Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminu)lcgq.xr9n d-m? See the periodic table or Appendix Bqr9 .c ln)xgd-.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited ti2x;4plb*oq n o make a thermomet pq2* x4il;bnoer.

Which is larger, 1 C xga8e h x+6w)l$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal eq z,6 z vv;6p2 -cozq3nl5j)pxavywb -ouilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what caw o-y 53z6;aov-c6p)2xjqzvpz b,lnvn you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of ir02t1 nqpmcg4d 6 n)xxoon. When he 4mng xxpd0 q2notc6)1ated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lihjbgj, cza4i7fjrkz, wq -*y2-h2*an. ob s 5gnear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simpxgf u)s 8up3-hm-vlw/le thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vm)/vup-w 3sghl - xfu8essel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in thkb,z*83h w d qxtkd-qz)ivil 9/uy/* me shape of a U. Whqvdhl /byk ,8z-w du/*m39zkiit) qx* y?

A flat, uniform cylino gcd;m:7.4/hjlevbnder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed ij10:+d/(eug pfq vffkn a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Expladff/gfpqe0: 1 vuj(k+in.

A glass container may break if one part o iign 0 km-bxps3f;7a-) fm)bsf it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent i gbsxfpm )3;)i 70s bf--aknmparts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient mn47 fb fo4b.25 jwiwut4gqq (nm.ri)of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives r ( wg)4mini2b7qn. .tou r54q4ffwjmbise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,+l ae49 i;a9ohr) awqw accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly thekrxbnst)6/ 865c jvuxdp/ t:ffcr+e; can will not d /puc6 f8c6t )rte:+f/5xv rx;sk njbstand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly comprhkl7fomr 6/.b*j9f ueessed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes7ou 9ek.*fmlbh6jr/f in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum ,yls zk2oh,;;a ijk,i sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if th jaky;;i,2s,zho li,ke temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lawro;d4c2c o i*ph vtm*p,vqm5, c6icmi7 o9cy4 follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absom4r5c*opvmcpo o7 ii*mi4t92 6chd cqyc,v;,lute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law folc)k3oosq2m n*lib g: ;lows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’.a1zsvxp b(1ns atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers,yu ;b a;9gmsr to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explaaysmug;b ;r ,9in why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatlf*-htlq6e *tin , nq;ure. What can you infer aboqeht;*n6 i lft,-lqn* ut the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more)7cs fw 71uugnste(,n uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempensu wu)(7sgfc 1n,7t erature.

Is it possible to boil wa a-xxibx 6-p5uter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is +qrt5j. efd: 1hb cjq5the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same:jc55+jhq q b dte.1fr T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of ancw67bx91 8fxt8p omugnd s)8vqdm* i( overheated automobile u 6fsxt1c(vx dq m8 *d8miog9bw n78)pengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winterrvo086 dlc2 ii (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-greg; pri.o+bbo3nx- u6 am copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare toeq)b/ 6b26s rvwpxah8 the number in a ser6 w/s28xq a )vbbhp6ilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius 4 cehp +zr/zmdm2p) vz (*uqd;scale?zz( e) hmqvpm+ /*z2;ddpc4ru    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are7g : jxcc2f yyjnrglj:c, +4i( 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column hasdy1raef6 -6jpy8 2j 3qprnbv) length 11.82 cm at 0.0 bf j6-yqr2djp raep)1y8v3n6$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 4oy3kt8w, ohem long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 n5 2ms+bu k7s )fa*vyji mx8eb78u4cim tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and y n sb85774mm2 8sb+ckxa) v* jfieiuuJanuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet holt, *ol8)kh -me/e9fj zee ckv3e are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diametet*v fmkjo/e8)9klcee ,-3zher is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 4efazxim9pxouu9 08, hjri74 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. yl-kx1 ..lgvgWhat will be its change in volume if it is heated fr1k gylvgx. -l.om 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1i*o(uxcrgz+t 2 c+j: ) w+u;iu+hlc gq00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 559zfyth:(ds2v pu7 -fcgkk z98.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made ofp4uhbt 8sr5e j8ix0 ,w iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expan9qfg8 kud0y6n 8ldkz )0f xo8yd in essentially one direction only, show that the effectiv8dkkoqnz6fy 89 )xu0dg 0 fl8ye coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densd(nl 4ld6gxx3/id(ky ity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of le ;h+wz21 dpmvwngth l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion pdh2vz ;ww+m1 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol-zb,eg2gqkj ag(be*x ( - )kxlid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather l5 2knbev;15ikr mvak3e5cv- clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 r-ei2ck3kmn5ba1vev k5l 5 ;v$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140/quuc7+k0 z3-p1wdyr tdwx/k mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.uz1 /-/3 kkd+ywxu 0wdctr p7q255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating ab 0l j8hg.s,y t: memri r;o5ckosiz2:,out its axle on frictiogol:kjcr;zro5m ei y20 m:sts,, h.i8 nless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is rep5kgab6 j pg:+quired to keep it at this length if the temperatureg5 p k+6jbga:p increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross+ us0n*qfcfzdxt g-biw4 (c8+-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20l3z+s l2znzr rvqf9,7$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followi-456 7*qm tartbuauk0iwz0 uojm)c1i0 -eomkng temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenopne;bpc 5q4// rm x)h8v v5opheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the 6a fmldnzc92 6interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a r .-bgc6l(k+u iufa)ptemperature obgk(p rauu.c +6-fi)lf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP ux/) zzzo :tdd7sing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains ijkz fw up,x:xwtzru84950p ) 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogenk4wn-j6a ti; d ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gaw) sh8o.*kuw1f2a*70t 4h p nmueqxz 8p pcr+fs is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas a0/ 9 /zo6ifam7puy yfvt 385 vuz 6/moi7 yya0/fp f9K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg oft8it:g(k *+fy akog w. $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating e11tlp9 c ,*gyz qj*+udi.g urthe air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the v*z,u9.gqy1+p rl u1ed tgi*cj olume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with az:v, do :v9ryfir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0*/x06 psr4 cgfll4 c rr)g5ra f)5jcqc $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ballor*l n43yj rc(pon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecujx/ni /xe-a-bux.,hx les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules(vcvy lu7+2y.c zuj5m?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, +(hzswajd)60 d:qgyb   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1v3m:bjugh024f h 8zz5 k rky5p$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you it3p hn8 ky)pu(nhale that were also in the last breath Galile8(ut)npp 3khyo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averag3v,(woq-naf6:r v ut/ome jm6 e translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? t-navq3 6 6mwooer (,fu v/:jm   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of h uy,gv)*6ywfl9ac l. xelium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 ay,l6*)9 vwgf xcy.luK.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas t7,u jf6bj;0zrcv 2g ymolecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0tj;zyg,bfjvr 7 0c6u 2 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have th 859-4j/ dehkqezdxwd 9pab; ce following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate t zdkw4;ac95p /9jxbhedd8eq- he rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moltvu;9w*8yd-jt; b cqy ecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is dyniykgfn 9up*68 ks() so-9pu oubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor do98-n (y6g )fou9n ykpp*siskues $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in0 j5 otrq v;f 8baiq-95aowfk5 a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gas-3n-pr+jw3l k he ex,pes at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their mk phpj-nex,w-le 33 +rolecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitr zeuo9l 8qj1kg5;zgj.nmqy (2ogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spe-g07v(y+ iazt -zws+wx(crlg c c**he ed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distancw;jsczd(;tk-xuy ; , fe between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molw6rpv ld;ll31y x8q6uh3.rec.e y en-ecular mass is 89 u in a living6eyd-l 1e vl.q;y3 x.nu8hwel 63rcrp cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be w1cq 3vb2-;l*cm+omx4 o cfeh zritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu6z t hy:d*qlmv3utc8 yln* 6u4m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressur 5+rrnclx0-hz h,uy1qe, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressa qn c:onnsi0 go+p;)9ure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9gq onni;c:ao9p0 )n+s0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humirvl k inn3hf0+ j.qm)j6dq25bdity is 50% on a day when the te j)n biqrl6 h32nvfkj.qm0 d+5mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressurjxp+8/8 f fkkyh9ob- ie at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is q;iyy.bjwl35.c/onwu h ms33 o.jn.e0.72 atm, estimate .y.;qjclny j3 s/5.omue3 wbhiw.3n o the temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day wheemct+jc2 vif69w 4gg,n the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa andf6eg+c jt4mc9g v,w i2 the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of* uifaauywsp*78ig vg+ zr/-9 water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wavmtn3lc xf)fkoi 8(; f)xj+t+ ter is boilin+ ) tovk3j(xlf8)mft +fnci;xg at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roo a3nchb5:k0hm9ew6 u*m)aupjj .r+ykm of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its deb n-crp xrxo8p745 d7rw point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molec)k-gzi.u8 fn(yyocaf;kvkt; v(0+c)ogfjn2 ule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance o u;c(2 )(zkjgc ;vkyfk y8n vof)-g+.iot afn0f 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of in(y(k zv pc 3-x-mynkjn2 +d1ojsects to the interior through tiny tubes callpnmckz3 jyox(- n (2v1 -d+ykjed tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibg-/cah lnf-sr 3j 4:airated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibr 5v3j nqmna6zra3 ;l7eated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatui1)kgx fqulq16 l5j li-7mfb4re. How much error will be madel6f4lji-bfl )1i5x 1kuqmg 7q in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atp; u-3waz/xn 3-f gij+o3l pnfm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the origig jx+u3pfnwl3na i-zo- p; /3fnal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number k 5;(jkm 1p 0nktc5h:-l 4i lpmdkcj+tof air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Asdjkk;tcj 545- +:kk npl mtp1(ch0il msume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of manp37fmh7eb -b8oha;60 rrm hqtter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqu,/m1p43y ikrz3k8mp a)p fts jes is aboutr/a4p13kp3 )mfjit,pkz s 8my $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hifsvl s2k iad0*bc62k3 cb/1fps lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface6vpl fi 3 2cskskac 2/d0bb*f1? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosi6is7 z grwg6.e9qrr3 phere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of3erz w67rsgq ir .ig69 it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ide2g4aq0nn mjg,fvv-t7dh aq(8al gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume obu,0p-; pyj57rmb3np jjb5t af 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospher+9(k:kkeu j d yvvg,r(ic pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate:r,k gukyv9v (dkje(+ the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containtvi )p8lbw .) hls8cuw6s7b aawv0;8led in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygena +nw3 0vxisnbk ;4+ n40ifivy used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmosphervb04+k4 i 0+i3vx ni ny;nfsawic pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury apgq +qqun j,.(4ldv5x2 qws-qt 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol lde.+dr-k4*b0 e,cn9th mk qzine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band werehb/1:e f:web :d9ju oc 6u3vmt to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly (cyrljpl;82)d5zu m 7a f(mqx onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in tve q )o)ouej74l;x8s2/ls igwhe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1953f v.-q falxdyj7h62 j atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth il .ra7/rurzyi)o; +phs $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravm:z uq* bi9h3kity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are throkqhz9mb *i:u3 wn at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spheriv e3-u tfs1gg7cal) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How larsvgug e3t-17fge is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two d1+uammjgs s.*ays: as1.gm+mj* su
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and whedp:hy5fk3*b*tmg : wsn it is a solid deep in the Earth where th:pykmf3 hs d5wt:g*b *e temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fdzajk ;,:r( ;p km8lpgor an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal tok:rdpkzm8(gl ap;j ,; $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people const xk(jrj3v oq.jn*/ hj;antly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a ho(j/j.rj* j3xvkq h;nouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg