Which has more atoms: 1 kg of da 7nja6vrzp) zvek 38c9un3m9x 9y-oiron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Append3d3)9vaco9nje8z pmk6u 9zny xra7-v ix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be e)onz 9a*qf q1qxploited to make a thermometeqnza*1o9fq q) r.

Which is larger, 1 C xltr0 xkcm-)sd x4nzeox/2:)+fq) bd6t ;gnc$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system Bq3zpj4y0 m1ev, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with sy104 q mpvy3jezstem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When h-+k i4np)taylt4+a iteated, the strip will bend. Which metal-ni 4) lkp ai+tty4ta+ will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansik-:7 n2jd50av w lxj if9eymn*on $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (trzse /8(b-ffg56*ak4b yv da,ud-ydor other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid meevysd *yf8-t bu z/ka4 ad-f rd(,b6g5rcury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have gnore)2 jsp(3h5dku1 a section in the shape of a U. Why?(n25kg 1)p hsu3 ejdro

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats n5kdtxk(ky gv3* aru: k4+,qz7(ii dtin mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub ovlf9z0ob b 58m8agw8 r, i2w to-ar0hyf water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then risgfrv o0 tr882lo zwba,0y9-bawh58imes. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cma4qq wv *f1h*ooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.*famw4*1 qvhq

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficien,2aqro3 d *d+dk lg)aot of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (k2+oq ,)grddda3* aloTable 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate af+zhn :agf3 x2tmk)1it 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will carlwj2eo6 /mty,x-1whq,k s /fuse its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happen/2j xk-/w1h,sormwq fl 6t,yeed?

When a gas is rapidly compress p)rh;7 es c2mny18+jn q9pyeged (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when te87ny12sr;qcy h mp)9p neg+jhey strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an - vz-m+ rpyp64aqdhz7 c3e4mbmj 5bna -/zc(baluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from j3 pbdm-brc v qpzc(nm+m4-zeh76-a 4yz a5b/ 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law fol4f1 35/qvnghmslryg5i ls1f 2lows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energ1g2f 4sv1 m/syn5qh3ilg f5rly and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fol(3ocub9 /qxbxlows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere,bb, ot-o (z 8z8gy/ iymq76iy0d(pf+h oxk*cl the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth ekqcqs9gf ,6 nl/xe 1o- ,k.xqx8mnv:refers to the minimum speed an object must have to lqofcmkx 9v,e xklxq nsg-681:ne.q ,/eave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quicjudgv-peo3 0 -kly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relati- evgu0jp 3do-ve to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more unc175jg9hr pgs 5 eiziq/omfortable than a hot dry day at the same pr7gi/19h5jzqi g 5setemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatulfsk8pe 2g4 s*re (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempv9.u t::m) vjouqflt+erature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense,v uf lmt::v+o).9jtuq the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated auj8n03h:an a ud49kzud tomobile engua0zn8 jd 9nk:34da uhine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whid808iw3a j4hj- zipwjl 9y,ljte cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.eg0(,es c)lhs+ 0u3 ywcd w.cg4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.ogrt6 9q5 w5o2k6iefm5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the saofgterwi95 6ok5mq2 6 me mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scalep3e :2(i+z nzfi 9;3jaikpivo?+3jiz k9fzv2ioin:e( 3 ip; pa   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded arec gy5gx0*4ph;xxl 3 w5c:bzdn 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at qtmvn+8 mh. x8vmd;q0 0.m hnqm+tm8vq;dx8. 0 v0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (2ps0 fgqfc28 p,2*4ox:h pqfcp0 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of +v27u wkvawn-) tvw9v wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperatwnv2 -t)wwv 9vva+7k uure of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofk6b-+k *q zhsepzzjbzi1z* 5+ten used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rzk*j*q5+6z+ kzipse bh1 z -zbivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water artkiy(76ws3q2:q 8ogm+ iw ltt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wd75yk*yt iz0t 69a yhd,sz/glill be its change in volume if it is heated l*a y,h95t6zzy k/yi7 gddst0from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of watg* :bqno1k9y8fdet)tnud:a) er at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of w*.qp 9tpsds 7ovhxj(hs l* m-:ater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iowelmo7./ye t(qz+*tb k x z5*ron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containe sp ,eaw58p09ggwv 0 qwzl77std in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is app7a ww0gp5z vs, 7s98w qtlpg0eroximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density +xfr)3t t5 itmx7 lqe:$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of li3 lwot59nxahau(v :;b near expans ta wl:o;u(ah3bn9vx5ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol(jp.u4 ue vo19tl0q/dd,wux o id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfk.r;-ol( q wqglm93pfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1q 3- qfko;. pg(l9lmrw7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometel .7av)a1 t:srkf7 hpy.gn ee4r has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0 7ge1t:sveafrhy) 4. 7ln.akp.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatine ac1 k4/4y8vx of )heb;odrt0g about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity fe r4oechxta1v04ok;y/) 8d b$\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How mu 5i43 h9 0 jufb3x/qrg7mdtlhkch stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 3k0jrd5g3 7 tu4f m lhq9/bixh$^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crossosk+ir(/q uj9 -sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter+n23 v-/ ;tzbgwpywt s 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvio4w(71b q y,3 ha bho,)krtzsnn scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is wha8 sz mzj:ojp0p,,k ab:t temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 400k.om7u)pci4;t-bt t y0$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion enginx)j 7x+-u rgbre, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of aboutr j- rx7b+u)gx 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideaps)(c 3:r3bj/ acyuofl gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.65*no n n/bu(sv kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains2e h 4gx0u br6ygrzvm1sl8f85 3i/amj 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at eg7,lh5al u q (f o5-2t6fpmhh10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105 iief1 wgm6/ oj3d,5lf kpa,/o.0 kg of argon gas at 385 ao,kimfg1w6dp/ ,j5/ eliof 3 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg .j, moueh ;flb2smmn 6fq (aw7z,/s h6of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatin,kes;z2qj)os p q /g,xg the air inside the balloon, which ma/2sq op ;zq gk,xs,)ejkes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atu9/a y9uuxh )l 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18e+b2x z *(ledc.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.3m uf 5npp408sv-tvn s0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moijt:a.: r dx 9glpa 8ikj74o5xk16shclecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 Le ezg -y*rcqb v;.e)jo re9(s+? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molehujx buze yx1v36;o* 2s,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum3n+(6r.xfp(yqlex ia4; )n vkh ;um2urh 5jsae 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules /( pxfh/wsgw9of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took/xfw /hws9g(p . [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic esod;pv,s wxuiz(i(p 7hg:m9 *nergy of an oxygen molecule at STP? sh(i7*s( iwdp: zopgvu,m9; x    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of igx3f j.z3s c( s:c1hnf(t9cbthe Sun at a temperature of aboncc fx9.f(1hs gc3 jszb ti3:(ut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculsvk r* 9 lw1(e2j6ta2(mjfoyhes increase if the temperature is it(2j(k*we 62 h1y ma srl9jfovncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units -pmapph3t h9xn d t7dlx*.41x of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,x 94*3hnm7dxa- 1px pltth.pd 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules7ivsgn :j((kcg;8c iq;bkhq) in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its vok ase.ko+ /cz3lume is held constant, by what factor doesc+ka .zok/e 3s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed ofa j6 0ra+n. woe+rzuw3bd2s-z molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture4* 6rvygx aevau0cb99 of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rmsuvg 4*v6rabce0xay 99 speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moli0 sx3vlx+)ts ecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spq -zb73tra kuzd,4dm5 eed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distan)eg rcf;kw( o8ce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an am8n5q4( xy/sa hihra 9dino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livn8dry 9x h(h 5iasa/4qing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be 2r iaju 4zsy8e 8as:.3 ste2naqzf)u v;gqk3,written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniul/u5h nmnh )2 d+v1h5cr-(xmjy koi,j m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric press )0c5jdkesh f8ure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the prewq p6 4k pm 5 4czvxckgggn/0mhj),j:6ssure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)m) kc6vk5 /w6pnj,4gx m4ghgj0zpc: q 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day w6f tsdx.7x2 hkg8(cfmhen the temperature .g7s68dx2xchf( tfmk is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watnq 5bdpb4(qq-n +l )9 iqgiz9ter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 a0/kxo09rbh4s/n cr ietm, estimate the temperature at which wa0sxi9bkeo n0/4hr/r cter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water isz4+)d2 ua7pjbl(1b6v /, gcgkmubyf h+hkhp , 530 Pa and the relativep27hpl)+fhkcg,ykh +avu bbu ( j ,g6b4/z1md humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperate:gonlu npr:kv 5g6px01 b-t ,ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookerzzv9ojpm -g+h-p5 ly d4 x1tr, if the water is boiling at a txzdt4,-1g-rplhp o9y5+vm z jemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of,v3l u .hu9kcq 0-neym volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of3ss;3zu hlyq+ 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4fhgdbr .;o; ;h) to diffuse a distance ofhhd ;b;;org.f 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior pmqux (y3 afxu5zbs7b2)am0m wfj8,* through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long an(7mu)ff qs0*z8x 2a5 bbm3x mjau,pwyd has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measmdp..(uoc 45iux qpi 6 gl4ey0w2 tb1sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tapeth1 y+kw c;wq8c qcni -4cs9,l measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How muaui(k/y hg0mbh0x 6l,g0x *o dch error will be made in a recipe calling x 6lbx,ihukdg(0*h ya o/00gmfor 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium g 5xbj+tf +ign5as cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remax +tj f5ib+ng5ins in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width i4o7 dt xv5l;cgm* eo:o 37nhq3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperaturemtl 3hooxe45io7dg n7q: *; vc is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of j5d rqefh)g /(matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best ava+/ esy6deuy*f9h u; fmilable vacuum techniques is about 9fy;s/u*ey 6md+efu h$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to 1kixd .uo56s j:rm lr:full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly ros61r :m xdir5 :slo.kjue to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of py d) -ap -lrov,itp6am ,19iaabout 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a s-r)1-iav 6lippady 9pa,tom, pace vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of asxv)c 3s4f:qpq/i d;g2 c* ytbn ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume pamy/i g1d u1)of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface +zabh8lkhq j914mx-e of the Earth, estimate the total number of air mol-jem4ahz9k8 lhx+b1q ecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of ntl5y6hm jsqm *+zc x(/itrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used/-vt1vt. qrv ujsifq b+v+y-pd:qv.( in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow ratetvb/.djv qpvvf-rt+vq( 1 yi:u-+. s q, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl2f)qr (a8grp6e;ct w x of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline hb)c8l idwxg.3 p,: awat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arounn*,5mhz8 kg6j9t lz psd the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a g22a 9sfctjdj )lass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptu k9h54:viuau i:vzm)ed in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pcird;o zzeq gwll7:*t204 ys9 ressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro95 ; ezehc;nuxm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by 1rrotnnp;: ppt ;;y1 rtennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must r: tp;n 1rpy;nr1rp; otebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble ta(so:a.g 7nqpxh sj y6656mh of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How lar:p6h6ax m(5n.sogshj y7t6 aqge is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressuryx zjx/.2oa 6i7zi j2re in the air on the following two days: jz. xr6yjzi ia/2 x7o2
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percentd4vc1f -fysqnn2jn 9y; 1qn4 w difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the cwfj; 1qdf44sn2n-nynv 9qy 1Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressz2d/ b g.e:o*xuoo ;g.pxl1zw-p/xt gure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to tb. o.polpx;g2x gxdg /w: /ouzz*1e- $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot ands x/mk 7c/88uabkj1laq/ i ml9 mildew. If the cellar in a am9bklx8/i/ m u/817clsaqkj house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg