Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of t.y8;es z x5ocaluminum? See the periodic table or Ae 58x ystz.co;ppendix B.

Name several properties of m1agk1 ghk1zvt6 n3rd4/mphb/aterials that could be exploited to make a thermometerk3 gn t4 6dpg/krb/111v hmzha.

Which is larger, 1 C 2uwpkohp;irvf,el*4 c p6c *,$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, bhzc/dna sah :b7/; 6gfut B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, an/adf ahz6h7s :;/gnbc d C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of irf z- 91nyd(npaon. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metalz(fpa 9ynd-n1 will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expa h bas.ij-q2 d+e8b7qllgs* 9cnsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagraz zy u0nl3/elc4-(f v;fl nty1u p7)bam of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic /u 0nybl7a )uzcepzfl t 4f;v-l(ny3 1strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often haj6orc ;sc(+x)q (y9t8 bgkdhuve a section in the shape of a U. Why?qcosyr x );gk( +t6h9c8b(duj

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead f, jz6)xa272auds)yhv n6fkgm loats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first place 4k33of smt7yd( 9qf 8wzmqu*td in a hot tub of water, the mercurymuw3q8t9k4 st7ymo3(f dz *qf initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may 2n l 4,ci7ahz vk,7kgkbreak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ex7v,7 hzk2nkl4k,ga icplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear exttjlls- a4)d m-t.n :wpansion is much smaller thad4a- sll tt)-wnj:.tm n that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, a v1h vkmbs2q/4ccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cau q/bq qh 3j2e*ts8lj-jse its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happj - tsh2b3/qjq*ejlq8ened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its te*nw( a.maspy qbcq5 3q *m*.mmmperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular no.mmm mq *p(sca5ayq3bq*n. w*ting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminumdkr2p./y(7 gmu. qivg sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature yuq . 2r7kp. (dmig/gvis increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Cha9pu4*v.*xwn-yu z akdzd ii+/ug q 98wrles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between aver/ ud9*z u8pwx inyzudva.9* kg4i+wq-age kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follorc7mjy 3v9iqe s3xr+f hyw)x gfs-430ws from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in thzu2xl4z/ ak.kctr 5 fi/d4bh( e Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers yiviozyp+utu04 t/))m:qno 8*-qzy ato the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due/z*o:i ztquya8 pytouy +-v4)q im)0n to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly tha4r9c-.h 8 mnkgo5j ab )plla5gn water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecpaa gkg5)o .r9lcb5l 4m8jn-hular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than 1e7 4l4pc aibra hot dry day at the same temperaturer7 e4 lbicp1a4.

Is it possible to bo0 tb5, xm)jwgynuia h *v87og3il water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is thepumtukuze6)l4,6/m:a jb+qt same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? E:muu46 qat+eztl /k,u6 j)bmp xplain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an oven(sju s2v( np0rheated automobile enginenj( 2v0(unsp s.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winterhruq(1n6gx3 f r x gb(j31whp7 (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a uefr 5v6qria/0 5 wb:j3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring com c6g/x3ytsg +bpare to the number in a silver ring of the ss 6 gtc+ygb/x3ame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 66 zrrg36wz*(/cw* lbklswg c/lior 5- 8°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?*w lb5zosrg/ 6*zw-3 rgci ( 6/cllkwr   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tem o9f:lllm2t t;peratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length r 0c vrh q9dx*l0:q(vos(ypp /11.82 cm at 0.9l0/p cqxr(q*vp(v0od:y sh r0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built ofema 6 mot*2b70v cvj+f w)vpl8ol*7uf slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron app3 ap23ntzye+-s- m47ier k(jrzxos*xroximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (aver ez*-4ta( 7xsr3s piknzxy 23r-m o+jeage temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, riveg :d5phft sunigf/ 8dyecv;3 0yg.6(xts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) befor t(58nvxe/yfddu6 py0;fi:3. gsggch e it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at /0ys k3b+sh;tkr pq9n 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if itzoifwoq(r6 eiv0 5 5/;sem6b dctc m+5 is heated tqd rv+ 66mwi;fs5i mo5/e(c0cz 5eobfrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fillei0 (fklcbd4 d8c2sk+yd to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wata0t eas*.k0j -vws(ae er at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to.;mqc8o o lb mr3b0eg;m.p- qq be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand tejz dl6j (q80c1) jjjin essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is ap8)d qjjej(1 0 tjjzcl6proximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chylk*.zr qr f30ange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and w8 fck*n hp4lpe(l x68zidth w has coefficient of linear expx6lezfk8phcnlp 4*8 (ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solk9 q tnr-/vazh0- -pcg( sodg9id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfath )u*.(2sxx vha5hh4keswla+g er clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 174* 5swhaeuxxghha(k.2vs+ )l $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameteb ob)c )+0nlo4wwl xf5r of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volum) b5o +x)nwco4 0lwfble of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylifsl i/z8/bvre ; 7+vso5-wr x+xkkdw5 ndrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angu dwzex5r/ski-7;++lv/8w k5sofrbx v lar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired leng7;glvz7 j fa4eg k,d2ith when at 15°C. How much stress is required tzk;2ggd7 i e7jlf, v4ao keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041l- ecbnp- l*vv 4im(86y lwos n,ms-6z$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122uwrflo7 f1vt78kjxt- u r2,-m cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvi1 blv tifv9+j-d 72rotn scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temp9/ae;i nk0odwiy3* mgerature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the in .g.k/qs q;kfy4eabd4terior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosp:w. gez w rdhol ylr6+r,;z,a*heric pressure and a temperature of about 20ra;* z + l.,gro:ez6wwl rhd,y$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP uby mfl3on puhx(. jotr//+z0s 8 ue2-ssing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.g1 dz8y :no4xc6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kgmc ,*noc kpi95.u ti bt32eks6 of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gasv 8x n,wzfk+n- is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside ,of veik,4km3 a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38 ,f4kk mvi,3oe5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k;/ o()srbn 32lufvtgkg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heati:+mi +6 uypfp,x /hmb dp27prxng the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose thepp7mp6,hyimx2:b r+dpux+/ f volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ;su7:* dbxrxfkh4 n ,vair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at dazq8dt7t agy0q+:tf l8 17iq18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ballooie2 zy4*t /-x3wvmsfpn escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberoj yt19pgsti i 1/26; cvkuv 3g/jg9eq of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are thwl cya)dl)oz-61 .k isere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,b .udtk22ta:g iiindsf :(4 n,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume )a 0pdmu;kbe)5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molewil,e wg8gebw y,/o )x;8ae6wcules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about g xwa bwe w8w);,/8,i og6eyle10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of njoj9 gvm/itii1 ,7h +co/uz4h6iiy.mx2d,nan oxygen molecule at STuhi ji,ynci d/4g/j 9m1i ot+hnx2m7vo,6.z iP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfaix85wi v :s7hqce of the Sun at a temperature of abs7 x w:ihv5iq8out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules i2jaxqis:qesha * 25 jgdm3p94ncrease if the temperature is incra3e sj4j2d*2qp q isa: xgh9m5eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of8vm 8g((ede53jqp bhq: ky:fy km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8g(y3y8bv( e q:qjkp8:mf5h ed . Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in xjl wt.xb/89ry/ x sc.a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whilek.t-z-8k zxwf its volume is held constant, by what factorkzt-k-w xfz .8 does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speez9 obnqbdf4p,za: *og7 z g3g/2lu-kfd of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of t;/ uc11h)efkobbf ,ma 6p ibads gj011wo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular;)d cso m1jiuafhpafb/01 6g1be ,b1 k masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mole r;mx8 whvb0fn/vo 4dwz q 1c85y/dlpfkg./ 0qcules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculei q6xjp6tw c)brx*2/ew9nold4 q)tv- at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecugq9f ,5f yxc.tles at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms spe x1 2nqk:,obsbed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living1 nks b,2:xqob cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bjhh v+1h0 xy q-sh8wk ),r/9 wjut7nxbe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,u e/sz p2v-k/h $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phy4bu;o8ri om:ases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure6 kr kvq8mq)2q4w- oph is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9k p-oqvh6)k4q2r 8wqm0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humid h*+ozx9fyb;b ity is 50% on a day when the temperature f+ ;9hxz bob*yis 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure hiu az/l /fgbpvzrmlm21 ur:1 d0s,57at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, es x7oq*t)axmc;45e p2xfs 5e1 g k )yshh73gjiztimate the temperatuf5;sq )i)xh*5g4ce 1ye2m pjkta3h7 7xgz xsore at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whez yn 8kmbi*m49n the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative ni*mbmz 48 yk9humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is v+0g1 ghjrnve .uq8zdqc.z5 2 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate f8.b-nu fyh7 kpressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilinhykfb-7n 8fu.g at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roogc8 q)+w unqz(ra5n4ksn c-i,)yx nu;m of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi;jgfsp- ggt :7nt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) tvc2;).;y*bx(bil * esvbbtk ao diffuse a diabslvb2tkby *eb.;()vc* ;x i stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfacr/ 79qt7e) yoqhf hd9ce of insects to the interior through tiny tubes callho7t9 / h)rqfe7yqc9 ded tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrate fh1;h*xnffn ;ys(y ,hd at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated wd c syz4 ,d:iqz,ba))at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room 5i4q p)-dhyjsg+a2 vptemperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, adqj)+vga syi54p-h 2pt 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliuymv1y9y;k*hmm nywb :( c/xv,m gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have beey,c/h mymwnk ;1v v9y(b mx:y*n blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air ,o;6zby77cbkyp gva(g3*h fd xq e 1;pmolecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. bfz,pp7k(c xya* bv;;d7 oeq 1h6gg3yAssume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom-p.jz(q2 k: +cng; rjsz jvav4xi;d+r per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques isif cn99x+ nii* about9*fin+nciix9 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m belowu.g80nmsu ys* the surface, to whatsguuy*nsm. 08 volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from,8yb t+d,2d,yjkbo eok9jz 1m the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high tempe ,kjbbyodo, 89kzd,m2j1et y+rature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is iuo c5 k m/jmbwx/zxl4 m8z(7r9ncreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770r7ahwr2ja3 zf*sn udf4o 603 dm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosdy s0abxcr6 77pheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosc67a 0srb xdy7phere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules con a8bcrq- sc47 rit 3zwo.;5ukrtained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 24g vg bdk hl8dtn i,yd:cln*e/ ,tfgro9(t (++000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cyh+dogct/lltn bg+f(k dt:rv94n,e8d,ig(y *linder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl 9 ci-, vtyyjtft*9*uhof liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atn/y 2p /rlpf+t)q *llh 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly awn+*f7arrt-qcc8y o +round the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a g l t8as-llr2*tlass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, atee5gv1z2ek9;s(4kozn3 pv/u 8cqm edopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 e(3izy lw-skn*8u il7atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from 3tv .qzzwl 7 69y:8ogorm 0lftthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agains- 9rhv (;l9ft+gekbrt t gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they htk9 b fl rh;-9eg+rt(vave a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-uxu7 e0qg:de :cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfe:quux : e70dgect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air b6wz86si8bgts9 ,r ie on the following two days: ze 9r,b6wis6 g8bst8i
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a9i(b1i iwmrp0( wvos +fw6r s7 solid deep in the Earth where the temperam(pfw0i7( irwi91ovs6 w + rbsture is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for606 jf rymhm+v an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volumh0jf6+m6v myr e expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people con,c y.;me+slq cstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and m ;meq,cy +cls.ildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg