Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the perio: vt v+f9-ed aoben2bhjuo */go /f+3kdic table or App- ubd/e b+jf /*9 n:vv3ohf+k2tgeooaendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomeri1 1u 7gd9izpter.ri g 19piu1z7d

Which is larger, 1 C2k:n/yyg xi v3 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with systlx6q xl)28,db0ikjv .d wwh-fem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what canx-lj86lfwx d 0.wb,idvk)qh2 you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stm( cv/p u mrd4l*ix-c6rip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which meta6cmur (-4dc/ip vxml *l will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of line ;o1snxdyq1t u-w+d-aar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat us94ivl5 - p/ns; t(cencuy8qg/q+jqyf ed to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatjq/ivn 4y nucq5sq;te/8l+ y-f(cp 9gures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed t/o w1., ef9olpenzb9at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why?9pfnobl/,1t 9oew z.e

A flat, uniform cylinder of :xj7a . -ahui+e5x+ jxa mwy4iaoj:, flead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first plj66/3dnnfd uuaced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and the63njudf/u n 6dn rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cogha a3+f-dqfl6 2wqaf72la 7eoled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explaaeafgaf d2 q+q723la6 w7l-hfin.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffic b8kz- g wn2 cl+6+xjps aj85t3c:dvaoient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass:6tnboa dzw c83c+gak8s2+-vxj5 pj l (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at c9ttbuls7ms -ps 1(i) x,kyl720 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge soj(m mzhpd5e ,sgr/9eu9 k9fh3 badly the can will not stand up. Whazmrhe 5k3p9 ,hu(/ j99gfemsdt has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compre mxvlf85hk)m bs+x r78ssed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cos)x lfrhb7 8mm+v kx85ols. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force os2lm0bk/c 15r mcq)drn an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increr /cc0qm)rsk d521blm ased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kine j9 lwn2fjc/x,tic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the n9 wl,/j2fcjx absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s lawik( pikk y+m 9vb;j;;j follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the apxc )syg7u;2 Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refersa/i3) f fec6vc to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon i ve/ cfia)6fc3s about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water)7i nfsov tj)xi;0 dq( at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one resij)vtio0; q7n x(fd)lative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortablezir5;ti 4mo6 a0 hl)ej:8sei v than a hot dry day at the same tempe4iiim5 0h)e:jl8; v6 zre soatrature.

Is it possible to boil.xi7*of+ fhg l water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the saj rh8h y t;s1+6: zg3q2mfgsoxme but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid a3+ 28z: fsgy ;ghm1txs6rjohqir at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiatorr0):sk alb:shqi rz8w q))ys : cap of an overheated automobile ena:hzqs ))r0y ls)8rq:kwbs i:gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud f/sob-/p6/b(ncca v8ldq u0n in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-8kh3 (cnumn r.d8 7rbngram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram grd/ p iq3z7e62 .wa urplrt:o7old ring compare to the number in a silver ring of tla 3w:77or2/ zrq6pdit ur.ephe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this onxv83;xlzskkx1 +oka ) the Celsius scale?)o+;k1z8x akxslxv3 k   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures reco r4lki3f 0uagsag g-1.rded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, kg,- b9b)air tgh:zk(t .jwh .the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 gz,gb. k)-bati9hhr: (j.t k w$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slab (g8itikm5gz,4x8/-a l hkxobs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximateaqay4 h ) tf7hx)6ge8 9zcjd7 9ei8xmvly 300 m tall. Estimat7iefzca9)m 79hq6 8 txy8)x eh4da gvje how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole t4udqel8k 2c9w,ef5qare often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diamc495q2wkueftqe8d l ,eter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 44/ohpuv(6 2q)mswa,vs n,tar $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in s90x xsq,o fw.diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated w.fxo,0 q9ssx from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water za+fzgz2.yy-at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water av 8jfmy0te*(,2fk fcg/i m4tnt 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20v.67x9+vsq1ltke l oc $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exp dyk2 m,rg9*vaand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion isd*v2rg, km a9y approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changeij k8khfs s/3k66rdo5 in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w fl)9cifa-4-3 k q x d-tep4ksthas coefficient of linear exp4-tac3 - e 9lfpkxikq-sft4d)ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isot.v gf ojv.vhvr-szp 6bd(3 (c1ropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather +l.; bjnt7h jt neg.3hclock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1gn7t;nj thj .+.3hl eb7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bn/ tcx*(i tm;rb3jnq5 ulb has a volume of;jb5x* qic/ rtntn (3m 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumi/qhr3ld2 *8i6etiinpkwc6b0 hz 0yw:num cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angulari2/pietc lr6bw*d06n:k q ihy0 8z hw3 velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired wm,j,mir, +96 db(3x6rpzk anqwmut : length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the (mk u:w 6r,tb6, 9mjxd mrn3 p,izwa+qtemperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional px8ww 3 p pdwh5y4r.0oarea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1znm xj+xigx 0a;;)/y x22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kez)i1 p o:dk 0r sn*-e3slcp.mulvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature o 3 zpmuauxr6/7yezihnf2 p2( 9n the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are ablf m(up lkv zi6/3g57eout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a t)jm:6cxpge 7 temperature of ab:egjc7m )xtp 6out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using th .0w7dcc f xe;7r3r k2 d:basm.egnlg0e ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.e)rq8 +kkqrwnb 7t6rnf+ r ;-l6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP con05 h(wz 9vakgvtains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu (b erdhr omct(yhmj 0+vr l3,y 8ju35s2d:d/fm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding x co 5*ewsx 9bikg8o()iy03dy105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K 93ci8gyd x wxyi(o*k0b)soe5?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of 2m: io,hb;v: it blx,j$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insi iveyp+8 p)st;,h: uyide the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. : +h8p ;piiysuv,yt)eSuppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai;avdyju, ;n t8mvy)- x:ac.h,gj 9scpr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1ict 1 -7kcc0xp8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s nllb e m*2y(jj/ eg 6,3fzics,.*jvqshand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mo5pah8u d( e+dh d7k/ehz cj11jlecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moly (cxge-5 jymxk4k3 k.ecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of ( 8 lpz 3nc,za7d6/kmfza) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum.yfhs )ddc1h f 3zkpqer-(2f77v3nzs e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of aiv. bdl7f, h.itzzz. n17wyeg d7-t:rpr are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: A ph.r nl.zi7bz d .77gfdv1tz, -ety:wssume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mvzxxk/ 6d p,vgi)q;:uil7l0tri l*3a wdr3 4jolecule at STPx3v,lgp idx6lwr;0/z q :ti ijd* 7u4kl3rva)?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of thew.f vi+x+5fo+w lfn .3hxu i,m Sun at a temperature of about ++lf.uwimfx3oxh, fw vn+.5i6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas m k+h btgey: -8k-seyu5up//kg olecules increase if the temperature is increased from se/hug ypu-+gey:8k-t5 k /bk0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules haved ;odhw4cdk0w) u0i2 d the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed.d w2o;dki h0du0dw4)c $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas )xp9ef+yi)im7.h blk at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubp-el pki4nft: 7*6djiled while its volume is held constant, by what ft-e4k pin*d li f:jp76actor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecule3 p; rhupg)9s-elkb y:s in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the c;wkm3 l6r*za same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratik3*rlcwm ;z6a o of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conm4j;o aic.-t) k dsm)wtained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mol 1)dr.deyeks8phq.*g::wxb secule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distanceras6/c-jms zz7 b .zw;r8 wy ,-7upnup between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecul(e tri/l-z1f p5i 0fezar mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 fz50 zer1-fe/(l iitp$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gadgly yr wx:sa:x6/:0 tno)igv p1d3d 4k,u0e ys can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran :iby.,k7* no k7-gou6fchu4r,af tguium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wun5,f8 9 d.ycy+h61chr oxibthat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01k ,ty6ojkx9hc bk :kj92s, /co atm and the temperature is (a) 6ks 2jb,oo/h9c ,ck xkk9tjy: 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day xkzuab ,)4.da( e:h7lkcj wy;,zu (lo when the te jwkzl( buyzekcda; )h 4xao (7.:,,lumperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where cj i j 7pgb3o/o/5un;ywater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a pa6uub ) ws)ko:orticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature6bo)sw:o kuu ) at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day z19:lx-j-r v olwe,3 d3s wu0ihel3 unwhen the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relativ-1n ,e :jo 3-dsvhxilr0z9 wlu3u3lewe humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when t7fw 2jtbapa- b:ar0y5 he temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is uw 0 quvuadwd:5xcf+d w:o,2,vc 5;ntboiling atd vcnv a0;2 d,u:qudtf+xuwwc5:w 5o, a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 5(z3nz ;tg2k* v h99b+scbqylfs2wlt680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of a2+j(t6xt jcw 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mojlz*vgimn-39g /m28agk2z zklecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance 2kga9/2gmglmzn3j- k *zi8 zvof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes abr/ticw;r t2)v6 /nxcalled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and h2/ rtac/;n6)r xvit bwas cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hasewumb;)i)9q8 y8ht5xngb o i , been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape lmm)tpi.b;yfqn7 w+0 measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal r : 7fk yxmw+avm+60xysoom temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cx7m mv+0yws+a6k f y:xool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is inivd,zbuy-1yw c l5(oa2k/fu+ w tially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, wd,v auz w/2u(k5cyl1yb o-f+ the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room ofgdiyekjzk8 ;o85 vx ahg(v42o)n 7iuv+r89 zz length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume oizv8j5 ke)yuhd(g8vxn4v879z +2 rk aozi g ;the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the deno+ 6p2(puhyd jsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum teu2s :s)rae 3li+(szuochniques is abou: l)+3uu2sros (az esit $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5)j i238 jhq5rzu3xtffn: b/ pp L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his izqf3/: bu)85 nj 32pxhprfjtlungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moonp qnu,sb7. 6wu enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special nuw,.bpqs u6 7materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal xq// 0 os;qi;w ozimdwjhw/(5gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770 ahf,;.2m3qfe j4sgcam$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric ds(. oj4m m0iqaoe6s)pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmo)( 6sq4oiamo0j.s med sphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mok8gfl h d0t*ut/n95 7juagcj0lecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital ha;g0 w7 gj.)bk+qt rdqks gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last k0)gkjd q;bwgr.t7 q+if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats ing ,/ /aq3biskf a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a: c*x3js;up 9uzhd9zst 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equaef3 u 5 f+q/2.u ; 3)7uhcsljfuhpjfeitor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tuq3et)q fw , (n3ejm1)u bj6pg s)yto+ightly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standardb ov5.,uable0, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm 7i2imstayh75m 49ubx at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth iy bzpd;wpc +25vbz/c+s $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown s1c zox2olt *4g* jvf1verticall f2x*o4l1 1tvg*z cosjy upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releasfn, nrh5.8d20 de*xd p gbjbf)es a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lakbfn0 djfn5.pg dd r2xheb),8*e. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor presz qk( 8jh rb 4gof*jlgn:l0d/3sure in the air on the following two days: 3*zdqhl4lj ojgkn8b0:g/(f r
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent dis 5;c 5vzrz6-oiw1y rdfference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earthwy5 cr;o5rzs z6d-i v1 where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pret+8c i8y5r eacssure, the coefficient of volume c+5r tc88iayeexpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify;cpihc 9(4 r4wo o gy(1p:fk wet4kf9i their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (t1 ioh4fk;4 9(pcr:9cike4wygp o w(fkept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg