Which has more atoms: 1 kg r4d c bspa g26mj;wt-9m2bc xfgm 8h+*-tj*u lof iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Ajdccsuh;b2bfa2-*mx 8lgtpm - *+49 w6tj rm gppendix B.

Name several properties of mater-pw/hstu.0iv o c0bj2 ials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.v/oj c.b -2is0whpu t0

Which is larger, 1 C*pbg*s;g9 jsuc+,zy: zz s;d g $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syrpjs.3w w: .jkn8n 9yzstem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and w. j yk.szr8n:pj9wn3 C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum rbi8s v:; /nvbwele ,7civeted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which mebi e,/vn8:ve7lsbcw; tal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion fybszf:4pm8 n *b(vm9$\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram offbd: gr. z:fr.q uxp:jk0rk jx6s6x.9 a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other he:j: u6 r: rxj0.br9pqd .6sxf.kfk zgxating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in fb/by( )s1mb nthe shape of a U.1 yb(bsnmb)/f Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercu yf9n; h83rrrp3tz ptm2l8z*try at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first k1fh0 aq5(wxxe ae+. mplaced in a hot tub of water, thx.e a( qmeh ka0wx1+5fe mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may breaj( k x ec1er3gez6,2npykd13ck if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly thazd 6(132c eg pe1kex nryc,k3jn adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansisz00 xd8kno ewz4o.; pon is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the i8ze wo.kn0 xozs4dp;0 ncreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20/std(yns+tuf wu1z+h3ga,zx1. / 0k xhsgo6a $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wibd (v3q4l7 qawll cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has haql(aqvd bw347 ppened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say,ih5bp)eku, x: zugm a+dm4c 12 by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of moleck ugm15z 4eib,m:pa 2+)udhcxules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alxyarc1 6 f:xs +v2d-uxuminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperaxf2x-16d ya:crus+ xvture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kineticn 3ukkco/9:pv theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tempera pkckv39/ou:n ture.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fodak wj9.5eg7 rllows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ea0 d mm+ r9eo/d:ytswh-rth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have toi2 7b2goh are .u-b:yxu(mlz0svr; t * leave the Earth and n(s0ha oey:- ulmt 2g;z7*2 bvbruri.xever return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperat9mqwh -2-q tccure. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the ottwmc-c q-92hq her?

Explain why a hot humid day is fmdx)y gey/+ y 703afuvar more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempa3 fxyym0ed/gv+)7yuerature.

Is it possible to boil water atbdzo65s6io /y,d3n5a onq: o l room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air te,idzr iwosh;.n4t pz (e- fe0+mperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dr o4 n z+fire-wd(t shzi;,0.epy air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open thhp ,+d:p.-sh e tph5fhe radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.-ehp+d, .fth 5:hspph

Why does exhaled air appear as a lits f*x v97 lapl41fl2getle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gra+ hnrvsf 0g/x:m copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numt8y0r i)g 0chqber in a silver rinyc0 irg)t 8hq0g of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsi9x mq2.bxe b4pus scale?xmxq.ebb29 4 p   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tb)bqf mw-+ql(tbs. q4ue* :f vk8o:m lemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the aj 9 0z; h,w.e7rmjjseilcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.j h,er.sewm0;jzj7 i90 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m pju;f)anj5 .rn*9 oqb long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approdk kdqkb9(6*b x (cb 6df1yox5ximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much q 6k(kdkdbd( *5 bby19xc xf6oits height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are lip cpl6hr: 6rroqvm439um.ll .* sc*aarger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869licrl4p o :*6.ur vp6sa3*hqcmmr.l9 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water eu2l8s,6f jzjs,a8w nat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its ch4w d-+ xcs-zt .we4qmyx43zt.c7l fsfange in volume if it is heated s7zwsd q.ct tc-l4 z.-yxfw4 43+mexffrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.zf(vee+ da/g, i 2 2utdbkl.:ev7bxi/0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 21cc1rbbrthdu0x)88j ;i 3s uq0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mad+*qfv g6xcps: e of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lw +)aw.xp rs:fong, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective crxwf:a +)sp.w oefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densiygjo hyyq 8: ( ijtf7yfq:c1hek5z-98ty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengthwre,5eh fv*g* l and width w has coefficient of linear expanvg* f*ewr, h5esion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic p *euq)j9*zly fi, n4usolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfk )z7tilqcp 4*ect time at 1c)7 *zqt4kp il7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 d:esrlv+)po / mm. The bulb has a volume of)+eprl odv:s/ 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m ;jstmig,s)t 5m ,i )rr7l0tm gis rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings ,im;m,glt mt0r5))jst gsir7with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length wlffm /)wrmb7(okm4) dk /n9 hshen at 15°C. How much stress is required to keebom n9/m/4)rms )hk 7fdk(lfwp it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-ben+bj 7zm;0op t8oyb h*am of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12gtjg-3 ,9 sgm0b/gs eg2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatlj1vhm9tc*/r3 /2 4r jlx)p8haoz/m qbqg3wt ures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit xe4u 9.1 wars b:;: mjlodrpt/scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth ay(r* . byksb7knd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatugbs yfp/u, 5g2qr4le4re of about 2e5b4rqy2gp,f ls / gu40$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the id1rd43zxhtl * bfp7o8 aqy1w:ieal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2+ etxf mv18rzn ib32m71.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg oc8q.xi4db 7 .yle h,+ xhfyhn+f nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10uruda euz1kpfi86m+6a /,zd..0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a memxco2-) 9hv35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 2v9ec-) xomh m385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg owwss ifavu4+j 6-ea: 5f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achiepm x ,7nwben2l790ste ves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which make7n mbe,lswe n0 tx97p2s it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 nxtz:+ j01nt oks+u8l $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.pf s vm-nmv4:6ie)4w/1ce u;a 0orpcc0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 2eyaxhx 5 cslfkpt0t;9e;1; r 30.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mod. 5r6*mcg9ns6sanc)i: k ehnlecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1. yv5*ut- sy;pe000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number t, ecoz5,kfo4a .r-y pof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5h1e/*;t0yw))+ t5gh8 id8g edvdpejcsl6us b.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L b m-c rwe6 bd1ooz8z1g.)nknf7reath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant d7dgbokcz68n)1 f1 .- rwzme noensity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translap b.l*3 l *j*lzo0g5coxkvj/ctional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? *z*lk0o/j.c3*5bcpjl v g xol   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliuz+dyhdy tz.i9 + ,nk+um atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature uy dth+ ,zn+zdky+ .9iof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rm5rq:(rehfmpennm0+ga(3l, r9uj k hs,7*v xfs speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased fr(rnu5pjanlqmvx , m+rfges93f,hh k0 : ( e*r7om 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4,tqov(. c5x r)2+z uri1mu*t1*h ta,rxemq8te 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and *vxq1 8hre2 1 ttm *m( ztxceou ra)+t5i,.urq8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules r:yuq2 v dl 4 ;lgkwv6,ph3o+kirt9y)in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while it,bhkth3 7cj)vp g6cn) s volume is held constant, by what fahp7hncgk)cv,6) jbt 3ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mb0ww+hy80l eqn9qc,ceq ,d) tolecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at oi,s:s c7 mfl.tyvwfqh0z/f 7k195/ln p7l lz the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masselwlc7/v zskzs,1n 7qy5l0 tfmf :97lipf/ . hos.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moem k.;02.l.4 b 5fpavy 7l qmn5vnk-/jzvclcf lecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxy/).ihh()iqs** nvk pgiz6t azgen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between a t e 8axd+kd +h1 r3uokf2g87c7hwk3knitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino k6yihlyj/ 2t9 acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living /y kih26yjt l9cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas ) j/m4cc acaka(q*a6vx9uv6b can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ure: nbspq9 f o(u8dq:l7anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phj,s( 3)zq;oxjty n h0fases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is.k; kj7ygjbc:j vk:i0 (a) 90 y.v:7;kkk0gjibjc:j $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day1fi znt vp,5*m when the tempevm,zf*i n1tp 5rature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water by-jbgi51hh x2).k bee fva3n9 oa+n* eoils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a p4qt7klzf gw/l9h-jc0 articular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boilsz-hll4gj/ 90w cft k7q. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530/ 66 mcoanozri230rod Pa and the relative humimnz3oo0 ar 6od26/icr dity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatuwyv-wu3i+8c8+w3g hz hrm,gvre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wrhikw z30,/*4d) wospfdxg 4 rlr; mbzz5(1rmater is boiling at a temperature of 12 o0ks r gz4p)5d z;mzxbfr4ldwm*( 31rw,i/hr0 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room o q54d3f7lr*az tdxc s5f volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pnp h ;73iia-ntoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed lk ij0 n6a7lk:7-)jz 50gu clchj/ci+xgwmb5for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of j6jcwk7zmu al kcibln/07-5g:h j x+0 l5cg)i 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the i a * pogcc6le5f7b(r p/+rwif3nterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. Aic/o*lp+ca( grrfe wfb6p735n average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cal t25cikkny 7m h/7zp8asm-w p4ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been c.xt:d -+ oy-elewuo f4alibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much erro 5u(/pub3 l3u d6 eb-edbrnpgvmqh2+/r will be made in a recipe calling for 3002 uppd-eunqv3/l 5 3+he /brdb6mugb( mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas zlv 2gkg7zd 04cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the originall24gzgz07d k v gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widthn 22doqa)ln3y ix6 zr4 3.1 m, and height 2.5 myld2 24nzoiq6)a x3 rn. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density u6xgf*ksv 3bs*wck * /of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuuk8el- / ltvhyq(o0i ,im techniques is abo,8i/(qklyti o v h0e-lut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs tox51tyd*g5kmsz ,t qx1 full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is th 1k5qtxxzm,d15s* tgy is advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning f i (8ya im2-ygfn)cynp84j( zcrom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with 48mp yz- (i yn)gi8anfc2 y(cjthis speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an: u+os az, fxp9gp(4zr ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume r aox,;x4r h0 gnz 24*yhj:bjlof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric :79u p 0cyd,ykvt-le dpressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Eau ,dkty7p :ve0dc-9y lrth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of 2r4u i m9a 2(ufs*websnitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of bc )dyb :oi0k;oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K Ho;i c0kdy)b :bow long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury adwr1 2:j+11jxmeo z gpt 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolineucbwvwn8vd:kh6+2 l1 c4k4// ucrl ld at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroundj) zoh0,:zhq 5,mafbd the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar d0 bgq: nwby93sdze6p:9bl g-kw94we at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopt ,qy nu9;fygi(hg hx0/ed in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a prei0 j1 rab(7jto3 mq+zz7 va(lsssure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth lc hl 6x adzmd38 00m;r5tgjn:is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against grsb -+n1f8/,gcqft 0nppr8puq avity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must reb pcupsqg- 8f, +npqb0fnr1t/8ound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from ae xbt08ywn 20hpww9*p depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant ap8w*w xe0pw2y9t b hn0t 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water zd b a4p)9dra3vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: ddzrp 4 )a9a3b
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent )z)rbztbgp*(m u x+9 cdifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep ) t(rxpzbu)gm9 +czb*in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressuiepvyr. bvt6 qp134r (re, the coeffr ( rpe.pv6iy 13vb4tqicient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rott0azen rom36g2+ dqp k-5 f)yt and mildew. If the celmgt otk0)neq36 z 2a-r5pdfy+lar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg