Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See sk2l0um4v(6 wt o 2uizthe periodic table or Apium 4 z0 vowk2t62usl(pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to makeqc*2 ah 13oujf o ):us9.wirok a thermometiqj crwo 9s.3:au2fo *uo k1h)er.

Which is larger, 1 Ce+ iednlpmn )37e* 9go $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sye 7b 1isav6 4udwk)7tistem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what ca w7biiu 16ds4 ev7akt)n you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip ye sm1g5n*+w2pnt (x nconsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the stsnm2y nw gp t5(nex1+*rip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exp 63 cro0-ln oj)ej*qowansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a sckpx5nc 227pjimple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to toucx5pp722 ccnj kh both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that h o9(819 wfutf3uzjevare fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of 13tjf9 euw fhv(ou9z8a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury6lih)z lq zf-* at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer wumnz( l8*0x/ *knnhzis first placed in a hot tub of water, thz*uknl h0nz nxm(8w* /e mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it ipyycbq.)-l h 02 -tcjss heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent p.lhbc)2 qp s--jc0tyyarts. Explain.

The principal virtuef a lqzg-*q3b3 of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for o3lg-qbz af* q3rdinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate *pr(rqvvugt+d(zf9;pc; 3 r pirb6b1 at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to m kttb3(n b;j7bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Whatb (j7k ;tnmb3t has happened?

When a gas is rapidly comp0 -co88kk;og nh,d4 mtoe,qtupy34w m7r -vln ressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in t-udkgt0rn w37c,n4 tyv o4;l mop q8mekh,o 8-emperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase qe y )ehgt*cj*5/yy9nor decrease if the teq/h g yn9 )cyy*te*j5emperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from .h3v -psgd,hb jj le19bz 9*yxkinetic theory and the relation betwee.*j ,h91x hzv j9dgpsblb-ey 3n average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law followsxhc: - 0-cspyd from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rationxka i(8 k57uig1 (v4ee1e bzs of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have tovolm 0p4 m93hl leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Exph pm vml93o0l4lain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatuxv.ys.fnl (rk7jin84 re. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one rej4rsx (.liky87 f. vnnlative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid daysi -y l7(0fvms8y keu).ov7dn is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaumd le(s i )yvsk.yf87 0ov-7nture.

Is it possible to boil water at room t/fqau :, ( zpk lc5d8qr ni0j-0dxd,snemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the huv ,lq)7ocx3 nmmidity is different. Which isx3moc, n vql)7 more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous togv.)vk6dr3 ms g b2kcjc-,svt2 z,a)y open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile6b jrs2gcv-ky.cds3) at, ),vgv mzk2 engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cl,rv( k +ncbx p.a1qe;ldjg04v oud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pe 1qjqa )wwkgtt t630vc6 lz2e/ x8-pginny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number ofhp,3e l4 q(c/ l0 yg*dhrrrds5 atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a sillr (rdqh edphc,gsr450 ly3/ *ver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on tt9s4 ;ejajnizqv(t3 , he Celsius scale?t qez a3svt, jji4;(9n   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recovv:zh294pb5a7m x d-6zre lnfrded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has j n9:blxlq5w,length 11.82 cm at 0.0 ,q5 j9bwn:xll$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built o9lm gu+yqq)d ,f slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.e4k70 poxmpi.e 5ivs. Estimate how much its height changes betweeeoi7eik4m .50 xs. pvpn July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that bb4.: bmu 9jpr 2l(jdy5,wtf*xafjr)are larger than the rivet hole are often used r):ff(t 9 y x.rwj4bj5 bjabp *dl2um,and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at l ;9(x7ljg jmz1rmd2u4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it 9gy *rs:-alq1it7 ltjis heated f1t a*q-rl97sj igy:tlrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is ei96 ;euwn2; 0nsa yb 5n7lmqyfilled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55 q7ms-uma a(6avy:p; lqys00m.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in ar o5pcw22f bk3kz4s 1r ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expan2q,seb ( 3 efjzj25e0 s eu7l9q;qhlbcd in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approxi cfhe elbq;9e25jszl(7u e2qs,3 0jqbmately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in 7l)6jf9nc .tzex 7/qpx dhx4uthe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lineak*mnqv)d6u, lr expaqud,vk6m*) lnnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isot8r sg:g rg2y pp,9hol3ropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of br:+ krosi 8d;v2 s*6yzmlfoiv:ass and keeps perfect time at 1:o zyikd;i+mf s*vo8 s62 rvl:7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer hask.nk mxwaquy:.824os b2n 1n4adrw8 s an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has arq8s2k .syw4m.42 kxw8da nn1 o :unab volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindri)5jqtz4 4t3 9kvjpe kfcal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with anjtpfk 93tj445)zeqk vgular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length vb l41.*hln wvwhen at 15°C. How much stress is requiredv.vwh b 1l*nl4 to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel p-1c+k/jvkqr o w0pbp xn.zc+py6 )5nI-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1,m0wds(v h *k8q*agll 22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures o8 o6n x:q+bhgln the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit a cr42nw it*ugt;;d1r scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth a c(tp9v)jb,yd nd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion(e)px) i o,q hngm,z7s engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2i,sqm)e7o g,h()nz xp 0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using thwl l+adww 64866)6 tgzncfy hqe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen hjq4ve ++6rmw ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogcyshyim9) *h3 en ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0r*2c )r3epeupq ifm4t; j 0)jx-o 1f/sen:i gv$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 1g t 3o;yuoajnq+85 jr+05.0 kg of argon gas at tj +8yoq 5gr+na3j; uo385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of x 5knl1tfsf :5$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the .a9oem (ruu(q air inside the balloo(uuqm(oera 9 .n, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 2mjzkx5jcy ; )sd)ge915 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at i,4p n* baj- 7s;iq3h.i v)gous+svyg18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand a7.+x ywcd+ jmvt sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleclsk5k4 xq +-hjules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are theuyc) ws*qh9 m* 5q/udqre in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofk4m ;bhw() bqg (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.n9zjic2kpw, v)f2y*sf.s.7 w gypx 4 y1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air arezjo1w5s;tj.c/spw a 40qd4ncz .bw8 t in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last br5ws/8sa..4p t zwb;4d jncztj0 qwoc1 eath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetdu + k0p5lu2ubic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPp+0dku2bu ul5?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium u qd yt200:0/ rviguhfatoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of atvr0y/0uuigf h:02 qdbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moleculew8 b9u 5bj rpqm4bm(s1cm/e4 )4ffg nls increase if the temperature is increaseecub w 4rgbffnm)b4 mlq5j1(49p8s/ md from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have tx xwl-xhdr5 (l+d0 9eghe following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate5 9d hdr-+egw0l(xlx x the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 207jtr:pna 3zm/vq;t n*.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whlo2 kdgc(d.)pat fack .pcdd(gl2 o)tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given6g29hn yi3o;zonh:5 couc2rp by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of 2b+abrphp2islw6 8 q;d( wjjr z0gw: ;their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular mass jlwb rr jhwd6(8aiqs 0;z2gwp+b;p :2es.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained ivn ylrpx c30(u-yusr-n6- f; jn an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mo awswj/ytj*5bin. 7+ t zz2w/klecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecu:j 5e)if w..qlq:frzfles at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino j m4qvb+ukq gk -:dyq)q:.fbon*d y..acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livinmb .*b. : +vyf-4 k.godqdk:qun)jqqyg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas 1 vub v iv*qii+7/xbk3can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniy-4;dut0gqoz1ffzvu+1ls p, gg ( t.ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what uy.. lyofk+b64b 0sfljse2s8 phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 a p0uq7bcf1uz d./qqm(tm and the temperature is (a)uuq.qq b 0(dc mfz/7p1 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point nou37kn,e hmb8pj z* 4(approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempero3u7 n8kjp ,4z h*enmbature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place w8ojmx sp c)hy(-7(apfhere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimt gtm.gs 2)dm45) 4 .u;njzvta ple-dpate the temperaturz)d2;elj )s4ma t -gmg 5n4dut.tvp.pe at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 P)kdn q g 0wr)mu)oxm9 ghlz12:3a kh6ua and the relative humiwln o 6u:)mrx9 q)gahguzm30k)kh 2 1ddity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of waterx32 nffq n7trxl73 6ci on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the watbluusfb 5v8: .0 bdq:cer is boiling at a temperatulfub0vs5:b: b qd. 8ucre of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68v6 h: iwl27o+vt7n1g soqapl 80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewv x nvcc 6bo4bz, bf5.jtm.h,5 point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tablevrg52y,+un vt,s m,b q 13–4) to diffuse a distar, u2+mgv,5 nt,qsbvynce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the intemt 27a4;6hdadeh hua 1rior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area o2a6 he a hd;audm14th7f $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib0d) n,bybrn;vrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibracalr;3 .y3 ebcted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at no,ahct6e9w3okb 8d he ffs,o02rmal room temperature. How much error will be made in a ,8o30s6hf,ebeak9chf wo 2dt recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many8 9w8lq/fi;rd d tsx,x balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to8/lx;s8 f9drt xiqd,w 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room o6cu* x 61n,dmmdq frn/f length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and nrmxdu 16c*f/m n,d6qheight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mattex4c,8 wsej y9)s p/s*vesyy9 ,2wqnm br is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum telyvze 0br0x;2 a4j(li chniques is about 2e(4vlz y00barixlj; $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capaqx pg4fbo 4d*.qqid36; 6pocpd (u 8gocity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advif p4 d.oiq uo;d8pdcq3p*qg4b6(x 6o gsable?    L

  A space vehicle returniug123/th4oa)+x ldqwdf 2 6 j9mwbi hmng from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle withb fm)1dg xwh+uat9w3 6oj/h2qdml4 2i this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of anm9vge z yn,refv-hzf3kdg ;u*5 *el14 ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7701hpa z b5pm8n2m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric/ldgf ul xo433;8exi6)q4b hywc b k.x pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in txgfdbwx )bu.oqh8i;4xky e4 3 ll6 c/3he Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained i12f+iml1ija1w xxk5o 2ssx z /n a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000*axjp8(m sn u;2ntki 71ao pe9x. uc2p psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, c 2s8ox7.nkn1e2p ;a(tm p* jx9u aupiis constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats ipnf-m.mmn q5+, a2o ipn a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli(vfw:1)*l cbuf:tdy vz 1p6 b)h nc.ekne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s eqf dux(co 7syfy cir/c58g:3o +uator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar z:d5w. uu zla3xb/; siat 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted inoib)e 5p+a ue9 the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressureetd firqscdb++0p.;fm o6mq bq8p 286 of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear ;r-zmk0qe cc1s4bb8 re5fg0vr3lm -hth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennbtf 9ia,g 7p;2 fvz,sdis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls pe7pv9gfd t; 2, ,aszbfir second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from azdu dyqc,-6br ,e 6/jd depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a pe6dczdderj,yubq /,- 6 rfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following tw8.-6j2orlo db-mt xprh/;ul mo days: .mlj/d- rm;hup-l6or x8o2tb
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a ;) xtdp/ yk pcf;q-)iesolid deep in the Earth where the temperapyp); )fc-/xe; dkqtiture is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant ;kxqb l 1x.7zjbd:-u ipressure, the coefficient of volumez1 7jubd.bkxi; -lx:q expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peoe peztp d6wtss)k4 3ah5c) 0h1ple constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house e e) 3p6s1swtkta0h p45dhz)c(kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg