Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 n:4i r5c4vlsa (mg t;okg of aluminum? See the periodic table omr:oiac5tg;lv4 4 s(n r Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thp0-rp;eux, l uermometer rx- upl0;epu,.

Which is larger, 1 C2; ;i07-wuufwzft qgha8oin/: cha w, $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in therma,kwac;l( 73r s:khkzomr 8)jdf m :6cfl equilidr7,) wa:3;( zjmk6c8r:ckf klohs mfbrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aliz 6lu-tvdl)ds(av+, uminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hi l+iuza6vdlt-s(,v )d nt: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffy:r ob8naa (rr)fgxcl(v 4+(vicient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat us:d oe;4+7 boa7j wc4cyaq +qixed to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at qyo 4qacb+xej7 cid o;:a4w7+different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fi548e +;oyfpurfx3zlk xed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a Uyfrl 3+ ;54ueokpz8 fx. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury atp)py(b nmv3 (-ogw+* joe+fpm 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub ofytsqd92wce9u 963 y )qeg q*sf water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Eee9ut*2w)qg d yf996yssq3 c qxplain.

A glass container maycw0c4ymd z6m , break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain4mz,cm0y c6wd.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear exp1x6;2wrv,m gf hx8ob k )psa*ransion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives h)vg1xosx*fmp6 ,bwa; rk 82 rrise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20a6y2v- wu fo4at l6kj, $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom anpx0 c*1vvkhgch:q v-+jvz6i3d top to bulge so badly the can will 61hgzcph +k*3i-xv c:0qjv vv not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (nf,uwgfn42,rvr-1ztag:(b l +z sb r-say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in partic2- +grb,z nznr4brf:a (ug-1 vstflw ,ular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submergp a*u3 eit+gmb nk9(6ied in water increase or decrmikge a(*n36t9+b piu ease if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’1ty 4 7 h4i yc:7-geim3qjfmvrs law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy andmvjqyci4y: m7htg-i e 37rf1 4 the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s la1+d34hx.ix c qy)ze kbw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratmzcp r5 nl/0-;gwley.*wc r tan,u43bio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the mini tdm45:4 kmyosmum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is fsm 4:myokdt5 4or the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temp4t n-r3q itqp2erature. What can you infer about the molecular properties ofn 3t2q rtpq4-i one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid daz8 og,fub( aw6r fzw*)y is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperarfw za z,86g*) fow(ubture.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 4 *tc5-) pyx t1ikuf3an ime6q*u-asf $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffws:c qcnaj bc09m)(zhg)q m;-wvu4f(erent. Which is morefzm)qc0- mawwsvn(c9u qbch4;g:( j) dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangero( i;1bwkmug u;zwc 2)uus to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile eubugm zwiw;(u;2)1 c kngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Figlmamh0q q 4p0-. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram ca1msv0r hcxmfc o109/opper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number ofhj/z8a5mj6r0 rczzb 3 atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of thejj3zm8ar5crzz 06b/h same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often mjv b e) 3ixnvc1*5f7ttaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? n f1m5ec73)t jvv*bxi   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperature*v*dn 4d-bd*5sv uh.7xjn gwl s recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column ( yuioc8dme+hi45*s c has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 ich4(*e5oc y+ms8 ud i$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lon9ihi2 +0jr gwng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wr rs8;idrh7tlqv4i(9sje7 /4i4dctvrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (ir4t 4id7 i;4t/qe shcd(jr9v8 v7rls average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that arebhvc)etwn1pg 3i 8n8rvt9:d5 larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before i3n 1tr:p8e 9tvgn)cdh 5bw8vit is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water1la,t/c kdu1* :imvmm at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameterp:-(tw mf q2w-k d.lxcn-fi. f. What will be its change in volume if it is hm (i .xn:fw 2dq.-kflf-wt p-ceated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fille uqd/ymdn0xnz 657e6 mf5 w+lss.;igs d to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 ephly/(h h:o3mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to beya(bd6 :yhe,f placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containedy+g (o/kah9z jda: m*f in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal m/+(zf:* djahgoyk 9ato the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density fpg6u:w-j )p y$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate ofag+q7 +uv3hic length l and width w has coefficient of linear expgq+u7 acv+h 3iansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidua. l/dgs5z(n,y ;jm/gx-zr o, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect tinnt-dcm0;l2 +r+)s0 kz wiyccme at 17 -tz2kl nny00;w+d+ci c) scrm $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.1 wc) n-+htypox c,jl+540 mm. The bulb nx pl5chj+y t +-w,o)chas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotat d3i77 s6i44e qr 6uukzhbbep3ing about its axle on frictionless bearings with angul77iqr46ib uhk pe4 bz3e 36sudar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when agc)91 :nbf2rjt . nxx/kbkd;jt 15°C. How much stress is required to c1:gdr nk 2n9kjb;x fb t)xj/.keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cnzyaab4q3 y yn4x s-.9ross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1l fdrah tb+4ksf4.ha x*/jf)+ 34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kx4sfl74ie4+mu 0ahbzm a,t 1welvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tk6. g5gp)t weuukd5g 6h,j1jqemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the intekmdjmvdi32 vh* 0bvco-m,g *4ya 9ox )rior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressg.s)g,2*n gef /s iphzure and a temperature of aboug, p*is)gsf/2enz.h gt 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ofx 1s++sfo1eei( me0 yrc dwc*8gpj 4;h oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogeh0vqpq .x- v3ewl+8ux n ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg o-az0zqf 8:b mxzcy/g;f nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at -0d.vjbumt5 j 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L conuy o/jm yq3mw* 1l5hea*. l3xxtainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 5xljm /q*3ya1yhmuw * olx3e .385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg*kkc ejg6mip*8jd0 9k of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating-x o53pnkz 9isl+4wey etfy., the air inside the balloon, which makes -9y .ioye zf53nse+4p lwt, kxit less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withh/ft 2kd 6 tbqx56 dzdbqeq+,3 air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atcd)iis*0er gu7z)eb- 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20. cz jb 0m6qdeu+ p te0a9)+j;tnju0,la0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / k59lj ,: biftj$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are thgik0nt a ztm0mk7f r3bvh*/65 tp6j6dere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol ,7vv8jyzgx4 l8x7mky es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumb x1 crcbm.plp 2ic/6wt6/ j(ye 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in e/;rw2 r; ;9ggtmo8qf/ eno vpwach 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km hie mtnwpvwoor ;/qr8;f;92 /gg gh and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ener37iu: 5fzdhpu gy of an oxygen molecule at STd 7uf5uz:3hpiP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the S pjuixo8)kn;n , .;xphun at a temperature,u;hon.xj)np 8k ix; p of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase 2 zif6oekt 2k)if the temperature is increased frik2)ke2o ftz 6om 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, thh y/cox,hy080 : zwj0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate t0h jw/cy8h 0yz:,t oxhhe rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in vpe-mu bqx2 ko 5b4.ul9 4kim-; 5mzwza gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what / w:shhvhm r.pr+5/gf fact/5p.vfh+s rrw/: h hgmor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecule(dohpbz6 -m j.hlbwxd h ewjr*5(5r x)j;1bj4s in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the samt83sw3c)(mnm *k fxka 1vbm/ge temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse rak)8vwmb* n x1/a3mt s(gkm3cftio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrm. +1pd ql7a7ikddk 1 ii1qjb5ogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen tniwj 86-; ( np zk,10nt;1s ye0cwr l*ocrirxmolecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrjuib3 se( :q0**rhyv9trm1sfogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid wi0 j+kbcbp 0p;hose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell0bc;0bk ip pj+ at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =9.- kly3tc(tf h+lilddz *uj0 $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, w) lp)5z:ls )q3t)hpwfv7tk o$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressurtjn;a6yfldd -h/nqx2 5p*s6 4x)tq gse, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase whenax ud ay98wj8aa u f)qh-6(t4y the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9d(j6fwa aq8- ayx)8 au4uty h90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approp d hkp i k/uy9h40)cd/3/;okqqdcj;fximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempek4k/;p hdco;qd)k fq3c/0du/yh ij 9prature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air presafp(.c5ud; )ql77stbzg k 6uwsure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mo-ip go7qty6i.untains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tem-iyo.6qtg7i pperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial t1rejgaeveu-v2qq9: ,wd d)f47/l6u gsuum 6 pressure of water is 530 Pa and th,)u-9g lv/:rdeseuuj euq1 v6 g7am4tdqwf 26e relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressur hsbrugw/57i lr+cvk1gj 4* 6ja1i 0use of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is (uxe/ (k n1mxcboiling at a temperature of 1201 eux(n/ckxm( $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roo4 8h/.s uv6nf*r/dw l/vs odhom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point;mn zxe0v2 2es of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a diva2n ry1t-/ds(ge (yp-m r:alstance of 15/lgmypaeyrr2 1s :-v dta(n(- $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects ss30 pb;.v5y8p7kbdrh9crfs9tjld w/a :o a 5to the interior through tiny tubes calld5k ab3ash vlr9 r790j :.dbwps8/c tfy;pos5ed tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibraex)q xyzdt+,8 ted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape me )7 9bf-.xdco :ds*akr0z wbm t9u-jhiasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibhb1.1xuj4m0vi8vq jo 20vc n5(bmcgv rated at normal room temperature. How much error qjc1cmv b 1u vm(hx08i0v.2vonb4g 5jwill be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many bal5th*rx fqf06a+ fv)1s. r /rcml7yvuuloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What faffrh0t+)c6 lfvy*srq5 v/ 1.m7 xuru raction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air sfx(umpr.9*s hceqp ;))uv k6molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and hps)e*u.h6xrm;c svuk ) fp9q( eight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about onel5* l8jf)fcb j atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best a zg,8 f/j9lh /8foo pzxbmp9 3su,,qglvailable vacuum techniques is abo9p/zhlfq zo/,sxug,glp 8 f9, 3j8m obut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lunj u.z.nybggc6h97(f tku4.9qx -pjv v gs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to7p . -xu4vk(y6c9g n.jbh9qt. v fzgju the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enta *.g vyyg7c+jk;(bfhers Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehg ;v(kfy c*7ja.b+yghicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal )yml6dt: *fh mgas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ou63)rwsy3qc5rp f lvl )t;8ldf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estims j cf5ouuyvn51dn9h 8+jk y72ate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’1nys hy7ko5f8u95vj2+ cj unds atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7..b0 cfn)0lqip 6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 p1/(0tavf dbcic+rpcwn .+at 4si (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measurc0ft v+i p.4tc(raa+nwb1/cd ed at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercusfq64:woo0 zt ry at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoliqyf8 1gjox++j 8b8dzine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the E5g/wsm.v:9evpmwa wu)kdt: 6arth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glas79f6poag; a51wtazpeq +r)ibiq (;s3gn sye*s jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 18*p c0p4c yqxju (l nwsum*(2;s$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chbvc: i+ pn(0 vcj*ls7carged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from theaz,, )5hdx aqa( tw.x kax/*bi Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid )5 xz4:k undw +gbqz:qis suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrnq 4+gqwb xu:k)zz5d: own at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble ofs0;2d h+)s/ *ryyc wuojhnp9q air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assum0r+)sj9s;qw p hy uy/dh 2c*one the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in theptz,l wmd: c el ;kd.a*/akv7, air on the following two days: kap ;vdl,.mct/ad7 ,*wkl e :z
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it+kkk o ypz,3aurl:m l-(d ,5gc is a solid deep in tkk, :c,akg3l(muo dy+-z rl5p he Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idj9m* y:m*q o6ju sdbhea0 c 6i0n;j-rdeal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volumjm:0 rac *6jjuid ey n0d;s6*mqhbo-9e expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people const+exx5rfgq , p;antly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildg5;erqf,xxp+ ew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg