Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodi+kkfzmm0: g 8y,mj*dhc table or Ap0k df,zgjk8 mm y:m*+hpendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could br0kju x(, fl(pe exploited to make a thermometer xlj 0f(,(kpru.

Which is larger, 1 Cr b89/ kr-3;n/rh vchmi8em li $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriu5utf3:.mt.ioj 8ci ncm with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can.3 jtcu ic.f5on:i8m t you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stri 7. q0a 4oludxtaeo7b7p consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] W47eo.tq x7b u70aoda lhy?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffe y(b-5qh3egi icient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagrh ob,/1.idqi0(/vjw z etagc9 am of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heatin1ie wdh.i/b ,vc(go0t/q a9z jg or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often hg aefs9;zta9 stfw23ni/f i)1ave a section in the shape of1stftas)2e f fnzw3gai9 ;/9i a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury ati+z,j54mp j* ny -yepk 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-i ;,)fplw rvi9gn-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury w fvli;,gr )p9initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or c.eg w5pvs. x);/a 7-drq lgymnooled more rapidly than adjacent part.7)5d/-lspgq.wr;x nemy ga v s. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass i: l7ku ,kczkwp,1f0fis that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinaryk: ,kzli7 fk1cu,w 0fp glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura0 9rg:qumua/ate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its botvcp9 3 )gjw(i:mag2 cytom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hyj(gac:) 2pw cgi3vm9 as happened?

When a gas is rapidly comprepc lbp/vmw8s2 h/bg.fkp sn st ))35x.ssed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expand .psxbpch)bv82ps) wts / 5mln /f3g.ks against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum swt-v wks::+c qzxj -;a v2jjk*phere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased*:+ xvkvwwz- 2jc j aqkj:-;st from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lgqi4;rrtk:ca6u:bh s91 q 0xx aw follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy a :bctqgxh1 4aqksrx;r 0i:6u9 nd the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows frnt;fkd0v 3-b-rol 6kzom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the8-d fic +zphl1 jq,cr+ Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the pv 0a;ty+qt d4Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity dvq a;ypt4+t0 for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water 35b0u af8fjlc jcb.j/ at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties ofc f0j/8b35 lfc.ujjb a one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far morpjt h6e4i1ad0fth8s96/yd a d;tif a1e uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature t66h0aa taj1d4tfe;i1pdfi 9 sdh/y8.

Is it possible to boil water ah:3 x y1.:hec4)d1eg 4osyaeuta5 ik nt room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is thevj8f v,dj:mmvutw )h9/rj0e: same but the humidity is different. Whv9mvt,m w:e)jr0 df8jvu : j/hich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radisqnb( ,: 1ftkke1kh5 pydzz2; ator cap of an overheated automobile en zy5pkkn1h2f bstz dk,(1q; e:gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–284 6k hp60vcbktbo+7 in)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennyc8b llg*s:y+i8 ci1sl?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms w:gm+sr;tuo ( fou8g-in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a w ug+ 8 g;ormfstu:-(osilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius sc* f)pyd*kgii) w*lv 5iale?g*i*dfi5ik* p lw))yv   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatu9+v*4-o / yg l,; xrgtfyueqqbres recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohj2mk w9j7d 9oool column has length 11.82 cm at 0.jkdm j9owo7920 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m l0x52 vgfc8vi oong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tal,3 uph da( ,2ipb4rxmzl. Estimate how much its height change , ru3pd,bhxi4p zm2(as between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hojic:56/v*2dpi h zls rk cly71le are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel ji5:k 1pvli7csz6 rch 2yld*/rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water attmt*fqim06h gr2/3* 3kf q hit 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameterc;os.tx2h.*x4w c, fnaj ef ,j. What will be its change in volume if it is heatedxs4hcf*fa. c j2; ,.ewnxj t,o from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of walx(3yd30vfr vter at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55;l* bry,kh-b51 lv vjz.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be place:j0 s,as+1dpgv9xtwhop4 (b k d in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow ve xwqx5)2rfkflr4d6 .kssel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is lxxrq 5fwr).kk6f d42 approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in,4fr.pc wig1 cs o.,a /tzaii)gr/7ce the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient liebav,rbvv6m;* xx158 (ewjof linear expansiox mxer e*;va 6lbvj ib,1wv5(8n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotroppl7 *nndn9,7 9o k1e6he++trjt sidbbic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clb4b 6t vi*b) ohzjj.+q.0hmfp ock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 0 tpb*h ).fb4o. +ijqzbjh6mv $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diam5j2hj*isp0 je2(e8eav 3jqi meter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2iem3 (hv*j2p28jeijs0 e 5qaj55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.4-p4t om4 qvnq6v:b.pdif)6mo1 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bn-v.mf 6b6ov 4qio:pm qtd )4pearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the dgmk 1 rxl37sr1esired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperaturg7lsr3r1k 1xm e increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectioa uj22 mabtf(m: 17hbbnal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter i. pur wdaks +af2eb) h.:42to134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following teb b41 k12/xdqqr2r ogamperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fc k8n 7r9g.xvcahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Ewic shx c,dshyc;7z pw)/)wq 2e+;s:qarth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion eng(wav6 lgvgg47n(h1 tyine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about n (hg14a(lw 7g6v yvgt20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP ucajf 3.ul;e- xbtg:f 1sing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg ofa ;4g7;qr uyg8gw,3d1veed9cyj9 ui d nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containsi -cwask a l2h(x-k:z. 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is xh5u5vj68 k xxat 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas yv v qi plv:f2+c88q(tat 385 K2cp 8yv+l qv(8:qvfi t?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ovbima06 4y w utym(y, fccs4./f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insidehoeph 9 pwt )0 f.ynd4n1u*h.e the balloon, whiw.p01fd 9p)eo.n 4ueh h hny*tch makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atj2e eb7ywm-ck0- pgnqcjx.3 - 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ath 6 fob js9)66voz 4b74tqwaxbc r/o3s 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a ch 12thn0td17 zx(kd*cp tpjf3tf 8v h-yild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules l.yvsn 5*oc1osye6 w7 / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mani un/j6 u77c*ge) +fa/uhmzdr y molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol1afobnioq (6. es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 53o;wdjf94bm d(d)wng)7mj ai.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleculedv,)7t1(g4qjda i jpvh ;(5ehi erbv /s of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant de / dqhj5i p)hiv,7dta4b e(;j1v erv(gnsity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ener 57jx oct)nmh8gy of an oxygen molecule at STc mn8t)h75ojx P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surtd2uzc 0vzzw :/r6r/hface of the Sun at a temperature of ab vhr06zc t/rdw/zu:2z out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if thed rck .+ esqb9:h(bzl5 temperature i5(hczksl dbq .+e9 :brs increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, :3kv4s, y(b x1okl8g w 4xkynl6, 0, 4, 1, 8sx1x 4b kk4v:og(83 wn ,klyly, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas a/ltyh kz g;;dm4 e;m7qt 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubles8b7 xiv 0 ,tsxx*vc snu-av0/d while its volume is held constant, by what factov i7* u0sxxs-xva80/,vcb n tsr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecule-*6pydf,m k0rrsut i;s in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the samex9 kkn kp8 +tu4lf6 *1rl+uj(zctw*t y temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal tlt+*jp481t*9n ktcku z6(xf+ y wukrlo the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecule 09esuj7.hg ozs contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spee+uod( wc+ks 86r+dq .fd ;nuxod of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweyfi +8sm,w.z.9t bs0dz ygn4w en nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose mole/ldyqe(1n0 c fcular mass is 89 u in a live0d(l1fy n/ qcing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wris +frtv8u.jj y cw1*z.tten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, )5az9q/myu rq3pt8 iz $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases ca0ontm)d 2 1wmmn $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperq/a adio .4r(1nag8ot/o :krxature is (a) /1d (o4gaotria/k rqnax8.o: 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (app -knlpdjg5r-;m+ jsz :cguzvjon 1xfz-4 4-1aroximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tdz z;c-a4vp5n m ofjlxj4k: -g1j-1ng-r zu+semperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wat3q pl)wew3 z/her boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure a0wb-oxk;uu5: bl;dr q t a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boil-qb 5uuo lw0xdk;r :;bs. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when j+am3er.e9txpc.q. mr e,8) wc6bgo g the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relativ ),gbx woe6cmqg. re.m9r+et8cja3 .pe humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial prprq:qxudqhwcw1 y2jh: t7670 essure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wat uzj(:hcwp 0h.gjh6dt4 7,vpeun wu;x ;a+st,er is boiling at a temperp6 ,p4d s: nhgj vxah,;.0huct;+( 7tueu zjwwature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume v2ur/x h *:hnf680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew kt0q:v.4ar.hsrc / eopoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time necq2e8xuy(2hl* qepg,.v* f8a ,d dy raspd -+veded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1*e q,pe*ugh+qa22 8fpyra8c l d-sy,vx .d dv(5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects 4tz7f hu6 m,zlkg1u2(bmbyj3 to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average,61flz7bujmh (3gm t4yzub k2 trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrd yp;bsu. ;v iulo xvna3)/-.yj 4y1htated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calii ivfjhd5(b*g c10:pjbrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much errxm dx4jqt+8t +h4 jovx8 w:i*eor will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool wate 44eh ioxqx 8xtdjm:+t 8*v+wjr, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atme yuvtt g9*ddj4m0 0-p. After many balloons have y0t9j 4mpgd t*vue0-dbeen blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of azn e65;2sjwcvir molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temp2 vzj w6;cnse5erature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pewh 2cfnv 5l4s,r $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is (lfa1mbg v9 /21ttyqv about1 vlmbg(ttf 12q9 /yav $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when /h/8p f1 aei 9cs op4 rat4+bha5,zhur10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisabl e bp+ua t8 9h4a/fs,hp/c 4zhirro15ae?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speih* y lsd/m+0leb pjkb;((oy-y :dz.eed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high teme*py e. d-oybb ;sh/ (zkdjli0(yml:+perature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increas rc/jg,ves13wl2 u/ iked from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77l8cr2z *tt0 ck0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of aquuanvh t3i )7if +5ypzm sac g++*:)ytmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’* t+ni+g)f:u)aazcv qh 5+3ym7su pyi s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitroge dph;i(v,*7l fzhr5xjn molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen usew/o3d pgx /,qed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flogweq/ / ,op3dxw rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercuryw g a7 bd4ev88+qbxma- at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline/ +x9qx yv1g h. u2)asstkrcr6 at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatormv cu6n;0haa8 at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly on0b6xob beg b0,yy 6y4bto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the hcf(, y7kgx2:o(.1. d o0gwlhunr6)wcgwhpt 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has p v+be-l-ce14m bhf0n a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tv( iw,o(/v tgfhe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspendel- iz f8zs g0d:r8l8eud against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from th gzu8l0 :sfzed8-i8rl e lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releasej).zp:x+fwf4j 3xy1; o lwxpwm t9z s7s a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a x9 xt+pw)oy7mfww zl:jxz; s3f .4j1p perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure z+ +b5a-lp mfxsj skn(,;qi2k in the air on the following two days: k-qpx zs+j2nl +(sf a,5kib;m
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density oqrs*v 224mfy2tx s0 xfc3nt,simd2 1 of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wher,2stf 2 if3c0nm2*vor 2qsxt xm1y d4se the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to xsyp0s 6e-kw3 0:eq owshow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the:spe-3eyxo q0s6 k w0w coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people.zzx38 uuiq, 3i7f:+ xwfaot ,l-*tgbl9w f ru constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the 3q9u zi3,xxi .*ugt, tl fw+u7 fbfrza l8:o-wcellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg