Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kgz9 smcv37oet-pzii 67qj 8 q(i.sje x0 of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix 7esq-i 6pceo 9q30vi .xtmj8zzsi7(j B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make at qlt0f .0zul6b-4h9yo jq1ic thermomet tchu z91 lyi0-6qbqofj04t .ler.

Which is larger, 1 Cnj:qmz pelj))dg f)f0u;78t m $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in tj4n;fz,:xgc thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatj;zct: g4 nfx,ures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consist1he hm9c8 ubo cshek4a1s,;.ts of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the oute.1baho t9smu;,hc4 ckseh18side of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficiezp.)fjvw ./pb nt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram dhl917dv7 qq kk6bpb;of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system)v9d 7h7k;kbqdq6l p1b . The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sectiois 4zk(d4 ak4/fn2tdm n in the shape of a U.f4at4s/4m(i k2zdknd Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatsc eorn48 cv3*1a2cral in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thk yyfo,78iw vymp oo,u(v0 ) uy;)c9w/ l1yyuzermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then/cyvumuo) 89 ,vyio y)1ywo0w ( klu;,fyp7zy rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coole sb4 eq5+sr8vcdpwho6-l.q;w d more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ep ;vqse d6bo4+.5csw8qh lw-rxplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex p5u-89uua 0h is71xlji tkv0eglass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glassavl0kuh8u 9jpi- u07 1xt is5e (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accu a ufgv2ej+x:sj+)n+n rate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badt-s3d3 n;k4f g ask;ebly the can will not stand up.ba -dn;f3s ;e4gk3kst What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempetyjm w)8v8ni/e)c w g4rature increase)vwg /iywc8 en8)tjm4 s. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerge8roz-sd0dbx3rc6foq a.u1 u) d in water increase or decrease qou3cr0)dau s -6obd.xz1 rf8if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theorw2 p7am)kw(7m/bbr dny and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tempermnm77p(b r)2ak/d bww ature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theor f8 3l6wi:mcmmy.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the r*xp10 9 zhxgrn 7f0 sgt349h,j,rxhxzsbrpj1atio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the min13o .r6/ hmbc ,jz6k*v eerwbuimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphereo/wvcr mzbb ujke6.*3 ,6 1rhe.

Alcohol evaporates more qug78tks+ q .qz2tr3.1u ecmo gxickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molec3kxm18.tg e g+csru. qq7 o2ztular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid 4xbln *ut wf( ihqxq.w7r:6s7lkxt;: day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the 6x f*47 s(.hwrqkl q t;iwt7l:bxxu:nsame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperat 3ik2ons ;:1h/nb pdasure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when i. 7 9qwjn cooldl48c4;ix0althe air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air o xdlci 4;j40o89i.alwnloc7qr the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dange;whdmct(xag7 kl:d+p a934bkrous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginm3dt 9g4xhd ;l bc:k(ka7awp +e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winterd:8(k 8m8ht kgflj q3jzb9bk4 (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are theresoa27fj tu)d;*x x5wenqcq 5( in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the nuer/,82khlln21le-pt ikccf 5mber in a silvki-ec5 ln2 lcp lhfr2/e8kt ,1er ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whae pwzm4o0b56he)di ;u t is this on the Celsius scale? 54bhpod; )i0eme uwz6   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest anhg g37gx+v:g k *be80mxyb6dfd lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.)ksac b7y/cm 2)k/asbccym7 2 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabbftuf3zkx21r.4m5c2 ivq rz 4s 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of w f.. yn5 1kkv 81orrp/xnkoeq+rought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July rkyo.oq/+k8pv .rf 1n k xne15(average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, ruye5 ,t+c4x jcivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cj eyx+4tuc,5 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water0rr4i-yo8a *lden4mj at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What willc 0eos jyoa 1g:*-j.zy be its change in volume if it is heated from 30y: os0-.jj cyo1ez*ag $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wat:x wv3wi j.py(er at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.*)wi gpv- rgh n4g93hb50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of zr ch 4p-y :oc9-p9rqniron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so i0v o:fiz) pg8vawj8f 4t can expand in essentially onewv8f) i:azf p8v0ojg4 direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density kuosh43+ om g($\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of f5 b6ge9au 6q).a/uuuj9 hxbk5rjw3clinear expansion .93q /u w95afaueuj6rk 6)jxu cbbg5h $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isoua zfue1.d9, btropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of b ef,-on88mfr46 xzsz97-ljha sb8yhe rass and keeps perfect time at 17 ,-e9j zfhs6sh7aey8x 8m 4-z l8rbofn $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Th npec+x zw zz.-l yx(-*rps3hu.al6 u)e buueu3aw*pxp .y z.(+l- n- cz 6shzrxl)lb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cyybj-k a3 9akz6 ,+psivzh*/y +tb8uwnlindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless beaj z6y98vy azasb kpn,ti ub+3w-/ *k+hrings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is,f285rlh/ps v mqtq p. required to keep it at this length if the tempeqr8/ l p.m,fvp5 s2thqrature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.0v .*gc t*i72x aaei wq; wwv ,avza1)cz,tz4:e41$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 1:.rrd. nn vwb20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: bxyu *rc93,wn
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenmjzu;k:u x 1io 2pru*;heit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Ear 6bvz* ;w4yl6ddlb re9w d3;kzth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, auv a xbseu8r 4wdst1-178*xz z8kd4n3bs; vrt ir at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of a8*ru3twes;dud4s1 vk zvz a7s8bxr -1 48bx tnbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idea ,dst5g-b2 bail gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 k oq0 0rsz:dm8ilzz-+c g of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP co1 h n1m53xgnybntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliummmr7utur6 1loj+k)v/ uj ig,n5 3va+e gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.53uayd uhwxjuov)23 3 0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?32uha5) odwy jvx3u3u   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 ki 0x-c)+0qy fn):pqse(f reza g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by h5jka0t8.ya dx;pxys - eating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose j; 0adxykpt 58-x.ysathe volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 ,y g 7dx1q2t/zfzabe /$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at t07: ) pip3 znn7rrxtw18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon esco4vd-t r1caje/y6p8 wapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecu fu4bpbndb h:(8p 9v4nles / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there im7adk: ayxjfj55 m, 3pwxkr.0 n 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (w3jr 4 m,(tcem hvm-g9a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1 s:4xgnbe0lpi(kh(e n;;o1r x$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breathqmfsxxnoz *v8gz: 7v r + )w*fj4vq-o5 you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is a8qz-vjo*xnfx5woz)7 :4g v*+r vq fsmbout 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kineti br0sq;o t ts7nai181wc energy of an oxygen molecule at ST1tiw t0ao1bsq8 7;rsnP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium at(tad: 3mtup,v- j crr el1n.f7oms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6vr ml 1tr.ed3(7 -,: japtncfu000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of jcr(ti 56c716 sg uhyggas molecules increase if the temperature is increujs t167( rcgyhc 6i5gased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: /8*yl 48sdz5 pvaa egh6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the / d8yzhs*avpe 45g 8alrms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas pc85qg nnt-a 2at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doub6m go2,yue lsisa)x )ca ;0zt)led while its volume is held constant, by what factor doxs );,)ae uc26)ytl0 oagszmi es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculev e,m6zv6p2 b vrl9q-ls in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperat/c y;pde*6vr bure, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to dr c;*yebv6p/the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containe58win6c*tuj)*ho*n n ;qxmu5 fwr3 vi d in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule ath6nnr 8pb 8rq9 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dit7cbg06 flpf)stance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose zo5 o3yy tg)p)molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at3) go)py5 oytz 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure Pimpp, ka,31fvz: ipai1 0 lf1k of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urah1+w n(ua0ogcpol;ng )r k/6pnium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressur3 g; jvkh*ptdu) 8ei9z-dsy 9cno;x5ke, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.0 -ayhso* tava041mn6c 1 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 h 10a v-6a4ts*mncyao $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day 5r:6b olzj ym(when the temperature is zlo(:brm jy6525 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 /k onfwi7ty2/0; vj ko$^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estima0t orw3536f 9n:e6a blplbjy vte the temperature at which wvfe6 36539ra tpjl0l o:nw ybbater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressur2mlnlx7 49nuom jvz+*r+t /fxe of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%l+7rzlmmu o +j94x/n t *nfxv2? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempery.n x-udaa;7nv0n hyeg1 q1zx05 4lvcature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilin7kw :gji/xb8dq4pj13dk0 fqfo cr4+ yg at a temperature of 0qfddk pj+4:3kg47i c1/y fxo j8w qrb120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68 r.q2ql2hfkf31tvdkmc7 v01s 0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew ( uk8bncwr,wt)ddkqkl4 7 /3axe0lt- point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) e+ 6d 5ahh5qfq xv1uv4to diffuse a distance 16dvqe5xhq4u5a+hfv of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the sur+fc;7 l hc7fft tt9ec:face of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tra7:f 79tec;lc thfftc +cheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated ane pbq8tjep;u8ynqe9ps // 8 /t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedo r 7pmmz3ui9c; te;2hjmk2v+ at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much eq9bo0) ) dl yry(jp)ukrror w uyyo())r9pdjk bl0q )ill be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After manyk2 o1*kiyti glu+z9+*qhv8y o balloons have been blown up, the ga+kliz oky qt+1h9 8y**o ugiv2uge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lw,sg18gl0c rmength 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and ,1lwsmc0rg g 8height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atomm); 2an4whg+upmvt s57nf z )m per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using th3zin6gw7 *ydw7tx6pjr - ;trxe best available vacuum techniques is abo xnt3 rp 76gzd*;w6wtjxyi7- rut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills r c:r5efosfm.uz sy):7pgc *0his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surffmygfc*. s0:)5 zp7e:cs ruorace? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere aet 6rbsi9+endz. +a0at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correnab6 ies9tr.0 ea+zd +spond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideawyumub,5yn9 dk .i,k, l gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77(/ pd+ lr( cc25jhq+l4.tmjr l)rcffm 0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known valuekgs0z 8wa(l3es)a s 8k of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total numbe 8 skga3z w0)ss(k8elar of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen modyuem1 zkx: t:9wg i()lecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in wu3 gm86-r 3ehr9gyqf a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is conyu39q grge6w rmf-8 h3stant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid ldb5w/ y 8yb4hmercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a niy7w*0x n. vt3hk0dl:2h acqt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s e-/s0xbunfi 0s quator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20d97 d(iecy :r8wpv qejm30 y;e$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, a0 + 8qct*codlw9ji.fso xp -,ndopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chj q93wqk c 9o1qqi3nt,keil-6 48hxgearged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthv u0ap-/c vlhc-l+c /c is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bai.rb7 4ms rp*tlls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls pert mp r7i.r*4sb second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.0rc:h3-6vsu15 orufk a0-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How ah sk cvu 5u:613forr-large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two :wiq67u1gk/b phpq 1fdays: w/fi h1 1g u:6bqk7ppq
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the de wi) no frtdu; 8r++nvj44s8upnsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid dee+fsurnudv t w8jp4;r)8oni4 +p in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas:0fmt -l,hwcf m: lbr. law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansionh ll,tmc0-:b :fm .fwr is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.