Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periovhf oy)a3 v95cdic table or Appendix B.vvhca 3 of)5y9

Name several properties of materials that coulmt)59a z s5u)hmit5 0ed *lumcd be exploited to make a thermometer9 s50))l55u*c tmizmu thdmea.

Which is larger, 1 Ce2fnc7u7q) beh1 x7nm $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is w-h,0jo o; npcnot in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tpw-c ,jno0o ;hemperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stripuen,m b:fnj6vw+ b.xf9jz/h 3h + h;bf) ;ypsl of iron. When heated, the st+wb)n;,epf bh my 6 /bnjhfu+3x: hf.;zvl9jsrip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansionsfl08sj r4;d9 e:vk hrgh/xbp x+ .kiy*gkj2; $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furn8:+qi,eu snissf8m,ap8jte su, hp8 )z w1k6x ace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperaturep ezax,i8,jiw 8s6sep )+kn ts:m,8 s1uquf8h s.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape j90dabu( ld7c +kevj- of ejdc bldjv 7ka-0(9 u+a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flyr*re4 +q36x7d irppsoats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of irpxmou *-(4rxus- z4/n9kzq water, the mercury initiax kzpnm9 urriuo/s- 4*z q4x(-lly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coole( mlfl(8:6ka as9zdk:n8pwv l d more rapidly than adjafl:ls:9pd(mv6zan w 8al (kk8cent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lbt37ltmcaq* ;s n5qg+inear expansion is mumn7* gtst 3 q+qab;c5lch smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurfysckv:(o t4hm:s+ 0y ate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can5j swlgf br5qcski +*q8jv;11 will bqs vwcjs5kg15 r fjq;i1 l*+8not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatuaalfpi(c nfm 72 r-12gre increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes (m1n cfapra2l2f7ig- in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on 5 1 rpa8dc2vgcan aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease icgr5 8ac1d2pvf the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charl ,xb p3ily45p7yc7brae b, 6jies’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute 7pp lib7yiejbay36x b,45r ,ctemperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows f4 2-utdj(ezk: llyota)6s 6b-kr2gaj rom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Exdwb+a hn4*(ppg3v5w arth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers tor:l3hrkn +l: g the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has prac3lrr: l+n :ghktically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whomyd) jb ,,eg3at can you infer about the molecular properties of one e b,)odm,g yj3relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomforta);nmrnr03+k.o dgpen(ei yh * ble than a hot dry day at the same temperatnd)eg3kh;mi (o y0.r*p +ernnure.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperavpcbf;g5 pc1 mdi*o+7ture (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the ao8a+dny/: hipnj t03a9.tw itd/pxn 5ir temperature is the same but the humidity is differentni.xo9twn t hn:50a jd i+/3p d8/tayp. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated au+vmjtp :9wq .jtomobile e .qw:+ mjtjv9pngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little vo5qk nv6 x4+;vji6 juwhite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppern n n4xnl 5z ,vnn/v(9u4zl3d.cwza4y penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gx9a3a,x yzn j3sfen9)ram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mas yjx93f )easnx9, az3ns?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is tpk o/ 9yj:lqr/his on the Celsius scale?/ jq rply:k9o/   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lt 3t * wmjgg/kg ,wqv(um;k95qowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colum1is (kf)erf ts0;pekz4 djm h7j.0 s+yn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 k+j0.s1h)zp (d; 0if te 4yesfkmsj7r$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lodhv p+)hvg9v 9okp/(x2f hru91kv+x vng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately -w2y.+xdy1yueau d.p300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average tpdeuwux-a d.2y .yy 1+emperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that ar rte8i3 us5v7kd 6c3dqe larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameted s8ri v3e3udc7k6qt5 r is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water)h957v j ouezw0ez1xr),,k/ zb cd8y y(epnfe at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8. ufbrqk::+ u)y75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated frou)uyq: fb+rk:m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of+:r/acl ioml: z6 y. .ynn.plb water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2zsi(a dl **ixy2in3w *0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placedum(ile l6on6oiu1 an6q1p.-n in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it d+*uske x -bp2ys 2t0kcan expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is2ykd ts0+ksb-eup * 2x approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change iny rp 9pm7 keg*i np66ws.h3jq- the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffici q(1of:c q-bdxa1 d1jii8tip;;p1)azwxb y+ient of linear expan1 b + iac q-dyx1b1w18;jf p)odt a(i:;pixqizsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotro f6bghm pk796e;wg pv9pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfec; dp3):gxd on 3k8vgmit time at 17pnkd o g3xmv:g;i38)d $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer : : a(eksa mvpeuwu)4ae86ci+g p u cz,z.m,*ohas an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has:)zewpg(a*mso,,az u:p8e.kc4u ae m6 + u cvi a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminur ;ln g(18oksy;*s 3mamxpab,m cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on l*pa 1r; 8(gm3amo,;snyxskbfrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has mkc z7jedq:9f0.z j gbc7ad46the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 3ckdbze:c7z9jg.70a qdj6 fm45 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectioy 6q- :x.ntq5xns9sz teay /k-nal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at+x7uyp m/-pijklf.. h naqm8(plf z83os 7k1g 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelv7h(pqx8np2o/wa +qa:f cg/b cin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on thel hn* hdo3dmcm7tx9--lzw5 6tm1 dpnh- u .bd- Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun arex,q2 ixswuav:jq1z99 about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperaturelixwc :x8v orh7 g3:v4 of4gx8: r :xvo3lc7i vhw about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ofm hsy9 -ok3cnxo- ho,1 oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of niddg3:p * o-ednt wjm.7zy2 ewxbi* 4nwob +b;2trogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nzw(eju .pwbk 5x9/u t(itrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is atdx 25i+ tub5:goezo4t3z m2fy 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0- n 5p 6esttfus(2az0y/L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38552(z yef /t6 spanu0st K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgx)su /: /*nmnoys yeb8 of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves itsp/0vs66g um 3zgxqkd6 buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is m3g uxzvgqks 6d0/p66 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air 6hj6*noxlcz xsmiyh k498 d4. 6 v;wgiat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a*14 m/g8ww9c skgdhs w k2hbn0t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chi lg *hz)fp*mw6 uig6z:ld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molj/qhda 6cu x3.ecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How ktoa ) kplph1iow /:g -p5ri:ib+/2er many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mols)2 8 d2yd pzu/kf+mpy/b, wdles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumsh5(bcn;5o)aswmio *e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath youbb+ay*2fg g z((e mygl)f7ev- inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant den7(z* - mvybfe(leg b)g +2agyfsity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ; x /bohs1su65mw)lslenergy of an oxygen molecule at ST lb)x651somsu ws hl;/P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of0abg,.) -xt 7cxg:v 7jgyq m g.jqpks5 helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abotqgyjjv pxacxg-k s7.: 0b,5 7mg.)g qut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tm , 4adzx;8g pk*ht;nmemperature is increasedgh48* mxantk;;zp,md from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have t)k:vys.h 2 : ceqpmudowo174 fhe following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculasoy)eo2f w1. :qdvp4 7uhm:kcte the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules u ygowcg/2 vf;ra;36d n))wdpin a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is double+u hsq +ybu8k+d while its volume is held constant, by what fa +yk+uhbq8+usctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecux ;r s/dc r4f,i;uvw(hles in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture ofyx sac5uh0p n,;sa7n6( q+ojb two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equah+ab u;p sqn,( s 7c065ajnoxyl to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained (bf8nwwo9 ll48syt d scn. (;pin an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule tnr ovmml461q+ :ob+sat 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nit,qb f1 jbccd*9rogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acdh/j7x)o f 3ylid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livif7x/ dyho)jl 3ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wri/ 2: -7.q52urnzqz , jlgmpwmzvqk,sk tten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura) u5(ex/vf u zqyw/ hij)qa5u8nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whg or-+j.dq yjec f:fug v+9h21at phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperat, u7-choygz j6ure is (a) uho-c,6yjg 7z 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity i*(3w7xerl fpr s 50% on a day when the tem(r3e wlf 7x*prperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at aqjsaq* vn zl76)xo5 k, place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a partics,x oslwbt:h78x )kt3ular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which woxtlwtb8)3kh7 ,s s :xater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a dwmskh2e-1n ,rkfm,dd*4y5yt ay when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative hu,*41f,w5k 2y rmdntymk ehsd-midity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on ad h4f ys*ek777 v( psx58cyrvr day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure w ip,ztqgt8c c;15 h1)kff5im inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a t8g 1cqwzh,i5ti tk p1);c 5fmfemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vbdi) jy(zk6t(w i+t+fno-j6f olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point o+ ym6pq-x +tdwf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecuaotvl1 i2 sle*5 qu/w:tx: ms0le (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dista2/*wtx: ao 5lveuq 10ism:stlnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the intwir1a q7 z t4:)e6xcczerior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is r:c 4xi)zezwct167q a about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hke(t ;j 457okl k)niuvas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measurnyr b2 .zefz5g.-8klie has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup fea9qknhgch idez) ,o309,v-.r :zs ywas calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool waterae0ey.n-gh)9 r,z zh3:f qdk,s oc v9i, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is inu48nz6e(x p tw13zo peitially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fracpzw ox46ueen(8zp3 1ttion of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a:hef fpmc6d t(dw m46zd3 9gc1 room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temp3et 6c p:dfmm fwh9(dd1c6z g4erature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one ao:k )o7foj zwxnq2mz )6m7vjb/5g3onf5tg o) tom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avd3d :0xsu :(sphn dfc*xs1 :xcailable vacuum techniques is aboutp*0: x:dfu13sc:d ( sxdnxchs $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hikr ;)djo0 eequc a2x8t9i uv-,s lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is thi0r-v2dq i;)o,x tj8 u9 ceakeus advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Ea69cxj2d31j/r m2hcb gf5 vtg frth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of i9xhcgvd j5fc2f m b2g3tj6/r1t does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal ga iipr /f52rb)ks is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume fv06bsgoff 74tei ;-pb 6*sjoof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric qw9y4n1 kqx- o (0hfompressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total nu-x0qyoqfw4h k o1n(m9 mber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed u5nvwh37 5da61u+ rse7ea uziof nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gaugerl 8iw fq/p93a pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. iw/8f3qa 9lrp$\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqui /bfoxt 85gsiv18cht5d mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinei 3ze*u l+hge( at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatoont(3i)n n7fm.i bjfpv06x ( hr at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a 3ej fkf; :vaig) zkx/+pmzk-- glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in tncg bhzrk1w m9:l8:kz 7su),hhe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a 1v(y)kp1cv;:w0ka/. 7wg wp schdhos pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the io8r2 xqev(g 0Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against g3zqkqz1 9toasx4 uz- ja*g21d ravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it.uoq*3tg-1 axj 9ka4qzzdz2 s1 How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.cb4 x;vh 6kvp:00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it xc;4vv 6b:kphreaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followingsu4e k yp. k(1on:*hxy1 ,wcnu two days: :.( hnknx*pusc1u ,yy1 4w eok
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difftw7 otmb. c o2c0rz0*cqia:m8erence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid d8otm c q i7:rta2.bzoc mc*w00eep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an s q5f v5imev(2 fnwi8t(x+ ad+7boh3tideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expam(3(t+7+fax tiodenhv sq25vf b58i wnsion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellc)e/zkimo.myx9 h 8f (6/(q5h wmdgg oars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kezfm /hhg/ik((me5gowcx6 ) q od.8ym 9pt at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg