The process shown on the T-V graph is an t zjn;;0hzkzx(1x qx-

  In an isothermal proce ezpld1-kn- e kl,y;r4ss, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermo9*iv *3fopz (-su4 5ok icqef2v/mlwldynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume witl:xtk4* n :xlnh no change in its temperature. xnk* tx:n4l: lThis process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 5f hsd8 c5q119o(uga0pknbs s30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6u ssag895pb nqfc(01 5osd1hk .0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during(uvwk1y jtu, 1 an isothermal t v yu(1w,kju1process. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L toea 19c2gqiynhuzb 18 jyq t((8 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is ex(q a2ycte 1ug8zq 98hyi1( jnbpended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the event izox 2lkqh8-3a,z d9y, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundqx,d z-yk 9a8hioz23 lings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodyn+*rwk py (lgt0amics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half itc*ugqn 8x*op+r r9 (5mw mc(.tkfz -yks original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure of therqo .m tccm*(ygn9f*wu +- 8(zkxk5pr gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except tz xr5-h 1hax /dcfoszpl( .l0+hat one contains pzxo+/- 1z0hrlhds . 5cl(a fx$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas ide2xv/hk4 4 2r3gmmubrentical in all respects except that one contains mhg/4ebm4 22uxrr kv 3$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV dias. lww8cx sf2m:2uby 1gram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no chanv)rb 7d0,-u;b v.+za oslegge ge in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, db7 4n3w5kssx$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant p; /j)l32r-xn7wj* evofamgk hressure as heat is added to it. This proc;omlg x/w7fjrh 3 vnaj)e k2*-ess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a l8b r4t/ t( ey+--l wsldidamtob4q,-sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As aw4lytblom-+ t- -qsei/drabd 48, l (t result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV (daqjl )i0*l.-tv atx diagram is

  In an isochoric processdtib4-4ypd 1l gc.r ,p, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermod d c3*bc 516gov-mi xeh;byc*zynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat en )iuav 6y8umj9ergy is added to it. This proces )uuvam9 y8i6js is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas atp*i;mmnt-z1f. wqt; g constant volume. As a result, the internal energym.; i n;w1 tfmptqg-z* of the gas

State the first law of vc ; gyuq .gy84m1z:ohthermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold h znfboh2oe1 fg6 5.g6m: gqf/reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat f0bew;y9w n- cwrom a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermt/ k .exkjuupv/, v6d8odynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through6f,k .vcd+kgu a5b .i:o:sbc c the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on th ,.dkccfa.bk i+u5cbgs v:6:o is cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is deimsz:rl4 1v-6bzo so3fined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficie /ttdmq(cu k 39gt,b2gncy of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must bu3 mbtt,/2tcgk(dgq 9e

  A Carnot cycle consistfkym ow/0a(/k:uenj02 ct m5 -p:st oms of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermj;) -ax 3v3yzr ;us2zqq/vjhzodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) wy-4 u xa)5yzf0jvq8;cgcku6 of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofx;zcuky -a6)vf4q0w jy 85cu g

  The coefficient of perfjn3 dtqft2m,w6 u/z j;ormance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of tc 1 h cip3c.+n9dghk7fhe water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any processpvto )48h 9nlh that may occur within an isolated sys4 tnp9 o8v)hhltem, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of qi90x5g emf7u the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics 2vmt 2k4y5cmmleads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an idc s*u8r:)v:(js*imd qqtih w(eal gas. What is the change in internal energ(* qjhm:8 ds:cwisvqru()i*t y?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is+h8tpbkvug4zs m:7*x removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done ik *zgthu 4+87 mv:bpsxn the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system ixgv* -8r4us dtn an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in internal energxt u4gsd*-r8vy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. ef y+; .vpnea w/hfer , 62ylvg3k9y4z What is the change in internal enerf e/eepk;yv9r4 yyvzg3nla h+.6, f2w gy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic procuk1od pmv 4(3w*2 xsphess while doing 25 J of work. What is the chanm pp*u shoxkw21v(34dge in internal energy?

  In an isochoric proce8x8ho +plt (vpss, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the work do8(8+ p thvlxopne?

  In an isochoric process, xa)b;p/twmtb) )vttk: * )ym tthe internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat e)kbmttbayt:*m pt;x /w)) t)v xchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is m(h4)hgoys6wpsnh 5cq n ,73 chaintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy frc wn,so4hhgsq73ych5h p6n)(om the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volumu u35dbvbati5ly. h00e when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How t.by 5a5 3hd0u0ulbvimany moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water atc..1 dydl6wq y $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 Jyhr( 9arq/7za in each cycle. What is the effic9/7zry(a hraqiency?

  A heat engine has an effipvk7,y) ya5b/s h yw qhfz)g5:ciency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform in each cycf) h,q yzh55y:) 7ygpa wksbv/le?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% hkb j34 jr5v/i zl*wx/pig;6 nand receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it ei bp/36w4 z5lrnk/j;xigv* hjxhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 33oz;zlvxv oms,p ;+ e64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the effic p,ezls3z+ mo; v3;vxoiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts :sa1 /twzcaz8r 55p pr42 kcal. Calculate the wowta:55zc1 pp 8s zr/arrk done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following c 6s ww(95wq.jycia4zzharacteristics: combustion chamber t(wi6y5w9za4q.zwsc j emperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the folloq1vt pq 47jajz1b7x;swing characteristics: j bqx7qst1vp7j1 a4z; combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engin9djk-hm 3 dj( otgn*.aes built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperam.djk-3 ot( ngh9 a*djture = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. Tr t,-dwtel v vi4.+,sqhe plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric pos.+vqj h1s4xj- jczy0 wer. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant ge /bwq (bkvh6bpb;e t68nerates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot effiql (yj7 e,;vyrg1pn 9 svbnt-eol;(;t xjz:1cciency of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible fo8z) wat6pp *eez5:x lwr an engine operating betwelw5 w t8)zzpp*xe6:eaen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature i:yuf o8v lf3c 21uxq*of the cold resex 3yo u28q1cffu :*ilvrvoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betweel 62z ncdu.m 1cdvwbd:lf9t1 g n:89cmn $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezic6u8 /r+)nl f fdnka-1h *ipkhng compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room/cd ffuk+h h1 8ap6k-n *irln) per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the9)waaa1f30p mh a3 aqy/gy g8a freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ 3amfypa 3a a /w8)qay0gg9h a1into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of opesu7j57vf2eg x ration, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cxs7fj7e5u vg2 ycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g o25 c3taz ogktmvm89o bb3c4 n-f ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the cr86nqn9q*a mjvcj. +k q4 top;hange in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entroh.4 fu,iprof4ic3q kya *17vp6ye/pipoy/pkpfii , e 14.*fip367uq var 4yhcy changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at hlbl 3i,5 sqtnlo3)a2$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.