Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See t 9dyc1o*qm j ej8nt7inrbe1.1(9k zcwhe periodic table or Appendix 7nq(9cijbw *mk e zd19.1c jnr1otye8B.

Name several properties of materv-l-v3)6gnh v zsg3jyfy ) (nzials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.zsy) j6vg-3zfgn) vlh vy(3n-

Which is larger, 1 C 5.m.4 p20t zyyacuwwo$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B +l6zd 7s:r0qg*t abe s fazq;4is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, wh7a60aq +zz bd;*t:fseg4qsrl at can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stripwtq/353exqx0 7oa( p)yx n khi of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outs5qx)q3 x0h (3otwi xe/ a7ynpkide of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffi zw2)/, enfiry8/aao ncient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat usxi)8i/ wc br.x3wi2p med to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass w/wp i8 b2)m.iix3crxvessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends d2+nq6kct5kn w5i b6joften have a section in the shape of a U62 n6q5wid5kt+nbkjc. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at c4vwt(-ksl l44wd (ku0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is frtwu 8xc60q x,irst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercuryxq ux0 ,6w8rtc initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break i1 d4;,xrnm4 mr 3rclqif one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pqmdmx r,c il3 44r;r1narts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffici3v1 urmnd+ p:r w)rxd3pw +.chent of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1c3mw3 np rdu 1+vpr+r:.)dwxh). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clo2l)s9c4 w 9. eypi9t tx7x7.zhshwkqn ck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottojit0 7nis u:1cm and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Whu:i1sti0nc j 7at has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), it:ya w 8e6nuxj 4mr76h*f 8hv0uiq1bkps temperature increases. When a :bw 6 jr8u780 p 14qyk efvnium6*hhxagas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incr(2 ammr1xp/sl ease or decrease if the temperature is increasmsx(mpar l 12/ed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law fvb5x d td.vbn(5 :wd df684yjaollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energddvn.yj8 ax t 4d:v6bwb(d5f5y and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s( shdmujw8/u t/wh8w- law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the u9 )a0vm,xoj4mrly8 qEarth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object +b3ol;oe9ivr :q p k6.pteg wcr-x-1t must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is abo+clwikr1o pebo;.9x tgv-: t6peq3 -rut one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room te, (g2ne4i9a h4jk 5ru8 nxldjjmperature. What can you infer about the molecular jenkid,h 584u9( 4a2njlxjgr properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day i4 v5c r1 7ym0uhf28w,2.wt zpaekoprds far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the samede12 h4zct8y r p2k apo.w,vum5rf 0w7 temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at roo bw69:0yfbwl om temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature zp6 e2hwa jt0;is the same but the humidity is different. Whicjz02h; t6p waeh is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overc7bf qgh p1/5fheated automobile engine.p1fg 7/q5chfb

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whitj r(4kdauvy(aah+, .m uje (s6e cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-g1n r6aqebu0. -xj)zvy3,kxe k ram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in4 ; sh+oa ci-:4u3ftimm4tf-o/ofqa g a silver ring of the samsf 4o 3mthof- ;i ia4:q-t4 /oa+ufgmce mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is oft*uus6)vom kc a1qe /74qcze4 men taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?cz7ueo4 q6mm41e vqs/akc*u)   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 q fgduvbz,5d;4mn qbe+ g k7;9$^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glagge ljsi v/4.dd8gs97(ka ki(ss thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.gves kga./89(js(4gi d i 7ldk0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of (tbpzi068iyf//ck4 rpe*dl f slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 3d:jx; s6n ;vmz2oown m tall. Estimate wz3 o2v ;x;n: mdsoj6nhow much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet:-0xu hng61wqj 8w(3q y tmjpu hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 c gxmh-p8 yu (nqqj1 tu3j:06wwm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water eo)ymzu6oo4t0mn4yi.0rf, n6l i ds0at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will beolvt9z t2bok /-35 hva its change in volume if it is heated from 5lhvka o9o/-v2t3bzt 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0yrsc7ze i45 ,k mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 0*ci(.jb i nam55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is tof wwg6j97co6wq 5vh)i be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand (*w t(pm5w+232k rwedygzkh ein essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansiongye e3((h2t w+ 2wkprd5 z*mwk $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dencn7kjuq s163nsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linv n5 j pcg ntciv,4qr-9f;p2:lear ex9 v,:p24qg-vrcj p lfct5ni;npansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sovva;v :(m4 rxvlid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and q )ukiey8p2 q,pw2s5 nkeeps perfect time at 17 5kqu2nppq,y )ws i28e $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mmqt.d7qpfu4)7 o:yc td . The budy)q7 tfqud7t p4co: .lb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radiu9zsyj9pr ,xal)nv. 0/ty0au hs 0.41 m is rotating about its axle y.90 v jau) y9slt,z0h px/anron frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much9fcbedh3zakz 1vp2g 7 e,.,k m stress is required to keep it at this length if the tempep1k,.3mc 27fea h,zd v9zkgberature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal stefw+j954qp zv3 chn2fm el I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 78)cm er- .heda y1 utns:uq/h/3yr abcm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kyasiup2 z,che0y9em336g gvbs+6lb* elvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturh6c ia8q j31zxe on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the int4yv)btzk-vmg676. u u4keu ci erior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a )7ec3x.ophz+,bzwfq/ih c 2n1 eji8ztemperature of aboutzbxz +q7h1 i fi )jnc/8e3hpw zeo.c2, 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law3z0ne.t ui zvbe.80uhj.t/zv.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen ( f k;hib9 3jwuj3hw,9e$N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cothlevzodv *; c,-v 2q:ntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gad az/ +iy.sen.s is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containera9fc) *c4-vnwilmniu 3- c)su holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 i3a)9 w)-f v-msc4culnc in*uK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of c39hy/c (fhzewiv)l6$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyws7c h8e2cgf02zp3a6/ac ysw ant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes i c23/eps7wa wh0a csc8zyf 2g6t less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airztpp55 /l ad5y at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ab vptorgh*;j +k1qx: 8t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand abc 3v(1if tevr/7gw; ct sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculesjn1 clk49,c9s3o6byzcp nn a+ / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many m.5gbx 3.g quf.bv2o:ls26 gkwwwbh3dolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)zykqp10e ee * qzdr,((:b ik:s moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1x7i f.rdv2ib) ++fkr v$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that w;nwjn/ 5.1l *xzw i/cd,fdtpm ere also in the last /jwc np.lx /mdw51;tndf,i *z breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kine)dzydz kej 2/ci3g p86wmz6/ptic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? 3/8 jkwize dyzz62 c/dmp6g)p   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperacd 7 hxrsi 78;ahu+ddi0* g)ulture of +urc dux7al7dsh8 h*i0 )ig;dabout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will vi:sgy )b co14the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from i v:1ysg4c)b o0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following6) 9 oox7bqgec speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculat x6q7oe9b)ogce the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2t 2 qp16gzwa2qkel3 zcut7a0)0.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by w 6lusa4a n7tz7hat factor doesus4ltz n7a67 a $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a *degswnr1 ,/s5+ zgnc gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at th;dywsjl): 1 bae same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the as1:) bw;dljyinverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of niq(k*8asypoj3d2 n hq,trogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule-oxdr+9pgzu ob 4cl58 at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwea ap0t9woe))e en nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms sp7t;uq(z vzxx-5ekq 3weed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 qx(zx u7;k vzqw3e5t-$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu*bc44r6cb :i4t ff/pw (jwu hwre P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium ihm afoygie d+c:vbq839efqa7d, c 0(w, e7o5, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, i+z4d tbpas4j c2-u u3un what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pri8xw,) tds *jf3 vib.hessure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) x)j fii8ht .3,b*svdw 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a dl y9+wl.:3;tnvfi dqoay when the temperature isl. d9 lyi ftwvqn3:+o; 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water7u*i-axu k.se-6xlla ;mk k, m boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains isw+g0 : x5ihrd8uid1gz 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which g8 id:1dihx r5wg0uz+water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day wo0d2anr p)9ji0t g65 r+ dnzomhen the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and th5zmr2 +rn ngo 6didt9j0ap0)oe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperathk ybj) yn))vtly q(5;ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if ;jgcl 2nf/9 j1a9 jfxbthe water is boiling at a temperatun91/ag clfj;2jb9f jx re of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume bm+iizf) gm *+680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pomajwk pm g01h w2q2)8aint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecul 5myxhb6v/7xjc . bay8e (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dist h6 bm7yx8 vbcxj5.y/aance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to t4(qp 2 tyeh7n2ggw9ythe interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An avt9np7ghyqe y 2t(2gw 4erage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calqobe2))nvt i2ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has cut)q i9,cw,p+; gyqo been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cuu52a/ wcolhh. p was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool wat2c5 haowh.l/u er, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm.,uv-omgqbpy .an n 2a,1c(/sbc z3u7 o After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Wha 7 asubz,ca n(np2/3.vumg1c-y qb ,oot fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, 5 :s7xi,p,qepm3e,wgbh w4q rand height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatur7q x4eb p5: ig3 m,r,w,qsepwhe is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom (nf m 89xcs+diper $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable8.ihwjx a-varh,b .2vd o e71d using the best available vacuum techniques is aboi7 ,o8ajhxv. 1e2wdd -.hbvraut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity ohtw*xa8ok 0wl h :*vt q whmzp2k86s50f 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to th tkv5* h t0:mwqp8lx80ao* hwkshw6z 2e surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fros i0o6/w k-zrgq l0a/om the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentzka /-0qso rl0 6gwi/ory.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is isido)juylu 9 zfs.w03t : 4au4ncreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofqy z8)tzt+ q +dg.:qjf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric prgamy wc,aud uz *y6167essure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in th aazcug*,761y 6ym uwde Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrotm4j:q ))oxs4dpleh4 gen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pisshpw cewm7e,vp29mh y5 ( ;19dx/sa ressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cyli9 ws19m p h5(;s,p i7d/yhxm2ecvwa esnder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury a3o7ejol ecouas i+ 4.6t 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline 3.1loj;;t )euqb4bs lm d tuq//l.d cvat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were a7ni.n fiuom+u1d+) f4m3lus to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly one8 c;h6ij xqi+to a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the u;caq nc56h ..qdl; ex18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of xmnyqk2.5a igh/- l(k 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear1zja t/gao89d f83ovcth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vert)ij:;:v cx nnw bar4(gically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must ;:( grj inx) cban4v:wrebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a dept 33edwc/l,l iuh of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble whul,i w3le/3cden it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two 60f;ituvj fro pa3+2gdays: pv2u f;aij0tor6f3 +g
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron akt2 wzu:1 +amyt STP, and when it is a sou t:ak+2z1wmy lid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that,au- x d 94grnngx 8airm1;7gi) for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volunr ;9 7g1ua xidn)m-g 8i4xrgame expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent073o-l6yj bolwyp f 5wo/2 ic :9izuue rot and mildew. Ify2oellco i io p3:jb097wy5u6zw-/u f the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg