Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the per3qbckp4n, or.8x8 diaop7n 3oiodic table or Appendix , d p4icp.nkn83obaoo3q8 x7 rB.

Name several properties of materials that could be explj;;(mdzw*(xraoql+n jdn( zf2 1xx6zoited to make a thermometer.( qmx26+nad* oj( 1n x ;wzflrz(d;zjx

Which is larger, 1 C 0hf/+x ,z/7fag rk dgx$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wit*7ywa :xa1 up1jq 4kmv x;q;smh system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can yoqvay;a 7 x sq1um*kpj4m;1:w xu say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists ofhrp7h9w yr) 82y.yjvh aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal willh j)y p8vryrh2.wy79h be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficiw ylr3gdg 3dz5-vf2.8.g xwdq ent of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to conwjew15 q0ib)ptrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded )1j0ebiwwpq5 together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the x56 x eibeg*iojk4 +t e :*n4)glk:jhvends often have a section in the shape of5k+hil6ggjvb*xo:t: n*k 4exe ) ej4i a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder oi9 z(b (lzqnz n*1+gjcf lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermofavoq d-y2vn0u63x( by1d; nfmeter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then30d yd1ybfu(fnq;-2v vno6a x rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapciz(txb9o n:3 idly than adjacent parts. Expl( o3bxtzc:n9iain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glad r ah3hmhgz4a: g xc7d4v5*.wss is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex. 5g.dxh hw4g 3*c amdzh47rv:a

Will a grandfather clo6 g +mb l1ejxuoe-2bn(ck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cavw,;z u8-d.8 kwieob4q yft)er8y j)suse its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happenedzwt ekv y.8 i4jw boq;r8d s,uef-)8)y?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a u)as9,c(e s vnnk 46m5z. qodmpiston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Exp, msok d6aq. (nvm9)nu4e s5czlain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphereew/fm u9e5l2buf-a.ns ffx ;/ submerged in water increase or decreaslmsfexbu9w./ /f2 nu5e;fa f-e if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theomp1 -/li9a e zho7lkw1 s4c.gary and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperatuwczem49 h l .golaki-sp17/1are.

Explain in words how Gay-n/r-ewwr x .2:fcct ,+k 73fbgy2ofvaLussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio ofyq ;yk*kgcb mq0b)h1zc5 6ub7 $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed ae u- qlvji2kg(o:,/o an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practicag kji2 qlv:uoe/(oa-,lly no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wat3p mlwa1*: glmer at room temperature. What can you inf mg*l3wm1ap: ler about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot demf)ky( ns1th:(gs/. vysa w2ry day at the same tsks (fwy:2h 1tm/)vya en.g(s emperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (ayiigw 2est97z.g( 3k20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature iet qxf+me9v7 gl;*;jqs the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air omfv7elx;*;e 9jtgq+q r the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerousta -rdgc a+u1p :l7mp( to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginc d7m u ta(-a+lgp:pr1e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a z hb3 b4 ta.t/a*x)vrrlittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper qqzz *d-vzcswxu-y3q7ty *m-8-cu2 j penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold rinw1/d 3 h7l.r erj.rydv:fcr, vg compare to the number in a silver ring of the same hew7 :rfrl/ 1rdv3yvr.dcj,. mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to beq-j w-4 7vwpzix m:e0lc d10iw 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?qp7j zi4 ecw0lwx0w : -i1d-vm   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest anlvfdtsii tr6t+o) ocg3)a0e/ e l0d0.d lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cha 8owlxzx klg/qnz4 42cza;v/(69qc m at 0./h(z 4z4vz9xaka;lgn82c/ 6locw qq x0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lonh72q+ shgz+ty g (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron abaagwe1 6 jl51pproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July a 1l6 ejgab51w(average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger e55wha(3,vgbiu 6k emthan the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871gwh 6em i,bea3 (u55vk cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water4jm bhf3-qy,i at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chazx.si) wwm.m* j2 :oyvnge in volume if it is heated frowxso ywm.* :z.ij)vm2m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1 1md* k,+vgwnc00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofb1a.6furxqy x s2h)2i water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. Atu9n /e8qxu w/i1*- dbn)3yj erud:err 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand iul:ye 2b6( a;,tfl mlwn essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coel; yw, ft alb:6l(m2eufficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i2r- c aib mk4p51 4k3oqte( v.:hkrgop(oecz/n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffici; 4 t2: 2sulg6b iwll-,yfsu:xm1mi7 xvfspl 4ent of linear expansion v1- 4;i6luf2x,m7 mf i wypstsx2 bg s4:lllu:$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid)27k fu* fkty(blq- db, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made ob y gf4o. e ypx5()nfv7a,qo/nf brass and keeps perfect time at 17v/n(y)af b,xpo 7qfn yeo4.5g $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an 9p,wys anv fo4vv91,l inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume 9vy sp olv,v1n4a9 w,fof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radi)p c0vpq1jh 0gus 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless)cvqj00 gph1p bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Howesi+8 qet/.ui much stress is required to kst8qu.+ii ee/ eep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sfk)n lx;: ) hg:ycwy5bectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.d z mb18cztc9+v33wdf122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sca4go fij:bvj );0q*h4qgq jt.tle:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tembq;sk*-m k 7ghperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures -; zhstx9vp9dl 7sl2 rin the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressu:tqm j6:u +mayd(b.uvre and a temperature of about 2:b uumdj m:yq6+a.tv(0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen atar0g yd:cso(d o, h0*o STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of n1c71 t3gn :pq*skx:uyzfc- sritrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.+cup )6h svi75u kerjc) wz2+n5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas i t(o) vs(w/bhdnf/gtbh ce. oyb92*):8holtc s at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L containebn:g n6,jf gfna-g ce+:z)8 *t-xkjn fr holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3a-kn+*f6:x cgn nnt g8j)jf:-e zg,fb 85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of cw ;tpce zzrb)8e rpmrcvwz6niu27)q0(e/6 6$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insidt .14lkbr e/ukvb0yi9e the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the ie .yl/bk t4 r19kbuv0volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air s(ch ry.wp qv9 9t+1hgyf j*7lat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1fn9vla u6s d4sqa:z.) 8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloob2nuh0bsl d 9,gcb)g 7: kkvq5n escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules fh; u5jy-5pk g/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many ece7: ;,n6we uadjdvgf8- ) jrmolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol+fimp ,pna/vx 49y4zges,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5wb1j0: pqehri qthq:pl4 -58u.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleculesh myf3be /rk+- of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in rhk-b+mf/ e 3ythe last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tra-6hgd. +1- fs8pj atgp lstx,qnslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP1 j6xsgqp. t h-f8la-gpd,st+?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperaw/an;sg5cwvp( onc+8 ture of about 6000 K.;npc5 (/ncsa+ow8 wgv    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed+:m*ax/lsn 5b(ev-d.ybmd v l of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased frl- vd(+*:.y x5aelbmdnmvs /bom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speedsryun tga3sdn66.p40 k, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, g.yk 4p un6 st0a6rdn33, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a 7)n79id,tpa a3 ltdqd gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a hmmm/wb/+a5q gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what facto amw mmh/b/+5qr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spe(l6k fj9kz7 jycaf;9 ved of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio 45qdisgl3:br 6wop * w8:jpssof their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratiosw3bdp sr: :p45*li68qgojs w of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculesdb*s2r; efm085 m 6hm8bijrje contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen ;0bl i,1pkgy2p2 fgjn molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average u)/ my4 s vnvor7d)9ig* gx*oedistance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is lup j-vq-5g8 h89 u in a livi5gp-qj -v h8lung cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu3ve7 a m ry 3z24eujcg-v6p,rrre P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur4 . 7sml-5upa/oeyd8mz misq;anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what p iog-e jo0uz+8hases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (.(+ inw1t vpbo l2nq;,/wnnz ga) g12bovqnw/p,+inz ;w l n (tn.90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on v*/ g9fru)khw prp*9ta day when the temperature is 2) rt kfurpw/9*p9vh*g5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils 7 3hlnt 1cbh)5xy*p umat 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mounts1pjst.z27a()nrfj fm* ph 7+2rn q vmz0d+om ains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which waterzd2 7 r sz2f t+jnr.)v0(mp7 maofj*+hms 1qpn boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wateefwsg e 2jdzr1x(y3 *-; rsd5qr is 530 Pa and wxq-r 2fs*s d(j351eer gy zd;the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25or v ,x,y lwoqn;1f -.1n2tjmg $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water ist. smtx8s05uv boiling u.5sxsttv0m8 at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voluh; ug h-q.izw)me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poinw(ae+ z o uv8),b9em bn0g npm(oo-*jwt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecarz :kr:kzlf 6t66h m4ule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance afrk 4:l6t6h:kzm6z rof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insdjoxw ((da7wp+q (y /iects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachewy+dd7/ (x qaj ip(o(wa is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrast*s;zs d6 s);6pip xfe-xp3cflzw)5u88n ruted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mea7v*y gm:k cy-w ns11tw+s0mm csure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature.vh n4x3)ir uz56m)vz k How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of vh6i 4k5mz)zvu3rn) xcool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially (zt5vl s sm2* mdqt6c)28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up,5s)2lmt ts (* cqmdv6z the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m,clumxcs1)x0d z2 b-2z1wl2i b width 3.1 m, and heightbc1miz- )cdx1 22 uxwsl0 lbz2 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one y8:tv e42cxpmatom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usingvte cy 4my.,z bm6ui :-a9m7zu the best available vacuum techniques is abot a-umzbviy96euy ,.zmc :m47 ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full lt8-ihwlrk u7dv )m 8n4 ial()capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly r7tudi) )ln4 r8ki a8lwvl h(-mose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s at+pr zy0 3bpkf gfkyz5v:7p3 k+mosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed c: +kzrkp3fv 07f 3pz+ bykgy5porrespond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased frd9+;is5lv:vdhky1qwy* p.1 c *rnio mom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mz: 2k7c vb j)zfnfh ch(05kwy8$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmoh*s g,c z0ecy;8ybzh7s1gte, spheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. 0y;b eh1gs hz e ysc,c7tg8*z,   $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.- s:k4 izu.qf1j/ j.wxu qy.wd6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxyg( xu)hhh9)hh. 0zwyznen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last )zzuhy hh0(xhh.9)nw if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats h/l w- x39cqblc;i)b hdkzr0(in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 01tcpfq 6bzc2p8nqv80 $^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s 9n ne0hoojr kod-e/d li-m9x/( ub *r)equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly oncl fe+5fe 4k+ k l(.p-socb+zxto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stapt1+ , glrsdz8ndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a prxv3l4wny3a -messure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th(x nrnz xdl;47mnjk(; :eeut6 e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agai kxbpa-uq) +jn 74 6oipwu4s8 m46gksxnst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second mp) n478ks6+p mug6a k4ws-ioxq4ux bjust rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a /2t )mhqqsn w0yy 5hx4f;og2gdepth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when itoxtqyqm n2gh;sf/ h)wg205y4 reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the aew e 9il6av3qpuc9 4jczf .4/-b l+fjsir on the following two days: qp.jfz 9cs-jeeb34 a6 +iulcv wlf/49
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densityqyr1j q7ai ri(-7,rn9v t,cqy of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is y7rcri1tnq v ,(q i, ay97-rjq2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for a )wn: ,26qxj9ecrz i)klj,ckz n ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expajq6 cz,w) i)l kenzxkc:29 ,jrnsion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidy 1(z +1gd 2vr-pjowjcify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cedj rw1p-vg o +zy2(jc1llar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg