Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminumkrm0buieit kg* tlnx+f;;v*5-9 ob r2? See the periodic table olmn9xib kftiv2* b5 0;;+tkg-*rroeu r Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermt ,cox+b+httv9nk 8(, y vds)comete+ytcdhto,v,kn (8b 9) sxcv+t r.

Which is larger, 1 Ca :r ykpfoe 01jz*cp4) $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibq+:5b3to nv+ixmha6d9efnff58i b5k rium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, f dxtinf5fv3 :bo5 n8 eia++bhqm695kwhat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumin 5x3pg;ifvf2dlv +yot+,rln xj-b96lum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? -nl+io bflrf3lvyjtg d;xx96 v,p52+[Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefv(f7n xjm07ai db 6s7gapk 0d4 4p:gi3xyfn;aficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple the 5u:0vd yuidh/o4 y6jermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain howou4d v6yiu0j5y :h/e d this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shapk.btbv1hf00a:qid) ,jiqm( pe of a U. dv ( b mqptb:)ikj 1.qf,a0h0iWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercurhp3 /p;yb dz (z)p2.jm 7q) jgd8opwzmy at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-gyyl8c 1fw4j(ez- rzvv..q9 gqlass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mflyj.4 9 qgqrz.we-(vc1yv8z ercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of650 d/+h5ujwp / 8iemhetrzck it is heated or cooled more rapidly thanz//mer580deuh kij + c5 p6twh adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of ,l owtt;7o+nnwv7* c tPyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives*o7 tt7n +lw;t,vwnco rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, j8ts eo+k/fi*d+ usb, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda willch t q57iqeqv,6 85eri0ib; 7 l/fiwcp cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will vt 7lqw0f8q/6e7b;ci55pq, i rihcie not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushiny f b (3xxrr s*n6l;6ryg(:ogng down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the yn lrgybr((6 xn3;fr:gxo*6s kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerg k v(73 i-5t+tmyu m0ln+fko/ynvw.umed in water increase or decrease(wnkyk - ommy5n0if/ ut3vlm+.+tv 7u if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinet(eq k ue,q7w3pic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature. q7k3p(eqwe ,u

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinet f4x6 j9myn3mvic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospht ;/,aeme z1mmere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers toq 2z7v gf:9pei the minimum speed an object must have to leave the2pgf: ieq z9v7 Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can youswk.03 4deznzl) + fmy infer about the molecular properties of one relativeky e+m)zdl.0wnsz43 f to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the hb +ohah8kbs0xt*1+k same temperakshh+*xot+ 0 abhb k81ture.

Is it possible to boil wa b+zixw+9d :as16 tqffter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whe j1ywk)fy0a)d n mpe+;n the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is y+e) jd)pwm1f y;n0ak more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open6jy0 ymv.eq9e the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.e mj9vq.06yy e

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wintgf8bq2nvol4sd0 j; t )s wt/x6rra5 n6er (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny59o4j(w vt sqp; b8y0mz7q:jon at2 ly?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5d uf: n6kklv5.-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?nfu65d: v lkk.$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is ofte,wq-od/xhzt.pa) chw v 6jx8 :n taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?-a)z,/q6wj hxh xcd8v:.o pwt   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowa /z 8jt40 3dvbpnqs,7so:pbfest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol * ltj.x wqquf.wb, snw,:e1)vcolumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 .tf bwle: .,ws, q)w1xjquv*n $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of re eq zt n-;xdheew/sj1su10vp20n 16 slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrough gbyo*gmz 1:btp , q2dl4:g)ext iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (averagezb)p*mg1d,ogt4g:xqe: ly2b temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than qu9e)at0e 7 wdthe rivet hole are often used and the rivet ae )t0d we9uq7is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at w+5ytn /z ft6cj ayd.kse206b4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change iav k+kg( 3tul-n volume if it is heatedagk-t( lku v3+ from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0(.ey2n kt6jczv2t wa: $^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5 no30ssbecx5xeftasnpwon 9/.: z , 4/5.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At v98;li6yis ,f q 3xuvi 8qdzj120 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in(rx.* ;yyke; e8 .x/ r-l/wofiroik bd a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expans o8(reko..byxwdy-/rerifi *;/l ;x k ion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density/jo* a2vebvges2)zzm,8 w yk- $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengpu 3.q4uk5 oze4 m-f,zx8 pldpth l and width w has coefficient of linear expad4 mzzpf lo-4u3p,58puq.k xension $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic s u*/msba-e g;nolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made ;x0ij:, sw (r e2uvs/r1tk qtoof brass and keeps perfect time at 17 v tro2w e,;trxjqu(is /s :01k$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an if193 witbf,sk nside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a voti1b,3fs9f kw lume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rot/7u q*twl/)q, f2l ed4ap geswating about its axle on frictionless bearings with4 p)dq7t2waglwe l//,q sue* f angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C.hd4 jn*ctn7: k How much stress is required to kee cd*nnhtjk7 4:p it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional are2owxcy1pk: vd)kgv :i8k7hm/ a 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1d)c,ve:v8q vpj/uhb) 3 y(fio 34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturt hpb74c+(ka* bojva 38z.l shes on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scm)- q 0jd rrludh,.2jn uzkqz .i4+9vqale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Eara is *db4v8 p +oe1zmv+r-n7bcth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and afv:5fg2wmow y5cu 5/ifx -yf8x id;6ezkh k81 temperature of abou -miodw v1yhf;g8ff8iu xc5x5kez6k25yw /: ft 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal yi/s 7y )j7pl2b 5ujiugas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 y57vt. ulyg.o kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains z xse.t.p uck0b+/;7zdfsei,18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1;l mxpk-0 +mfb0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 355l a;* sc; smwxhe -mn;jlt-)9lkvd7w.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K;-9l)lxwn shmal s;dkcemvt5j*7 w -;?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of axz:(vre;d lbu.fp-nu.: 4 qd$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air kok tz2t2g 8o89w ba,zinside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume 8ktba o2g9okt 2wzz,8 of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit 3((,y zp5gfmisk8tobz45iouh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen u-zsoqs8p- ;:t6am2ns s-zrb,ce9na at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’sv)1u cjph1u0q hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /ygd xda0s 88-cj0a )go $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How manycz1yyxmd)r( dm+ gzyr1 s93u0 molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number gow8 e e l:h083+hwnxiof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5mfcu *lwlvr de*-c j 5tn02w 380xn2iv.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you;5lbaf;com y o xm0rx 2f2iswnll,(., inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and 2x ff;w, ocr.m l2s,yla5 bxn(l 0oim;of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mole 9 rcpmk55*ck ,dzeazp4.bw8mcule at ST ,pcbemk8. 9p5mdr*z 5k awc4zP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speedi(b0ztwo,o q9 of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of0t,wb o(i9zo q about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the 4+dc+w8nys6j2v f vzd: t*hyorms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased fry4 :8tcv+ 6shw d*dv yozn2jf+om 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have thao,q *yvv(h ++fr vq)ve following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate vq) a,o +q vhf+v*vr(ythe rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in60 hgdzz*xa- o a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whatei i3 bazvn)2g4(iuag,nnt-py, ze c 3o2qw67 factor dpvt7q -4zuo6in3a,e3ii2 yw(ngn,gz2 ecab)oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a g y+xcex wfy4*2as is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempern h07+p6yhl upature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots7uhh0+ppn l6y of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conta7txk /vm/fb(bk4 qzy 6x;5 fmcined in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an9jj;e ig1zgck j.d 3s.c4k6b8agxl4 r oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwe1 3jn*lo iahqmm-c- .yen nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino ac/ck js 21kld5cid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at l5k2k/1j sdcc37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure ,oo( a 8pa)wq;4d. ulfdbsb6mbntn;4q ysw8: P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urlo2xp5xm8w+n/5z :y 4i hl g0t +mmcxianium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wha.9nrh 6luammn6 cb36ag+u6 bh t phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature isr.jmn 2.xmjit ;4u(s +xq2lqq (a) qs2lij (umnjtq.xm;+. q24 rx90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point 2amc kyff.,+ot 0r we.(approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temper, 0toar. fkf.m2+ cyweature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils ,b / ao:bjm/1:u)vdvtm656u of fehmnat 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is cd 0w tlnm/. jyi(1b;m0.72 atm, estimate the tempj0bmil1 c.wm(/ nd ;tyerature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day jxa 3um9a09aj wvc+5xwhen the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humiditjvx c0am93x+w9 a5aju y is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure r( 6ykyr esyf/57wwl0of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate preb i0ue2 y:ruws9i4; scssure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperats4re9:iw;b0u cs uiy 2ure of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rooo t-lige-60; a2kze xqm of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de5f.kl46ezx bn7t st r.w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a*,h -a /mqqohxbd-m f/ dis-doh*/mq maf-/hq, bxtance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects t8gg1lqm.dp v9+hou3 l o the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. Anqug1pdl. 3+m g98 volh average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated avh q6glwilz45kvj d62h t-e2-t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calix8,av0u9l sti 3mmb:e brated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatureyo 1tjks:.swf qb t,3z:n/mdj 6c36mvg p*ru 9. How much error will be made in a recipe calling roqvj/ uyn3 m.zs9tfwj s: ,td g3: p16mkcb6*for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many- 1viwyz*pmj7e1 ;nny balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in then 1yyz-m ni wev*j;17p cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 mzhh; ntd8e5* 7ik -rm(yhycb8, and height 2.5 m. Assumemk5cehri( hy*d8 -nzt7 y8;bh the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abo gda( d1djxm8 :3qc6smut one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the besxp:sq0 h ;eb9kt available vacuum techniques is abouk h0 9;sxqp:ebt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below th7r1ev:5d 5yzc 0xd6 1psy mchje surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this 0:vhmp76x1 szc1c red5y5 jdyadvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmo/ zrt.yjueb*x.c7:y gsphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperatu.:g y7zrytu/ .* xebjcre? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasg6hw b8(;kw7o o c,qhj7 .kdwked from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume kb.r 8mx:um m0lz1c7cof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure a uy;5c2e hai*x/1esk bt the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air mo1si*eeab5kxc/ 2h u;ylecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen m v8ovxvxm f3j,6 utr-,olecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used iz bb k r1nr;z,l4d8qp qi)/-rxn a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylindb4n) 1/i-z k,qrxq rr zlp8;bder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid .y0znhgqw)2hkb;o 5emercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline apfkj9(+o 3h23x ud euat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around tp*qe5 bhh0z9h he Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tight*t *tv3diqbm9 7r,jga ly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, lw 76c*i ckk8 lvod9n1brm3(eadopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, -peiiwj ::x**ul9fpq has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth 6c6)v nsg0zjuo4ne- syl4 6qp8a f2fcis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspendz eqnbjx- ;el.4g3; pbed against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg andq;xnj p3.egbb; z 4le- are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth,tsp g-qnuw 7d nu,+;b of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surfa,,tp w7un+;-sbnqg du ce?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the ax4 ja67tfvq b,ir on the following two days: jvb x t6qf,74a
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in thq *2.mmk4v0oe cruc(x;) fvue e density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where 4mu qxm(vkr)c.u2v*e;eo c0fthe temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pres ofuh 0d3 ylxs(2x:pd(sure, the coefficient of volume expansion (xyxulp 2dd0:(f h3os is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify thrywmoc) cy5/+uer*-v eir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a y/5ucr +cv)wr*o yem-house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg