Which has more atoms: 1 kg ofl )0-x/hlz z y.ylvfk1 iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendixzflvl/ -z ).1yklhy0x B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited tpf,wyymi45xf4ta;bh a9 - nkkm/t7z,tvw .q4o make a thermometer.q4ap9z,t.kfv f/m, 4hy t imb5xkyt -wn7a ;w4

Which is larger, 1 C m4+of69u-;osqsn 8i 3agjf0 ud;h hit$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is se6.hfj nh,j)not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperat)jh6,jh.s fenures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riv2 gnez :qww*1p y-5hfaeted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hin: qn phwgf-w1*zea2y5t: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefypcmv f68;+feficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace ;v2+c ) fpd+-2b7see . h1bhprviz-ondpk,im (or other heat.p7vo-2i bze) f,h2 d+n crs epvbpik1;+dmh-ing or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape (ufy 94 6(hh g)lvnldnof a U (lhh9nuy46(v gndl f). Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lko(7t /g/fyv/ shd x:wead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass th-sg ne/+lz.j5.w d(dt ljgzi/ermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initialjn z5( +ejlgztdi-d w sg././lly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heat0ue3-):wm ;kdwxh j1 z9 iobsmed or cooled more rapidly than adjacent1izo)j9ek;x-3u :bm w0sh mdw parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lrn4tebug aje,x lh2: 9bl3(t(inear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explu( 9:(tl4 b,barlt3gj2nhex eain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at;p,w-)itw w . osdtts. d6gy1a 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and t10zvus-d7/4 nc eknmmop to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What had1mn- m/ vs047czkunes happened?

When a gas is rapidlytw(nkwf 1v*4qj) lg e8 compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperaturevl)kj4t1eqw(wg *fn 8 increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water int: 2;zqetd/ kecrease or decrease if the temperature is increasedtez:; /eq2kd t from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’sbq kh:u72i3a 2gc4q( muwo-q a law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic en4igowa:u- kbu723aq(qhq2 m c ergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’ 367sxdjdgi/w s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ei:iga vw/d;tn 9,yy,uox: tk)arth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to skmo p n9)aw/4the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why tham)k on w4p9/se Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wacdgqr4l 6dq i)z;u c(:ter at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one rdgc(u) 6cq4;diql:z relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortad qflg 9zx(i1x(k6 bn.ble than a hot dry day at the same temp9x i6(.bld gxqzn1k(ferature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20u;39ma a*t sl cqk8kqz 6::agj $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but mw cycah.( ;87y-rzjgthe humidity is different. Which is more dense, t- z wj;.8yrgyamhc7c(he dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous g9mpe, ;0g enizu 8k(um3i0tito open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile e i8guei3 ;,u9(ekmgmn 0z ipt0ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 1,63ecd 7dduwm :;g fjp3–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3gr ,jlw7y2 f1edhf3v /8b. aul.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring:xdzv3i, r(b j compare to the number in a silver ring of the sam3,(rbxiv :zdj e mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on thmxas9 x 4z(il9e Celsius scale?s axlx99 zim(4   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest * - qm7fz0/dciumzu9ptemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has l :h0b s8;xykcci i2nh :6tnshx hlc245ength 11.82 cm at 0.0 46 nih0y:52cx lh 8bhish2nx;s c k:ct$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buil7wexo8k2wczxycp nu2ej;;l-1 v k* 2mt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–2pgxqh s fx)f2 d/3l8t49) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between Jul42)g38s dhptf/fxq x ly (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than th4/w6 xpkg 3aypkpe5 5me rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usuallyk 5/pw 5 pkpxy4mega36 in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water r.u9o .h 74i5 eoc5wwnbti:pp at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 gl 7*jh08/hmxzor jm0qr6yam+i w*;mcm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30 ihqmymgr*+*om0xm;8l7 j/ w0aj zh 6r$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fille -+/qzx imblz3ar,k+ ud to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watc/to1m/ctz og7x86z5in l* tn4jen*der at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in adb1 ywy gyrgj(73 ju3:4kl;ar ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expanx:ro5 84dnwro d in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion io 5rd48:wxon rs approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chan(f*);lx oq ivoge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lihnxgy41w: jd/near exh/x41njgw: dypansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropu z+navjmx*8 1ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and y(nnjv2dy4h-l zwv89 xf -;q pkeeps perfect time at 17lyqpdj w;4f-2vnynx9-zv 8h ( $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diamete, m.*n6 fohe3z omi 0:t*pew e/iqxo3pr of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2o/p,*e0mn.wh36*e zom xf ot iqp i:3e55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating 4+wkirf2ae jjj 19b)xabout its axjf)r4+b2iex1j ak w9j le on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15cr 65y0e0q tm s3z8zsjx)o,ep°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases yrxts e,q06pj 3mc8 soe) 05zzto 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crowyy44iikt n8w;5i k i9ss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 r63d uy(4q7etral2zbcm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on t9t zk8qk0v-x xiv+v 0the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temper7dux)fr) +yimature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior o75fmk)fxn. z .xpbh 1klnx qb1(-h xn:f the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric ,mfia7k+sfn :r2c8 o+um-x lm pressure and a temperature of abou 2f+,nu mcoxsmria:l+f- 7k8mt 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usa 3 v.3tl ak2dd/0ghogbw2r3cing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg o-sdqy.g t n:8;plkf e,f nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contq xjl 8ku)b8tx72xq1 qains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gasqudk5jn ;tsiwp 8 kv8 jt:/4(ji:qi/m is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of ar3vu j8t5 uh z kwn3k1x,,i.+orpua +csgon gas at 385+uak xsh, u z8ki13w+nvuo3jp5 ,tc.r K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.00goet16kxc d9)u/jpr kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoli* n1* l /lri6fji+syyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than th6lln iyf/ij*rls + 1*ie air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a5m +1de;i1ppexn bm 1lt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18ixr* c8q qd82b3kb;co.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chil5x(o53my;obii qw hhk: h.1cld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules0+f -48xqhs xnucil/v / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L9 ckw s.k3eoi*? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (o(( )qnj 1qn: coj-dryesen- (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.i 5;gcw9 )*,ojjehdb sw,ld.l1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 6vd evghw nu,670s v)d,cgu;2 z/ds vf2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere i,hucvsdz wg ;vfu6d6n )/ d,e g20vvs7s about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average i cytl740u63akdoi5yslcw 3tfg 9m0:translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STfi3c y 3i7:u 0smll6 akt0 d4yw9gcto5P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium dl, sn41od:swk1 tdh0hhu0(patoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 wd o tkl1sp0d,40 s(d h1hnh:uK.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms s3rad*ff (,y v)akl.w speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increasedvfrsk*fa3, . (yl wad) from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the fol4xuy kle2 +r qjk-(kxu0m) 74ioozyg-lowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, kiye-2)(4j -k u7u mxylo oxqk+ grz04and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2keqel ;y6( u 7w bojl5/.v9cas0.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a 9ug9c;t i;syxn:je2m6w ;divgas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor dv 6x;s eny:j9tgidi w2m;u9 c;oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules io(ocj n2,/psofxq q36;hzzd 1.jm;v 4,ayd xyn a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of theimf2,8z.;4 zzk baiokd r rms speeds is equal to the inve2; .4mkzib8o dfaz,k zrse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained kzl rd z-0a.;hin an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen ;a 7n52cnwf :nar atq(molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nit4x9w0z,lk8ly z w3wsj rogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass)i e(/zmadf.gk-h;l,k(p i pn is 89 u in a living cel lnik(mipgzae(p /)f-k, ;h.dl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressur0wfsja3w v: fou3c1:)h1e lez e3y)dge P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium()ie ++luiexwjos:.oz8x 2s eu+ fl2q, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can :hx,0p) mf qao44tb pf3kd7hv $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pb5w3 bf l3z:mtressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) w3t5l:bbfmz3 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately pz0p8kpdw yamde2/ 84) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2 dp8apk08zm 4wde/py25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water bo b7ejoz:vsl 9n2v3 6rhb 7e,xiils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains uu+ok.egw srq9468 5pb xe*es is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature a urbseo.e+4g5kwxp e* qu89s6t which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a daydkb kq qmf/uf .2i+/l; when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity i;2.mqb/ld +q/fkikfu s 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when t,c/xy+ fqn,f8xx; t ebhe temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressur1st-n()ahft+:u my 0d ,cyb iye cooker if the water is boiling at a tempy-u1) h im0fs,ybc(y at n:+dterature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a zyfrg3acn 3u 5 j06 hiljv.e1blyp) 2.room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew cumgntm0( *f3l 8sh8gqmua/ 8point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to d,4hgmcwx1 om/ iffuse a distanccxm 1mg/woh ,4e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to th x4a4x m md/pgqme)58h7ukds+e interior through tiny tubes called trache)ugd5ma4mse8xq4 pk7h/ d +m xae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atl;eainc qt8+:8 8dh uxz: dkj7 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape me(fx f4c 7 b2r h.w6nhzje xj21)emk5ldasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibratedc2 *5fm0wxy rp;0er4j ,nt)ool8mmvc at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 3 ro fp8mccjymew52)l;o,n*rt m v00x4 00 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Afte ((endqje;b p.2hn1ud r many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreas h n .dube1((ejnq;2pded to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number oern(,in4 kuo: 1db f5kf air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 kk(ed fr,u1 4:n boi5nm. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of 6 zzs0 kdv,e7dmatter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniqufrw2w yj3 nkcer9)1.oes is about3r9 2yw.j ew r1f)nkco $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full ca aw2xuw+w2 1scia b8v2iu9(a7 dyqw*wpacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand i+u(y*7sww2 uabxv28ii dw a 2w1wa cq9f he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the M o fz0m 0q2-i43iwqenpoon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, pqfo e0 0mq-43 niw2pizart of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasec +zv+uzb7m ;mesc)m00o v+qhd from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 73kcrl . /n,z0fd bx*lt70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosv5k8. :) uqe g gv2rktcd t32b1hm:kwspheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number ok).qgttkkmu:2svhvr2bcw581eg3 : d f air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a g,*r nm 99ppp;.un1qxrqme6u7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital q 0xe0ozx 7uio--ci,w has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is coixo u-oc-xw ,ei7q0z0nstant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in )o oofe;9p 6/yu fsljll.: 3sna bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at,e m44m.ze5 ru3ikv ai 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fi so09 fdp2kt:st snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 206t7zef 2 k8 q2d 1ecw-sa2pfey$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted oesquozb s/ 1el p g)0 c6r5j,pz(6b*win the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has5u pg z3woe6dxj.-d5z a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eart35nb (j2ywmw th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agai4t uf3, fehcs2nst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upwardh3c4 f,ufs2 et at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical)rlx;5swvace6v/bl3 rl,aid/ -ld m )4 bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect d6rdc lae -m/a 54l/rlsxlw)v3,;bvigas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the folw,ub dva: fba9/f(sv*w i0)ygwi 64 delowing two days: ab 096y,a)df* ves(idwu bvf/gw:iw 4
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iraxy):e6kx e9ron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth w6)ekx9yaer x :here the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an tw(k3 m (y/vkjt*px.f24igcxideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient viwtt/3yxx(p g(2mc jk*k 4.fof volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidifyx6:gna0b5q e v their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a housea6gexb:nv0 5q (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg