Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg ofym j z2ew.,g*p aluminum? See the periodic table or Ajp,yz g*mw e.2ppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomekq -vf)8wp+lqjv;0l+0my zsiter.)fv+j l 0q0p;+wzs qkil-8vym

Which is larger, 1 Cc6ghphtd*t2bi2j )m)hkw a ( 3 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with systemu5 zh, mo8 aajt-mjwt9 +.ail* B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the oja.,at 9z ihwm+maj8 u*l5 t-temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When hk:llc)vhf., a3 h/l pgeated,g:3v) .fl laplkh/ch, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansz ,dk hrium2(k:10 gysion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostatsx4+4-wzit :oz j 9kyakpgo ;- used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic9 ;+4kx-ktyszw-ia4ojzp: og strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the sri3y iy3w3;t3xbeph o q- ke6 6v7kis*hape of a U. Why?ieovwth3y ei y-pk sr63q36;b * ix7k3

A flat, uniform cylindeaitj;+q s -9n+o fr5mer of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of waterb181;sf sl2ww bwb h*g, the mercury 8;gw* 1 bsfwb1hl2bws initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more+wdvyl.hfy ks+6 6v0 r rapidly than adjacent 6y.lsrw v+khvy6 +fd0 parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass9f5r xm7g)hyn is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat re7fnr g9m hyx)5sistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 hw7pq z2*4cgo$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wiyrez, 3dhj nxara ;(/(ll cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. W ,zr nd;xhayr( ej/3(ahat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston)w+e50;ljqq am *5b fuw, its temperature increases. When a gas expands af jwqua5*0+b 5mlqwe; gainst a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increasewpi 1cln jn(+2 or decrease ifw+ jn1npl2ci( the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s rnyu wd n. pu*8sb3 4)ll(;b )qzbzv-ulaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation uqs.rzn b*ud(b4v ) y8 u bnl);3-pwlzbetween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussaj0 m3;;abxc++zkj p soc’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rab kdzt5: bnd+g/ 1ajh1j)8yvpzp//b dtio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an fu/9io ts8 uohd hl4/urgb+68object must have to lea8rhh lo69gf/d/+ 4su u o8ibutve the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatureof*g;/n7k 2vb 8qbtkg . What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relativen/kt*b k 2og;7g8bfqv to the other?

Explain why a hot humi9z x+ ckm3qmh4,6vka9fh1ylp in:m w;xvx21 cd day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature. , ymv1x ci q+ ;9lfvx6c:hz2 ka14hmm9k3nxwp

Is it possible to boil water at room tempe+a mvj5h ,m2e1m2zsu0 .tq rgerature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sa+f p q4bok7rn8me but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air ork pf 8n7bo+r4q the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cvr0tyigthk2 8(4zn2v ap of an overheated automobile engineh2 iv4vzg n0tk82(yrt.

Why does exhaled air a9ftx8q;ekf k y*mh(f 8ppear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper w,oz +*a53 g.edzsjp3yvblj-penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of;7om6/ gdj:j-wi kke p atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver -i;k:7ogk/6 jdj e pmwring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F;t09iu/ 2wy il jrhfv0. What is this on the Celsius scale?iui f0/l0wrvh2j9t; y   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures record; p9aeus *(txhc nv7s h:2k(hued are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at6 u8nbe9bj l.xvu)z8svo .9c o 0.0b. jvux.eluzbv8689 )cs on9o $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builh 6 rlm71o5rywt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m ta.15srea *w1br+uj ( /v xhhbqall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Januar u xe h+ /(wh1jbb.rr*s1a5qavy (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the riveti+ge)ws. m c.f hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the ho.s+ e)w mfgci.le. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at njbiwir3 )*dwls9 j104 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its cha, pbe;;p nd:otnge in volume if it is h;;ptbn, :ep odeated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0j8v 3ilnrvi/,$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at b abf8 29pj *qnc10 nakse3fx+20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in -v5 a3gfbbr-sa ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can m fp gy3qi09(n06l rmyexpand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear ex09lrgypm n3i(mfy 6 q0pansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in n+m*- :xviicz the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffiwe 2i in0 ++u),nfonzbej2r8j4rq p.fcient of linear expa84.0nzne+2buf2o+qpi jj fr)wne ,rinsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, q1iz4*a.v w p2v pob,c$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clocx8h; j e6e)w2s 9k93. b byllcu:mvytak is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1e9ebjl ;2tc3xbuyhv:sly a m 98)k6.w7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside)m0i/ g6jm0k *vmmmmj eb0lv6 diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.256m0 mv/0kmimlb0)6jmmje v*g5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is e/t ur; ; bkg/qbiw76j:7j)qbi t0bqa rotating about its axle on frictio);wej0/ bi/ 6 ri7tug:bb7jqqaqt kb;nless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is re* q8 o sw/sliulje,;z 2oz1,., lyynrkquired to keep it at this length ,yk12 /oillzzqj8,*ssw , en lru; .yoif the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional,s n7 kba0s:wiky:5m1bv 4wma area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmdonbdxd fbs: 4v o8v9))5 svh, at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tmbg nl:3eu q;n143javac:a*pemperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheo o0-32rapwgait scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about pnvd(4gst 4m6 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a(a*0xf kw o8em temperature of abo f8oae0kwm*x(ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of ox q hbb7 ;)x4vw:jjmq(lygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contaiijy)1;jv ar k8,0 fdrens 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contai+fn(ycd: o+ mv4+f lkmns 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10o1.* h*guyrxycsbi6 vox/35m .0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container msxrade0 ; o*6h10vobholding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 1xdhor6bs eo;a *0m0v385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0iuwcq xn7 el ;:ez1z gl)e3+,i kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achievh+w8/jlbfz,a g-t9 r ves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon,btj + lrz/,ghwav9f-8 which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15irrd z*b w2r i,o ygprp79-)tsex;:-o $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen 3gl7 tjpwh t4vp cu;5lp mri x1r .o27:-qs(ooat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 2 nb9tkuu2fx1; ;yj 6 ds*kp.vy0.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mole rejc4*p()+ wei*ctfu cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water-ny2*n5 qar5o+fsm f j are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole igs br4o0eg*lnn-7e 4 h,p3jos,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1bppabp dh7a*2i1w l5:$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleyc+mgniulj2 9i )b; a*k- z)wmcules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant den gjmu)+y*9k)w2- b;miialz cnsity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule 5- rggqgrm+:) rib c1jat STrq)-5 :gmib+rgjg1 r cP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the a0tmmh0si -r(kl8, cx5iu1bk Sun at a temperaturei(t0bk-0shmrcu8l m15a ,ki x of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tempe+od-xd dw,te) rature is incree,x dd) wtod-+ased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following s; 1zxq/eao(ay peeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, q/y zoa (xa1;e3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0d733 -ze khmyw $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas ,f/jjm0iojwjz1 so)zmi7 z3(is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor1 /3zfm)mio 7,(ijozj w0 szjj does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spe wvi:t2 soqz9;ed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratv q8l nd2gsk(i. w7y0 fidp+:4onlq*pio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molec s+dyid7gfp:8 4q0io nnp v(wk2*qll.ular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain nd iau9g vj4)ixe;jp*.7b8oi ed in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule a*p zt *w3ely wlrk47:bt 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at Sis xm yo;5f8zac +gag (l0ea00TP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89)a0ho f g1scm /kh.fe 2dq4s2u u in a living cell at 371ss/hofek).f qg 04h m22a cdu $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a va :yshu)dl3c;1b0e0 2lunwf gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranhfw- a -et:d/r:hi.) jzrg*o lium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressud ,mpt ke8(a:8+n 73 wiplixocre, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature ir 9- 8pcmkdq 9h)aym1g6gy8axs (a) 9gky9 a6p9dxc a)hy 1r8m qmg8-0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a da8 bxwuw++w am5ca0*ab y when the t a+b*w0acu 8ww+bm 5xaemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 97me t+vj ,t,ni0 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular placra8nonm be -pv+zm20nyh(,ac vd-(o3e in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate - h-vd3(cr om av(z emn8p+0y a,2onbnthe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wat lfi*/ced;+u je-m1yoer is 530 Pa and t* c-lmi o+eju;d1eyf/he relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wat-1cx oud f: kudkg,x, -nmkrz 9,sru70er on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressur g4 :oszl0l 8v rwk4sv/9lu6bee cooker if the water is boilin gzbukevls/o4vl49w :6l08sr g at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6rf2dkes:dx; ah t(r0c *n76ef80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew ppv a5tiqdo r75j *w.d)oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4kh :0i1qc* .d8 pzu av2tiwzo)) to diffuse a distance of zi1waik) 2*v 8:.cupztdqh 0o15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the integvfmnrqz0 *;) rior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mngr)vf0;* mq zm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated w*v*pt2 z m)jt,n 3zciat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratyusjwwgr.6pq )bj y1m8 -rl90nvb5;oed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. H-znv7:n)kd2slc hal)ilnxxpp;,: o ,ow much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 xlp))v an clz2 :sok,lx;p:i, 7nh n-dmL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heli h6vkl nc-: lxl6v82/1q rmyjyum gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5l8l2kr/x6 yhlvym6c1: v -j nq atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m,8/r v0a ,yscpl and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is vs/y8c , pl0ra22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pe)xt2djmb6j2 ;x57z d dfcf* mlr $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techni:q+jt q.,g2d(t q aeooques is about q(oa, ettodgq :.jq+2 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L wh1 krcr-0rzq3 fuuz :f2en 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs ex103r:z2cf u rkqurzf-pand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphersk3ulhd ee76,5 k h.;bj/tnm re at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, n6jsb k ede;tu h5k.3m/7r,lh and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idrdw12ii dj53mmqpru(c3 /o 1peal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770n5km yw9 fx;)u,ea e4um$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, evqm x47utu ;,hstimate the total number of air mol h,x;7uu4tvq mecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contaj u2yd/ngo/r f2e0 rlxw a17o0ined in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospiayq k7g)k/uv69v7r:ni (wskg tal has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How vkaykng7i9 w7r:k(6 )gvqs /ulong will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowlsq.qgmin+uazo ,z 8zgj 9h b)na(.,0e of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at +r28 ,kq mlq.mootu wm* 8az8s0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth r:kr 06ni,vsb’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass z57 **bhne rpjf/ d,kl8qu(1*u qfz ptjar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standardh7(qj8ahwdk h d+ )2 rz8q*toi, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm a4g y48 ce.dh8qdoxh-hp5 t)j at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed froml3ggy-a+2d s c the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thxfkner;g5mo nj ,2* ::ham*:b csvf 7trown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and tn,mkfm:gs5 evrb : 7*j:fcaxo2*; nhare thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical)b,hxh fo:z33q11yxb qwj t9l. bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the buf,twh: qzjx1lh.x33b9 ob 1yq bble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressur cwigvq .e1ds1ciny31j73fu2e in the air on the following two days: sq.dv3i3ne11gfw i 1c j2u7 yc
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron :5-ll m*+r oaifld5o.li7 k(pzmj:trat STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000po r l(lalk7:m5j5mz-idro tli. :*+f$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show ty h/52a/we(xhtp av7l hat, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient /7 /xhahylpta w52(evof volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot2ksu6w g sbn)36pvin5jg)m0i and mj)2i0uvnkb3g g si656) m npwsildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg