Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the perimpl7lw:3z6d7h j.pn hrabu )33vlt3c odic table or 3thc6bulvp3.l:ndh3m p 7r)la j7 3wz Appendix B.

Name several properties of materia zoq0s -x auf3(cy,.xqls that could be exploited to make a thermomete0-quq ,(zcox ya3fx s.r.

Which is larger, 1 C tpm fy6sb8 1hvl.6(*pdi:kvc $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal e0 d1jlth,*n6pqbr l n00elig+quilq0l1rlelbg+ d6h00ti*n, j pn ibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluqevno ,vni4f3)zjci3//jp r /* 3osalminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will benv/* olen4a3q 33jov/ r,fcijsp i) z/nd. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficie7nt ghadh .pm pl5c+-3nt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to c5wu9- ;mnxpk nontrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts eleun- nwp95k m;xctricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have uzofr+a2d)y :a section in the shape of a U. Wha)ur 2foy:d+z y?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0 y3 6 2l8lyktogwo4kc0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of w)6emp y fyphc4 6(pk:oe,t)gdhut -d0ater, the mercury c0eu y6( hd)t dp-o4:gmpekp yhf,)6tinitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cool*rgk6 (q5 zgsqk.c g,ved more rapidly than adjace* kqvgrzc 5gq g6s(.,knt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass i(j :j:vfy7-+zwn jfoost7vro)4 / vxcs that its coefficient of linear expansion i+vzjvxr -w f7)n :oy/4scooj(: f7 jvts much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clx 8 aty-96of6zkw1jy vock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda willp bw89al6ojm e k-9h1me5a0u a cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will notam16el9kp e 985 jhwaboua0- m stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (sasr e: r/0r c3bh+w*efhy, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. : 3sr +wr*rhh c/efe0bWhen a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submkv*dmd3j:* a83rwll aes f79w erged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from: **drakev f9ws38jaw 73dlml 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles8es6 7.advg-vv * dmzr’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average ki.sg-7 vdvza *vre8dm6netic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-f/:cvh;7 hz -t/)qupfrv6w 0-ikk kpfLussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in k2en hdu 0cb41the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for t8a +yx3gsnt z8n a/qyl ur*0 +sdsgw(5he Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to ths0d 5azgy/88s+sw3xn*yq ga nl( r+tue Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quicklc;kkjovt 8y ;16axd ;stt b4*wy than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the mod t6c4ao*t;ywbx 8v1t kkj;s; lecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humidz0k bwi6 m dgvf./.bdsgi.6 y( day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature.mw g60dv6 b.f ./bgiy. dzi(ks

Is it possible to boil water adh 4d m3s6 k+vkuyz9b/;f.z brt room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when theacw t687dzng3 air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air83 z6ta wdcn7g or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap ofzmefx y ubj-/m;;e6;( tjz7zp an overheated automobilezf(b e ;zm;;mt/-p 7xejuz 6jy engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)? m9jd-6 5)zjz 7ploewg

  How many atoms are therj9y1a0m2 /b9jsbu lec e in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare3;4t iti xd(gdhu;u/i to the number in a silver ring of the sam uiig xid ;h4tut3;/d(e mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” ipxlnpw3lc(x;35 n n )m-bdij;s often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?i nx; 33)n-(clwnmb; p5jdl xp   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded q o3kvaoy 8m8 q2kjjf ),4vx2iare 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomejh q 9hmp, n0jsef56as ss(v+hxs39n )ter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 m,efss x(hah9p6s qvj 3s0+)9hjsn5 n$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bui r550n xc:( ww0yjv xtalb,uwd +n7iep;(9ucult of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought i3;xzf n77odhze4g )n 7 gk-grsu77fnsron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average )3- nf7z7o ng;s7nzgfg4xhduks7er 7temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rikwqazs ;o6; 4q*r y,kzvets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usuaq o rw*z, ysq;kz;ak64lly in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water az h sk89 5as21we0ktdkyu:9fh t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diayh tr2k1wwfq 9qs 9i04meter. What will be its change in volume if it is heate1 y r2qks04 wqwh9tfi9d from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.6pf 10h2aem *z,chxw xjb2,dn 0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water0z*u1oo zzh( f at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. A/k*d2t(w-ka kkmn db o-k7o 1dt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containedaic2t 3+v4ix y in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective c 2acv+ ix3iyt4oefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densi6 :da-8e55lfl s xddfgxj2b8lty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient ofks zg-x *k ave.3e4gg-5mavy7 linear expan symev.7egzk3 a * -4g-gavx5ksion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropici)xhq yh-l wb 6wbc*.h 0k20lj solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps 2 r0c(bdk0j (ekri f/iperfect time at 1ki0rr kb0f((id2/ ecj 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has ah*s2.wdh5 y 891 e fwegfzzf6:x2 juoxn inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume yg* j8sx h6 fw95ohu 1:zxewzd2 fe2f.of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating asf-rvxrh3 u(.jxh )u c zu9.03mic 6ohbout its axle on frictionless ru x3x.m3 h0ci.(zfchhu rvu-69 s)jo bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15° *jnf4*d6:ufq+ akzxmC. How much stress is required to f*xa 4qkd+*mf nz:u 6jkeep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-se2j veek2+pz fy(bxlg31 +3.qf0ozgf c ctional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 208:j f cdchu)c*$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturaij e 8ix e2jyd397 lw1f 0xkhd7m(q-res on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scal.jdp6qh3 frg0;y(qyb e?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inter -zk4a9vx vtow;/ufl3 ior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmpp0 t:m59q4hcx si u6kospheric pressure and a temperature of 6h 09qiptu5 p s:kcm4xabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyg7 kay 141zb:jafckm(7/m0j j1hen7p va vat+den at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21u2g9)fg 7al8mz*aaz he .qd79hy lxi1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contain.skqip )xy(.nwxp/*qs 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at7lc nt;ui 0* kfm +mrfxoc*osi2l j0y+0p:3jk 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure in erf8zv8(ctymj .4 n4jj3sh,bside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?834fre8jzcj,(n hvybj mt.s 4    $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0fjt fd+(l+e e1y8 *az+u/uacg kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatwa -)yr y(gqvw1 7/qvh0c2t ixing the air inside the balloon, which /v (wrc7q2g y1haq0tivxyw -) makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1fd6t jh5x .:.dvqh 8dn5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at xpx: ) a4)f1mqoi-s 7trrob+r18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escaprkbruak 38q )oa.: m7jes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculesg. 67id c5vlgc / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wate zv l8jgknjut4e)sd+1/ tcr14r are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moleswf)ikwy fln29ay*d4/p v,x t.,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.*l(y d7r ko1xb1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mo ngj-vm6ko/8tlecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath v-kj/m8got 6n Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy ikc zs9b:exm78rg9 2s of an oxygen molecule at STP? 89ser :2ms97 cigxkzb   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun atpn-k-b)it-;g w n6,puf+g eaz a temperature of ab6pg;a u bztf-n- +npew)i gk-,out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperapv htfarz sh2 d7,*)y4ture is increa,fh rt)a h*s4dv7p y2zsed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6,ae href1s 3o65 0,h3rsfe61e5a o 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atnbdonv /w.+12 6youw u 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by wh gphk3nh 30e+q 9:zbijat facto gh0:jq3nbihz e 9k+3pr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mol0m cpxu/ldm2vgx 8151an0wo ve9n5llecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two g4mo 4xvl9ot 3dw2fcn *ases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal mwo4x3* 2c9to ndv4fl to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol wdwpuxk-0t7eo.r gmn o2 e7(*d ,,gdwecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speej4ka;5+jpvth.n :lr x d of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between dies7k yxj5n( xs*/5enitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecubcyjn+a47bcj1ef dq -ae7 2 4elar mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 7je7cby -4c+eaqa1dj b4e 2 fn$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas caw dwh.bvcyeam)5zj8mw7g/3/ py im/) n be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumio7q13bid +jwu 4hx5)ze p8cf , $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressur j+es0ekyg81b zm7z0he, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) ml2.abusg-mp ( ccp0:a8r1m- zv4cuqgbvmmq a- ur1a-0 (.cu4mp8 2:c zcslp 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity ib m(yshk .;c gvc:y1r.bx1fh*s 50% on a day when the tempefhyvym cr ( *gcxk.s1: 1b;.bhrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wa zmjyre/ga 6tzriddv 7050rd4, r85n pter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in fb +whr-llh:8o gi671 d rgd0dthe mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water bfr d+7rlhg6ido 0h1 -g:w8ldboils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature l xcz8v:qh: g9on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is gh c:q9:z8xlv 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempe*m)gipx4nps9lw,vdc:(.yk f rature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximitap:hr7 di u)2ht3q3ate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a t:ai3qr 7 pdth23)uht iemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6f69jcwm 85wun8y ) mog80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poin;3h fj (+/e /mvmxghpgt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine-ba7of +js; rm molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 mor+sj -7b;af $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to thep +.hci-jo+z g interior through tiny tubes caic .h+gj zp-o+lled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure 5oy-. 9f.qz5 k proqofk *hudrko8+w11qvtl :has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beenxbd4m1:(faatpg v t1mf , y0:a calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. Hzqviqu /d3(m33pql bkd0tc18 ow much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the q3q38d/m ql 0ubk 1iztcpd 3(vwater and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder i7 6ouqp/ cnv8gk-y:e fs initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?e6q gok:vyu nf-p/7 c8   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lenp uzw)v *40n t5frmfjoew:p/(gth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 2wvwm f4rj5zp*:)u et o/pfn0(2$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is,rj)y *de( ciy about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availa ,lhpejgu kigc+a -c b:*r*f) yc;0h9/rc5udrble vacuum techniques is about /fa *bk+r5uhr-j cr;c)*9 pi :gyuc echlg,0d$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whe6 if6u(8p4i u;pu alsyn 10 m below the surface, to what volume would 8al( puufs y6ip 46u;ihis lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speeks7k b1 x3+cidd of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of speci x 1d3b7kkc+sial materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 11 h/peo 7p;qleb;60m-e4 hseev 0$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofeb o,ub pw e0:qdh5-g3 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earyv/ -x r9hn4oztct .cugk/5hioyw66(th, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Ea4wz .ihx66vrnt(/ 9o5 y/o- gkyucchtrth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a q)yb.l hdke h934 jy6q7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygenh6h l/ sh9d,rh used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at h6l9 dh,/rhsh 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquim .6kkn5(uo ufd mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinykcf;t71 .j7 kha)gy me at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were cr *r.9 bi6uwkto fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightlpo +ij+9vd h:iy onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standardeii iy i:(*vz (y )(nqsp*w;fraew.983xa or m, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure onn*pf+1n hmc h9akd0( f 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartq3 ffgu/ t-i7d+)i jjuh is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown ve7 (so:qkho.ru lw:;gtrtically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are th:hkq.r u:7;gl(t swoorown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air frot3y wo2a/ qp*dm a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, awyo /d3*2aqtpnd the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the foll 4j+z mf/s )smb1cddj6owing two days: z mm+/d 14c jbjdssf6)
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the denskj -9kr8jh29u( fgl:nxoe x-rity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Ear9 :e-fkjgur9 k2hol8 (-jnxx rth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas pp42 kjf5b.xxvek;vkr 2aj n:ciy5/) law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is k / 5nikrc2):x.4pxvy5jafkveb 2;pjequal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people co-jrrxuy-d4 h8nstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar hr 4j-8 r-yudxin a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg