Which has more atoms:a943ntdj)cy j *y l 6php1rzm/ 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or App94 nd 6hy*)pzamjr/lc jpty31endix B.

Name several properties of materials that could beu12bnc j2o)v q exploited to make a thermometeq 21unc2)vbojr.

Which is larger, 1 C s(amu8, (qe p)fu :wyu$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, bi .mfa )cq1.vypx7sw-ut B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about th qmxyc-) 7vifa w.sp.1e temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When 6hn orehv7ov2.i5n q8/ru-a.cwqo4 yheated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on then r4/vo2ow8 vn .ycu5h7or6-aq. hi qe outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coe28ust4 (l. 7eum edojnq5b v8p*z r5sqfficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to contu o7ojh /35z0hhy,es urol a furnace (or other o yh ,zh7heojs05uu 3/heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often havzx7w3p;q 3;e o7wn .o1l lbxx tffsx,+e a section in the shape of a Uf;w .lnx3e77o f, ;xowbz xxpt l+q1s3. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder 7uvtrms * z7+r;qkv5z of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of waxiuq jz6nhp60*0ec2lpy , .q ater, the mercury initially 0nhqqa. 6p*lzpi 2 j,yx06uec descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may pn v3 ;jj-7by :kziqxid23igx4;.w dnbreak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ekgx4vd.7qii2- jnj:bwzn3x iy 3 d;;p xplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficienejzc0 9 sn7d4r*uopg ;t of linear expansion is much smaller than that for or 9d4gjs*cuor;7 n ze0pdinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clockwb1qrim pg ;2ixj6,z( , accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top ;u doru 0k ijtf(zy,t1q5 d3+gto bulge so badly the can will zqgy0rti(kf,odu 1 j;+d t35unot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistonvn 52 fvsfy1h7+pwj4z), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, 2h4+v 7pfzf yvjn 1w5sit cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decg*wyh gc8tp/9fyr /xg5 1sqb v.d a.-jrease if the t9s pb.d/rq.g gaw5t*-y8g f/jcvxhy1 emperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Czdd6irutcet9v6gns )z*8 k )8harles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy aetdtuir8c9* 6))6kzgn8z s dvnd the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law )w7mh-:vldq mfollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eqp 8: g+ ggh:ap9* fu)(cnl:o e(gaxjcarth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the h)m6b t)f37sm)rhhy v7eidt7Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what t)b)v 7hy )f i3mhes67rdthm7 it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than watetw k ;r487b+).afd zumq+hjvrr at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propertie4wj8 m+vr kz7rb;u). aqhdt+fs of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfor8ev z4013eea ykbp 9 vabzc9:4b dg ,/dhbmo6mtable than a hot dry day at the s 0bz1e9pa,bke9aeh3b bm8md4ov:vcd 4/ 6gyzame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperaturk4 fk t9-h;u8tt tms5cc4tx 4ue (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tv f7qp/xsu1v +emperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explaiuxvv17 pfsq+/ n.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automo+oe fyu4ca,:0 pq :frvw*9sqbxk)u6rbile eng9+0:ux6rc*bew)fv o:fkp q4,ry suqa ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in thexxtqz0g0v) 1z(*bw ,ltx;v qbwj ii* 4 winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram co yx pcbbd,277jpper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to7h) 5).mz 4jkksvjqaa the number in a silverzj) ksaa7)m qvj4 k.h5 ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whatlllucl/ltde 0) 7n(y vm6xo )kq+z))v is this on the Celsius scale?k7) m)cv zd+q o)vll/yte6 n)l( llxu0   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recor9 +4kfpwkm, .zstm yd8ink5b8 ded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol cxtwr e(fh udus dlc.27;44cp0 olumn has length 11.82 cm at 0. clpe2cd.04 uhrs;t7 4uxdf( w0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built oalxn7bv-0 fa4 f slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) iws8dynh6q 5:hy m,tx8 s built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between:s8nx6,wdy q y85thhm July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivetsvsu zara2 3/w1 that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to b2az sva 31wur/e placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4zu i47jtv17atl(h6n s $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in vol m+,marp s gmqub 551bls/y,r,ume if it is heated from 30 r5r,m1 5pu+y/asqmg, s lb,m b$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0u of /rty.v/rt:2chw d1-- rqc mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 m6::r.j1h :bu7 c7aixs dtoacfL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of ir /-7*eeafsisesu :6ojon. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lnnyc)-bt zxul)e3 2w5ong, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficie cuxlz2 5ywn-e3n))bt nt of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in th o7/5gxtnpz024v 3 nmuzfom8de density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular pl+8thji 2 efu4mate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expanst ijh+ f48eum2ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isot/ i9:d rfnypg)ropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brassk0oxe )s6iv9v:-li bh and keeps perfect time at 17e06skx)ii: vvbho- l 9 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 4i k d 9af7rec,w*;msd3.smwkmm. The bulbd 7s9iskdwfm.r4 mc* w;kea3, has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminumq3eidcrv,s 4 ,o8ws k8 cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its 88w 3rqcks,e,d io 4svaxle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much skt-8jvrh:1taes) 1w.w3ic yztress is required to keep it at this length if tv 8zk3wta)y : wsir.1h -jte1che temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional2v5ggo)5zsd p area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1n,k16( zwx rwj22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelv -yxpd.ez0 33ve6hlysin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperayzd:s4cm2ipu08*y j k ture on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 400;tf xzo w11xll 1:i9wl0$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion eng7 y5a4rn tozm/ine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of /4mz5 yn7taor about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using thh 6 ua*4yqen,se ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrog +9bjj6j2pw;**q*pd sjr h s 505tbftqnalls: en ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg rx(ymkf8 djt43qc , 5gof nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gaxtm83 wz.osza 2fz+ah k5)hq52gbt b4s is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 16ue gax05 rrbiwe7 6cn*o3hc(sqm*1i05.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K? c(rau e1760exs*iqm5cgibwoh* r36n   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of64jumw ka/*vgdpe ql2mn3z78 $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoya:0d mu5c2ts2o+n zdcc nt lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Supposu2ddt+0m : c2 noc5csze the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a 66v; ely(l4r1jd hdurzxtb; )zoh.j8t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18x/vyq46 w z+ei.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chiu0wb5 *xx p4a az/spj3ld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of1alo:1 lf g5fg molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How4v cqtc,/5uljsj 6y9 u many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole5c5ug3 qei b)fs,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1 hoc ;fwpg+;5w39 llnk$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each i ac,nbr+g(nn.9jnn ( 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10bnng9.nj (a ,r c(in+n km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy ofd25(*jfphk +h/ak pdsso0u*h an oxygen molecule at STP? ahk( s2* osf/k* dudh 5+0hjpp   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surf b5,2ogk1s wwuace of the Sun at a temperature of about 60012sg 5,wb kuwo0 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increasx cp:g; umfc-8ii1tuz/8c4x ie if the temperature i:it;zgf cc uixicp 4u- m/1x88s increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unit1w i.tocsf23m ,czmn1ps+ nwbi)27mi s of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,bcn1fswnw m 1cz mipsi).2io3t7 2,m+ 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculerd5yjld,r 2w: sq o4j2i9f5k e0stv5as in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is hel c 18qwahd-rr+d constant, by what factoaqr+hw1rc 8-dr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given bbaiy01 wn 5dx6q8d9seh;vl2 h y $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the sam g1dq6f,dm1wee temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of ewg1q, 1mdf 6dtheir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in anycw1 p 4w4,6s;e3rt adexhf1x 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed8+i,wf nfci :p1mrgm. nzd,9t of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules ac pmt(6+ie9llt STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms spe6;8xz xl sk;wl m:c )8rd1kjtded of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 cmkj;rt8lw: kdz16x 8 );lsd x$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P n1tg1ouz.o/ lof a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urs+qz ;f/zig:ianium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasesz+( tk g4rdu3fk. cv97dbk)rs can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which ph*aatk )*+2z0e pcyxgrpl,b.o ase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 *zt k*+p,oc pabeg.yl)ra20x $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if tm/t/m, d- vvttmr;nf( he humidity is 50% on a day when the te;t/m v-( ,vfmnd/mtr tmperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils atpu :,hshuaw)0t ; e9ps 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular plac) xhl31v hk76,vdzxu 1(2n knos+xprye in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boilsh23h ,zxkus pvlrydk71xvnno 1+x)(6. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure5.i u xqkjyq:p3f+3iis /dz y+2u uw7g of water is 530 Pa and the relative d5i/zi 72gi3+:p yuu+sj.yqq kf3x w uhumidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wag4f;l7nzh: h jter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker ifkalj24 xn-3, vswvlmj9fp: j8bk:1 zm the water is boiling at a temperature olajlpv w82j:49kzx m f:n-3m,sj1 bvkf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6, agr17 8yxgwb80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew+jz)*4k 993s arsdcsa g (qelw point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13 -ewh 5aw3 q:fvc ms3+gsbvf(2–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 -faeqw2m s 5v b3cw+g(3f:hvs$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the iqrjgc. bb k/2s(rc* tvlri )+,nterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sect,scl+i/vrbjg r* .k2r) ctqb( ional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bhz1a 7x09m dxutp4, zpeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atave0q4toyde+8ge+7i12 1: s quyz igv 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup hxrh5f;ez6mt fc86a ,was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe caefz 5h86 a;rxctf 6h,mlling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinj 8rm41m076 g4sqlv x a3tzfweder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decr6834tm 14g a lzs0rm w7ejfxqveased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules vz4w,0la-oi ku74 sarin a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume74kzr0so i,w l avau4- the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density9um*7)n jzwca wo e;7a of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avan*3 uchiz,.ogp128o qopr(el ilable vacuum techniques is about 1hoo .lqn(er3ucpp goz,82 *i$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whenfp*z /wdo9p8c 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand i 8fopz9c pd*w/f he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entahfr v)b* x6 7ztn+tf8ers Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/hab*tx 6v78)zr tfnfh+ Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal e7a m004gdq*ppsf0fqgas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume1g7b uxpxlq ,;dq;fgio m0a1+ of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface os,x; im eztyo1xi 9;s9f the Earth, estimate the tota ox;im,t1xi99;yz sesl number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mobftgb:s02bdv wn, 0- vlecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used 7tr 3h+watjo3 in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rattwh7t+ar3 jo 3e, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of;tt+ tin*js8 w liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0sf gog*,; l5 n-yabi9e(qqrh3pc 5 ;pj$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at :a+hmhoj /0dm 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onljp/mvx(o: k 2/)tq olto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in ti jq6- +v7w 4kafgz8qjhe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hauvz5e 8 n d(krw(b*her3, n,i wr+ers8 wa93ils a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from 5w)qzk )ios.t the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tenny z/m +n) d8uxi53aaivis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis ballzuv)i5id+ y 3maa /x8ns per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericar dw3w 29h6o9g+kqagcdo6xu *l) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and 6*dc+ k3o6hwg o w9x2gqdu a9rthe air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapoazr wj-0sn7f 1r pressure in the air on the following two days: 0saw-7rfj z1n
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of ironjx,z)(ryfmfijyx 7i7z*dd6 0 at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the E)0(7 rjx,d7ijim *yydz6xfzf arth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law t8h a g)j c7xz9xf* 2/ 9jb*i9d,flkbjkd kq,pqo show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equ k,kkj ifpblz8d j 9 dx)9q*ja,fxgqbc7*h /92al to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent r*/vqg(c0 iwfsot and mildew. If the cellar in ag0c(v wi fqs*/ house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg