Which has more atoms: 1 kg of irr0uj0 9x)g4vi mkod x7,o f9 c7x si7l3l;zlfeon or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appenlimo c9u9xo i377)x04g,x e0vrjflfl7dkz; sdix B.

Name several properties of materials thq1 okb8z9wh-5 xzjj3 iat could be exploited to make a thermometex59-qh jz 8z31wbkjoir.

Which is larger, 1 C pzrpz42rp;v,5tuse y j da +(*$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but Bz fm9 f5a+u(xl is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?af5 xmz+9f(lu

A flat bimetallic strip consisqt6 kqgz9 28x r3b7:.8c /n,b enz pdjgisvb7pts of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the2pv,q z x7jb9gd 8nni6pbe/t8 qcs 3k.:r bg7z strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineat vx+ljyksj n/wky.(. 7lt5p;e3b9a w r expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control w. iw apv/y):pa furnace (or other heating :v awp)/.iwyp or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at txdz.ufsx 0y;2he ends often have a section in the shape of a U. 2;y.zfu ds0xx Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of f+ t1,mylz 6 lu:*amyrlead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is9yq9 odu )xc-s first placed in a hot tub of water, dx-cs)9 y 9ouqthe mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may brea;3im gj4mybh. k if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expm m3 .hg;jy4iblain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffqi58juow75g;1 ce pubicient of linear expansion is much smal b w5gi7uoe5;pjcu 81qler than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurjdk1c d* r2(iez ) oda+hi8qjw1;+tuwate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top t7ii /usfu2swq1--e j co bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has h-wju17scqisu 2fe /-iappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, vf pa .wum8e-4nxp b0.by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular notin8.40vf nx p bpau.we-mg what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an al ds*l6fsev3c 5uminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is ine3c*5 v6sdlfs creased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theok2 srletd-l8:ry and the relation between average kinetic en re-tl:s k8l2dergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Ga2b730t.r zcnoad/ x boy-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospi5*-pzt ph h9bhere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an o i+b(zrq z 8i0s.mo;vj+ 1xmfabject must have to afj.sbi(m rz0z8m v; o++x1 iqleave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at rooo / uco)cx53gmm temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relati oo 5)cgm/c3xuve to the other?

Explain why a hot humid h(n 3psq83ynn rad(ff0 )r+ lqday is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the 0s+3dfr) hry(n 8qfalnn( q3psame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatu.fhbv qe(v;.u j)eh*cre (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature isdk /k3a 7u(uo*qp w-pd the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humi3/k *7uqk-dpu ow d(pad air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rads ; 1:fjj9inuniator cap of an overheated automobile ;jn ju9 fni:s1engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little e(8t2 ka; xxb;bmu:a kwhite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are t objtw2 u(1ebhccro78py/ e2 7here in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in acg7j mbrdlljk42 m:,mik,7+ 4aqa ;jl silver ring of tlag 4 ,2,l7jdq+mkcml k4biarj;m 7 j:he same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken t)n3k(. -ix1rk n5i ne 4fkdbyko be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?r4n.-bk) kne3 1i knx f(iyk5d   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and suda,*ci,o ly3;sh 7e lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thifb wau5e i4+aar3yj5kc;z 0*ermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 kaieu45braj 5; 0+yfazc3w* i$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m kxyw 8a37 l8bzlong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrougha2le b u02xo1tt iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height caeb1uo0 x22tlhanges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit,,xbf58k l 5ic 0ipfp8d rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be plac5f8lpci 5kp,d08fx i bed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at - ca (l7biedim))ya)u 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change i*wab.f ozhx(: n volume if it is heated fro:(ab hfxo.* wzm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the b6zpf; 2 ou -fco29 0tkncfcpl 0)zsjgt8ef;+rrim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 +d )w7zx93aazln 9hs-a: 1vt lxu1fdomL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mad. s-xee3h ngz92zkwa 7e of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained inn 68 d.z5 m(bqy7w5qbrjg oade y(0w54mb,fbh a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficihfa4ob.5g06eyj(57 dnw5ym( ,qbr8z dwbqmbent of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change bj6 tom iz57td)t kn;- yh1hj2in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plat 8ql4:9wxx6xi rv1ree e of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expan xeqrve4ilwr6 9x1x8: sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic( *xjq,*z 7lefqn jq8g solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps pe3,ae/g7h;zi fwd/+h,bp jicy 7pj m+wrfect time at 1eycj+g7,i7 zp/h;hwwpfj/m d 3 + i,ba7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.14m-8msp6 ct -sekhv78v*ex e9m0 mm. The bulb has a volume ovx vt9e hm6se8 mk*8s--ecp7m f 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumint z hsju+, )*kq*n9xhnum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axx,q*)znj*9hun tksh+le on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C(kw xcsx+ uwj5g0 )6yk(2bp wai yj 9u8yhia*9. How much stress is required to keep it at this length y0wu ay 2 9(6xg+h*xj) bj(kyawc uiw58i 9spkif the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.+vhd lm;c i/t.cswun-u*9u+bjm 2o e(041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1tald :7 rz+i.m7 ,mmjj*ae 2et34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sjcv1 bg0xdl;3kpc /,1+rt g 2dgw*ncrcale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the f h i *6kyb:vn*4k8joaFahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth 4jeb vhe.q3c-and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engi8i8zvfi9xc:w k-e y9y ne, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature ok8:8ec9x-yyf zivw i 9f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ;:-tflyk ub-qwq:s g466*4oim,j9 wy sfdje f of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains:3 (owgj8+(ilgoi tsx6 6 xfvh 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kh ;lmj6tqve6vk a7p 24g of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas67wj,ncc)/oegcbx: 5 r th uq8 is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gasj1pq 3vv6gfcp 9ll* k( at 385 (3vp *v l6fkl 1g9qpjcK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o8v;gakn19sp6l kij3 xf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its jq1f0 yqrt lw9y 6ub/. cht2r:buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon i 2tbytr9qcr. /jhuw61:qf ly0s 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 jzvc(3ugwha86*b ksp4, 7qb h$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atkr-bhw,f.;brancf 1 wm 86yh p817hr b 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.e8 ))paqerai. 0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /fe-ej 0f*d3do $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are tt vhuw)+mt2 k.here in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) miwr9 hjx7c ym (y;8j-holes,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5iluf r9ng 1kok;j9b;2 .1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inha)25+h9l jx wb daojiw.le that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is abow )j. x +b29dwjalo5hiut 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mol9v+ f1 x hd 2o;uvo-shu5rce6pkef:*n ecule at STP? vkc+2 - :rneho9e u;ufxph 5v1os6df *   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of he9kjac 90 yo3fjh *s8fklium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature ofc3h9fy8j0 akjo *ksf9 about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rmsd:ff( 9)qx h .l4chfhy speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased frohdyq:f. )49lx (ffh hcm 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, giu8ctn8o+v10in d m9rcooz gg y12/8t kven in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcula1o2oin zrucm ov8gc t/y80k+ d8t9g1nte the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas 9y 4pdt. 18nm vesoxw,at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is heu9*ia 14a3 (vhz bsqhpld constant, by what fact 1*4vip s3 qzbuaha(h9or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mfh9bno r/ cvw.4 df/*kolecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gaseztk p xs6v6:4 jmo5gn-s at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio omvgto jn xks6 -z:p654f the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain*cddhe. (nab s)l8w0ded in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 5522ab*h7u z-0ixpatn,8fcd( h)wkcs itqm s 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between niz6fls (hka-4nu9xar(trogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 .gztqw +ra5a99vtht ip/,qj/u in a living cell at+,9a.qj ptz//iq v9r wt5t agh 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a7 ixq 3/vmka4f gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani3lo. iqstv) o /pk-kc7um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric p n32s00+ls*hwlile y 4s3udxkressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which pha4.s3lk /gqpvxse when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 slv/.gp q3x4k $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tawlus1k2;p -vemperatu;v1skl u -2wpare is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure ats +j1d,+tgt:eoeglno26mh y;v wma 7( a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place inx :5q o3npshq5 the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which 5h5s n:oq3xqp water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 yo5q*zkf1 jc5Pa and the q*cfo kyz1j 55relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tewj1 ; h0si(lrimperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the waterl7q k2+i4l wc3:imtfm is boiling at a temperature lqi:t+ 2ikmlw43f7 c mof 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v5 h d3wejq4y;kolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poin7xdy+ufs.1z 0 l imx s5mawi)1t of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see vwy kv ba5.bmarem9 h k;4.o06Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1bv;5 ab9y mk0ma.eh6 o.rw4kv5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface ofs (ul)4xrx3/bl7avd c insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea i/) 7 dl4ulba xr(svx3cs about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrazj6h+wes4xq ;:4qs8og o- dzbted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure wa15bi y v),nul3 ysr9has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calilpb5mxx a ;,gla1a ckd8o0k(*brated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, i 5p01(lg*xobld kka;xa,amc8 f the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ball ;84ot ngjw2syy-q.y,1ro w-evx xdi-oons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the originays-nj1g xed2;vw4oqt r,8w. io- -xyyl gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1;g.pkr/v zd :y m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempeydpr k;zv:/.g rature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the de8lja,tz -g/kmtrje 8qfq )g7s(n 4qj4nsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best 0+q)ahc ccso;-q 0zzzpip/l 8available vacuum techniques is aboz qzq;0+ 0hsc/)z8lca opip c-ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below mw,u3/ 1flia jthe surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose tu ,/jf3ai1lwmo the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere ay;7w r q8 uea2(vj*z heaw40mpt a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; in8h(u7 * jyv4;awze am qr2we0pdeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increae6*0nvw 31:+ltic v*dlj0rszh. yfzzsed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77lyw1 gs(/ nf- exh;:jy0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at they+s 0 8m h6gajs/k6pqh surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atjhh+ /kmsy6s80p gaq 6mosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.2( z+tir ckqpkm*;9:i;ioao n6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospit sxolp4fdlw 1 1w6ac:5c 2ko-nal has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder la1ka 4ol1lxcsc2 d-wwon 5p 6:fst if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquidb(2g:v oxh ht,0bld.+iv 0sjn mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol .(8yxha cpsm4fs q0q;ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit h4 )3hzka r:ojsnugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at d3s.eado/vezsy ,5eqr / :mu)20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado1 -bjdpg+9 ttzpted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully char lvba6c/ 5h0pjged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear2;q co+ puxqf4s9tb6x th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity be 1/* vy6 -wig)w+bso1bph ve2,3dx5n qkxtbby tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How maw1e)y+ ke/x -w1gqpdns 2ib*t65ob bv3bhx v, ny tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherio z2 cm(7yj),funikzu2sl7*u cal) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the tjimyf7l(zz c2 u72*u snu)k ,oemperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two d-+m/lqjgne b98e x.nsays: +mqb/j n-8nlx ge. 9se
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density h trgt-8 du,a)of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the 8-rdu)ttag,h Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal x5l(g mg7-ywt6o7hn :kz/mxsgas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume e tsxl7 y - ng(hxm76o/z5wkgm:xpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars t9s.tspjh4:pcw, lr0 o7vhe+lo prevent rot and mildew. Iesthp.ph9s,+ rojl:47 0cwv lf the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg