The process shown on the T-V grvs 1)nr op( vgbh*-o.iaph is an

  In an isothermal process, thhl rv:g5(yb)ad+ c-cx;nv 0pkere is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamh.g+ k,oxp9kaics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no changm 5zmeu,uerx3(w u,rgy5ub /z8/vz4le in its temperature. This pzuv4l3mme 8 r5//xyz ,eu u5u(b,zw grrocess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isod.c,y+etkrd07 z my xb6/as4o thermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What ixykz +6or.atsc7 d,0me/ b4dys the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half/ ahz wsd/v2rhdh,d24 its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure rh 4d2,/wvd s hdahz2/of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally q nklr*/*t6sf from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is corsk*q*f/6rtn lrect?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated envi* 9;q7otuxqsf+yq-5a)l p p rzronment. During the event, the gas exc5u*+o r-9ql tyzps qf7;xp)qahanged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynai0n op.(j udk2mics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed ga3*tr-0 jgz lfea.o 3to one-half its original volume during an adiag3 jfagelr3t*a. -0o zbatic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas ident;dsv rxl eh-88ical in all respects except that one contains ;8l hs8 edrvx-$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical inxnu4ifnh)+6 x exm .q0 all respects except that one contains x6h n.xx)0meu+inf q4$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is a fo 6vim+m0xloc 8s23wn

  In an isobaric process, there is nanxefgn./ic5 2)jh/p o change in

  When the first law of thermxy 1 i9fl18ipp,v4q lsodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as rk0ukt z.q( m.ryt+ 0dheat is added to it. This proctq0m.+rd (trkk0yu z.ess is

  Ten joules of heat energyq eo 2a*t9e8hi are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of the oq e9t8h2ia*egas

  The process shown on the PV diagram ifwhg7l 1 gtf -o;9vi,ms

  In an isochoric process, there is no change in 0i:ji9gf7pbulh.os+

  When the first law of thermodynamissv: 555a h6kwo2d jrzcs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat enq -0 3setc2yshfi 4,+hrwj1dwergy is added to it. stisf ,1rjw+ hwq2-y 0 eh3c4dThis process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sam 97tv dsc5 b,a:pi2vosple of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the in tbo,7vs:c vpda 25is9ternal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynpycx prk3qi*.(rg b 85amics.

  Is it possible to tr:7 ga twicf8 9a*hprm8ansfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a colde(,uu.uh , d/xrfs0 zfd*4cm m reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics accordifgb*ufr eq94:az;g 3m w3i z(kng to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through jk8e :5cv bu8mthe cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating okbvcum8 8j5 :en this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat envw mlqwy)-8 :ngine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is t ) tpw5j8eu62evk6me qo be 100%, the heat sink must b6em) j68q2 uk pwtve5ee

  A Carnot cycle consists gff.;.zq,zu uof

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodyna u-c5 m310ky, wzctjzqmics.

  The coefficient of perfgyklua+.y/w m6ms b3;ormance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio of3mb kysmg6/; ulawy+ .

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the rat :ruyc.ru -/qkio of

  When water freezes, the entropy k63m m i2*ul8qgwijxgs5 5s,c of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for aqmn * *)y.qis-gen/ihny process that may occur within an iniqm q)*/ ies.*hy-gnsolated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law ofdw.c;;chol :k4* 7i -szc kwfr thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to ) 918p6tsqi ztngu s1rconclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is remodgsq -b)5w9l ss/q b2uved from an ideal gas. What is the chansb u5sb9gdl2qs)wq/- ge in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. Wh0o.t.e li.g wmat is the work donet.m.w ig el0.o in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system iqvl,cqkb5rb dcct193e (.0ymn an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the chan (kebmc.t 0qr3b l9y, vdqcc51ge in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. Wcdwf ;q(0x2k/mrs3vl *( tjju 7u4kurhat is the change in interna u2xd(t 0lvk7 w*qkmu4usr/ jj( 3fc;rl energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J o uu,t37,abwo h + o2wtar6mblbio.-c*f work. What is the change in intr3hc ao- bo. biwb, t7otlumw+62a*,u ernal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. cua,kd.u h9qxit4:6:kx71c-r cqto dWhat is the workcq9.a u1:cr 6:hxq7 kxu d4cd ot,i-kt done?

  In an isochoric process, the inte imm+ m-coz;paj2)9 vrrnal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exchange+ c9z; mrj-)2ov mmipa?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volumek9 ib* a x11obqr+j-ka as it is cooled by 50i-1bo jra*x1kqa+b9 k K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is coole ; 0vhhzx*vu,st3bez7g g0y3jd by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removedsh0j* 30 btu7gvz; y3v ,zgexh from it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg oft/,rvn fp 9 khe0d4d7t water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is. a+l.dx;n e*le0su pn the efe*p s dunn;a.l+ex.l 0ficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat peavo klrayt t*4 t:) -p/2a;q*dpzqba 7r cycle. How much work does it perform in eaqty-2 kpt/*tla zr va*4) ;a:odb7qpach cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat +/ f(d,itph; zqq pt/aper cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in epaf td+hi;/qzt/,p( qach cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle+7ixga0g3mhpue9+ b2q bgx,drsh0f / and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency g bxm q93serpdihg7 0ub2/g+a x ,fh+0of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Cal y3ji0tj n;ly-culate the work done each-yty j;j n3li0 cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the fx b 5;dxycsyu//fj :h+ollowing characteristics: combustion cha+jd/sy5;:c hbu xy/fxmber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has theght0 x /svq**u following characteristics: combuh**uv s/0qgx tstion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most effi;b-q2rbu+en 5s z2vqcx, owc, cient engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chambeenc2,wz,+;s cr bq2 bx vo-u5qr temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elecsz b-*kr1.apu tric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generaty;b8 c(x5bw+6dtebc m es 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electrk *9fq+ cl/xo8lkdj,k ic power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which ope(ye6 9j nhd16; hewcgirates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine z,g9mg :z( 7vrkt+xqm operating betweenmtkgq+zv9g,7x :zr m( $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot en9( dqebtwd h4uh --oaea 95jp6gine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoirqw4e-h d-aa 96o9e5 pdb(u thj is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betwpnyno5w, at) )een $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat f zxtcxk(b :bhm +h 3+yavv10a+rom the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in+ba +xbh0yc+ vxt3z hkma(1:v each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment a6 t ntdj/9r5vyt the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cyjrt5 dn6v9/tycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 2lzo:,d9dy+ 3h azv2gdpe);ak30 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is reque g :3;yzkad l zd2vd+h9o,a)pired in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g 2gygh/1 h) jdmof ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entrokv :u* s:ou fv69x/wchpy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an4nkg n, x5k x/s(w ost;xc+xt/q j-,e y:dv:ab isothermal expansion and its entropy changes ekydkxb-oxxcs w(4:,ta;nq, gnv:5//tx j+s by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at bpx0f,u 8kw (v$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.