Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the vr8snleu07*scf; l l0 periodic table or0nfv0les s r;u87l cl* Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that cjpet32;n2bs;1hqxk u ould be exploited to make a thermometer;qt npk es;1h3bxu22 j.

Which is larger, 1 C 5a/0o/wjare6 -q fg6d8 waxr g$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, ba- a.w0pc*5fj9i0 ntun,je1 nc3te ocut B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you na euo*5tc19t n3jnw0.0cjipfe c -,asay about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum ri -kfk7e ohc/v;xsfz8 1veted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? fc/-x8;ho7zev kk f1 s[Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient m da1.on34aa4 rwt(ocof linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows ace5goiib jvlo. xc /uqh-.4g-9a*c7x diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The l--cbcgcvux5h7x* .i qg . ieo94j/oabimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixes gyipa/e.r:8 )i9tue6hrvn*d at the ends often have a section in the shape of a Uri/v na 9ur.py: g*eit6 hse8). Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatf +1d6a2oyp hls in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer;(du yg j, 0 nd7k3hxncvprq;h2tk(a+ diy98e is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initialha( xqdnr +njdkcu9,;vyh0ek p;87 3gtdi(2 yly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may9xu+pa dpenmt l 4bxvy 384p6; break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.n8alp;d6xv y p4et+ 4bxmu3p9

The principal virtue oftkn-7k c 5veup 74cy6d8me z,qs 6d:nf Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this give n8y:7tskzcdn- q7kfcve46m ,6pe5d us rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clozey5l(4efs l(uprnack*d ; .+ck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulkqvt94 0a uj:gk)er t8ge so badly the can will not stand up. vrke4tkug)8 q0 j9t:a What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a p ocb,.8 cp ft;+1boqntiston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particu1tnfoc t8;cp. bbo+q,lar noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or +*cbs36epoe cdecrease if the temperature is incr3c*pbe s coe+6eased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s s-*mz1; tk21rj :es,s ut zs,x1vmrwxlaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic e, s*rzzxw ;smt sr 1jxm,1v-st2k:e1unergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kine6uux7r+ng m 8itic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the0uqar-fl(zuz79bcyz x5f 09h oy-h3f ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must ha,rq )wpe ftd93rd.4z ern+r 0ave to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon hasrna dprz39f,qr+et0dwe 4 .r) practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickokx- i f d ekecv- 5rl54/yx3: 6putq.e-yp;tkly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one rel4il.c3extoqkp55-u yekydv --p / f 6:kex; trative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at vj6 0e. -koqnpjz q 8/x0xu7xjthe same tem-zj.xq/6 8kvox7u0jpeq x 0j nperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempe6(0qe ympu nsnt6ea( d2sq+/e rature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when 1a5 hbv1bnn i9fqy wb7c)b87yguj,f;the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. ) 71, u7jb nwfivy8g h1aqc5bybnb;f9 Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of zvio 4jwk8 1g.(k1ooxan overheated automobile kw4x11ogoj.kv izo (8 engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clqrdit(:w dx8/.8vyj a oud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny ) /a; *esu55dfz)jnmcg/esje?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram;yyyn vl7) fm *dqb1h, gold ring compare to the number in a silver rinmfl yb;1nv y)yd7*h,qg of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be+ rxwnz50p1oo 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?+pn5wzo0ro1 x   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowet( m)k i 9i*pkujypb)*st temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol columf akn2q35* vt c5xsnxv9y9r,rn has length 11.82 cm at 0.vnsxvnc2rq5t ak3 ry995x*f,0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20kmdv/p2 9bmb7 op0* yc $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroughfz;1j9goae:i +(c vo ot iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (av9ec+1ozv;ajo o :(f gierage temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets t85wav5 gf 6pc7pqe *h;ejdbnjdq h: .:hat are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is th5* ;5d eb:. jpfec68n qgav:7hdj wpqo be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 lyo3fz7ye1p 0 8 -x d;nribd1j$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. hvz9a+ lcw*3uWhat will be its change in volume if it is 9a3lhv+uwc z*heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 i445im ku4 wtnmL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at t s*ux-*..*ov x-qmmmm6s kfx20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed i2h5drm c6 k8lp/b173sygmbfpn a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, rw./c czh8c2 anarrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficiew8.rzca/ cc2h nt of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dens66+qz23nmg)t5ilg wm(aicf tity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has cok fb-6fkz dn0d)dmffo-9z t(-efficient of linear expansiok-f)o nt6-dd zdm-f0(fkzb9 fn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropid-meywxzx s6n0ol* 7 o*3j ct1c solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps p 5j rzox.6leul8 z6b*c+m;ptlerfect time at 17 z6oc .zeu;8p *6txrmbjl l+5l$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermome7mm 4fb mri76 9pa;i0pec, gfpter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2b096a4;m g f fie m7ciprm,7pp55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m ist:fd ec (r7rd. zr7)t 8ezfqz9 rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular vel)z9 7ftrfzd7d(rz: 8qtr .ceeocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requiredv . ts)le+d e jh4yf8k6m0ui.r to kee8eke u h lmy)d+sf.i.4jrt6v0 p it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross h/eebg52hnb 7-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2.zy( 20jya ,ffht y-8w( wtdvyl 4mv(e0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturg,muz.y6/n1: d zm sbmes on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature*3y phzsiswedf,4uc(e g70m3 g1m yg0 on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the i ,usf/p8j1digztg (q8) p-8nsj tmn/o nterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperat4gk8+ ctnj rm5ure of about 20 5n +rmk4cjg8t$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using thyb3qyresa70lf;9at2 yft3*be ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank conta thm-dz sxq):)ins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of xx1upwg1vc80jo0 9c a0xt4vk nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is atyta )ytzl6 49f ,bwiv2 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-3n6:d/j j rzc66ahydk L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at k6jrc/djda 3 :6yzhn6385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ti gox73j ; q;bqh6hi,of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift bj w s7 u-ilam.2x51reey heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the 1-em 27jrl. ixseu 5awair outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at +q(i/ija ej6e g* h(kv15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a btx:h 2ak(eea3kxp l4o91el-t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ballot62(sg/f;qiwzw ot*qej9p6x;i ew : yon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o8 0f8ky-fdrb kkom3z3f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molec+hydo(yt9koe+y 2cxm y* f44mules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesm fy+60vdr l 4.majk/m,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 1 83 nhheqn-ee5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air 5g,c q(ka ze2+dn*cpkare in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also inkq5 g2 ze* d(pacn+ck, the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational k 6huu-o 7i mu)zvrp(94tn.g av5) 3fam0q qmsiinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPg(u4p0h6 iuum9 atsza3i r)- oqfqv .m)vn75m?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a 5 a/dukf/t,fx temperatutdxf u k/5a/f,re of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas r:*b zm9nto*qtgd g9-molecules increase if the temperature is increased tzbtn*9q o-gr:9g* mdfrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the fohbx6 csho0of1q) 7 nc5llowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8,0fsbnh)1 c qch75o6xo 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molec kcu 0g.:fvut9ules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled w +2q-chaye7uuhile its volume is held constant, by what factor doy 2c+eq-u a7hues $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules dj* zl ctk vpa6 36ox*;b*(jfgin a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of b)/vthj/9a 6 ka*e 1 vekibb 3cpoc:5vtwo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of baibk*kaj e9po1cc/be6/) t5v h3:vvtheir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of n: pin;m7 ouppuw c+:n bph+j :s-fl-9vitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule 7qwmg b 41q d4b(hok+uat 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweeinnea2 l10 +sen nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecul-g 6 gbtrw1yo2ar mass is 89 u in a living celt2r -gw1 y6gobl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be n.m)3/lbeh jzwritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium0)ix n( o/ *xa)iizfko, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pham3 j rs6c kifvh :0jz0/k+.mgzses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and :b2 v. - enrtebus;oz:the temperature is (a) 90sreu-n.: 2beb:;z vot $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately)ajmyewwkh mf .7 ,t-46 if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature isty ,f. 4em-jww 7km6ah 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure0 ,p8x8em6sf5yt g gsb at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.7gd ll ji.*y52b g(ndagy8o,3i2 atm, estimate the temperature at ,(5iyil2nadbl gdgjo.3g 8 y* which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa aj6kg83aehm tneu kx 9+bxm6w;;/h(qw nd the rela8qemt/(9x b+m kknj3g;he 6h;6wuawx tive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a dayx2c(52rompyma(3 utc3gl d/x when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilin8.l noc d;4h/8tyx dkqg at a tempe tl8dhxc qknyd 8;o4/.rature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volnbr e-d/3 kzlrw(:j,rume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofz /,u0,:p(dkku bcdf3uffus0 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4hmhmp 8 6q0jpvl1u -v1) to diffuse a distance of 15v0vlq -86u1hhmjpm 1p $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubesh31xqqp jo( h rspc: yff2d:.; called tracheae. An averageyjfq 1 .p x; s(:qr:dph3of2ch trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calxax /f( ju t180yntgq,uw -w3fibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mj 5k7(mj wrk(neasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibi1v*fe g4th-04 a .0qfah zkl)nrn d:yrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and thvir yd 0g. 40-:ant e4f* z1qak)flhhne cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas f -q dam59 elcdyfi6mb788f-ycylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pre658-ydy fd9mqm78 lcb ai-ffessure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, andi96.8b r-q6,wb hu*zr1mxmo 9asonyy hq9r*hb1 69im.bmyuar 6-yz8,ox w soneight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom c0g.nroo)e9;- ux w (a:imtlvper $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable us0/ dmf -rvpla0ing the best available vacuum techniques is about0 ad/-vp0frlm $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fillsmvfq7e9ujbb o qeun (01j d37- his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surfacom b7-e3nu0bj71 9d q(jfuv eqe, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returnvk xu8hn2,fz3:gu yj *ing from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperatur zjg2vunx*h3y8 , f:kue? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas isb7cuw:c58m3x dg- 6je ;ih zdj increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume h)k s* ddjplmg7np.v7;7+qt rof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, mpue5 6r5p3-/m.vd kypcj)vz estimate the total number of airdp) mk5r 63vpzvem/-p.uc 5yj molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a9w0 xn;fmc 3ip 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygengr)lddgege30c 9n.qpo.,tt o* - a:j 0k:gqde used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, rap 9o.0dkdt0 dngo 3-j,eg *:eq:gce)qlgt .measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowa ogyoyew:7n+8-;j*cjgj cj vn97q6 h l of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at-uo7qbz.vi borl ,3t9 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatlize 9;a8i /fuor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly on:esb. h 2.supxto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stangv*sbqut(q* 2 h+3u2 ljdj( *0 fctbvmdard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has(; ).b)sa k0hxt 4q( o xg+lmqzyigt-o a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthlqyf)hyl); zv 83x*oy is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is sus(lf45pjb) kl opended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elasti4 )jlkbof(p l5cally, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00m .q)+unii6js 8n0 ytm-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surfu+iq nitysm.6jn)08 mace?    cm

  Calculate the total waterkryd18(s2 p6w 9rk wfw vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: s8wk1rf w6( ry w2pk9d
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and wl53xq;tud 1 cxhen it is a solid d3 ucx5x1t;l qdeep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at co /nu/9lzelw kjw b(i64nstant pressure, the coefficie nj6/9bk4uwe wl/liz (nt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellarsz,fwp:9o-q 0l)m rk yp qr)w)b to prevent rot and mildew. If the celyw,q 0klbwmopz:r) 9f)-q r )plar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg