Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminumap4 jv bq6;-tp? See the periodic table or Ap;tp6v - pb4qajpendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a therssdh21 en-,*boz t z4imometerbzih*-dtse 14s ozn 2,.

Which is larger, 1 C 1 z;yryv((chxkn:m x5$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, butk+, m3palvr a,f5-bos B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures5 l,a-a3 fso,b+vmrkp of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip f6/;k;;*xh vusew97,6l rykraqr awihz a9-fconsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip w9w*,wxs zyara/;6q7k; u9 efhahf kvirl;r6-ill bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansin+x+fqzo9 ;h don $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used totzcm.h m(3ll. control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vesselzm. ht.3ml (lc containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section i.jv ws39(ljvin the shape of a U.3v.lj9 swvi( j Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead on759t u +y:vifvd7wpfloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wategg5k *ax r4p+ar)j tqc4q i.g5r, the mercury+5ta.)g rp*g r4 c5aqj4gxiq k initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated *mqbz; 6sup dll:3u 4dor cooled more rapidly than adj :dubsd6pqml u4;l3* zacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficientrbqs)g*kqn re, s,z /le42k(y of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass 4sl qe k*snk(,bq yz2r/rg)e,(Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clockt:57xc9 *omw 1( gpwqkgpam5 y, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge sotx mszpk45 jth 15h0x0 badly the can will not stand up. What has ha0ht5xpk45jsz1 t hx0mppened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston;al0kprze*o;p1fqp.8us u8 c ), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in tempzl8up;a pekq;*0p 1fo uc.s8 rerature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submergedk,js7ebb 0w:x in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incrj k,w eb:x07bseased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Cu0ph,u3 *sh*1xfon9 ;fohazqharles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute t o*hh 0x;uqs1of3hz9n ,*f pauemperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s g7i g9 h hj)-blkdsu*0law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, tup.;on)6kx k9xd xs-vhe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an wo:+en mkd81e object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain wm ew d1o8:ek+nhy the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thanzqyvs -nf9u1khayvi t n-qv:)zo;sg4.,k (9x water at room temperature. What can you infer about thavsvnsh vk-t4,9-ign qyq)yu(o;x 9 k1z .f:ze molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uc355f-,cl cmvnqj m)vncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperat-v f53 cccn,)j vmlmq5ure.

Is it possible to boil wa h0 q1vhkkuf 3z4hkw1td9uf94 ter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempersu 7 )(7i(l/jq3jk*b)n smd 8sex1kkr rrr4 evature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is sbsu)d7eesqrj1(mkvx4n*/ kl)jr8 7 rri(3k more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated 2rtq(w-g 2a r,rinh cw8 oi,7wautomobile e,2-whgc7w8qrr i ,r tw 2ao(ningine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whitelu25-a3 .jfacbypgb4 cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennl9+.sx 1 hi o.tyldr+vy?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to :w2q ivxshd0 5the number in a silver ring of the: 2qx5hd 0swiv same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often takupm6w zmk(k,sj* mq;8ct4e.b en to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?zkm em8kc bq*up6;w jt(. ms,4   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest n51uk:5v id2 v g3je) rn/rukztemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lenk(vm 4ih5 to8ngth 11.82 cm at 0.0 (mvo4tk5 hi 8n$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway iscotsc q12tm ;94 i)7aco zlkp/ built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29s cu.a.-jk6:ju eap:rn lg,q /ux 61rh) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Janu r.6 jp ,:xqrh:6e/an l.k 1g-juucsuaary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than y b8kpy ri w4k*mhv:*(the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in dy k8*y* (4bhrpw: mvkiiameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water gjd) j6d ; e5k*rv5 r+vxfk mtku)iy,3at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if .8n535.he.agcb hxj; zjqs tx it is h..5jx.qcgah 8x z;s5h b3ntejeated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water ate(s918z; mybb um6 ub5:iq cqs 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of.lur).nw v 7m z/gwtd. water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to bee(v/akai mx7b zhj -n n/hzr(kn;,j76 placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in ayj*qb;, 8lo4m trz961w u qego long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coeff,*t q oq1uo4rejzyb;ml89 6 gwicient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change iqht9*p l:mh tkoj .5s9n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and 33h3 hp wsulnw-b9 3mcyy+fqjp1j)2v width w has coefficient of linear expv33l-9wjhsywn b1up2) p y+jfq3mch 3ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isottmri1 ;hq4v d 4op3d+mropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfdz, l3dalext : 7/gbu4f 4pzi4ect time at 1el4u 4,3x4d7l zgdpf:ib/azt7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thervdfaw 3uqep it:+ 79k1mometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25f3+vt dpia1e: q9k u7w5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cyzbjfpgj00jl)9r3po+ who0 7ilindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fricti7p 0+jr3l0gz bpjwfjooh) 0 i9onless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired+b8c y7 upk qxr-l4wi/ length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature i r+-7 lukx qby4p8icw/ncreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sect wy82.wuge l;bional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmez6-vyizq +u5k6 dna 23eu/wz at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures o.t/ xpu g wf2(t(guvp2n the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is wha 3+qz d-b xsy9)t 2v:)sf-qiqaipht)koo )5trt temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the iu g3xdu5tn8/enterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air atqs2jyrx s g1( 6;k-yxl atmospheric pressure and a temperature ofr (2sx6 q; yjsk-1yxlg about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP iva guq(z) 5 amkkgydd 9(8*i0tp(p8w using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2102, m7aizsgft.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at ST;1cfiedp5f8o9wa + tw P contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is msfq;llo 6)jsbq) (;jat 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argong ov z5futm7 j*90z:up gas at 38tv9m7f*zuo: g5jpu 0z5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k n q.fxngp,y6: rcei34g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balw *g 8kb43e9 fe9j q9.kjamt/rw.ly bdloon, which makes it less dense/tq9 y ke 4e 9*.fjrb8g.ka dbwwlj9m3 than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atnks. e/rr*h(uu m-qzy1 0ae5u 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 91ycm3h;yedobss c a *9 )a+jvm13d b.y fdv6k$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes /5k pcds+/m pimxq;(fa child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / 0z8k*:r;, yimsb;j.ok jdwa x $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How tzo ;ax( gc h+hs m5f2u(+czp7many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) 5 brtt43o3 o- a/xsrasmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 6 8hm dblqc0p0em ao(29lp4fre2mwf, 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in ekoc+(u46l j yyggy p/k8zh 57zach 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hih kluy gz/8o+ypgczyj(456 k7nt: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule ata0z67n;:r7gf f4oiqj h.zayk STP?:;rg y7ha aink7qjz.4fof60z    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface ocu2h s t*ap4vug6v i83f the Sun at a temperature of about 2it3 c4u8 6ghsva*pvu6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules ik/q hxn43ieri v lqi8(23(z+ 88ula jaj2sbpzncrease if the temperature is i((uk8 is ail8r 3 x3z4ih qnvb/lepq8a22 jjz+ncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in ; 2aws.zj(l s/qenzfdm, 1k+iunits of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4,+z fqdw,2el ;sk 1/(msiaz.jn 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules. m dyg7rioc(u7qcbvpbyc6)4 ;xn)q8 in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume ipw38 w9m nktre v71nt;ol 1+xvs held constant, by what factor doesm93t+t l;w78er wnnx1pk1 vov $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed o qul 07w kgtbz94n(t(zf molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture ofc 76q1:j bnuuz two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms suq1z:7 jbnu 6cpeeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8. xw ju4a89 9u y q-.uk9)ti06aaszfvkf(6hbnm5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed 0/y 8smcbof 6mof an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nmw t5e/ddyi6u37k80 pim1kavitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moleculardp1nndn0bwk s08a 30m mass is 89 u in a living ce0 31ddp0 a wsnkm0bn8nll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P olo am6xm y0 z(x:3rns5f a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,w:f b)j1y(qh l $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases canxqf)9j f6d-6 sah55 *r :olulpsbc9kl $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure )bf2ovstn*jbh-s);5a f msu +is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90um5 os-bfs*+t)) sfanjhb 2; v $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humel0 )jw.o,*lrdu:x gr6 k7psgp z0cnj (9o ot:idity is 50% on a day when the temperature izllw) uc 0g:p o*6o:jrt9sj (de70oxg,r npk.s 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure a(k.8(vkny wv bss4 *fwd7v,ez4-ecfb t a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at ua p8h mq *2r*ze.7u)vgd)lgra particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boilm egdg .8hupl *u2*)rqvzra 7)s. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the pap vi8e8iu:vfe t+ok. 4rtial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative hpf84 ki e:i.e v+ot8uvumidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the *0nzhz6wh+gi temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pre l7yv6p1ll;t1) qqqftssure cooker if the water is boiling yp7 1lvq lqtl61 tfq;)at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6.*nglc9fn:1m 5dee qr80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point :.z ou:y1xi6:/bjm zymmy* iu of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–eg gu1g n4lb)64) to diffuse a distance oggl b eu4)gn61f 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through-uo: 35)) i etvdytv n)kp9fja tiny tubes called tracheae. An average tr)jf yt-9ove53)n)u : idaptvkachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beendj25p+ge a-)aolc ( dd calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure h5okox 1q3(34x oqetvh as been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatureq9v-x.dm0k sdg*p*j a. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of co.md9v**0dpg sjq ax- kol water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initiallys7 vfq:l jkal9rd2)4n 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What frj2f94adnl krs)q: l 7vaction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengthy f)t 5mjq :kg -zymxa8h, x+o8x9ecn7 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the t )jtxzmh: 8xgmqy ex+nk,ac9 f57oy- 8emperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densi 0j 9*nyb+ae0dy9 pfzsty of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques kp.7 tz3vj697lzo xzuis abozxtokj9u6 lzz3 .77 vput $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when r., coyz u9:sb ooz dp6-;nit810 m below the surface, to what volume would hircopn9oz;.d, 6yzo :b8 tius-s lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmos 9rr0dbx:s hj6phere at a speed of aboutjd0:rr9x hsb6 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inckm(mqxrvg l* 1k+zjve ,0nm5 ,reased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume oz.h2z yb4j3 jerq/e1q f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earthx*si19d jy- w6+nc(jmoi yu:l, estimate the totaly +l 9m c-i(joj: 16dwnsi*xuy number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms spee75*q jeny mf3npug t,r1 y9.med of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used i qa/- l(zafo38lr xmp+iu6i )cn a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measure m/co+8-x6 rzfl)l3q( apuiiad at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats bi1vs 9e l(*mdin a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline dk 1qh8d2w)sk at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at vm3 lrzh9 1*op;c7 +vzopspl/25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onz.4xiejru- t,g34e qito a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standbd:; i lls7co7ard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1l y53pedo*bo3 95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eafyo; 6kfel 4vwertxl*gsz40-(l(c3 h rth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gr;z sb .x)vn;v 9ue b*rd/ta*travity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, ase * vur;9dbsrn a bt.z*/tx);vsuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releas -os vg4wx;x3ses a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble whe3oxs; vg4sxw- n it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total watrf/s 5x 4tf3zok2t*z dg:;bs her vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: r /;bso tz dsf3 4gf:h2xzkt*5
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent diffe: tiqk4z s9zoz, /:tbvrence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempera/9i qkv:szz,tt4: bozture is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to e+ fo)xt:)cj.;sbt ql ch((w oshow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is eft(.jsclq ))t beochwx:o (+ ;qual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their (*q)gtgm 9mjdah-d f/ cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a housgdm(jt/ da -*q)mgfh 9e (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg