Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tabgzjwgb7l) z*5le or Appgl 5 )jzbw*7gzendix B.

Name several properties of materials that couldvxurwq t:(n*uf9lh9, be exploited to make a thermomete(9ux tf:l* w quvh,9rnr.

Which is larger, 1 C jx w. opec05t0mhb8n )$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermi.89m76vxl w lrbqhu 8al equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A,w8u7hv9 6llr8 xq ibm. B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum v-c/ff qm9zu 6cb6x3jriveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Wh9qmcju6vb z/3-f6fc xich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of li ;,3bh9qs7a bf x0yhnz:k tz2snear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a ;itx jvj4*cec9ophc.:0ru5k diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating ovjx*:.pio ; ru04c ecch95t kjr cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that ay2wkwa-v + hchwh 08;xre fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Whyk8avh+ w20y-h; cw whx?

A flat, uniform cylinder 2xsti8z uh+,q of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first pl3u q0i uk n/chp9-ptc*jcdwu. 89qg9aaced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and thencac j8-/hkqqcu idu .p 9t*9u9pg w3n0 rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled f:f9tgczyni/8mln ub a0+i*0 more rapidly than adjacent pari0y a 0gnb :i+zu9*fcm/n t8lfts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansio4djhem3 6wfj; n is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Py df6j;m3ewh j4rex.

Will a grandfather clock,s*tcyte t6r i .z2gjz(+k u03e accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom awa3pd f)i3/bs k2.n6m2 jv jgdnd top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Wd ia33jvjf ngp w/bkm62 s)d2.hat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushiu9 jlg npw,*gx ;qbscqqf74 ;56dnq6tng down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston,n t4,;q l6gnbpx9*u6f5q c;d jq7qswg it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminumda n(*t:8.k5y yzprq, lbe px: sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increasedrk: ,dp q .y:eat( 5pxnbzly*8 from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follow/gnf1d6:iuw3d e gxduz/qd32s from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute d/g/dnef3i:d2 u6 xz1d3ugqw temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law foygaa1mp7 *cz)cin36 dllows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratq-a)of,sq /b.:mgxp *+p prl8wspw 4iio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objectz oe7m smx6b42 ywf,5g must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity m,gy4fsw57xzbome 26 for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What ca*i2)s xc-.hzxr/ye k8rvm q rg5fz9vm:s7m j3n you infer about the molecular properties of one rel iy8gxm /j -xmk9rz23cqs rf7.m 5v *ezh):rsvative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than )bibgn op2e(c d9ai, 1a hot dry day at the same tem (bgp 2e1odibci)n 9,aperature.

Is it possible to boil w8jh*pnmdlh*; npl +v:ater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffdgas5 87p f6iqerent. Which is more dense, 5p8aq id67 fgsthe dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile- hm mob (efcuy-4ib :,7ryaq; eng;e m(yb by7 r,4uocf qh-:-miaine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whig3 igg,uzmgx4b-1+6 aa jgpu:- m2pdwte cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copx8 7 2fl pf4plxwlwmz-la rbj(9 26f,lper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gra )3f rgd ,6fbr)mzp:lyxp*z m7m gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the s7 mrr3db:fg) lf*x6)zyzpp, m ame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. W 2yq s:lbo1yn2hat is this on the Celsius scale?l:y n1 by2o2sq   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and loawbft7 v996y,rt pi, 9ajr6 ;kilypc+west temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcojdhnka-p-z9 0*m xb6x ane-l:hol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0xalz *-6x ejk0:d-hn-pmn 9ba $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of psy+-0orb2geslabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is builti*sl0j1hpz- w of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Januas-*lipz jh0 1wry (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that + lave/(0vxflai j ls(qiu,: 3are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivetx/vevl+iifq jau(la l(,0s3 : 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water u7r y/ ;k)cmfjs1a-rxat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its i 5:o8. f cnhj awx.r93j3tkinchange in volume if it is heated k orj incxh3i w3.nj985a. :tffrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to th2 v5bw9s tyz;7ch-luie brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.577tl3/gz6z 8y/z.afdjgl vv n0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made o3g1ao bxzm ;o8f iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it cam,b )8iv-zdwf n expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximai mbv8d)-w,fz tely equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chag4ci0c(epd z jm+5 7ri6md5jjnge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of j35 )omglj j6hveln(7length l and width w has coefficient of linear expan hmj o)j53ln(6vlg7je sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidnmz+i -2*0o muwdf ic/cvo 0*sdv1na4, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is mnvhsu23 8ue8,e9sma tade of brass and keeps perfect time at 17ea,h se28umvt9s38nu $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a me)l1+ 5-x47i9 r l;dzi pjbbiphgln 5torcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 4o 5 7zpphlll)bixi- in915g;rtd bj+ 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alum 2yph 6r2pid7ainum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with 2i27yhapp6 drangular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requir 4gsvg6pj(p:meg*ia: ,ea rpigt-c) ) ejc -j8ed to keep it at this length if the temper,cjii )g(6va e4se:ap)--p g*ctjjpre : mg g8ature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.04cfb2. mzr 0r+0 yo0:j.twedt b1$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1-rmqp, x5qw8, atpas034.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: yp2rj; p w5bqebnp .2;t/j vb7
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is wha,nktw(- +z+v8ouk kebt temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and 8oyeoux35h c 1Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure h7:9htt x+n cc+wgqp1 and a temperature 9ttxg wh:c+p+1cn7hq of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP g5fi kpksi:3ik0g5 8d using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6-xasucav47tjb1g1ka /,;iu y kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitro:pg*6heih 4/wuw1 elp gen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heli k 8hexe2 *(q8,8odofy7kousm+z phu0dk.;ieum gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure i/e*ir /1 rqpxo z/iqyz-+ax0bmc6 aw5nside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Ka/qy/i5w r+ 6e-/bprxx1 0iqczmo*z a?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg oi0 i:2 m,p7au;qrhpxi f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air lw3ln8ly40ga a- g.dwxx)dx 9inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volumgl-4dxxa.)8d3 0 wa9nlw x glye of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with nx;-c7xmq u5 ;2gpvo kair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atn 4/s r5oxd3 8+ll3wjwon9 jpo 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at snka s);3-cb9c 2qqh5 gckja/lea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molu -ia h .,bc4h7f.zhytecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.00l5v wgl8 h7+-iwh7(jbxf g q,l 1mtor/0 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles:a5bs-su lq e+,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumeo- h;z/z2b tfa 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules oz9mxg fbp vhi 1q(;h)(f air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also f 9)mqh1;hibpzxvg(( in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic d-x5jvqsd: 9ps8 jb(ee p o:n(energy of an oxygen molecule at STPjsx :9p(ebosd v :dneq58j-p(?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at lscvi+r4x ydc6,6x y74eh js+a temperature of+ers js47cd+ 6 ic,y6 xxlhvy4 about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules ind4wrm:4 2dqgu)lb-m gcrease if the temperature is increaseguwm ) m:q 442glbdrd-d from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the folloo :x-6, khg6fzt *;3ziyx,san4 benbrwing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. C ;tgb ,zko3fnxb4r h:ena,6siz6x-y*alculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in am, pe, qvqyuf5uwi2m8( ty(3/vww9(w5eqx q n gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while i/vt1,xs(vnvj x,n3ocp /c i.ets volume is held constant, by what factor s e/v x xn o3c/,,j1.ivtp(cvndoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by xaoh* h/d2i;j$v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, ym(xg* ;qf8r tthe ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse r8q *xfytg mr(;atio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speee9xtu vc;x.3zfl -tb( d of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spek lti.rr z/+dp+14e ceed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitroge*rcjk* j6q/vi (c)vxxn molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose m islbnn8:gg,39f)2u)g r1 i9 yc ilxukolecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 3y i:lrkl93x2gnui1,)c 8g)usgfnbi97 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wris t)ts..p-mp c)xx :sskq)k /ltten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, ziyg 0v9,aedat. b 3,6iu:gzi $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric press/fy.s. hr4:lup f 2ugyure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 at,o 5o8 kovqlg2m and the temperature is (a) q,2oo glv58ko 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if i.o2 + a6kacfythe humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatua y2ko ic6.+afre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 0 cxif5 zdl:-je n)km390 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, ezw:z. *7s+3wheofjm:wjdx )estimate the tezm. oxjw7 3+:hewjf)* sze wd:mperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when thi(z osg qgp.9nouu+ ,/e partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and th/sz9(gg iu upqo+o., ne relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial preu da11.l9x+hnfj + jzpssure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate vgacq/q20:8f jzhs s(pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120 q (/hcfj0z:ss 8gvqa2$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68 i01 mmrkjz)n90$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point omd p2.dbsxvke )5n4u/ qib)+vf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for 3f-ol i0* mby 29d7.o4ewvhgkm ap 4dca glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of mi297 l dog h ke4 -abfd4yvmo*p.w0c315 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throua;fu 7ab0jycpd7 ;g2egh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area o; cb7ae7 jd fpag0;2uyf $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beenitr2zl z5tu09jcx7 q ,kg9 ;su calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrate .nw/ kribje0mi.kd24/ lk(x td at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated 3d z,kmxnpv2 14zqmh)at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the wate3 nk4dh2z, vqp1)mmzxr and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helqc swf33l.6 lvium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressurec f3vw6lsq. l3 has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m./bb:zyxeq jh2 3 boag/7yk6c, and height eyqh./g7jx bb abkyz26 oc/3:2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per jezn rf5y1d/t0yx 5d3 $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqu)fb)dnfj41 t hes is about 1)d4 hnjf bf)t$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacit ) jo+q l27-kbftk2 )x4wlfngwy of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rosn2)f) ojk bxlqf4 t7-+g 2wklwe to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning fronw-i+d4n e9yy m the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special madn4yew 9+-yni terials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ibpjgdxh r;ho29 c9c9* deal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770)yfq,usu8u g8m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, 9nw+djakoxe8b w/3t / estimate the total number of air molecules in te+tna//3oj9dwk x8wb he Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7. ,7*ar+zloqe p64svxe6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in lhsl3 ig yst;zh+( 25ya hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmosphericsi5l;h g2yh(y+l t3 zs pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bo8ghwtq)a e ejly262- g g3ws0iwl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolwk:mwr) z.su: p;zq,q ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly ajr*wk ,inj9 */xt e0uxround the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at x(2xky ,naj.fj*u,sn20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptey8jveumh 3-a2-m, txg*zwpb0* ( xsidd in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a prespy7 wuwru(.6ssure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from 4b/iaz.a *a uhwrrk7fc5(;wuwg y2(bthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throvvxvy91htb 4*h)9rb5 tmsezpnn+q3 6 wn vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 rhh3 4 )1n ytv+t6x pnmevqbs5v99zb*kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble res+f7 yg8hfr)a:.z t of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behafra fh 7t8)g.ery +:zsves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total waterf3zgzb m9u5jkn9z8 9c vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: 9uczb59mzzkn 98 3fg j
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of ik5t mthp pu a8a:*d3:v( xdg a-r2:baxron at STP, and when it is a solid deep inaa 5 g* :pabxv:k x a8d3ud2-tmpr(th: the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to sh b6xqrqk ;3cr.ow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion isxq; crqr3k 6b. equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constawc (zn+ s tlf,iy33,santly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and ,a3 cw i,t+sz3 ns(lfymildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg