Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1-wvttq4pvp,pa6/ 5 js kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendiv ,p s6t-/vwqp54jpatx B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermom;cptg2it)3)twss.9mlqwzan a4s v 2 ,ete .w;tt na smpq3s9t2 2 ),c)sgi4zvlawr.

Which is larger, 1 C .lp yj f)a-re8$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system 8boowrub7(rf -p- 9vgB, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the r g8b9fr--ubvoop7 w(temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum ry 1co x:z 0cyt9ri+5kriveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip willc xyo1 y+c9z5t0ikrr : bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of line ) uhtsh3olyraokkf7*t rg22pnr,1 c27rr21 y ar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control(z j +my gtt 7ov,/tr6rc02jzl a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electr/tmjt6zr, (zoc2jgr+l tv y7 0ic switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed ocu10+85w crnvb7m agat the ends often have a section in the shape of ao cg0+vb5umr a1c7nw8 U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder 3b + y)y 9guf6r+p*-ncuaurxpof lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glastg fz.a65 pbx00 xzz:*dm 7qls 1(pdyas thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially desc.zap6t d*myxsg1z50l :z7qdb0 pxfa(ends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if on 8*gpzf6i*yoye part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts oz**fyy6p8gi . Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lfu :br5 locfvij .0p.*inear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why thiifj5 :obvpc0lru. .f* s gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate ay-ld86v j z hxrt3 /9qup 2uz.6ogeg9ot 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top 6e9hp d6v2 rj6f lt---rnap idto bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What ha-6ftjv6pldr rehan6i 2 9d-p-s happened?

When a gas is rapidly coa c8a 11e(gaqimpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of moleculeq 1 iaa8(1eacgs when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force *qzpv :r1ii7 )fk2ckgon an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if thev:ir qfcikg1 p)2kz*7 temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follbb3126 ydvv5)scci u wows from kinetic theory and the relation between avu2 c 6v d3)1y5icbswbverage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic the wu8/1;l.xpvdvv8 sp tory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratioe)p l el1b.axf;9:d xc6i8k8a ou2zz1cd1mau of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed ap35v,jsqa ho(n object must have to leavepo3qa v,j(s5h the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you ij7 l7q9s.hfomeyrlh 2- 0jy*t nfer about the moleculsr7fjj eq y27 lh-m *y.h0to9lar properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable jotuz(y0/un2ge p0y: ,cnq( sthan a hot dry day at the same temperature e,/uq20: j 0c(nn(gyzp ysuot.

Is it possible to boil water at 0ctj :r-0y n(3cgngzbroom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the h :y ug7*1vvsp.i6 daqyumidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same v7*upy1i y:s6qvd.ga T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangetx a:304 upazjrous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile eng4t3 0j: xazpauine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a z3nak l0,8svbw qz:2gt1 wy*alittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-f5 9n el8m5vrxgram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the n,* m.,x y7sm*p4qj imuywu e.f0rz) efumber in au.*e,)m0s zmmq fy wpi7e.xj 4yu *r,f silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68° m ,0-yl57xrrysf0s y ad*tuj/F. What is this on the Celsius scale?rsd0st jr/a* x5uym0y-l 7,y f   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest andt+lw0z6z;p f8h:x ,4lxd. a re7busyv lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 c5w.x*o z(+cvkpil1 y mm at 0.0kp5 (*m1y+zvlwocx .i $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long see - f/.zwxm2xtiu79(20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of 2t+u m7h9 . ti utb-r0n9ca3aall) rubwrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperaturm9 a)lt2.uncb l+ ar-7 ia hb3u9tut0re of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are o cg/fqx2y*pr5 ften used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hoy g*/ 2pcr5qxfle 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ctn0acmi/ . +kat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in voxxtjc .:rikt954 .riavz1zi -lume if it is heated fromrit.z -zk1jia 5 xxci9:.4vtr 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tayz4rkp- 9tv5o the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 2j ak7(h(zwxb:4w bhg mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plac- y8:pbn q1omred in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expyx -k+ixfo*t9 and in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficientk-ftyi*xx +9 o of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dvs9,bh f 76mziensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lineauhvx,3 utjnyz4n0 ,)ve3 (lnlr expansion )v(4hnj n0l3zl,t e uyun3x,v$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropi y7imp k1rlk;0c solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and cvq f/rt( 97am). pk44omok(xk d:ak1 jjwp8vkeeps perfect time at 1mo (v .k4qxwk r kfcvmkjp87j/a4tp (ao 9:d)17 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermn:c c76ccse5o-u1rr/gy* ksmxq l1 i4ometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 6cy gqrck /mo s*e5i-ncxulr17c: s41$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is roc 8k7xr+8em 6s)xqpk wtating about its axle on frictionl c+ 8skme kr7pw)q6x8xess bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desirep):8 (a8ck4 th mmh;smji-gmjc s ur/8d length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to()m mhsgpti84cm hrcm8sk -/ju8 :;aj 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crosnjx6l6mus(i 65w1 t)tl fa0kss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at+ 2 hrrzbpp:-dit.y5 x 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelxj:p))m jo -p1ton auy ,0rz6dvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on th*5 3bybk+hezqe Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of th d a0pciar5h+mlwe()/e Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and aaa)71p8pvvt +pxtewy+*j/abgq8 c 2 p temperature of about evbp*21 p8) aqvwy+87t+ ta/axcjppg20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using u1: 5nvk.-lb-b9t kh p qno.cythe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogvik 9cri j7ra5bwj(mu7 ;, 5dqen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of ni5g8hc + iq)frpm5*lheuq,wv,trogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas 9,jn*f8c:ftogx g7df3nl,fg is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insix0xu 2vyuni hjq2 ,o 6e1ni/n9de a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385y io 69jnn,ex/u22q1hi n0 vux K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of 6ul8gcgxw d h w5mav0qo:;1b.$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatla s;mu( * d0d8.sczfqvh8mf*ing the air inside the balloon, which makes it le(vdz*fm ahm8 u;c0dl.8s qfs* ss dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at zic 4vy l8eu-50ioneqi c31 7z15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 l/sumv dz p:jcfi::nfu9 25.f $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea leve8suegc7ggp9 ) n6ls 2tl and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofpbtf1+7 a h ss(osni5, molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Howj + ,sal x62q1.kbbfmq many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of y-.r1 8noml9a63gi qu5rq dyz (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1ebb0 -buaq2z6p y74 1dv; jtos$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of 3z1gbegg g*)k air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is abouzk*gb3g1 egg) t 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translaww1x,, +, ,,wr nn1h zs-vgvqy tthjj6tional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STsw ,,vj,tqw1 ,y,-nv 1xg6 tr nhwhj+zP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of t8bx7b9f iepge9t9ya )a ax,,she Sun at a temperature of about 60fxpe,9ytba i e8gaa xs 7)9,9b00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gasfi1ay/,y 4yhte8, 9 pu m1b6o focy1sr molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0af1ebo 6y1ry/ h,pmuf1yiso t4c89,y $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: m8f6cu)hnkj/7c c zf2 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. ffc)zc 6k/u2cn m87 hjCalculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules mgl 5css14.iy5mzds- in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, vr svk v9u;emnk +,d pmcw22):by what facto)v2;ur mk9 +vwdms2 kp,vn:ecr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecue9tmxga/j :yzl:.cl la8 +7vvles in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratiol s-gcir5hhnh;i lkuf 6 : k*8;+:j);z ighysu of their rms speeds is equal to + s8*h lf:hkksigj 6ychu;riu:;;gzl ) -h5nithe inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molg-fm crt frct1: hf*93ecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of a 9hl6+ge3ycty8wt0uan oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at wj.yf,1 61o rd s h7nz-v6fww+mlq y-eSTP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecula zu**v4 ji(vsn 6pov3jr mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37j*vjo*s( nz6vv 4 iup3 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a xq;z9h), 8d mu a:jjxwgas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, .ukiv/+u k a qtdez-hmj4yd5v5gp9sy 2e)s/6 $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wps/1b xk w2x,ihat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatur9ku-k vd9 6 alzdgl*s6e is (a) 9 g lkuz9 da*6dklsv6-90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when themm2r mki,oe i;.ze j(z3ouhy- 8o(iv/ temperature i joy ,z( i32rme;uzmviieh8m/ ko.(-os 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where3l( 2 an1rzlf5nahhi1 water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm,re*rsp: xvh.- estimate the temperature at which wateh-xr er:spv.*r boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day wn 7z4*u j*x0 godgjw4zhen the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and t gx4jonwz *zu7gdj40*he relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial prm;7t2j dgx yke*e /zo-essure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure co)zft4yu c/s.t s i9i *0szlf/r)rlcs+oker if the water is boiling at a t4)+ry cf ls/t 9ics.si)ut z/r0z fl*semperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vb0 b0f vawnjg+) fv3k*olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointc(fvk jv f0 loes9,p0: of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (seeh)n-0l spx-w(p;dnz a Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancea; szd-0wxp hln np()- of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thzlz1+-do2op h8j xb:;g+ lnxprough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachp1n8 bzh+l+g p d;ol-ox2:jx zea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measurruvhs vbo/; /yfrt.(t h-w9:h e has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratc/1df2u b.m40 otphrxed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempe6je - 6r.ygxz3ey bts:rature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of g btz6 6. 3x:esyy-rejcool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heli 4n lhbp8ue2c3um gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. W82hl c pn4e3buhat fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a pi /3. oh9h,f5osnumi room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and mfho s.n9u,/3ph ii o5height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matterj( r50shu w;cms(e ps; is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure atufb-md.:(nt i9t8 d6sfnin + utainable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboufmnsi ntuf (n8:udd9b -t6i+ .t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hisli:bw)824v7q hhtlx yms. 9sr lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this hq:hm 4t9rwlvl) x i2s7b. y8sadvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enlo9bq3 uq k.4lters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaz 4l93kubol.qqe upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasei ;8n6oh*cxhe d from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume (j2/q,b + lsr 97ex-v6n .umzu(l ghdehip* nxof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Eapj5z(b )saba qh4ec/-rth, estimate the tohz/aj-q b)e scpb(4a5 tal number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecule fog41/k4pjp as contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used ijf2lt+ 5hpjhgv-8uy3n a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.ly8j-hhu3gf j2t+5 vp 4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats ii)ua28 ql1g tz ; 7ygu2y(qkrxn a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolwo)usbdy 7u,(vfje -k0ve u7 1x t4 1zw1qb)miine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around th +,dawa a8,ja;eul1uy8ao, . c ftfmu3e Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass ok/ h- hver+slj-.k t*hm+-x+jsyq x-jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adra4 0z j,qiwpjmi rm/.0(+8 inrgf ly:opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully c;*em pcf t2 x*.;tzxfm)cqhr)w.g e.m8ax kc2harged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eam,r :fmqoe zzi6h +k8/ 8jcq;vrth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown(pslt*f.( k,bdzlt2 s tlf/3q vertically upward at it. H32f,sll. *b ks(f p/dq ltttz(ow many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical)bgxpbx e,l0:zt- u+w 8vgsd5 - bubble of air from a depth ofu -:eg8x+ps,0-wbzgvdx 5b l t 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following twom30,c xudgg34.ghmm m days: 0mg g. d3um 3hxm4mg,c
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the w bxez.iqtv3 7b1q;rrt79l,n. /1ybxbt u9g udensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempel1uzvbx7;y7bueqbb w3,xn rg t 9tri91.q ./trature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant preslb* i:ctt1k7gqh 7y188zm b lxsure, the coefficient of volume ex*8 z1:7tl7l1 tmyh8bgqicxkbpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people c . i*0.6zwzaz xo:ht2lltxp 2akrs b2.onstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellarstotzx62 .lz.2 lr 02akz*iawx.h : pb in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg