Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Selne+)4 ac0sap e the periodic table or Appendi)paa4c+es0l n x B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to mak*+sd5/nqmphe)p9 rab e a thermometered)amqhrp 9+p* s5n/ b.

Which is larger, 1 C 6cdkh2kdq,vmv5 (p7dky/ n 9 h$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is b 8-f7ms kt3ifh;fkx/ v f(ka4not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you-3f4b;/(f skkfvfa 7 xhtk 8mi say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of albc78/mpbw lu2w4r( jyuminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip wil2w7cr w(4/uj m ybb8pll bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansd:, abbbpu3d2 ion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermo-ut v5db *1mjee91tkestat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). T9*j- 5tbkt1edeemvu1 he bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends 6.7ug:nyndvl often have a section in the shape of a U. :ng uy6v.l nd7Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of le* fn,bt,gce+ iad floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is bjvqjyt ,:--slvn6/en, xq4m7hv su0first placed in a hot tub of water, v :v-qbn0,juv/tn e 6s-hq,xjm ls y47the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cop tw-ooo-s*c+oled more rapidly than adjacent partsoo- -*to+wc ps. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient mt0jt7r 3ok1a of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain wr7 t3kt 10ajmohy this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at y d v) 1xpfdwap r;jbd:;zg+k), kzy,320 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda d6nz yt9h7kt fy j0+0jwill cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not syj0yztf t90+djhn k6 7tand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly comz0ia7b7 m (migpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperatur07( 7igimambz e using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increasez-4)z8 w5 s)godgel ov or decrease if the temperature is gz )od 5ogzvls-ew48)increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinxohlx 23 de1/metic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the hxe2/ml dox 13absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetit4 zddx i**(bklj v85ac theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, tzgc :,d5k. boehe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed aozcw r-)f xi; xm7+2hsn object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why thefx;2 mwz+sxc)roh 7i- Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What cejw )gpo;y. l. tmm66ban you infer about the molecular properties of one reltm;w lj6bmp).y6o e .gative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far mochc (u*-cwo5 n)hqii4re uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the s5(iw*c -ch on qc)ui4hame temperature.

Is it possible to boi+hblm bflwbxi*q2hu 3 kr33 ,9l water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the h7wz thvtb3vi4c/l., jto6hl( umidity is different. Which is.cto7j4,3hb/t ztlvl v w h(6i more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap osyv aj-;y12j ef an overheated automobile engine;ae1ys2jjvy- .

Why does exhaled air appeanw7)er(g,nrvedy*j 5ltr /n0 r as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper x ol):byo(5keu.g , :jb.iptn penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare touo:e-o vjs0e7 jo) kd8 the number in a si)80uj7-eos:k v j odoelver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on thjm70cp; ggg a;ty93a de Celsius scale?g3mc9gpa g 0adj;y ;7t   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 1jx/dlko 7;;ibcx i2u)6nmw :u 36 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermom8ii*uwkj.4ts jg c08oeter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 g.j4ou*ckis08j w8 it$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sliqkbh0i:y; 1ix i( tv7abs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wro x7 jeetpf7w1tkpw23,ught iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate howewpf2 31t,j xtwp77 ek much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivj4(,di pfz*diets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed d,ip*d4j(z if in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 jks h 24ps-o0b$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in vol3eg41mej1y zc ume if it is heated fr1341myjeze cgom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100hr/ p1-5 hllpv.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wateyss / 5bpteqfdb-( s;2r at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed i8,*mm ra7pqdu n a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in px(c yy; :3az/r xh(*fthar: ressentially one direction only, show thaat3/zpy:xyf*r: hr( x; (rhcat the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dxduqm*a :h 2k;ensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lineard6(dig czue;8 expansio ezu(8c ig;6ddn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic ,t7nuh9skxc5 solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1 wu1kxg7 ,hv(x7h71(kuv g x,xw $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Tunaul,ax9 zd7fn7,m*p 5v /uy he bulb has a volume of 0.255u 7u9uaanvp*fznm d7x/ ,5l,y $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical w8lgc1 m)qsqs9 k9ho:fl dn26m heel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle 28qq k m:9lcs1sml6ho 9 )gnfdon frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at sk/ lb;(v(fa s*ph; su15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this leng;v (h(s bkp/s fls;*auth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crossa uqk hh)1e2d l-aj72qe-qz3 w-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134ury7q()ep; t3s 4 p:qp:uje kf.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelk 054 uikdxw qp5 ad46ak6ll.qvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on ther p nc0i2zv),v Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the int(;tvub l j9j6rd cvnn v3q4r7.erior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustionjn 85dwfw f;w;9aq;-rt bt0wa engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of ab0ww 9 t-q;fb8;;jfwdwaa r5 tnout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP u*drx npx)3cbw : akahj,d7 +3osing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contail1ns/pc(f ecz5g0f2 l ns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 j7srsdbc7tx d)+/:)6ae ugjfkg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gat vet (gvd5o.j.+z;mqs is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of xy:4e6: h 7qh8f. htw emol:ppargon gas at 3ehfqm6 w.:h x o hppt78l:ye:485 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofhdg9x8xq w n:ty+b7:q $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the bab/;jgys57 p/,fice vklloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsi;yb/5 s gvp/kfij 7,cede. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airqp,wl)q0 zj, k at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen nc*d:wg1wz t0at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapecfc5tlyy 1ua/c -y..z s a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mol /c1.b qm7p6ji9rv; o -lhqdjjecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are theresy0 s:ca1p3 d /odv l3k+xdilj-nww 2, in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molehg63 pi,b)lr ts,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5;t ra7zl0jt cq4t z -:dkg+m,a.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhal.r5 g dqvfv3m,e that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the ad,rq5 3gfmvv.tmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of m6-h,3yoeg gkan oxygen molecule at STP? ey3g6hkmgo- ,   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of h7,5j ) 1cedej3vvqp pselium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K v j7se1qv3e 5pdj,p)c.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculesfd1ja(qiw-ldz(6m 6 b increase if the temperature is increased j6ldfz (1 aqiwmd6(b -from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, cru /n.anm6e 02, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcul c/nnmaer 0.6uate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0 49z bz-tljjp4p-6q1di s.adg$^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is double d x1at.;r dvew i*:;kq7bp-eed while its volume is held constant, by what factor *edw.: i p;1eq7 te-axd;kvbrdoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules ikjwkh9 ) ilz2fzk jlic/75s94n a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture lmitw (dtdm4xc:z6ua)-vi(yv18w p0 of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms scit06(mzdlww(ax4: mup 8-vyvt )d1 i peeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mole6.nm9 n n0yuokcules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculec ,(pb(gjd(hjl6d g5i at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweenr*x)s6lcp ,pwiunuwb ;r7;,6kst5 d v nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whosechiuf 0kb91 vx6jw-l 4lxuavbr0/u7+ molecular mass is 89 u in a livi cf4/x 1h+lr akjx9uibb 0v7v0u-ulw6ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bn-sjjyltu3e f8)g3/6l1 u q ife written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniug 5vc3udz-*dfych7 ;b m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pre01:k 9-kefsd zp (mn3 myeypk6ssure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.0o87/uwm3af/ bwq(f(s.qluysa j/ 9k z1 atm and the temperature is (a) 90(jqo uf9uw /78bsask w/.y z3f(alqm/ $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is ;efz(x60x* klz 2pyv h50% on a day when the temperature is 2xke 2yzx6v ;fz p(*h0l5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressurz1 qr(z2ukbtc4-u it9e at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place ines*qn p3rc7 a5 the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempena c p*q7r3se5rature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure ofb kt0 /fl( -l58zukdsm water is 530 Pa and t50( u/8lmkfl-ksdzb the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperagb2 r ;swlj) r2t385jz0tksu kture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if buomtg9b ;e-. the water is boiling at a temuegm.b9t o;b-perature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of 9 xv +sfw,y b9fe,1 )tbaxqwf9volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointw,qxlsp0jl3. 27lq 2ep1cjo l of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needeq 38s3cdbej: yd for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distdqsb3 e3jc:y8 ance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through t8iw,gkrbpfn 16 5gbl u3j.i4ziny tubes called tracheae. An average tzp 6 8fblr4wg15uki3big.nj, rachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure haspf,dx;+gl(,nag8nm q0gz h3o been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been caio:cks5 -v n 3,kh oi y,wg89:yl*xxuelibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at nk+q;zq4uuepd ir9n3 4ormal room temperature. How much error will be made in a+n qzk4r pi;d439equu recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. :-i3oh-fy 9cs 2nxma1iyz9i2 bkd9kuAfter many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decu2ciy9 m2b soy- 1k- :9 i9zhk3xfinadreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room ouhj+5, cxt7fs f length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and hexhu5 tjcf7,+sight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matte06f scxy75sjp r is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best ogdpj1t2dmx -x37( rq available vacuum techniques is aboutormp23 djq1d-7gxxt( $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the , aqkhmlog*0 f.oc/(.o/ m yep-rqb6gsurface, to what volume would his lungs expand if hel/m.qo ky ,qr.c-6b0 a egp(hf/goo*m quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from th,y /v8gmyg+ao so, 22xc v2tv g9jsa,ge Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (ogmj,go ,y av9g22g,tcs2a 8svy/+ vx Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increu; n g+c8u 8 5ct7zdab9ks aqis9qb*y9ased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume94-tiymcp 6*kmlx-ld6f -o jf of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atyy67o7fs 4dix5sxc 4 qmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number o6q 74ysx 7 xdyco4if5sf air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed j rj -nk692xtgoob o00of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hd pikiyu;bl.j- rg f5hbzrl(7m w:)28 ospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure,:;l pgi7li wbkr2j.bm5hfdzry)( u-8 is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats i:v+o- t5 qjkbtn a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol sw8 5oy,j0 fl0cw,sgmc k(l/gine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit 1nwhti6/l,4ev5ch wq snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass ja uejs 4b::j klprrtrp / ep07;l;kxk /z1v8r6mr at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the9wo;je4 l 3phe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1 8-4gop91td zqlu n;wr95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eart u+a akj kivmftd65 m63k(+-rbh is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrownwwes:t9b b3bz-j6x rfmw 1y/; vertically upward at it. How many tennis1bsbb/ww6y;tz:fw 9 rjm 3 x-e balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diame2it5qx2pa 1ejiq39 x fter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surfaxt1 i2e x9j32a5fqi pqce?    cm

  Calculate the total wnv, l+z lkq/g8ater vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: vngq8/ lk,l+z
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent * cvd eco5hv lry5vw) xg30xqvl3s6.,difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a sov3x*h soy36r v dcc.el0v 5qgv,5lxw) lid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idzr0-tvs0*3tcgr sh/ i eal gas at constant pressure, th*sv 3s-/grzr0t t0cihe coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly deh8. +qi kif6ovt.7byb78uohjaumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept8i fku8yqb jho.t o. iv7a67+b at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg