Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? qwomjbr q8xv0ko0 7l00 6 tjlm(fuc93See the periodic table ouq6mbx qlt 0 o(cw9jl00 kmf378j0o vrr Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could)ozl6 m at0rsn3g3 d3b*8v fdj be exploited to make a thermometer8nr*o v6l djts033gf3bmazd ) .

Which is larger, 1 C p4vy0 pxdq)wk. 6pr r0:;s0ghjf ox; b$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, bu azaj*bo6f+qxf 602iet B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B,f *0ze+6xq2aifb jao6 and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum ribrtw zvb+e 3oh pmr)w/5l94v 4veted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on th43r9zv) vb4t /o5 pre hlb+mwwe outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansionx g 2zv )(dbhro+u22u)zxtz 8z $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat/ +82eiosekhq used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bondee+e8ksqo/i 2hd together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fix27z3 y 3l6qwhcnqxld:a+tkz.ed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wqkxztqa ll 3 wn+:67.zy3dh2c hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of 7dje 2mve( gr,lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hotn3x. 5 ,,xnbcwl 6nfjl tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then xcj. fw 356l nl,,nxnbrises. Explain.

A glass container may break ibup( u q5o5y*+ 7d8k *dobgscff one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pafbo+d5do8(bypu q s 5cg7*uk*rts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gla 0o(xnqti0*a f6n 3rq cz7vt6lss is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why thiv6rz (037ot *xnqaq0ln6f ctis gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 4;9 npll3q rt)*pmp.bbl r(rx 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wizg-.md:: xdlgll cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has hapmddgx.gzl:: -pened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperaturdr,8 c3bokremocd 6)7wn b.9me increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular3dw96rob8n 7r)cm cd,ekm.bo noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum+d d+t kc97w 5 un:twjkp.bu.i sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the tdk kj.p+idu7+nw5c: 9w u.bttemperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and;nl e+ 87 gdtm gk(hp:j4lm9wa the relation between am9jekwtg h(+;lm8l4p7ad:gn verage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Luss2 pcx ds,d.zwd5f0+xg2ez n *sac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rat s .hg*bb0q-3syznqxue g pl8/(0+foqio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object m4zs iy1bjxhj62q).y eust have to leave the Earth and never returj1z4qebi hsy. x 6)jy2n. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperat(iky0o f acy 186thl6bure. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the othe6yha6i(0ck btyf8o1 lr?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfort.w/f ddoa)(zuable than a hot dry day at the samdo/) wd azu.(fe temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (2w1;5pf * rzmrx0 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the x0xbj ghh-3k83/y dvy air temperature is the same but the humidity is different.80h y -j v3dbhyg/3xkx Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radial;ilj 2,c r(yd;-rc j602whwgv b8pl ztor cap of an overheated automobile engi6c 2jgl8wpl,2lrwbh0jy ;z ( - cvrid;ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in thi4vo,o5e *wr6xiaue t)hsy8 ,buu g;;e winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4- ;qrr wm4 cy2h-zh;2fsgram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold4t(nl ximou1, ring compare to the number in a silver( u4ixn,m to1l ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68mwuaul 8 ;am fy*.i0+d°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?d.myu;*a8la+ if m0w u   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13 z1ns6ftczqc4.jhtxo3(7- ko6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colihvbk9- /eo1lumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0- ov1k 9i/hlbe $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 1mv1n0 q7f q(qbpc - pbu9h/um- bule/m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is buil u,,6ere.awqn5y sj4zt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Janua r qz6a.,wyneejs45 ,ury (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than th - ;po 0:cve(uajm,hite rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in d,m ;o uajhc0 ie:-tp(viameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 8hzhdz,- ms wkw8u1sbx 2w 1pj :zj8x)4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wil/vn;*wr 18ft51vcd ulnztfe* l be its change in volume if it is heated fromvfcvf5/r1d;1wn* zn tl *8eut 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the b 6rb7 q)z;ff2n oo(ivyrim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5oj cll5,d/fx+ 5.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. Atef3gen. ;5az opz2-6ctbw5adui . u s9 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lota(ghqk3 /5m1 c cqe4t gj;)veng, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coegt1( 3jv)mqkac ;h/4 getcqe5 fficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dejsqr y7/*8mocw4 cph. nsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate oqsqe6 wja u +trv,aj2(69+0pf co d-dif length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion(wjo,q0daia ut-+ sfpq2r6j+ce9v6d $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isowem4v;- gu )lntropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass ans urlx/ emsdlugm3 yl(0 9;c7jd-l3x5 d keeps perfect time at 17r-lgl(xj7d m9y5d/clx s;l0s 3uum3e $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a merc g9hak-ee4 ybe y4jbz6+fc34 aury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a4 6ah4+ayej bk93- y zeebcg4f volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radidbx hv4yg7g ,ltx(c./us 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velxc,. gy/7 t(l bdgv4xhocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°Cz/-xvvza.32 bv; vuy) u d:qzr. How much stress is required to keep it at this l;ayvuq23 x .bz)rvz:d- vv/zuength if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-be;yx95p3a:r u ozg-gkqam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 hm, n,w:cq div4i;;5gc rc0ymcm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following ss;2 ucooh89i2,o1ecmk d ;hq temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on zzo exz0dj5,d5k kxuo.-x53q the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of tzcj -vy5x xyj,:a/xz 0he Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospba1hxn, wdyb1 k f)(b6heric pressure and a temperature of (wbh16x1knfd),b bayabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densit3l;p8 ocb1s mry of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nu 3uvs 0dz imt*j..,hyitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen hh4 (qs j.sy:jgs4t6m+ lq(ov($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1rl 2-ub4jrz6ia .:cv; u/qujh0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdluj8nwt(jkkch ; )d7:e4r.gfh.l v0ding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?d l(:.hk ;f.new7t gj84 vlrhjck)0du   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of jqgv9*+,d ubt $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lifta u, xl;xvmb 3hv1x016tje s0a by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes itat10j v3,xbh1 x sumlx; e06va less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witibnz9u g;ak *666t2d u6ogwqdh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1 fi-b/:figfrs/ .b cg18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon 0cyt ftjs tk( ,.z ;09r/qslftescapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules1iz k (6a-9k y0zpsdl0k+hn lw / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How 8za pk,8owgl)many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) ;gy g-cm)ed15-uz ex smoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum gl6 je3m30hbjit:xt e8pi 7.le 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in e k70(uxs5uv ujkz/f9jg-pk, nach 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in u5fvk0kkn j,sz7x- /u(ujp9gthe last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic enghn0j6yw /t*e :clpde - i8,ipergy of an oxygen molecule at STP? */d8-l0 j 6einpe:tphwy, ig c   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempea) j3;hzvzy : )e:/p.syivspc ratu :s3hca/zpzvvsj:)p).i ey y ;re of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed off9rux7m4a twr5iq 9oyv 0;g3 e gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from iv3g4x0y raw9rte o5f;u9q7m0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the /tn9z(y2nbf i )ddb +xkmf0+ofollowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, +k 0n (fxzybd2+ftdo) 9/bi nm5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules ie- ldsxd +mh1f6-it+i o :32etlg3jrh n a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is hel2.;4;uhsxui 1 wbd .uoa gwgk8d constant, by what factor .g1awug2w ho8dkuibu4; s;x .does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given zk1wua.z cdrqm09vqa*1 d81eby $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, th0bw f6 lezgbzu)nl+ )8e ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots og0unzwl8 )e zl bfb+6)f their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen m eio;2ef9*f+*. ts8 fc pmdkpnolecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0acyu m8*n1yn2 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweh0zh: (y:tqg2 yxu+zven nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular8ac4c 6mk50lw vk vppufe:1 z9 mass is 89 u in a living puc6l p5evf:k1c8mzk v 4wa90cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P o; tst mce:f97+q(v56zgtn/e p bmesc,f a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, yst,d0-oer)29cy4 f5hpc auv $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric press zwm s96,ymv.7l,h cr+f b/eubure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0*m*n 6+maj tfr eelbqln cb23d2vt-y6 e cr9;1.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9 +tjed6q y2*ca2 6rme *1fr b9cn nvbe-3lm;lt0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when h8ozh2mdm+afa02r /-nh4r1kt en9n ithe tempm0f8r4nadnm 9k2t/nah2 - hzh eo i1r+erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boilk48c+ p tp;my6l in*vxs at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particzn0zo -1a xc-dfv r1*cular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate thecrzzdf c10- *1-v xona temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day 7 ow:+skz*apn when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and thapsn o*zw7+ k:e relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is)j kwcn6/f eyo 35nxe: 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure 3jpeam *y 6yk3(*m ydtinside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120m* payyej3d*(3ky6 tm $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vonk)t+x lir*lh1o-f 9gxwr 5+zlume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p0za j8 7y p8za-s8el0q.ca bcpoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see pyfh1nl+vn1c)y 1 q,j /ptfdy 8tgt62 Table 13–4) to diffuse a distancen1/ 1tpcv d2pqgj6fyy y+ln8f)1h, t t of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thz8s q28i(ws90fqr1hov jifd, rough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long ff(s0rw1qiv oi,q 2 8zd9s 8jhand has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bed l zmbi+(vxgb-ry7) tdcd(),c9f . jgen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure )ol +zcyx9ga4:add +rhas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibranfysh 0k2 0t3jted at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, ifft0s0 nk 3yh2j the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinderza.g86;jiz.z f hm te3 is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been bimj6;8ag.z z3t h. fzelown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air mov:rjab+vk 9)f lecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assumeb kvrfv9)+ a:j the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is absvr87t20: -bxaqfjvumv c h83out one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using thl9 t2:ozybg1w,mw w:re best available vacuum techniques is about zmrl:yb2 ot: w9g,ww 1$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of o 5m-dk0f)xz5yoeg5horie -fo lukar*12x6+ 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would hisx5g- x51 yek0ouho5z * kr6 2offemoidla+- r) lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s kh5ez2z2rh6eq/ h qeo+zj: a*atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with e * hqq2 j5ahe6+2hoe:/ rzkzzthis speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110yet(1g; uq*f) 9eowzq$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of:cr8umt u7jj6 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earthli-4lx)mjiaxu(4 fp ,, estimate the total nj4fm-xip) l4x( ,luiaumber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitr,acqhw .u/7;mru - oskogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygrj-u cd g,mdt: 3sjg9h(qwfbp:gz060 en used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.(rf dhp6jsj,uq -9mc0bgg:dw3t:0z g4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid meb*0:vc0 k3el- ;gxatcx/slfvpu 1 ,vj rcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a qj.51w j)cwnrt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fita.)ag, yg enu. -1jggk snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2k76shmw7/ nfr 0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standaj5h4jq.j0 syh rd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has 1 rut)pzu1csr 20 mnf8v6)tmx a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is a v0bk5fs063i.u( .hddd jh esxovi; /$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by thhynz +h )+s(fennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass o( n+s+h yf)hzhf 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubi xlae7ovl/dlo4e 66 obgk:*o gtm 2))ble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble whenlot7ogv d m/lexoi:ego6)k6* b )a24l it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following t 5caka+k;9viv qbj; b(wo days: j( aki;bqc ;a+ 9vvkb5
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference cz 86votj+e 78f:jynt in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solivc6 87o+zntt j:efj 8yd deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gasc dlk6 z*f 5tl kq2q(k3h:llvf2k *:x5f:szqj at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expa* hfxks32(cq:5:fz 2dkvkl q*jlq:l5 ltzk 6fnsion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to pr-f wu2q vp(1j+o ze79gi)(icxbiqgd9event rot and mildew. If the cellar-qibx c) 9iwez+ uog9q (j2vfg1i7d p( in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg