Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the per*r;j, et t)xzpiodic table or Appendix B.jttp) exz*;, r

Name several properties of materi 7ddrrli,: p3 j9apdd0als that could be exploited to make a thermometer.pda3:pd l 7j0,rd9ird

Which is larger, 1 Cdvn-lg 4 -b e7ne5 s(f ycy,wwiic12*s $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wtld,+9omb/r* u2m z+cswd k )nith system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium wk+mlu*+md9 t /d )borcnw 2sz,ith system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strirjc (lq+j ab43p of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal ba( j3 l+rq4jcwill be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of l6x5exd.:;8h fgfejm ginear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat3j+ zvsqnx 7gu3bk 1u, used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bondedgj3k7z,u+uxb q sv13 n together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often hbqkim t /b6 9cda18krpep/ p88ave a section in the shape of a U. Whd88 b61pkr/m p8itak /ep bc9qy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merc5aszw)dp 1m gznl 0z-sz3.6ccury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tubm:,z (m6rrf :mpxoux2 of water, the mercury initially descrx62r om:mzf(:x,pm uends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated orr8;ji2nk p, afqffl.( cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.prff aq(j k,8;f2 lin.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of l6n jxuqy fq;g/joco 6n)7 u5t0inear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise u/oc 7o y qj;f nxg66tq)u50jnto the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 9dtmsap- c0c7: x w77mqcui p720 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly t it+idojxw2 ,6he can will not stand up. Whati2j+ dt ix6,ow has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston),cpd,)2w) sws g its temperature increases. When a gas expgd,2c)s sw w)pands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged 5) 2hdbtcd.zein water increase or decrease if the temetd) 5dz.bc2hperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic tdlfqig+t+ w2 ,heory and the relation between average kinetic energy ++dfwitg ,ql2and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theo9,aybs: 8ff2iik a.bu ry.

As you go higher in the Earth’f8ux; ti)ct( ts atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refea ,9pjm duyj6i)j e*ak:e/ s7gs2;h jors to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has pr6js7 e :9)m,ed2i*oyjhaaj/u gpk s j;actically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water lf0gy, p/n3-xywnk6cyj. if,s cb/,p at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one ns, 0,n y.yb/6c-j ly ,ikgw3fpx/fpc relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day in-ly ddo o u77.;ozpt 9-47rxw5rdukos far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tem4d9kludux- oo7 ;oy7n5 .w-r7 tdzoprperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature::sq qgqb bt lqa1 r,*2 u1 uo,sbdgx2e*8qh3b (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the hum/em- 1b rz9r+aqz-exgidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the hum/b-zq xr e-rez+g91 maid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobilemg u:n5 bs7q u7u)6dhq enginemn7bs)u76 :q 5qu duhg.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whi7x xa 1bhwugx0tv.9m( tv; 3rote cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in-rhid ee48 y.u a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring c2,am*wzas qrpi:6 :sy dx .eu(u4nv5 kompare to the number in a silver ring of tidqw. 42 ,kauym:rp av*65es:n x(z ushe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scaleinaqzhjj x7;ll0 ox1he-2u - 2?lh-2 hoa z27x qij-10xnu;jl e   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest te.r**wzmlf .: 47geou mkao 1zw6:za vjmperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0zu1)6d tbz,((ac w qxk.0qz tbw6 ,cu)dzkx((1a $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 z/3us (i wcc4zr+c2(hwy( vqym long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tmg1+a5 6v xf9jz(t 6hksilkj: 2ok8dqall. Est2 g8+9f6mvk1 tq:hskljzx o(5aj 6k diimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets xm*.(xanlv; qi 98hhbi,i ;8dz bx;vz that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm iiiq*xn(88lmida h;v ;hx . ;zxb, bzv9n diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterj4/qsblwg3kej 1nonb u-, +.h at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in voafm flu,ho.vl 3 6m96jlume if it is hfl6hjm,f9ulmo 3av6 .eated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of v 5, kv29j9s ,n rm6wfw:l ihvkih*uz cw;w27lwater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL o*b bubr x73d4mm1kwqf;(t;m bba . n/of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed msr kae p,xws,5y81az), o* roin a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow ves-9 7fcoioh-3a;g ajhk sel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approajg i-- fh7a93;koohcximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dvn2g9(:mx7 lan6gix eu1h4t;kt xw w 6ensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular um3)g p osm (9,qk o jnm1r*,n t3icmui)6.pstplate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansioro3*p) m96p.mti )sm mjq1,sc ,tuukngi 3(on n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, kb-i49 atgpc* $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at d8s) npu.3i* ukwear3-j i6 pt17 33rt.ku di6*i-e 8 jpawunsp)$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermommze(d6 aedo:b s)7niel4 *q6reter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulbse za*l n4dm:r)id 6q6ebe (7o has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindri6i3ol (v+csgr(a2kis cal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless k2v+l( 6scaigr(i 3osbearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Hegqby0*;i x* vow much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases 0q*iebxgv;y* to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional arelxvgfzro b : kd(65n98a 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter omktf0e *3n+e n,la u5134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following te8qjiux(tl; 8kk. hp(3rpi9h nmperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scalic yt sp+-wv oig:21ouqn l55)e?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abous05.kfov /eg wt 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric press dcph)gw pw2nwi)7wt ,+,iba6ure and a temperature ofw7w ,ctn ii))wb p,w6+gpha2 d about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densit7 ow)vyay ,0jx07pswwy of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of (oas* zix/n,obfty -0- viq +knitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen(/s)zgj6o1uh3 ak v*pv 6rvas ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is jpk35-4dyiiv at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of : 4u qqy; s /pbc-.lwed:zwo.iargon gas at 38 i:bq.:wc-/p s4e .qo;dlu zwy5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of e4))wzskiud2 $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon acfd2sxubw r co3bv.7( /hieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon r 2w/ xvuob cfs(b7d.3is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air*q(x0se mw,k h at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0c e6 3 lp*hb;xkyhaz h2*e-;g:dk(nx h $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at*ts:ko2pn02v 4y )vdy ql.k/cmqu gc3 sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mn57whv j97 bx vm/ftsm3zro:, olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are thq4i2(pe hgys( 2- vcobere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol w-)3f7 vrksices,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume :wb 0vcp.um1ow83 s (9rccebk5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L brew 1a-im+qx 1 n9qb(nxoath you inhale that were also in the last breat( nai1-mwnb1qx9 o+xqh Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecul: xxafpl70o6uqxtk82; +osx me at STosp:mu7 + xf0kxl6t82aq xx;oP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near thepk wl) 0d/e. j7goesdsd4t1pbp7 *n2e surface of the Sun at a temperature of ab7s.bd)sepgt/ *n jk4epd2wde 01lo7p out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will 5ubh/nhvax 6 ,jo*cdqc45 e7rt4*q mmthe rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increne4hv745 qc dr tj/, mu**5xbmacqho 6ased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given ajipw8aa .q+a yu)x+) in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the ri x)w8py+ aaa.ua)j+qms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2 7d tw,;znehs/0.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constantdhq zy c;:,d-f, by what fac q,dz-dfhy:;c tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculeva,cv y+68 aqvs in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of lc 2e8t8m. lu1y(zde ctwo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equa28 lde.e81cuztmyl (cl to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules vq(2q d47-fcb. bvz 4lkoc3vncontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 hj88h.) oaqy v$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molezd4imn,l j6 bzty8,;o)n-u rocules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose mo/p h i6*sb- nk)+ b+dttkfojp/lecular mass is 89 u in a living celjbdtpn) /+khti - bf/6k +pso*l at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtel gwn sh3w,5g,h5czc.mm83x zn P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumvule tftvzku6:* .27n , $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric presk9w wq eybg49s jb:yn o8m1hgvf6rc87)g,-e y sure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure ve klloc7254;,uh o7v(rsh lzis 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9(v,;ols4hucveol rk75h z7 l20 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when tywk) dqm i(e1*he temperature is 25 kw)i* (m yqd1e$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at a1; fqe/wv8trv/c//ehf d k, s90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular placese-x 7f qk(.kh/jqgl* in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperatu q.kjf x7*(kl-/ sqgehre at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whgo) y6)1mnr c 14rmacren the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa andgymr))n1c 1r 6c4rmao the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature issrkkv3 yt( sn;nb7g/9 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if thea/cw6msx+ad.d;p/ astn yw0k 6gh 9a+ water is boiling at a temperature of ct/+ wdagx/m +0s6k.;w 6ysaa dp9ahn120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room8*vz d-sqt23wg r,ag o of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de7o64 o noh,n4a kz5rosty6pm4w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed mxkkk7 .62zs5bh-4am b viij acf(a* /for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancimakvkz c2b6f5j7k(m. xa4is*bh/- ae of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the su 7 p2 +ns:f60iqvqpgujrface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional arqf puj s 67p+vni0:2gqea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measrhx1hh cic0*0sbf5jq.vnn1 b9g e- b+ ure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2o* ,rrp4qz2n kaxmv z4g 0+sj60$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normalx jvx)m89 bag* room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 39j b)8xmxvag*00 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure ij37 z9jc.krjg6h vi ,ln a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the originallj.6 irz3,c7gkj vh j9 gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air m: hse2pe+;j4x bz*ojy olecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is zh epo+;j*eys xb j2:422$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one ay(tzs;f 9npz-tom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the qdv.0lt14c ;zk5 sh7fod jsy6best available vacuum techniques is aboutc ; .5 sd0od1zft4jl q7kyh6sv $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the70r hh,/x autj surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he q/ h,j7xutrah 0uickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon ee yv2oiytyl d1y if b0)0sd0ewc.iary .5; ;t8nters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon re r;0isvy10ye.twtdi8 fyy i2cobl d0y;5.ae)entry.)    K

  The temperature of an idai 79s-m)prbn eal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mxt40ce mia,0taj tl ,6$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of th2bj-/ b6cf3*m ld;t0wwm gxqbe Earth, estimate the total numb2/qcm6t; -wf*gbwd lb0xjm3 ber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in d 15dsa;j *3rsw o130 (ks3qcwkxdmppv-3snqa 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure u: 73u0gsaymraw b3c(= 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow r37(rwu s3augy0:ac mbate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merc e wos8btk.x4rbh)(0k ury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline +j;4n , g 28 gezscud3;.dehp bfvqic0at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equar,mwz sy1.198 ocya4f kp ye6v5fzzf7tor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto + jh0y a7z .vqse0yzo:a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stax g)f u8q* 8wmqo,6gf0 k9o hxtrsx;3lndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chac 1e.pazt3s95 ojzp i*8dmqq6rged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thjzhdmb m,( v4 tk pbpf65877ple Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by ten7jv+bb -//t ly t,y1ajm rvig1nis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, a/j mgjr/ liybt17a,+t1-yv vbssuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-d(r 7dkk)mge7nd p q-x,iameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperatukd)nrd g( pkme 7x7-q,re is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the f5. 5lb4i- jwnbw kmod* 5yt4ijollowing two days: o5b-bkm5lj4 *niw dy54iwj. t
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, an6l fkpz5d uk*w29(rn ld when it is a solid deep in the Earth where 5ud z92 6lr(pknl k*wfthe temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant b 0v1i 3de*gfooy7f t+pressure, the coefficient of volume expansio0 fo+ ef*tbgi1do7 v3yn is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, p3gg b6e(wti31xa*erwk ,2 zfp eople constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellarrp eiw*zxe362(f b31kga, gtw in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg