k0tgp1 diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2550ljmfkzn*vgj: h1ev7s 11/kr)mtzp 2 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cyw/jn--phj p+ h 24)lgloghq806orslk lindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velo/6 gqopll j8-2joh snl4 k-0wg+)hp hrcity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when dou0 w0rg*/ cv*q)ixi at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature incre0w d 0vgixo**ui/cqr) ases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectione30/klz2-+ yshum bjj f38 frqal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 17uxanow l8;nxlvy *j14 y g;jjzny;*. 34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tejey.du+ b-rv 2mperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tem n5rb7ik0d1ii perature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Eartrgs-i8 m-:vwn qm,rwb /pg-. hh and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmos9ixo3a0/t mdz pheric pressure and a temperature of0i z3 xodtm9/a about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas lawb1e52 an.nmp/kxo:jdr kax+ 0.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitro4*wyx hx;q;i hgen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogp-flqg 5*xsz 4kwp(h5q l1os+en ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium ga-s( nby aow( +m 92 ,ws7ekzi*l7ybwcps is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of bl7y tvsk d3+d3d))gnargon gas at 3g+ )3dnsdb3)t7 kdl yv85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k q.b bxgxb j.l6f*mj5o6/uws. o2.fnxg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buqsg9 cp8: vr)voyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of av 89)gs :cprvq balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witxvp1u (e*kx8t :auep ,h air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atf2 mz2kw 1h;9q3g qq9kpf8t) lyml g8g 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a childzc r b05h)*0 ,quimxah’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / mx n3+- 3+n cyazf/ggmb5:+vfmz)rrn $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are therz;bjvmh v4;7j4 5 ujfue in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molhf)u vz/a0m )65pvbh4m;vh rbf6z7rh es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5eaxr 7wm8kc;ur9 ey.* ndoh i3zoh18).1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are lu5x4zq s- ;w:lai-elin each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took.l-ux:; 5 sqawl 4ezl-i [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational /itwcu.i0x, skinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST/x,usi. wtci0P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms ne)sj;(d e9;;gf vxzkdsar the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 600kdxj;) dsf(9s;e ;zvg0 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase ifjg z:jmvb 88- dkqr.1bnrv t.) the temperature is increased fro kz-mr dr1t8j : gjqbn.b)v8v.m 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s:z-o5 vtyz0k( m 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed.0vzm o(-zt5y k $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atj7 bg2j. yg-dmy .p6hz 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volum9(mpq9k lf x+d 7)yqkde is held constant, by what factor d7m 9qx lq)+ddk(9ykfpoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecu3w4v *rb3t-xaxh oom++ *aqp5 (vtjujles in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the samemf5o/ kl2pcre/et m9 3so.v g. temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots / 5. 2oo9mrv. l/ekpscf3emgt of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen (i4h u.wims9mfjm 7 z+molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms sjz4 0 yha2pss b:m;n:hrh7ig5peed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogmaa d2tf0. d4xen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whoso r1ru/aq8 qr966vct1m gpto.e molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell ac1qao9pot.qvr um6t16r g 8 r/t 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a ga/f; ae4uj l5mes can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ozn99i;*pc1*q calsguranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric presscb)6hk.f ug akrfp5- :ure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 h2fz f 1* rqunz*0*p3/c wwudkatm and the temperature is (a)p* wd**2uz cw/1fhfnru0zk3 q 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) iv-gcf 3 n+tyodxvh8,0 f the humidity is 50% on a day when the te oh x-d ntc83vgy+v0,fmperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wat1sz3)g+zofd sgr-niog8,2 c ler boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a par hi,ox.hubm(, w*7udzticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boilsd,.h,w(zuh* m7iu xob . $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressur /ofp : z51nlxb waucc6utq3)0e of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%?u0auptxo1fcl6q / 3c:n5) zb w $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day j:z .v fm*wz+syzz, .ir -c*wlwhen the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure itkwsy5qld3o+x1qm t3w 5ezbx2b1 c+;nside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a+3x5w;e cb1z +k1qy 53lox d 2tbwstqm temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680qkpq-- 0vi*vy ql u+,bdu+te )$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of ifv8g93nr xpa d9wv5g/u9q: p 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a ggcwcig.w9+o.io0 1 ks i(u6 welycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dista c+6u.wgo09 iiwkgi c.(1sew once of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thr f wh;*qbo:7eaough tiny tubes called tracheae. An;q 7efw ba*o:h average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bee.tsc s6h dr5/rn calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure ha y5 by(-kthx0 g i,a+yccuoc,ao,8vj9s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wvtdo 2ohbvi+98dy0 u 0as calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a reyid 82 buov+ 9ov0t0dhcipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many2abqr9-j rw, vd ue88q 7mlgj+ balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased towvu9jrml r+8e q2b7gdj- q8 ,a 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number ofu3)s/tohd h* 5ey l3rn air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2 eny)3lh*t3ruso 5d/h.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of3inr cr:k dqh* .yjt/( matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usingsbtx9le ha*ez-h5a3kh4tu6, the best available vacuum techniques is abou*a,9-z he ukl btse53ah4x6tht $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his g ( ;,q0 cd+gwswrxhxj.8t5rh lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surhsxrrx, gw t5c 8wd0(.+ jqg;hface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning f 2s9ijzp *6-ol/um mvmrom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature,j/6 *zsom pm2mu9v-il the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ide* i3sl * .ter)2dpmdydal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mxiqb6u5 c,2deh: i/r (b1 geqpyld-1q $^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the-ocl yp,opj ,n-dz*g9)pb xv01 mv4 hx Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’pxbx,-p 4jd-z* hgovoy)l019,p mcnvs atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrv7hx8y o3rqatt1+r4b ogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressureimcbq*/ odjk3qo.gq,) :j1 hk = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylindom/gcd,k)1jbh.jkiqo * : qq3er last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid hhlul7+)twiy64 a1 rq:z (fz gmercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline vfhmn*3(q *2lqq d zt)5rh+ydat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eart:lh 1. zmn9p+pftc)/rm*ge7k f ria w7h’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass c6eo0z1m+ 0xhts6kuy jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in qw dw 9s:z;4sbmo 6+qcthe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 at-2xf)d-4m.se; (mkoxxyk1 cc 2pqg rjm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from theh-sg2r h*h fp, Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against graycr/y4 e6ze5nk1:k g s: j(fw34wfznlvity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must resz l6yn3:4rjkzf ywf5: /(gkce w e14nbound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbj c+o) ypx;+ez2k)raqv(0bx zle of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Ass o)z( pkveq z+bx2;0y)xj+arcume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water(h/s5it szy o5izs/uxon 5g(+ vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: u5oi/z (n x/(ssi5oh+g s5tzy
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of u+vjn*xtyy w (10dw,oiron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperaturv,yju+1 nyx o*d tw0(we is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure,5j* me21 ki wiq6g-lpl the coefficient of volume expansion is equal wlp6mj*5-qke 1g 2lii to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly deh em;)v:9 tuhuiumidify their cellars to prevent rot and miv9: uhi;) meutldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg