Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See uv)x j ny30i(ye1u/ 0oisd0ib the periodic table or Appen1je0ub)yyxn 0oui/( idv i30sdix B.

Name several propert9 gty2rv:yh d6ies of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet v 69ytydh2gr:er.

Which is larger, 1 C tq6* 5q6wxy9:co4r rp5g kbr k$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B ho14 pdy w c0h0*t1hssis not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you sadcso1s h40h1w py0th*y about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to iqw7,ph,, cum hj u5.m*w9cjo a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whic7 jih9 oj qh*wmc m.cwup,u,,5h metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of l08 6irc- c2/fivq frjiinear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of bz pc(fec0ewbsea/, * 9 o3hd:a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at de3 bb pc:wa(9z0/*decf ,ehosifferent temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are xji dbq(tqr6q rn4ucr88f54+ fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a Uq(nd+ qicr5 xqf4 68brr4t8uj . Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats i zyo 66bjf* l2 jk)al:aa2(qvjn mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of watectybq55,icl9 r, the mercury initially descends a bit and then q,b5l5c ty9cirises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coole0ol 2 eyporo41d more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exp02oly 4 er1poolain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coo raowc*b3218p27rwvicr q *qefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increv rc3ocw q2 ro8 17a**qw2irbpased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2 1-,sxvbsjikan,pvg;.bo( v 3 0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badlbt9 (q9x g1eogy the can will not stand up. What(o9tbeg 9gq1x has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston),dt jf20 k*wfaw04n,-hxo0;qsz wf+dn its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentumkzn -d+n,d; fx a2sto jfw*00fw0q4hw of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum swg;i q6-eo-sk;r5 b:gqv)np wphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the teww-sv gq :nr;p- ;6qk) gibo5emperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and thh*oc,lrme63 up5gd2l e relation betwee26r5m e,o plhc d3gul*n average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Luso48l4 xl4o5ul p,hi upt,nw h0sac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratl eex*d2nv3*1:vq,rjc 1 1nbbk-puhc io of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth6,disa- 1-hg vo8ljm f refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explaiomf h idvl6a8-, jg1-sn why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly*x85a(w lbuf orvu pay(( 62rf than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties oy*r lro2xa((u8pf(65uwf vab f one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfor neb,xa c-)ho5vdn6g ,table than a hot dry day at the same temperatu ocdbnxg,5v a 6,e)n-hre.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperat/fl.mqq;h8h:k3 m vx vure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the ai - ) mf5krvhswwd99hg.r temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry ah9-f.w5srgd h9)mk v wir or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an m1su,r(ry ofx c3jo -;overheated automobile eysjor-1mu3foc ; r(x, ngine.

Why does exhaled air a 6(tyess6+1hvvwy wcr v5,c,w ppear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3c-wrywt1l0p*i3*n a p.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ri/fww iu tnq82pel-x)0 ng compare to the number in a sil8nfl2)u-wwtp / x 0eiqver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Wh ed 7y 6h*8xs;ec2ao twgk/6usat is this on the Celsius scale?78ge uae d2t6s6*hwc/s ;kyo x   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaturekofmze hudv55-)qju.su4 *o:s recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass ther ggvx0-rq*boa.ds 5l ;,o)s zemometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 o5lg)asv ,rs g;b0.d-q zoex*$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bui9oleg2) dqg 7u0vbg 1flt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is bur9miq.u u;l c:ilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) anu:r 9imuq. c;ld January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often uss inik5fl4ch2w)v d;-u*0v t ved and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.kh5 )i4 uvlvvi2-*w;s0c dft n871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at0.zdeqp26y fy+b; mzx 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm inw/h wbb+mohd+-e4yc +4h+t jy diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fro+jm b tchh4++w+- hw4edoyy/bm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the vtmzac wr 16065l; mvqbrim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.fm e(j63psw 2 k/r- p2ev:zj9qjnfn9c50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. hxcodb)cc: fr 7.(v 9dAt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiall m8jsf(f b)uk/cc9n7ryao08qw )x cw, y one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is a(q)xsf nwforwu 8 ym,bcck) c 0897j/approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the cha39b(cv1b,)lv0zmmpvtmuhr w ( r7 s5unge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular pljjqe4j 9/ grec7ano)ctjec1c;b7a.-ate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansionc4qa).ajj;ce7e ng jjb9- 7 c/teocr1 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol0; oaor+ kd/2+ zhy2:0rsszxg y1ly eeid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keepz30(rxfs 7dr ps perfect time at 17 rxr 30dz( fsp7$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer odxrm a11xc *7x 3ad+mhas an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volum*3xrxdco7dmm 1 1 a+xae of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whee8)kro.c6 itu -i xd)fjl of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocityfuiko.d6xtic) )r- j 8 $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when ap i7a6fdkqz0 1t 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if z17 f akq0p6dithe temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-secti l++.r+yovsa6dtf *0fu(g un konal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter nub.1/ ,g(q:u tywftq q su8z5134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelv wymnc53z28g9hq(4)cjwubf q in scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scalen4 o zr *chd,v/e/3qdn?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and c/jnux9-fh/k c+3 frdSun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combusny1p19i wn8 oation engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of p91n1nw8 oyia about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gise e.m)n,2+u/yb. tq:tckbzas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg 8tr rrdmmic1gr 2l (;4:xyca,of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg ofhufw o3aggq1.mge6tubz xj4-9 n2)h , nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas r og f8y(xrei*n: tko7n9-f z;is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure in ghbe+a sy0ai( *9o/szside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?(0s9y* h s /goiea+abz   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgo8jps7bxjgmd d+,ycp30hs,(k gn09r of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant vdv3 -yn.ri u-lift by heating the air inside the balloon, wr- .vv nyiu3d-hich makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air axrq5dq 6d 5yg3t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 ;tuph6k8vk7 dh: br h+$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s handt2 t81ve4s3zal ah8 e6uoq:7 p9gcpazg c d*(l at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecul rvc7-m z,jq y:g(;qo;gf zze(es / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Ho87whg;x yqt f2/x, 4ic*lwocow many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol;uf ettb6itmcq/uzw2dub -7+ at3 -a -es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1o0d is9sr +i1k$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are i y3;cq6sn1e1jk4c4a7sg-;vq ad w btcn each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of con1te74q3gs yc6nb;- q;cvw4cjs1 ad akstant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averagehfd7 s 34qr3o;ib p:lhxk3q3t translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? qdqph;r3xk3hti: 4l f3b so37   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfac s7g+1y;2j *t4ogyiov4jybi q e of the Sun at a temperao t;2 i4j y+qjy4y*o7sgbi1v gture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms spe8bid 8/wrvna1pty4q/5 ju h7ced of gas molecules increase if the temperature is i5wqd/ hr7u t/ncj 8y48 piabv1ncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, givenya,6ovo(k)u+6 lk sl id9( fso in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculat6d9liaoous k(ov()sl 6 f+ k,ye the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0a ;h twuyl251tb xasg,; fs89;bpmm.i f7pmw: $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held conzhu2e:uf:y7 ibur;(t stant, by what factor u e; 72(y uiubfrt:z:hdoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moelus2j*kl6 v,rc (b6u lecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, ti sr /n5)b+0quclk q7liw l2f1he ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratl ik0 5f /2cs+q7bl rulwqni1)io of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of n*gj - cwaqp;3r:i zqh9itrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spe5 m tb/ rnv;2c+tkb+h.u wszi9q maq.:ed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwem:gw/kwrsrh p )o5nvwd o)+za50g3qco*h.y(en nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino ac8.lh qz mqsx:,jf6/7o fhfqqk.cn;t( id whose molecular mass is 89 u in a lihjq( ns;,cqx t k fhqm..l7fz6 fq8/o:ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P,( kpzz9b+g: yj5wzrl ny2et3 of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, etot*(nb mgsw,3k6 kps0+dr4 $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasexvah4,)km i 0rs can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atmaz m,h,3/+)kdmiv zm y and the temperature is (a) 90yimm+/vhdzz,3 k a m), $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidi0n(ajuomytl a79 4 *uac/0zxvty is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2a0zm(aton4xy/jl 9a*u 0c uv7 5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wawsjtrvmm4abs y-cuxo avo 1vv9 .90g8,9 83em ter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particuy*qowd3 38o - *jrmzmolar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils -yqjo o3d8ozwmr3** m. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a da3-g ;cb e5aqmku wg-m0y when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the r w m;5kcebggam -3u0-qelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pr/dngn0 urw.yuy q); d b5;u ja:wmi3j;essure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate prjybq8fhf c,gq*3 8c9 dessure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature c dqfh8ygj8 9bq3,fc *of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roo3qpg +vzsi k 2*dshgwy(6p)v;m of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ifn4a 02 k8jqcof 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyci t: 1xlimh:lx*ne molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanx :htl:m *xl1ice of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny taqs yu0xemx)w s1668 dubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has crx 8yusw10 m)s6qa6e xdoss-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calidz/)jxj v zpe-1m y v/yfm be0:b):i6ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measu2i 1tv,86h d4yodj jjjy-cd; pre has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibratedrr.yz h *d mh5vg(7xy, 4wzu;f at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and t;, xfhdr5ry.(yzzum v7hg w*4he cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindnvh wl;o1,pei8vazx 9 s(.+ ller is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cyl v p91hl 8.+e,azilxnwvols ;(inder?   

  Estimate the number of air mn pw*-h2uox(g2uc ek .olecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heicn e2w p -uox*(u2hgk.ght 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matz o8ao9ifd 5.eter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure ap/jg.rpu6. tkttainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abou/gj.. ukrppt 6t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity ck53a/o pk ,,oll q8( rmyziq(of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly ros c8pyqokoai k, r(l(l/z, q3m5e to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle retu; s,14qenlfmb 4rni) srning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what tenm,14;si)slqfb 4ner mperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased f wnbt *ah8 : bj(/9c2qhbyk-op/x2 h ea:wafi6rom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of epc.q *l/w:wq770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known valueaed pr6mv(mxzxaw 5:g2 j147 m of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total n we(ma4mjax m 1rv 65gzp72xd:umber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecul-qra2rwq )bj- -v0xm 5rhve/ h1kpq z,es contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has g;f awr5au6; beauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/m5;a6a wrbfu;e in. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury ath * xe3d7ngc-f 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 90lle+py ( febp(c qxz 2sqe /fyak*170$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator a3tzx *m-5+wnmzpzhmb qc8c 4+t 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 5klwa(t90vwm 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted il/:r l/r0:jxx. nlpmd n the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of c+n v)fmxh2w;,1 vqdz195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from .l2 vt3 kcmc;qthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls ,fs4x) at d8ac3 scyx4thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kgs),a x cyfscda4t384x and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphi .cv*inc8oh fkg65 kd4dq3y1 erical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 Kk4odh ic i1d8c6 *yvgqnf5 k3., and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on thm,tpai5dd3e- i3w( , qzmi/rye following two days: mwdpi z qt3i,rm3(yad5,i/e-
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dex75g7q . :nrt; w c4dmbil8ricnsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the mc7w.d;:g8t ni4ribrq7x5l ctemperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, uvcx-j9,r8js for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume e9c-,jrx8 uj svxpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people cm,p,ois :a( 4jncje k5onstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildi:4ej j(oksp, am5cn ,ew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg