The process shown on the T-V graph is anqvfag p/uw ni2.; nb*)

  In an isothermal process, therey*yi w4o89g)b 9ljra e is no change in

  When the first law o*cyn6e 8lg-.zg( t uyuf thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no cq1,k;, wtkxz thange in its temperature. This process ;1tqk, ,wztxk is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermallyf:sc;*k/hpu5ev )sf uztp*/ai o:cj 7 from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal e f;upuv zj7k):ct/as:pc / i*feh*so5nergy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original v5q56h4cmy/nm d c;r rlolume during an isothermal process. c;/5c4rdy 5 mlrhmqn6The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this p5of b:nwjy :-/vb2c t(9pqb imrocess, 6 J of energy is expended by the bn p/bvmci-f52b( oj:y9:qtwexternal mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated env/u78*f9p qq*dmxsz2lpaij 2ey6 re7qironment. During the event, the gas exchanged no* d7ue6s2*pa2fqz em pjlyx/i897q qr heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodyni0qicia2 1 7 +:q3xu navc xbkhff*;/lamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-halfhmyn)7kzu h ef6:65x cf;e:f t its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure of the gy6;fe ):hc7hu5fk:mn e zt fx6as

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except thatb4*tw58 be(mmpau 1cx one containsub abexcwm1t 854p*m ( $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical isq4mpmca o:/- h o +)a x.u+i(shyrt:fn all respects except that one contains u/y4hsh .mfao xo+-p+miqr:)acs t( :$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on 1 ;3gkukaop3dbe.f/mf v;-sqtt -.j ime i/6kthe PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there isp 7u8m y:p,pldf+kg,m no change in

  When the first law of thermodnas/b s ai+wcbwsn+ +9be/x47ynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constanfm o rhg8 q)xzvz4*b39t pressure as heat is added to it. This procq g*bohx)4v 9zm 8z3rfess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample b*ku0 +x (gbl43xkwf iof ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result,b 4lfx(+ 3gwxuki*k0b the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown onop+cpidqh 50 5 the PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no char8qifjx(1jsu7 po8 , ange in

  When the first law of thermodynami.9lbirghn38s 26ied jiev n-2cs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigidy2n nui*0 z y/hm9:.suqfw m/y container that cannot expand as heat energy is added to u*/nz y2.um yf:hiw m9 n/qy0sit. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred t cz04gi u.7 : 7zv.4acanp1gldu6 voj,ydj/bdo a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the intelp 4 6ng0gdccj4.d,dvzvaab:uuoiy .j771z/rnal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodyn(gbmiv ot7m; ,amics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir m wtc qo6tj.:pf1 u /rm5nche fd;3+d-to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoirp7/z 9+gx6go eob.enw to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Cla9. e7gx(tcf higll)+v usius.

  A gas is taken through ( 5/* ti3vi2pdfbscnd the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is bd5*(2 3/ifnip v cstddone by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heavc 0aop6j)scm2gr w s19p7v)h)q )nsat engine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sin8vt5 ss.08egbsd 8 wsmk must be0vsst8eg8sb d.s85mw

  A Carnot cycle consists o0 u;+azfjk.wkhafj*.iiqqp13 +oyt +f

Give the Kelvin-Planck+xb)l-szbp:f v c5qo4 statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator v* wf7 29eh1(wy rjlscis defined as the ratio ofy1e s j*2vc9w7 rw(flh

  The coefficient of pg46,oy x qyz7berformance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of tl5+yalrf1j *rwwdm(k4 i f nmi;u-/g:he water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may g er-;;,a5 g4kjgy/swptya9l occur within an isolated system, which one of ga/p;lye4;kytjggs 5 9ra,-wthe choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law cvmi epdz8j..5ai(*rb afloq+z/0n(of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to cpait7 dp3 5u2o9,dze ponclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed frq ehk9adu; .-e n/lg:zom an ideal gas. What is the change enq-;d kz/u9e:lh .g ain internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0oj933s wye)buf8ch f - J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the9u) 3eb83ffjsc -wyoh work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system2-hz f zjie74h in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in h ifj27he4z-z internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas ad(y v-yv vd a9qs6h;*fxhhim72 iabatically. What is the change in internal eneid*va y9 vshhyf; q7x( -v62hmrgy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while /(l.muxcehca*7zj +c doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internal energ.au 7h *jxcz /ccle(+my?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system vg+5b*dh- 8 f3+yq r;zsmgis ddecreases by 50 J. What is thezq* gsd-h +y5iv+gbfsr md; 83 work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a systy-usu*9+axy;j6 gbw uem decreases by 50 J. What is b;xs g9+ yua*jw-u6yu the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintainedbx7 r9-o5a-ujhtk zi614 zzdr at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work rru-dx k41ibj65ht97-za zz ois done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is coo*)c mo:5zb wyyled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in tmyo5)yw :c*bz he sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water atz /98knr lnxk-6v cgj)h28 jc(sp7 rtj $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is t2p vb vi f 2+(jl0xqu1nf4dp,fhe ejnd 0 +1( p2i4vqufffb,pvx2lfficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency ofhjhjwo kw ;qk:l:*f.gc5f4 w5 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much woff:hl5wjh5cw:g 4j *. kk;qwork does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and his -xcw k-52h90wk8b fflra 7receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in fch 8fwxhl ksiak-7r2b0 w59- each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kclbn: ijh(17igal. Calculate the effici7j ihng1i: (lbency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calc5-ynvb6ug e7y9)ewhqo;ckh 5kas2dc; / fb4oulate the 5dk gn6e4uh b9)a;esw7 y;cbo-/k2vfcohq5 ywork done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far0 ch,g.d d+ dmpet9il)tybq +yk6qi *wayg9/: has the following characteristics: idkdg*:e6p/t,m c+ w+i. )gqly 90 a9btqhyydcombustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient eng j5sx/026i0 m hokkfcco1i nl7ines built so far has the following characteristics: c0sx koj5cihokli m71f/2 0n6combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient advfm6tpv 6o+y0 .rs;4kpbve08t 5wc ;lm9kt engines built so far has the following characteristics:b k r y;5cv0 66v at;f498tt.po0wmemvlkd+ps combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elect32, nq shievomeh5g ;6+u4 httric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electri0auw+9qjy8s84 zy2vkt (zg iac power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW mw( v-mna 2(y)5i akikof electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates a+/s *p lu(w/s (zpri,nfiiqcb-b- w5between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operatii rm2v4bby xusg ; 8oehb(/ xg*c,::gjng betweeho4sy *vm8/bxg: x:rig bjcg (b,e2;un $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the tema;) y+oim.cfyu w;p5a+mw a g+perature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot res5wua ay;p )myam+ +wc.og+;f iervoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating 9dmmw9-ms h/p3 wc,ybbetween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes 55ewg qmgu*p v yu(4t0h-u0 d)reh y;uheat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ r4u-u)hu ypd0 e;(e5qgvw *m5yu0gthinto a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat fro bqiq:+jv(t0gw *9ew ,tu /xeim the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is iqebg *e/x+:0,v9w uw tqtj( ithe coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the frt+*b.id zj dj5eezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much wo db5ijjdt+*. zrk input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of 62b wz3gpk )3pzzpae+ vat9 7tice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change q+2fb *5wf s tu.t7t2nlhcpb2 in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its wlv3)0omq xs, entropy changes bym3wl s)0x ovq,
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at wv+n50ooeempva 6,b 4$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.