Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? pf(g* 3an61zzm rf:f8yc*pwwSee the periodic table o 3gfwzyf6ca8mr1(fp*npz *w:r Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that coul 5llw ;phf/1scl5 ,dq1zsn/og-l ms4wd be exploited to make a thermometer.l/spf/5zq1dsg 4;w ,1oh- lslwc5m ln

Which is larger, 1 Ctgrxcb vg 5 7r) zw-em5,7)vyb $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sysnn; o-rve .*uge2 7vgktem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the t; ue7grvng ov-2* nke.emperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum ri sgo(6d6tywtg0y3p*/ gugpk 5n8q9 a fveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip 3y8(*t9kyp wsqg 0p5dgt6nofaug 6/ g will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lfj roel .al08icau 3h 32qcx*+inear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thevd*1 q7mva nc* ;obm:8jh)pvvrmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls th *)o vmq;vbajdcvh*n v7pm:18e furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends oo,0 u/1-m li itqzw:mz 78ncxtften have a section in the shape of a U. Whz m tioxwu n-,zq0i8mc/7 l:1ty?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury aty9oo6d dvq3; ;mag 4sp 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-1dgqx 4 -g.zah. sy,tw5 p/lzeglass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercu.thg d,a1 sxe -y/qzwzlpg.54ry initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is hbn /p6 id ds;5lvn+t-qeated or cooled more rapidly than ad-s6v5dq/t +;pi lnbndjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linet9g1wy-p a 0qrar expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1r9q1ygw0pta- ). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20gnu 4k4)2wubm $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda w jb5yp*.n1 jvuill cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will 5 y.bn1vu*pjjnot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly 9m0xabvk- zo6compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they ok9vbzxa- m06 strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminuzvi +f6dlt/xy 3 (4rh75-qgpblr/*iqpl 6 etzm sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if + qrirle54 d ( g h-z itbtlv66fzp/q*/y73xplthe temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and t*hc :w.d(l* 0f g)hqgoum)t uyhe relation between average kyc:*f0d)q) m*(owuhu hg. t lginetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follot, b9ke wxqxdj3 y225wws from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of p (db)ep- ( r/hw4d2mdk-1mcuuiyb k.$N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth*7,cpjarw))i5 lg0 :nw p nekufuf;k7 refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere)ur c0ne5) aifnwp j u7wpk *f;:7lk,g.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly tq6w )hhf1is n(han water at room temperature. What can you infer about 6q sf(1hinw )hthe molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfo-y)yx1 br (awr74vn-sba*r kf rtable than a hot dry day at the same temperatuvrfbn a-x7awkby -(y*)s14 r rre.

Is it possible to boil water at room q*q ftsryg m 77vw.:*otemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is dif,d8cvh x:1 fiuferent. Which is more xc,ivf ud8:h 1dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobil jl,3kq )1 rfq-4ruz,y oq:5mi7cagq knnv6 e8e )-1mq3vol4 nau,kjc:7qr yiz,efqqnrg8 k65engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a liv5ty7 gb5zfs g)z-8hqbmn2 g( ttle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copfkbe,e4) v( r tpgcdi:ug-;4 jper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atomb:1snw4p 8wwsgr.ig .s in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver isrw. npwgsb: 84wg.1ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this onmbne(+ r ;i9ounkr i,l t;o/v8 the Celsius scale?no(m v8rr +;lbtn/ ou ei;ik9,   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowhoeft +mw8qc1f;o ;j .est temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol rp1kc3ef+tmzl kz *nskv-l5*.v*7 wy column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0ck*tsk 3e7f -zn+lw5k**1yrmv z.pv l $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built ofcxe ,qpu408gs(. ba bf slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxi:t 5pelgzw9 gt0. i5pdmately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperaturwt95l 0tge.i 5 pzgdp:e of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ;.fs8udi4 lnaoften used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter u.a4ns8f;idl is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at d3r /xoq-cf i-qeq7.x4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chang t+p7r8a l6-xy3n tqxge in volume if it is heated r yx83lpa n7q t-6xg+tfrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to hqo,9 y9f:yr:t39oy 71rdf rhyy)lfn the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waty(/c6awds( wa er at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of i: d(vh86nfo7zyzk.z cj ey2/jron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containe.(ni k,w;bk:r byed 4fd in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion . bkey,;i:kb dr(wfn4 is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chspc l*n2vs+3zange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l p/ 6l,p tw.i:nyfvnh 3and width w has coefficient of linear ex6:vy 3pnp/hnf.wti, lpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so l9ki3vur,uyb jeh *as48:if5ly9zceq,0bz - lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass il3w dnt iu6g i3sp56)and keeps perfect time at 17i dwl) 6ipit6g33nus5 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter jlkn ivib 2u6-hg:h.vqk x5:8of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume2qg-h 6 :v:k8binlhj xik. u5v of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating a2 a5g9. ; msgro7c3whodn+m(oqoowh0bout its axle on frictionless bearim 3w;d mwh70g c.ono2g(h5oro+ 9qaosngs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired oamq.: v.so+ elength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increaem a+q.:os.o vses to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bea hsx5:sb7x: ffm of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm 8qp 9c5m/xa vlat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures o .huveif- 85yjn the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale+uf.jp 4k+92yoummwj?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun a gpqi-*-y3i3 zug5 kypre about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperaturewm0 i/yamck 77 of about 27w0y7cam ikm /0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law. ah8b5r p9dd 4,c)6k.eiynsr h   kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nit)0; yzdtxl ;iqcg06hrm *n/ dbrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18a qdq524j p5pk.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at xwdnbb,* y;*o hau0q 310.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside 25 w;frz1 /b-dy mjcsoa 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at / o;jr5s z21mcyd -bwf385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of hj+ua+yn636fh o 84 zw szxu-p$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyo.9vv evp76ilw 8 nh;kant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Supposnw78k.ipvv le vh6 ;9oe the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air aik u.heo8h(zf; 0hd ;bt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0m5bcbjxk(9gyd 9 5aw ) $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and90w8a-d* m t idjcv1,ignncm : 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculdg+gj b5*v6b2 ,h3:q)p b 4k 1auozdk)afanibes / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules? hk0jaajwki*.5uks .9    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moue6q3 iqbthg a+2 7ykl2c)8 ftles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumezhis+dtv *yna6 ;j5e lq h*c6zpq 3-+p 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of airv0p/ ltvh2l:z are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of consp0vtv lz2:/hl tant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mo znsm/ el(2-/tesj*rzlecule at STP?s*z(ln -r2jtzm / ese/    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfac)s 4azj3 qrvxwba.(uo;5 1 ohhynx+6otgz2 g 7e of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 hx ov52g4 gr jx1osa t+q6uwabny3(ho);7zz.K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rmsl*6 *xdugh o).aueh2s ;xp 5mp speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased f hoelsdx6)xah;gp*u .2up *m5rom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4,i+nv t-. hl.byf38j cn 6, 0, 4, 1f -n nt3cl ..hyvij+8b, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules wft q6bg(-ms8 in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what /v pb2mfhj3v *li6 +rp zcby;,factor 3/hv crz pb;y, bfjm p6i2+l*vdoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a c3pfefa.7w vr c99b5lgas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixturkcm2 g yvtyctf+ f,(,*e of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the skg(, fy, vc tyc+2tm*fquare roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed oo;ou 8pn--*y/ r3xa-xjqy qqevv7l6qf nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spw/bvcctb +d;(h f61hi eed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mol1b7sa fgz:/n et yzzk:zq+2;fecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino asb5u*4j0 ily;7v(ehc wd3owf cid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at lb3e70wv ( 4ysh iuf5;cjwd*o 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gakwvo 4ds 08d)pv+ozm8 s can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ux5w4x6n ) uxvc01.fsy w mxy)kldd9h +ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wrc19tano8l eu 5*kob -hat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 uk kt /ta.tha6 +*duswvn,1.p atm and the temperature is (a) dht,tas*uw+/ap 6.uk. k1ntv 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% yur q6c8fg 9 82qqg4eyon a day when the t9qq6yq 882g uycegf4remperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure )*b7sj xcmzzdjj66sm +l(*o y 9qfh,gat a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at antt+b4 m5x m.u)gqj -p particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temptqgjm txu-4pb5.)m n+erature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 53tokea zicy-x+u b4 x3q8:hoe6.wv ,d3 fe,z6 n0 Pa andc3 ,fe, z ze -iuk+4y6b6v:t.xox8 ne3wdohaq the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when th kpvy01 d/,nzye temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water 1 co3ty s.nv6tis boiling at a temperature of 120t613.cotn vy s $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r* vn ga20crq,noom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 )c5 f,nuasu xf.(9s m33 evmg8.mbl vr$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine qt(a 7l 4;lwiymolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 ; a7iw y(4tllq$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from +anqmxewho1(wg2*- 6n,vqhitwy9 j k 81n*tathe surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about1yjxmkn86n vn oq+ iawe(h,g-9w1tth*w*2 aq 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated d7 fi 0szaszf9cz4 v*4at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 207 h r w39dtacg;5eb2rl$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How muchj g mzr8 8kn,8fa;0nr-n)ezap error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the nr 0jka8mfn- ep,)gr8;8naz z water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm:f4 qgdi/v fd ol88n3a. After many balloons have been blown up, the gaon8dff/ d3lgq:iva 4 8uge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules iny hnkh(qm ;;.q a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heik q(.q;y hhm;nght 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter isk8x *qyw85p8:ucwekk( l 4ash about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainabl3ihddpji7muh38 +bmz .:wr m4e using the best available vacuum techniques is about4 rh:7j+3mi 3pm zdu.wm i8bdh $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hlb k b j9f)t)i*keb.,z xc4es*is lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, k b.cb f49l)ket eb *,i*jzs)xto what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spee bk rg a4mzk i;4mp;0qxzzl4yg f0eu0 xe,w.*2d of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, an; xz 0r2 ma q*pe;fe00uygkklx4gz i wb.m,44zd this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 1wf8hv sx7lk02yw, 8a isk6x(x 10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770 gsype0z( 2la2m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the , vah,ds7w;btq p u/n:surface of the Earth, estimatnv ;,pq,t b: dsaw/hu7e the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed ofk fd;6 x7ps ld+h)/mes nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge press-uz/at8qjg w/6:stzsure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and q -s 6/gzz/swta8u: jtat T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid me7j /ylw( dyz .v7 z-2yj5vtixmrcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at d.0jd x *cmre3suz2s xb z*:l)0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equa.qnyvhf 6 .9 0l7ikgzqtor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightlqr-rwql1,iyaux q - h9in4dft1-g4p 7pjs8 u9y onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptcrh; ,g9q pb(h 8/xfbred in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20bf.5+t ji(j n vy5t5gd$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth f :s69ux jbq* vydk4,pis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis gf;oct,fxjfp az )n.bd:w. + (kt 5yi-balls thrown vertically upward at it. ,-nfxw;.:t j5py)bf( g .dkotcfa+ z iHow many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releas4 )eefu/yejs-hl0ir * es a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaey4fuli) ej sehr 0-/*ches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor preqps6shfoc/o41 z(m 5issure in the air on the following two days: /54mis6hop (s oq1fz c
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the denvhlr5,4quh d6vz4 a n6udj:2y sity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatld264,z rauq y4dunh5:vvhj6ure is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal ga7)- wi0 ldugeoi+c+ 8)ljurjcs at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equouwijg7l+)08- ) ci ujldcr e+al to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify th.k0/ - l ihwkl2qi:;nfuoa :g5rdffb+eir cellars to prevent rot and mil2kfuhlfk5;:-:q +fnrw b/d a.g lo0 iidew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg