Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tableexl1 4hc: :dcr or Appendix Bdx:e l:1hcr c4.

Name several properties of matjof1tz 3 yck6+erials that could be exploited to make a thermometer. yo1z+3kjcf6t

Which is larger, 1 C j:yd6r:wu5 bxe q+8y g$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in theq:: ozw0 gfki.ets 5u6rmal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, an ku.o5zsqg6wi:0 e f:td C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminumzi v+,nx/(i/adqyu7m z2wr5 j riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will b5uiz xjwr7+qz na,vm y//(di2e on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linea z9:+f. 3mlracyyanb3o 8*o btr expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnaz7j caa9i4.mjce (or other heating or co ma 4i9ac7j.jzoling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often k 0*ny sj(asx8 (kce/nhave a section in the shape of a(xakn kjy8sc0n *e s/( U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats6,r*9rl op-)5yza9 )q yxdaa:daj nvm in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of ,4h exx6k4 now2x )(tmsn cw-iwater, the mercury 2wt sxho6,x4nxnw-mkcei)(4 initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may bret8jg; *t 9qj4 ex8dl 2kvzj)quak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly thanu8jge9 ;zlq)8 d2x4tvjq* kj t adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that iti t t n0s:2/k0cqecpm)s coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the cq 2/0nekit:tm0)spc increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ub/b8( q1blrgm: gp7aaccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its botycqkf.u04u*p7 - id yj-u.jsr tom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stan4-skf*-jqrypj.ui7 .u 0cu dy d up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pi kn0d j,bseehn :6k(mv4,)cyn ston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands em,ns(nb 4:c6edjk hv ,nyk0 )against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase hq n8( f2dgy(xpqz b+5or decrease if the temperature is incdz b5qq( h8x(fnypg2 +reased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory al 2x lp)badw1/nd the relation bld )/ lx2p1bawetween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic t;tm+jx- isgd aiq 6h9v8 koe4/heory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphsu9 d m/-3bmknere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for td n oynaab)*o9/ ep* u07.mnkche Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The esc)pc.mo n*ne0 9a ad yo7unb*k/ape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thanhg a.v o+:n1u+mhg c*t water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the g.o:u g hc*1t+vh+amnother?

Explain why a hot humid day h /(9i7e; asr7cpx9 e5eze*upb) jmyk is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaturer*eecbyze ;7k jmx9i pua/eh)ps (579.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperaturl fp jljnr;p.6. bohp,n;1 h5pe (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffekwpj 6(i ue(zqn;6fcz rr9,g 2rent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the n ue9(rpikf,wg 2jcqr6 6;(zzhumid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerovqwa.z5mmo+s/( n4k6 kci d 2i-h9wybus to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile9y /dn(iqawzhw-.b4k5vcm2so+ k6mi engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a wq hdue: o )k/bo*1gb2little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there inw(4)ukb0 0-, o ztb+rtikogdf a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gks*-+dtl/+l 6.ljeanyhypz) o/ y dz6 old ring compare to the number in a sil /l6lh. lydoz +yt6je+p*n/-sz d)ya kver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 1j4edmqrdtb ( h 1)z6v)q( um ri0f*ntik8g) i68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?mi*6)dfngz0 (k vbtum)8h d)(4riqeiqjtr11    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatyt0p:mz. (- mysr)thp ures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohi u 2l2(5buhjtol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.lij2uu5 bt( h20 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built ofa5041 am gxmvl5u nz4m slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought ir 02gbs1rdil a0 z4jexxu4sc4t2 gqb1oct ) ;v3on approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and u4zx bjqr4t s0dclxg bo01;2c23i)41 et agsvJanuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thadh (:4,r;k qza j g)1hmqq,8ebk3oylst are larger than the rivet hole are often used and;elq)byg1hqojr ka:d 4zm3kqhs ,, 8( the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a i0 (xw ex2ifseer584bt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diametejf( r o e 5fpo)9,iek+yx2nbm4r. What will be its change in volume if it is hnox5mo(f 4,ykf+ 9ebj)r e2p ieated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim witht3 fk7-bw-p 9ov n3cfu 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water a 6s2fzgrwu-* vay-wt4 d: ip (fed*.hzt 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring madeddm613fxwlv:ktuxtg/j ;2 i b- t k71d of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essenti b l*n*t8d+eixally one direction only, show that the effective coefficie*bid +nt*el8xnt of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in lm af .k/d73dkthe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width /xb5 czm pwymoesw51h .o:/x rjx)4*gw has coefficient of linear expa5z/) oxhmc ex.4 m:wprj1x5s b*g/oyw nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotro. e :jdnp9*jidoa3n/upic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfk; d 6lho;yb)1wui1diather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 ;doidh)1 ywu1 i k;6lb$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diametj8t k8bff 81c u0d9sqrd+tlk/er of 0.140 mm. The bulb ha t8sf+0q /t9k8c1b8 d kldjfurs a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum ;wcy ta k*.,c(rf)s/yrtfzo6cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionlzt af *ryyfwor,/c6.;)(ck stess bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when bnelx-*0i :/aiys 4 ukat 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temper*ni- lyikaeus4:x/b0 ature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sect/ dr*7dshwl05f.u.zsjn jh w3 p)3n wcional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12.v4h9e5usgjaywg;i/d 0s22u t rlb 0n2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempera.tb/b * c9ta yt4fh0q0-zwgratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheitwame4vxz9,4 -f5 lg x, dixt/h scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and s1p 1u(1zqeae5343 ybasi7( qczw mu3th) hqeSun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressurzwy)sy9 qi8hjyej 55 3,w e2tojv47 lqe and a temperature of to8s2wji)5zqy57wy e v lhy4e,j3qj9about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyge8 p o/hdjf6tl+l0ryo3n at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogxa ;b; id3)qqien ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogenm*pr s9lx d6hn /8us3l ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0yxsnjbqq 2c*x -ou:d(-ze;e9v 5qr6 u$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas atme8pp189q28dtde6x t wm2c of 385 K?2o819e28pxdc 6pdfet qt wmm 8   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0.outm.q /ajspsc g1 4;yyw*9f kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its bd y:;wgu+kst/ uoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppos u/ :;yk+tsdwge the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with j6n -vbu6ar5jc63 c; rco/b /o4lhawcair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at rhu44 gu-o+za18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s handb a e-5j://hk;s6m(xis qo9gc .efbrt at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecul f. 8kieu;;umq;bk pgv2b2. gdes / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 12 vmeehx na+2*uu5b:)e-wen u.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,xu4jzep me7n 8fi/+g0    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum2s4 cyk utsmdo*84;ive 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of airjte q o37f.cp8hg3n,a are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in t.q atc3 poj,7fen8 3ghhe last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of;ujh1xcxc7 . c an oxygen molecule at STP?x7ju h;x.1c cc    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun aqms/fa8wfc.x t9 6 l(at a temperatucsqfwaf 6/m9a8 .x(tlre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of ga mpm+e+ngv9 u,s molecules increase if the temperature is incree,m vg9 u+p+nmased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the foeah6j4 06ir wzllowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1,64za6jwe0rih 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a giyr+f 1iurh1p1ldo 6p( a8s8r as at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held coh2qvga+5utr9f o0np 7nstant, by what facttqrng075uah+f vo p92or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gash k/r5f yx8t+g:6 v nvhzea)r) is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, 0/tujvkh0-9e25l r dmhdmo, ethe ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rootdutr djm5h,0v hkl/m2 oe -0e9s of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in k s9:g9/ 2n,wlmbv9tq9 jtgycan 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyiej7x een(l(b dgxg9e)/2q h: gen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distanc3 2g,rvl yamhlnc36;akh 3p6ke between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid wg ,zk)zbn h9h(/piv c7hose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell a7ghh/nczkbv, )(z9i pt 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of n:/rhw,rogid//g91sd ,9ln .x td c2 )fhfjxka gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumgbs7 5m sj+4 /ycqj6wuim h;v*, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, qwz2v(4n0p0a kcd d(,h 9kl myin what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)2odm c5 y(x1cro.3 qkj 9 orkq 3oc2y1. xj5c(md0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the n7rhcdg914 bh5. 8nlazu/i vqt5/9gdh41r7. n nuaclb vq ihz8emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure; jsquuuw(( e.tn(yq 5 at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountxb su:/ p7 jmkfy)dx(s)rj1.pains is 0.72 atm, estimate the te7xyf p :) sjxm( .rdu1bpjks)/mperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure oq l,.kt c.cuz8jn c34qf water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity zkc3ql,j . n.qc4ct 8uis 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temper ;lu6gzpj9wg2gz+o cxm, 8m6n s s cq1(gaoa5(ature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a au31bas31llgoma * .;xccf4kpressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature 4uxac la*.afslkob3;gcm13 1 of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680 ohlm50;pt tm9e-3e hc$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointxj;niscy*2j:ws k+8 rabh1-q6 s,v sm of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dv dllx :6zzr8lb 9, akph9x0p;isz: l z6rdx;9,phpa8bx0 v llk9tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interiorw u9c+nj)sd.bxi.l v/ 2tvnd.*pqc1m through tiny tubes called tracheae. Anuv. lcdptn/* i1s2mvwx)db.ncj q9+. average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beenkgc4bla 2w5 2l calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape n) fdxr9b6d6yd6y4 vak;ys0kmeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibratfaotc,xbuay n2980xfq4w ;b1ed at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water anaf2b 1c x waobx0f9;un4t8yq ,d the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is ini7jegzlis(dq-a-3p 1 jtially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original qaszji1ej gd- 7p-3l (gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecu fa53jq t1:gqyles in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temyj5qq1:f gta 3perature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aboutl3,h nek20 dan1tdd3b one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techni 9wgc r))z0s2 tkzngj;ques is about ggt sc) jzw2)z ;9rkn0$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity on70jz4ii5 qww f 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this nzqww 04 i5ij7advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed ozu- )-r m-xxns(;bd8n,pfolmf about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bxm; b)d(-rm-8up on-f sxz, lnright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased zmw +uxwr2 9z2w(stobqs066bfrom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume anxf2jptn2 ux0j,6 k9 of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of t5/28 b eozsyx h3xvvww7(f5z whe Earth, estimate the total number of air molvx8/zwe 2s(f3h zyob 55wx7vw ecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of netqqm-zv:b5v95 9)jaim 5sz aitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen usvf17 m ;ow -m6)dipelped in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (16mdi-wm f)1 ;7evp plo3,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liq07b; ophfyl5x 2 z eqt3v5*y)eif6posuid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline mhtp ;a9b46qaqg ys-r;9re ,c at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroundvvr4 m8qi qx.m505 cg0 ,tdnab the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighte20jest)sy:vo r +al,ly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1n2yp db2n lq5.b ya.-umq :wd18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195tbab nyn3r./) atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thxwdbg mri91tjas)*: o mqt0 32e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspeld +ei+cr8ddxcp1)2e)e;zsh nded against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a massr+ec;xp)d hz8+1d2dil e esc) of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diametei2mn e b7 oma5dar8tn;c+ 8if0r (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and thee7 2 58 mbrf0aicdo8an ;itmn+ air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the airl b8.qdq6a1l/ ybk , ecmg (8p;m.jaoq on the following two days: 6 b(eq1coakq8jla.lq;p8b/.m ,yd mg
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differe tqozmfzr 3dl 0f h)yme3ul0u0+-s 2l2nce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wherl-eu +zsyd qzl h0u3tr22f3)o mm lf00e the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at contf:gg mluc-)b 0 :;qfxstant pressure, the coefficient of v;ltg: ucxfm )fq-gb0: olume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to h. g tvdmgma7q.3 * qcooknk7(3c+v w3prevent rot and mildew. If th km7 a *qv+n3mg.7c3o hv.wod 3gktqc(e cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg