Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the peri z9kb-mr+ vu7mu8:;zuxzyl-u odic table or Appendix B. umy9xrmkzu- z7ub-u;lv z+8 :

Name several properties of materials that could be explon0r8o m6zjg6y ited to make a thermometer0yomg86jrzn 6 .

Which is larger, 1 C 2okoo0bcv8kp 1fc+ o ;$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but Bl: 8uvf(wxd olr1o3 :ab t2-z-f x y)skp9*obr is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?b)f : bko98 of2xuarl vs-w( oy*1z-:d3tlprx

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum r hn.f nfz zuk:z-l.c72iveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outsideklzfnz.-z : n7.2fhuc of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exp0qyr-v pdu rcgghn*5t -a/1r/1ze,jp ansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagro8slz. ,a8u z;fsv c;nam of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (orza 8.fz8l;su ,v;os cn other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ukuqh/.fm fx .yj,bz8k ,om* p5/e5suends often have a section in the shape of 8uh.uxmz om f,keyuk //sp,.5f5jb*qa U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylind-q+kyhj hd0h vqer8,2 er of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is fi i8:ssctja0 o5rst placed in a hot tub of water, the meci 8:a5t sojs0rcury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapioo1x87s) w xv. cylr43pz2 srzdly than adjacewo4szz)x83y1lxo2c7 rvp.s rnt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pye,(; p9qi38b bb nmeoqrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increas 3,b;9 bpbei8nmo(eqqed heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accug,z jnwc/ci-h4dr 9 w2v- z twt/0al;rrate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly tlyup.d8).n d 9/swnlj he can will not stand up. What has happe /l8.ynwddjs nl9.p)uned?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), io;,q8 -9au qujst;bgo lo 8wx0ts temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what b oqq;lu ,jwax9os08;guto-8 happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increacpwif.nu3: vbku/ cwr4noz 3e h05 7*mse or decrea0n*/33wb womhi.k:nu7rzef 5 v4 ucpcse if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kiney,,j l:gvqq 6 nti pdw6u8a*2btic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperaturq6dw ng *ayl :ui,t,j 6vqpb82e.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetihl,yk(kw vq1 qw 190awc theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio4jd a6 4t:lvyl of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for xnd5/y mq(r9 ithe Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for tm r n/9y5qxi(dhe Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temp3nn2o6k qxkn19zu *gherature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of on2uhonn 9k *xzgn kq631e relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortab-dw0 m4 f:bxtu:uk2dz le than a hot dry day at the same tem m2 ub-ztkdw4xfd ::u0perature.

Is it possible to boil water at room teyw te.*7mej*u eje9 +bmperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the s*2wby.b ;hebl ame but the humidity is different. Which is more dense.;2h ylew *bbb, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhe1dq8jc covrn 8ys,6l :)8btk opsnn1,ated automobile engine.l sn,pk8cjnn ,vs)1:qcootb r18d y68

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winy2v ts)eid ruy)ds ,*9ter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copp1kzjhp:e8qoo 3 l*b0 6mar3y qer penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-*pd2zx:t5a nzzt5c p 0n3d i0zgram gold ring compare to the number in a silv 2ztn5d5*dzp0az 0i pcnz x:t3er ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is oftbl 9oob)4 /.id9hpwwzdy; mu 1en taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? o1 ow)m;ylp.94buwi9zh b dd/   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tmq:owv6qek4) rp*vd )emperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lenm(a1gbcyr9c18xpe l 0gth 11.82 cm at 0.m0lc1 p(aryceg 9x8 1b0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of-n rs/lwkvi05 slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought irofw 6qmfr:)kk* n approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how mmrk6)wqkff*: uch its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivetso+xw4y:;h.epe di b0 g that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry i;wbxie+yeh po .d04g:ce) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water 9c56ux6 gprstex. w5n at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its cha 5e/9 gv/*4uzyparmirnge in volume if it is heagz4rvpim eu /*y/95a rted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled bl+lv*bvvwody7++ jzd4 j c )2to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wate a m,wf5tky 7:jld00wfr at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At a 91zt 3eo(vs;cieto pz7 1acy:;j/ko20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in esse0jkkby,eljus38/ yat .n u.gjvj81+n ntially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of lin k,.ne/+a1j 3guy8j08kytjjnb .svu lear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the 1y9-3fkm8a 7 dvbaqrwdensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficif+iq:ohrc pc8 ojv ,67ent of linear expa p7 cf6 r8chooiv+qj,:nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sofbxh o3cfc5yfh 7gt/2mg x-5mf(te27lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfasux z(lu(5 ay 1zd4o quk:o3hvnp82h.ther clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 d 3puuv x an5o:zhhkos 41qu82(y (.lz$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomei*:nf+iax ;btter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has i: a+fn *bi;txa volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41fcm7 c33fufk;6+va o x m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with6com;3 v+f xfa 73fukc angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C.gj +r ()lt,pld How much stress is required to keep it a(rgdtjlp)+ ,l t this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sex vvlm25hm+n4.l:kxg,t a syf-q x.b :ctional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 npi d3t; (jww63oh+qycm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on llnpq48h3 6)x2o hemuthe Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenhm(kp9u( 5d y ybks,)t(swm0jjeit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth ah d78ucahuq,,nd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air.+vaq pwrw5e- at atmospheric pressure and a temperature ofq. 5+w -avwerp about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the pu)rn7q3df* po*mxsqc5dq3a /t7k ,m ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains .h/*tu4jn qvx21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitr)u(sp jeu.qmz4g5b4 mogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10r16j6 ea9mmn qmpq5lxm/i z 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressureb icr6 9ym3mk5 inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 39kiry6 cmmb 5K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofm9 o(v(; 1c(w bhp1ckxs*1wpo )xxqzjc+0r up $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyanpow17f96bvytvgn+h7 t lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. bpogvfnw6h77y9 v1 t+Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wits 6iyn,7+h8c nf yv1kch air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0sap5t lm9v9y 3 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand atmim (9p nwd nxtci z2bk6)68b7 sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molv4/b2 rio :9ts d8epmqecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moleculk z04z.te j4 .pbiw7i(gjgyu x-xs x7:es?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (1jq o0iov0( djyhsrj.-bk2 j3a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1b )++rzb4 rq:l )ctcdb$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you yz+.nf t*xkf em:e/ jh+aj d45inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density ye +4dh5*:etx /.fafj njm+kz.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molec0;* nxqydg9c4 8 xhnycule at STP?d0x cg4q y*89ynx;nh c    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of t0. bcxqs- lu7;nbflv228 uc( pa+h asfhe Sun at a temperature of about 6f7+ l baus8nh2uv-.p;fa0l(xqc2cbs 000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the 3 dirdd,y /9qptemperature is incred9qd /y3 dip,rased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4,cyz,ubkdxeo bve a)u6* 4fpc c527-/s 6, 0, 4, 1, 8,/b-k*cxey 4cs)avfpzud5o6e 7 c,2 bu 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas abw i5icrn35 *zt 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whigo wd 4 jzri*1)q.tu2d2k tkj.le its volume is held constant, by what factor does t.2.z)q k2*1w ukiojjtdgd 4r$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in 7nx vnta9d 7z+a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases ati-gs .sv.4cx aj1s ,y *ugrar7 the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squvsyru,..7c*g4xgra-ia s1 sj are roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed ofj c-ne3+d6-rxp uur.h nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speumb9lic: 5 ).px,twbyed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mole ufo2g xq5uc+4ec cv6 o(4(f-d dh2uvicules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid cgzb+/8s(w ,wi ,sjt jp/ it*h6p)w qxwhose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37(t,xbs+ */hw/wi,cswgq)6j ptzp8ij $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written ke6f fp3; mqtz)j 1; w(bo3e+tfn pp+afqw 5+xP = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, :ma 4ow * ccpvo;,+rwk$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can n,b5a3)2 th.z5yazs hn5omk k$CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressurrl d ttny3.*,ke is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 ,.*3dy klttnr$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity i+a r7/eztz1y 5 0zmlj9f7+au:v y xlygs 50% on a day when the tempexy:0zv/tfr zzlaa+j ul 1m95e g+7y7yrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 7v1lgo g 8(*ufaqsp0u90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at s(2a r27iem) 5d,* xm;imefuryk6k aba particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at exi6 ia) ;m(emr bmk22s a,75yrd* fukwhich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day w nbgc+s54 ur)5ea b*40odibhyhen the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the re04rb4obi cndh*sb+u )egy5a 5lative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure ofjw b5u:5 xar.w- zgv)h water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approxima6 hvp4 ipfpz*j3dc5igch92 e0te pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling 2*9 h6pephz3p 4j ig 0d5ccvfiat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumeeczv;dmh o)u30li r/x*zw 0p / 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew)xe.f glom/ 0p1i ry9u point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needey6r0+kzun h8t d for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disyhtr08 z u6nk+tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the inter9 wbe ,q3yywb.7 uf e5hf)a7leior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average tr,9 a lfbbqw.)e7fe3h5u yyew7achea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape vnkd.9opr;+pks 2+ gp measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meas(tpu:qdo a3w z3jr..ve3 jo 6cure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup waslv0olg:.):s4jp hm sqrtw6-x calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error pj:xgmhls6t v.oq0wl:s r-)4will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium )/el b3- 9 .xhmcpzr ig,tt( g0khp2vugas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remaingphbgz9-er ct.ti(2x3 u,0 /k)lpvmhs in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of ail6wrq:wiz 0u;g7z+ubl d+e 8ir molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assuw6g7:lr 8ileuqbwzz;+ d+u i 0me the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter j3w(sjgduz6 9 is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the wtl,rh 2sqe: ,best available vacuum techniques is abou,,e rqthws: l2t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fc enpt kb so2**j3cc9;ull capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expat9c *bcsk3;econj* p2 nd if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the xg/*1t-il a2x7fkl r 0xhh0zpMoon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this sprhi7kl1 2t0zlx h*pax /fgx-0eed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idealydj0 o ifz 6jl*4xj/c)ok; o4y gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume olx moq s ,r+c2z.h . ztexpe;k;6r0:g2n,sbcxf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at drvb4r 5oso-x+,k(lj the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s ox4v+bj5( -r,dlskro atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen m; s2ahnrvm 8wlmjwq18bz0) b 1(bs u4ms-+ltqolecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder h+pqd()ag, ico5 1 qfw0xncq3of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmosp n5pw1q)cgao,qcd(+0 3qxihfheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0ojw legvphz5i5ztv ,4..4ni 7$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasols t 8apzj52nm9ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 2z e.vqwv+kmd4d5j/mq c i2uh(w 5n m645$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass j+- /b8 hm rm5j4c:ncidy wo5udar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ad):v3*lub e ewxopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a4e4u65u:dl av3 ;mv u w3wcqkwzo/ik* pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ea*xcfb, f6 k6d0rr g(r g5*wdyirth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown verg3imo 5 )w:pjg-cb3jotically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must re-5b3g3goipcj ) mwoj:bound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fcru. ; 09*kum17qdi kwvebxp4q f ))jlrom a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a pkc1 4)0udj ur;m* p qvkw )i7.b9lexqferfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water van;1rid uqwe2f*3ny :wdkhm0h ;. zfanb *dq):por pressure in the air on the following two days: nw;1zfdd:w**0a )mrhnnuyqbh. ; 32dfk: eiq
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent d .vt) i f7i/yss8dil(;qjxq.aifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 200i lf 8xqi.qv;t)7yjssi( a/.d0$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal ga8lfe6xju6kroy +.5 kw s at constant pressure, the coefficient of voluyl5j.x6f +8kwuro6 ekme expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellao h):t7j wu05 iv4po5 ztwxj1crs to prevent rot and mildew. zpwj5t 5w4)vhj0 o cxu t:i71oIf the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg