Which has more atoms: 1 kg of ironv+ sev 5(ze.dk or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B.ze5.(vkse +d v

Name several properties of materiguv( gfq 9eohxapvg(gih/05)*l+d u-als that could be exploited to make a thermometerq)9l +p5a /0(vfg i-*uhgghgdvu(x eo.

Which is larger, 1 C 6 5w 0l9xw)xfvdozqy6$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system+s+ f4 3c8gg 6ak) yij1,amvvsac7ifa B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of cfg8i4yasaf7avm v 6,++)s31akj gci A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stlu;a -+dh yq3crip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outsi 3yal+udqhc;- de of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expanlptzl/-6 n:z m:nyox:sion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a1nsd)+bbt;vwfi y0uuj/ ( 9bd diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonfjbt0us wy(i/)+v 1bb dd9un;ded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixa*p( 7 4amyiqxjy9-geed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. pyy(ji xgaa-47 9*meqWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in pfk:6m g76tba(b2r cq mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometqgo7g7i kl, g6er is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. gl6,qk7og7 igExplain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is hea*/u zlca6 gu2;dka:+d1dcp y.kq4giqted or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exa2iudak/ypz4 q*1:c gc. +6l;dugqdk plain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion , ,f: i mgme u5ihf2m)+ijn1iris much smaller than that for u52f f)mi+i, :ihr1gem,jnm iordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at l b)ah2 ,t/cnh20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of so fd8:l12z* wb6lzucr sda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not z :wc8zr1fs l2bd6*ulstand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pm,9ipqh3 mdwif6t8)ctf 1l*iv ak,: bushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expandv 9 tltid8b36p:c1f, i*aqki m ),mhfws against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumin+hb, qx7*w 5pto6b vrxaqg*8 td5tm *8amkuh;um sphere submerged in water increase or decrease8qt trk o56b+*qmg 7mbt* xu,h5;*x 8pwh dava if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fgk 7c0gwva:+9 gvgvve 6mv (rpcvo,98rom kinetic theory and the relation between averakggwe:va6 vvgpcv7+vg(vo,8 9 90m c rge kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theorhg0kxy ;df0 0hy.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphero / dbu rq/5orzmmr73(e, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers tos 1byeh,hjq mxn1) x:96rd9bf the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about o19hexqj1m,rxb s hnd:) 6b9fy ne-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temi fyy3k(7tiv8 jp4 hg)perature. What can you infer about the molecular prgk(j y y7 )ph3vf4ti8ioperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry daybx n/hq.og,g*+bp1ek a3vh-a at the same tempgbxn,+1/gpkhq*.a-ao 3 vh beerature.

Is it possible to bo imwus wkw5- ;3b w3vg;(pc7fail water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humuuqx5s f 987y qqg*bb0idity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explainuf* 9 5qbq08bqsyxug7.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of9) n8l- -olratce9eyq an overheated automobile en or9n8c9qely--e al)tgine.

Why does exhaled air appbipduilnpf mt.9yx)7 g/f d 9* ix14h;ear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppe*f9 y 5ufa2/dch-8rvjuhe/ e 2kpqm4 pr penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare51q)js )yt nb azof80x to the number in a silver ring of t 1bt)xn)q85a0jz oy sfhe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this )f,ul t (fgw;g)hfatdf (dfcr2)ni64 on the Celsius scale?)n4g, )fdl; a ufft2tf ic 6df()rgwh(   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatuv b s7k1xne08rres recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has.rtkp+ al :pd 2g0c4qb zw95ko length 11.82 cm at 0.0+qz.5drpbk0 9:wklgta oc42 p $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of2qp)3 xsjkdvh,ijoa(ds/ v)d2: c:q c slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m taloc /r0:4 dagwll. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temper/aw rl g:0cod4ature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet rs(1ut4;2qkt yqzk,i hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1;yikqtz2k t1s (,q4 ur.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 ( 5bs c yaq z fuhn:qybdw+j*+wfn)77,$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chan9)7o78 7eh wp uzuohowge in volume if it is heated from oweh89o w 7pou)77huz30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1wk u pjmkn-oi f,yk-xq -51/a-00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.dbyw 02z2qp aktp; f4uqz )0-j50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made oflma :( 7:cuivd iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially,:n2 u1xwteks one direction only, show that the effeesutw2nx ,k: 1ctive coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the degplvdu a3 /zz3mijj(kw1*a bi5ro.6(nsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengt- uk zju1nkxe-)*u ucj y fv01i0a9a7ch l and width w has coefficient of linear exu7kua ia)j-cn1 9kfuj1vcxuz0-y e* 0pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, s7jg3wqfuxq+;ph jy/ ky ;:5t $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time a9 0t6goe u /7j:3w0xvyuwgnwft 17 :7x 6g0yw09vfj3w / oteuwng u$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometef,49c:d8:d x2mx :vflswz nb o9f. ilur has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb hvfnl.dm,c:29 i bwzo9uds x :8 4lf:fxas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylin v)qi:/bvsaqph-j +d +drical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wavdqb hvip+-q/j )s :+ith angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lmqg d4a1e*4db68v zluength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increas qe mz8uavd *d6l144gbes to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bekd+v-t. gvie bd8n h9z n.*lv2am of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm 4q t6fr9(akm- +i6osgv 2l *xx*cka dbat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temkqo,a d30nt u; i:wk1eperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatur, ce ttsy7rx; 9-eyq/ge on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of h.e:jx/x :vru4. jhsfthe Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperwr3fr 9j)9votature of about 2j 939o rtvrf)w0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of og)7k : 9sqh rw:gzo76yw;( ugltmrc(d xygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containv)e0f4/m9yl, fz. 4exlhjgt q9yqd y.s 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP coni2zq;o s i)qp.tains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0ea7q/;cz hbk9 $^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas rit7d8xs),ui6sx0i0*2n jjbpeq e1vat ,rvp u0i esit2d70s)j qjnb 1*x 8xe6i385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k;4qy+t e1b l ytcr4va;: vukf9g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by o8dpjkf q) ;:aheating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1:k)da p;ojf8q800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 0 tl:/r etjtlw /1uu2u15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at f7aj- mqht+ 3dn+wx f*18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea lev2 -ycb3+f(txsl5wo ws;7izcl el and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of elv* :m- f;yu6 o+ do;)7jwvaew x,nj2)ad tmnmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.00*budq.p+ v 2zypn*u uh-;v+xj0 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) pqc ,m)kk:2 gxmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1 2jlk.4.t oilz sc(0aoqm s*v;$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breathyc4 6fit wp -gz*4-adz you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere zzgay 4ip4t*- -dwf6cis about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetiux pw l r;5 h74ll:tlm*z v6.u1uzrrn,c energy of an oxygen molecule at ST 4w;lz *lrpu.ult7 6:mrh,lr51zx nvuP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium a(ik)cjgj xh5++er p(j 5e*x eptoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of jj( 55hj epkpe+ c(* re)+xigxabout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature ksc d6 +xl7uz.y9e7s cis increased fr6xkl sc9+ys ud7.z7ceom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6aav o2 os4:f en5j5ar8, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. v5:f84en2j aaaosor5 Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in9b7iskzg2 x/m72vdaoev11pf y o nyq;3+ea o2 a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doublfirx-) -cbil73-zj e ned while its volume is held constant, by what factor-c7)ez-ib-ni3l j f xr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms sp09roak ktq6 l b9i/)9 zcwg(rieed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixt)n9xjt +o/k;h fi :mjjure of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of t+x/to)m9knj:j;if jh heir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecule wc ng 7mk4. *xrbg5a xwf1f45erzsk72s contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spe9pewwxb0v h.j -,cvlg4 x8:tjed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between ni.ojn 9u n vmmvj3/z()atrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 vp*uq n8i7-ug h,;mjcu in a living cell at8qmu7 * cuiv-; h,gpjn 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtenlj+qt-jcp )2e ph bx3, P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uracp1 dx :*ya *(t7ifrs,vi.vgynium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, -bl1a7iq ms .t,( vdjj8.fme qin what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phas ,5b3 4n:edbyidjzk2h e when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9kbn4 d3 b2yhj,ei:d5z 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on jzs7gj j itzf43;1 s a:xn32tsa day when the temperature is 2 4;s3jazt7 s3sjif jngzt 21x:5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wher; mzpt0i/j3q xe water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, 0 (0e iu a14y2o *xqlwjqjxy4aestimate txu eyx0ao1y4jq0a4(2q wi *jlhe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water a91/mhkgsplmmh7sr/2 zx z 10is 530 Pa and the s7mgm/xp z2 s0l r91 ahk/z1mhrelative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure ofw)dx mgsrx *8.y j7 *gpp6aynropl /16 water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressurek-lalvm9 d+ab5: oba2.ej:a 04 wziov inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilinlja.v2+oel:4dwabo90 a z i-v:b5mkag at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volum amdc8vv)lfj20vn 6 y :k- grl082ovqte 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointojr60)fbx4x (wl 1l by of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time neex- s3mq.z;rkbb( qzm )ded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of x3z-z)smb b ;r(m. qkq15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throughsko24tm0ul 0qfr1e6 q tiny tubes called 4e1tk0sm0 qflu6qo2 rtracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has 99rynd j*slh5been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure 1-kiyr8)5xqxn: vob nhas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much errorqs0 iq5z0/l xr will be made in a recipe calli sz lxq05ir/q0ng for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder isuqto/im.9eng;d 7o2b initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 at9/eb.m7qti;odo n g2um. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a roo9f b8kgft(v*c m of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22k(c*9ft bvgf8 $^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densiz9sc dxq.rl;7* * fzxmty of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usin46az(w a/ v8pvf nxqzie4 q41bg the best available vacuum techniques is about zawe4i46 a( npzv8q/xq4 v1fb $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills t+)7p9 vt ru7o ;toxrrqjn70 dhis lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surfr q7td9 v ;xo0rtj)urt 7on7p+ace? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at wo+oo:4m/4o 5sd,s b-f toaoea speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the v ,:m 4b owf4sdaet-+5oooos/ oehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideald2es 6hq*qt -8vec2 zx gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m j9+erg v 0srqc46ihlh7 hvgi-r)vn+2$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of :74ty 3h cfds v1lo7qvixh;+watmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosp7xc v :l7sfh+3twdh 1;o4qivy here.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain7fbi0bcdu3n 47b; h58q-kgs fge9 zjbed in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygedy4( .jh(d9fq stlm:j n used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measurehmqy 9((4tslfjj :.dd d at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercur k b;x;h0-l rn6rcv9lsssws1o)(8 ay py at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atnnhau sx9;z7zuem k r81xy807 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s eq: 0b tlqvhnk26c1b w *+sm7mmquator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onh n 7s/n)nb0i93;e*foqpmv/ im nku8xto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ad *n o( 79)fu6bixwd fy v1+;q:kdddbpqopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a jn9 2k x73r/+z9yafzvabg0hrpressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eart9*fmqswx/.m *nlw8l;e2a ae fh is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended 1u;gz +w0:2mcpgo weoagainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically up:u;2 meow c1p+ 0owzggward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) hri(q wpo )xtl ;vod9z;f347hbubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behai7pz xf ro3h9;;vdq4h( l ow)tves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two is5 0a):nk(r z9ql77xda jpwk days: ) z d q in(75k9paswkj:rxla70
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it 4 1a-4jt-zybok0ywew :w z)fwis a solid deep in the Earth where the temperab)4oz- 0ywyzk:-jfatew4 1w w ture is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law8lwomkaoxen6x;h 40t oku41) to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal t1ne 8ka0wolt x 4ok uh64);xmoo $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify x --iy mc6ufct5 ud59gtheir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a houmftug-cdycxi6-9 55 use (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg