Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the pe4 yolya*s qlc1:3lr ga2z 7z8eriodic table or oe 17lly2z rac 483gys :*zalqAppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make ajr ms .7up q 5i8iz3j.5gmvxr4 thermometersipq 5imv75.z8 r3rj m .gxu4j.

Which is larger, 1 C alklk5;cauomhx*3p2 ;y i50h $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal ruc5 466x8lvxdals31 3 moyljequilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperature3llclyx84jvxu d 3o6 rm6 a15ss of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip msb sxussw0,x72d0l7xt79yh of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? 0,s 7x7x bxwysmu0dh7 9tssl2[Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficieny6 ay*;: kifetxw jc0,t of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostaz g7q+i +v*best used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of twoqe7v*+gzb+i s strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a srn4 f2ndc tog++9qe4f sg*gv7ection in the shape ofq9n+fgn*o4ft4r2cvse g+ gd7 a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floa5 .+: tehandfgjru i+6ts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of watbcdf zk-e 6ot:;xsn *o4fq5u.er, the mercury initially -de ;x4fzqo .k6ou tns:cb 5f*descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one parfh z(0- giemyf4ex *)9;yajeat of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent par-fhex0;fj yi (em )yez9aa4*g ts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its ch9ajod vj) 28toefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). 9) 2j8a hvotjdExplain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloc5-q)(g, -uf- pfb cmfzft mxq-k, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cautqv35zwyp.b+6n u 7 xyse its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stp 73vb+5 q tzywux6.ynand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston) ywf guca9vj:f+* 7gc0, its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the mogf+9 7fcac0:jwvg u*y ving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged iw(e n d r8btt9u7yi*il 01inz/n water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased f * i0tue nrn/liwi(t d87ybz19rom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic the f5sqsk6y0* (+ xbvsfpory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolutebf0( +xkqps5sv f6s y* temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinjs-h/(f(p f qvg r(n9 6y/llxnetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ear4swnu t;xgng(m09n p5oa7aa6y7i1 koth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the(h:he;c a7)edskp)m p Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to le s;ahkpmp:7d()c he)eave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mor.xapjj rl6z k( l(upyg-sir2do,v:53 e quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to r -jsd5luap.zr,( k6vjgl3:xp 2 yoi(the other?

Explain why a hot humid day ih j/we9h3ezu(s far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tem(uwhe / hz3j9eperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperaturefm )0j g4vcw7r; l6zld (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same butj6412yn irlbs the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the l21synrj i64 bsame T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated au)8(g pfo. l bx*qag;oz(/-qznp.ypsztomobile engine./lnfbga*zzsz p oq;og( ..y) p8qx-(p

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud*.fkm33k;0bf1uuxac.e w ull in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennk6vkaa 75pg-c y?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gr 5 m32 ri+8txvej b4zbtxdt/u)am gold ring compare to the number in a+ttt8dx/ 5m u42b3i x)zbrvje silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What axm;65y.0d h4l:w)y dwgq qx zis this on the Celsius scale?6y;:mhy xlqgzwqa.w0 4xdd5 )   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaturl0j2 g 4vm4wf0/+gkog*czjy 3tojkd * es recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glau6p0 k4 fn f m vr0rour2n+(g/2aw1pjuss thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 raun+g0owp/2 f2kp6j0 v 1r n4mfuru($^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built9tbv1 p8 .hcdd of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13nrnil.zp,) p/mkk e1e x(x56 u–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. )1(ki.5/ n6rlxn epu kzmexp,Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit,9/bektcn4yw rt;;c 9m rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter kw4cbyc;9te tr9/n m ;at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a;y: z74)whk x+j0py74p gndcag zzg+v t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whaek1.v c0dzi2,3-ug-yetn b n dt will be its change in volume if it is heated f 1 v3zneg-2dbknt uc.0,i-eyd rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the br(2m)i dyu7pp ypby27 jim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofh ys 4q*7/qzfg water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20d w+zxu+ l.u1-y s3xmmgifjv 0g1b16 t $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vd4bu b/o1je3cfmhvbg2bmo1a:a .: 9bessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansia obbuva:2hg9f bmec13.db /o:b4 m1j on $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thcj4j.gkggrw6; vb*fgo 1h 0al4*uj5he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lens -mf 3wzfvc,b5 y uh0p4+v2drgth l and width w has coefficient of linear expansionbfr4-+ v z, 5wpf230chvms udy $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotroj pjo,.d,zw(gy3in(pm2j 1 sgpic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at (ph ex/ia d-7h17 a-hidp( 7x he/$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a merpyd;vypc :d42 p8b(r0qj8d.c u y1a yoid5/ajcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume 1.pi5ap ddy8:y uyjdrca4oy2jpv( ;8cd qb /0of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatingjs94pbqea9f b (m,n/ i/ho/ vl about its axle on f/vh jqma9 nl/4es( 9bbpoi,/ frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length wd-cwvd .6 ll7chen at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature incre- cd6 lw7.cdvlases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041f+r .mf+(clcj kq (g:.xb(ryr$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameterod30w9otz-a y 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sc(q(3 dm0u sphqale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fj6-x:m;f- p hb*rlagg ahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun arexa 0rin7zlz 5;jby -h) about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure ak*g ib+xs ,t4b+x.5*5y/ rgzii k -is hh6hcrynd a temperature o,6+./ zxt5h +5 rb bcrgh-iikyhsk**x4 yiigsf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density rcd w)g(yt7hu fw4 w88of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen (y1.bl7fw ga z7b jitp3 2g y9l)y-0hcx$N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP c3 fs0qmnlr;.u g(y6l rontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at y,qn:y.vs +rx10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L cokxplw)ouvs . .o2m4 i :vkpz;p1,wf(ontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?o2ivk4pz;fw x.om :vl1p w)k,ousp(.    $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg yiq z8 .t7v0bfzh0r1zof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves/tken:sht03j*w c.) mc x/g rb its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon,mn /eg:tj c bstck).3xh0 /wr* which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aic6f3 6;y 9agrd f6syfir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.u9/hfa4a+xy7x zyyb* 0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea levelchws 9ppows*:dp7 ue8n; a:+r and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecd3yi(vd 6as2 v5cq2wz ules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How m7p k2v6/ jhg gigdu6;iany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofgp pa )d 0;sxdl)v5em5 (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.ae,,am - c kqcf0b;j.r1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules ofy+k 3ny/. jijzy*11lhqnv 5t v air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant densityv5 31qjyn y/i h1zjlv+ny t*k..]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average t 73 d.t60bsb.ntrhrcx ranslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP.03br dcshttx n7 .b6r?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of thkmg hex+lx mf(;rl739e Sun at a tempera7xf+ r(x9m lgk; mhel3ture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rb2rllvb zq;zhbqh)/vpi(f2 z)ny (b ;i1sm) ,ms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is iliz;nmvlb 2b sz, 2 q;( )1vhbhb)q i/yprz(f)ncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6h:ci8z73w .+mm ;fecs9 b wuzf, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculw83fehwuf+7 9c:iczs mz; .bm ate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at )65axq49u mjeto v6aa 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a*nl* kq (oiz2s gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doessnkl*2(z*qi o $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in i-- .tebytz4(mi m7r3 saoknu/s f;;v a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempy3 fml3x9k3xnerature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inv3 lm3k9x xfyn3erse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cln( (,(jffpfq )rii. kontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mz tw 4*n tkr9w,ks uqaej.8-j,olecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dist klqfx .az4xxw oks*6wb6p+n , m6d.a7ance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecf-6f y;f -8rvulss7vpaegs:6 ular mass is 89 u in a living cell fvur;p sfv6-yesg67l -8 fa:sat 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writ*)r uznf ri(-rten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium mg hfi x /:ff0psh hf)/.b/mga8lw*:w, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressg5t8 e ym/hzt:ure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure y jr *g0m*net2is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 tm0**n 2yjr eg$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (apprqf k.ja cv618-cidlp3jswr t 476q+ zvoximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25.cf s8vc76d 6-3wqr1z+ tjvia4kjqpl $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water8nzjq6u bz z69 boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.i/+pb5 lifjde.(qa4mpetx( ) 72 atm, estimate the temperature at which waf ( (mapditepbqjx l4./5ie+)ter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure onct/2o0z6uyzcqt+. 2dti 8 ssf water is 530 Pa and the relo nid2 ztsuq2zsc/cy 0+8.t t6ative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25(cso0 zss1e:wr. 09w bmux kb4 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressur4e+j0kho tq2kl3op r)mto.z0 e cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature oktoj0 qotmokh pz)e 3r +.0l24f 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of zlje:ychsd x3s2/9e :volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 lr 831zc;qlrl-zhq*t 0glz 7e$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4)nd*lsm 0 /lsgk*vkkumd5 4-x. to diffuse a distance of sv* 4s/lum5. -dx0lmkdk gkn*15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insevw; ned4/on) x76bal zcts to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional arenvn wle7)4;azobd /6xa of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape s4 m 9kl t e vbh1)ghhk/1y,v0x9:xjnnoylr0 .measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been f gf. qw5ec4(kcalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatbc9ive.h, w y4 j8sluw 82mnk+ure. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool watercnseu yi,lm4+ wk8 w.h9jb2v8, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After 92,wshkaf+o ymany balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm.k so+w 9hyfa2, What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widf32w6cl 7wtwmc05w ddth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Asmc0t27cdww 6d5wl3 wfsume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom p1a : ;g39dsqtuefpejwaq.4g igtzmn( *4+ew/er $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tezjb.m)ll3pxb h9/g 29tcfnfkle,,6 ihb hq1 (chniques is aboutnhg1ehbl3(l9p )j. ,/ btf,i6f l9 bcmkqzh2x $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs t.(s4ek ey v5f+vz9ics o full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface,fy( 59z.evcsikv4 +se to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle return,amjg.e 1s6 d4 ktc)6glmm1wying from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials 1sg6aw4 ,tgmj.lc1dm 6 k)yme; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increaygnp-52 8eadzmvhg(o; u,tq6sed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 777 c1,3cuk,qora6r/c lpl x:ok0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the s hqw2t3g i4q8 yl7dx0nurface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s aq4wg2ln 83d7hy 0q xtitmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mo xyvl eee-11p2 gsspyb(.yn8 )lecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospisl )co (f a .iat/sqb 5qo4qw,bc42rt.tal has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the l ciqs/ st.qc a25oftr(q)wb, .o44abcylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of uspwn4l c7/ ;mliquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinek; o47e;vm3gvf epf i/ at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at s4mp nse,9o8p d/r)cw25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a y lvx8 bw*qs-, ww3sov.)bm6pk-s tn7glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in8xa3, bcf9hw4et. gbv the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fullyd/gh8v4ua iek:ut(kpb)ds 4*z vjf*zn :za /- charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from jk. 9x ublp)h8d79ykb the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended ak4 :zfsiqu (xm;e3rv;gainst gravity by tennis balls thrown verticakrmx ;viu;4(e3f:sqz lly upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sph.s .j mpjdp*-6b yft4berical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a pe* js4 j.pp -.dfbmbty6rfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wp ts+3;dz-wlz ater vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: t-ds;+z zl3w p
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP,***pu4vlcc)pku afky1h s) io+09z xd and when it is a solid deep iil*y0*+k 1xku4a fccpp )z shov9)*udn the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure,ouuc9;j,ag coc n g608sn*l2u the coefficient of vol un6o0accnsgg, uuc2l;9 o8j*ume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to preven aefh8t 8wn,y0t rot andwt afe h8y8n,0 mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg