Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or8): dk2j/g; ssjkysj ;r 2xaqx 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix k s x /j; )qaygs:rxdk28;jsj2B.

Name several properties of materials th6f*): ook u gqan23 ep1phvrnd(.ho8cat could be exploited to make a thermomet3oa vpge) 1chp8h q(*nuod2k .6no :rfer.

Which is larger, 1 Cqop4 ahw/sih 5z+zeey,( 8k9j $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but y548wrtm t:dj; ew 4utB is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures o;ty4w et5d: w t4um8rjf A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consk+g 8mr94;7miqfl q ekists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whicqg8;7+ k fle9qkm 4imrh metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linepdc pnrw/o p* 0p)*mdx/l:;nsar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used t-f *x:jvyxdkc/3c6 44 mqy8pljmg,pmo control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two*d/xqmyx4cl64: p8j,j f3y- kgcv pmm strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shapey8mv)wo rm8 rpwjo:02 s gg2a, of a U.82g wa,ow r:)gy2 8 jmosvpr0m Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mq; g:g r;igr fkie-.6vercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first kj55j4xy, +lochj snyc:hje4z m*8q3placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.q 3jkc cx *mzlj8 oh45n,sy+j45y hej:

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled mor3 umd n.kg;mxazz(+ .ee rapidly than adjacent parts. Exd g(m. zznm3a +;kexu.plain.

The principal virtue. leu +,;f9 qdxqzwyf3j7oa-r of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why y9er x lwqq 3ufo;a+-7j,.dzfthis gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acu3h 5oamie 4k (;gq1k0l7iwag curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its oj2bo.: b/jk zbottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happenedbob.kz:/oj2 j ?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston),k/ to sxhc+qw.u+t6:g its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the ki: ogsu+xwqh/+t ktc6.netic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force uy m6 .3kp(el1tj sfgeu((ft0on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if themujp1f3(0 6tk. f ( e(stgluye temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatirg 2a37l;n.jpeq1n8 jx:fnnzon betwen;jq137znlanx p8gre j 2.:nfen average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law folc 8ftg :9x3ytzbx76 kilows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio ov02.qw/hd xa kyl3r. gf $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth 5v07 bngf+tam refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smv+5t 0nb7g famaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than watersl / p2yn; ,kwhu-(ykho(a5lq at room temperature. What can you infer about plo2auknylk( ( ;wh5yq-/, hsthe molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is faou ajetm p.sldb(;1is*t1 9 *tr more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tem et s1l;1*iodaptb9m.*ju(tsperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempermi ,zm)in)eh+ature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the 6)7dnioe,m .wa-qw a,smcdp3same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explsdwq-o m c6ae.adi)n3p7,w, main.

Explain why it is dao/gl kgk8 as7-ngerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile e8lks -ga /gok7ngine.

Why does exhaled airk j x/:kus12eh appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thb2gsly)ktomt:4x+o n7 z v.:o3y ur7iere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gox+6w zpjw9q3bld ring compare to the number in a silver ri x36zqw b+j9wpng of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to bes: vdcmeavte:9 x9(4a 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?ave ex4 :d (ts99mv:ca   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and l6j6cc vh/f5ic2t3qwv c9 mm d/owest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column haptsfij9*5xpw +(-mf p 3z2bx jpxy3 (es length 11.82 cm at 0.0 fb3 txpp5z(j m39 xjyp*f(px2+-e isw$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builsxn,, us/2dv ff.wh*os8v0lm-gxsc 5 t of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300zs 8d+:2,ku-a urew tq m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (a:w8,uk-+zqd sr2uteaverage temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that ib kgms ,7a4 hz/)(kwware larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is mzk7 s)h(/ww k,g4abito be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4; f:fpc59 usawvsap/7 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be hl +et91di8f +muj2.t+p mbv lits change in volume if it is heatif2de9hv +b+u . tptm1j+ l8lmed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the bri*5wtekxr v e4.xvx88 bm with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.57csf9enujqt -+u 5c a-msuc;pt 84 im,0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. x,1bbyo/ hm ftq90wv h v/uduv9:s.,tAt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can 6.b) lsdqj 19s2eoq h)jig1qw2x; jfc expand in essentially one dq 6jg) boc. wdlf1jshxesj2 ;i2q)1q9irection only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chanl dhqbbqd*5p2+n/ , l15gtew4l8s gspge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear exl0h;(ma4b; utmdp 8mj pansim ;(b ma0pmhldut j8;4on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soln. o; b3iooh rwq07g6qid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass anve qqfk1q+pqf pv*,toc1 42/t tcn 3h0d keeps perfect time at 17 p/,10pvc*tkq 14tqhtnv+q ef 3qcof2$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury t0irpf(;l nfs7xod sm dn)6d+, hermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has ld+xfdnri d0f 7os6s),(;pm na volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about ic ut m 1(56vb/felq/k3 r1 a+g0fg1 ydxvdj7pbts axle on friction/71 kj uqd5v xvc 3dbgytmflg( e+r6f0ba/11pless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lengthe3mn,k; / nwog when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperatu3wngnkom; e/,re increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam oz2mo0klm7z kt (g)+3cs ns0ezf cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter ,):cl+wgct7coy1*km c, sgjs 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin .zr emx-svw49-tp :ln.-sq x7dz zgd-scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahf2 hx17ui(cqecz .pv1 tvr8( irenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of th3udc192fcpiu e Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pre-i- q7 69myxuex; ffv4.re tsnssure and a temperature of about fxy - 6ir vq-m4t9snxf;e.7eu 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of othpx, ilb h-o;cgztjh/6 41p)xygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitroge1,c9hoi7si3p k xvwf3 n ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kga p7nt2:dik 0g of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is atolz rl -1fe1z4wo9n e3ttz8/i 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-7mqlz5 90ehbxL container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 hqblzexm9750K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 q)os.na ymwyln6/ b+ 3kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves it2 8 ih1vcsw(pds buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes pi vsd8( 2ch1wit less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit6hv,wzqh .-g5 edr.nu h air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at ,aij jlitr**. 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at ssvzzf6+p;4 m h4f zj/sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mea(h csar-a68olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? H :.xt5e8phlljyz;uz u) :b5gsow many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molest(4wylkv 43;-hy wxt4y+ k t5gtsr2pm ,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumewt:/ d5y 86baxmw-6,w32 d16l zf qm vpcqsjbs 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you i+99 wkq;5tc 7fdjizoqnhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: 5k;9 dt q7qwf9zj+icoAssume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen moled0 p .zh*lhwatrj*(p6 cule at STP?dh0.hpzta6 (*j*w p lr    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun :(dj.g 3ot pntat a temperature of abnp t:3(gdtoj.out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tempe2 x wggdk61 x5 -z6llic2k-mrhrature isrx-wdcxlzh- g 2gkl 266mki15 increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, cekv47:l agb.13y oevyolp.3 h ;md5vn/p 6wa6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed.3..cle h/m vgyy6a;b74 vovda w k5loe1p:n3p $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gdr,y4b :hd;uvre 0,wmas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas3+nla;f1 td gl is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor dllf 3n +;1dtagoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecu/0 uych rhjt)3les in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of h(m al1l+kh d5two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squh5(a+1l ld mhkare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containe , 3x)qgtf ,1hy4sbxwmd in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecv q c 66y2ouo4zw4p(afule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between ni6 9tt0i/wfy (2pfgqb vtrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moleculf-h(a 5* zq zs2hla:gfar mass is 89 u in a livi z-g25 f:hqlsz*(faha ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of nlo 5h/okbcf (*ssi34o8h of:a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, i:(l/nzfy8y *v.0bnbs ee xi6 /tvk5p$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasez*i2i9k f iws -l-+nmas can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 ati)7 oil 0zt:krm and the temperature is (a) 90:t7rz ili0k)o $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) 5nni bs97uxk7if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempera nksnb 579x7iuture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whee0o15oi,b vuug 5,n,q *lhgnore water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atn y*qcnv/;g:pm, estimate the temgq:/y p;*cnvn perature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on azjt co0,p(vpi. ee96e day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the9p6ji( pvz,eeto.ec 0 relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressuraiyy+sp/lx5; e of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the watyweu0 n7* 1dfler is boilinyu1*fle n 7d0wg at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of a/; qban, *ofgvolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de8 g f)il+jnd,kw point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffur)ad +vin;hx*/ 6avj tse a distance of 15 i6) / rt+*nhxjava vd;$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throu83pl esq1k8e hgh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average tracheph8kseq3e8 1 la is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meas+ esgbzzrm/;j+n1.r cure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib+ -tu n5cf2d2*(ovurf eqi- ggd:k8qs rated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much2(j zr2fl( lctq, 8cvj error will be made in alz rqfcjl,v28t2(j (c recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm);d r 8gnnrwxcs+e1l:. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the orid nsn ;r+1 xl8wgrce):ginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m +98 xbkmh9xhn, and height 2.5 m. Assume the t8kb mx9x h+9hnemperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abouy c *p9+qu*ujet one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure ams+soxj z),da (fpz yj2/,l 6dttainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abos x(oyzpfd s, +mj6zd ),/lja2ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs tm,zxtkzg;f ej/oh. d,*gj 0 d3o full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to whad3,eo jj.dh xmfkgz/g0z*t; ,t volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a sz56w v065wre, thfg xcpeed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space veh6h0x,v5twg6 wc fzer5icle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal wh k)l :n2y+1ch )gdfxx, foz)gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ,f(cgswm u f1ri0hlz(6(-c 18hzfxyhof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estim5m l xe piwd;gb:5fmgd-;6s0y ate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmo5i;5gfx gsm0by -d;6welmdp : sphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed ofif0ssf2gw; kz 5u+lqgs- r4/r:r b 5iq nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a ho4uys9l(mjst kbm(4a4spital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylindtl9m y4a(jm4bk uss(4er last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0 0ah4 rkemn8)e$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0 * ;b-tj1zbq;p mc(9xtke/w gn$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at p kti9cx l4*:r07t b0dbbx5cw25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onna gyi 6(-pyf+6s. d e08q4nrkzn-w adto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 3zi2(9 qe-cmm-s/d vfovk8bt 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hhb 8ju hi n.tfk8. gc(,n;:sjo1ivzky8atk3 : as a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth ijqz-t/ z8 j5bns $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennibpu0*w uhozm.)(w e( sl0dtw 2s balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a ma0 u)2(o.m(e *tb uw pzhdwsl0wss of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fromw hjj,dq +tu: 7qt,m3a a depth of 14.0 m in a 7+3,htq:a, u qjw tdjmlake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on*xob n/zf ) jo+6*5elbdu 6apc the following two days: +bdl6ne bo)xu*/ajf6* opzc5
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at S2(oj 76nmxm esz+sgb 9TP, and when it is a solid deep in the Eart 7e2b(zmns 9+x6s gomjh where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an fs cm+n1mxq6 -s/sgev4,0pieideal gas at constant pressure, the coe-+m4 mq /6xs,cspvgesi10fenfficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.