Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 6zv7l 0o:knqx1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Ap6x vqnozl07k:pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that coueohm;zuc: 41i ld be exploited to make a thermometer.h zmeo;iu4 c1:

Which is larger, 1 Casvre ws86dm (:ftli6/ 5g.dj $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in tx549s:yjidsg m5pf l .hermal equilibrium with s5.fy9gpi:j4 5 ldxmssystem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumint*z g a0( s.h.dai4/sot; iohgum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1;oas. iod( th0*a.g gs4i/zt h.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of cyrme(d uf8sd4 7/lt . ce.i 55y+zqyelinear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of ag nk.iuwwq3oo s..0)a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The.w)3.qu n saowi.0g ok bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the en w7as g6c8frz5 r3ez,gds often have a section in the shape of a Ugar765zc fzr ,w8esg 3. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0 ym/; /xdvmy/a(px4l 3qz ib;m$^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firszp myy72+ v(;a ecik:pt placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit (7:meiayp kyz2v ;pc+and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break i2h1.dzj34r ujk ls4u mf one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pas j.jh4 ulzk2ud31m4rrts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex ge, c/ bdv8ql(qlass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than thatevbd(ql,8 qc/ for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clbz2 a 4xmqco23ock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly56, yhxtu q2jm the can willhytx62m u5 qj, not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), itsuikf*c. vgs,(tm+ x2*7vx abv temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, g7.* k tsvmcv,vx+a2xu*i (bfit cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in bdu h5exnyw41.oe,+a water increase or decrease if the temperature i4y ,e .d51nubwe hox+as increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how C +n)m/ ubc1(uj9vuyl qharles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperatu9y v+j)mclub1nuq/ (ure.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law followspyy,ww* 6dtp7 ylfn8q,s: ok q-,*auz from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in 9e0oge p6(z xhthe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for thgo3v* z1er7fgj1:teb u+e 7gje Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The esca1+g7jj :zegg3*e uv tfbeo 1r7pe velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates m*9 0u:+xnx e)v c 1juxndudlw+ore quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about tnxuu9dxvc uj+x: nd)1 0*+elwhe molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot drjtxj n-ix/f5yhv g(5-hc hq; 6so k:;wy day at the same tempera/fg: h6nhj;yjtwo(cs-hqx5i-5 ; kv xture.

Is it possible to boil water at room7xd: 7ip(;dppnfo gl * temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humiditmd/5dh* .5.9ln wuy gi adp8ho e2t xv,cobx7+y is different. Which is mo 7 ul.9idhmh 5po,gt x d/cvebxn5y8*2a.+ owdre dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the 4;b1f zb8 yk)ci7dwjeradiator cap of an overheated automobile engi w1ie4 bd8fk; y)jcz7bne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13u./;ugq* 8rx1.1wxsrqvt6nqiks ry(j s,hr ; –28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3xn*xgz1 e t j-ktmvb.q*1o1u-.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold rinz m:8ymwz.)x lctep7 s8mt:5 zf/hbs,g compare to the number in a silver ring of the 8/ sezmhctml): .p zfmt7zx58bwsy:, same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whatet.q u 259umuq is this on the Celsius scale?mquu 5tqu .92e   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 1362mok2 5siq- co $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass t8rdqh,b1 uf; nbwt3m. hermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.t8ufh; mbwrb. , dq3n10 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (2f x :p*kur o(glr*7d(c0 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrotrc:*z)4jz6 wuuetvt - e-5gd ught iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January ( gu* cjttr-4 5u w-ztedv:e6)zaverage temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than thetuqjml dhkheix9 4li0)/ 2/v uh+g7p. rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled. /xt47k 0qdvmilhu/ j lu+iep 29hgh) (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at60bom rsoo 2z8 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if iww2bt. n8 ya16ju qlq-t is heated fron-68 buwqy1 lwt.a 2jqm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wiuek8qnxn wh+v3f*4zdo s4*k 9th 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL.9 ++lacjy wt8knbvs1 of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in 8quzeh1pzndc 3p96s u.d+sm5 a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expo80jpo4lc 6 lcand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficie8j40ll o po6ccnt of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the den/i-yte; k 4k/ben*mak sity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of 2ihnoht w;l38length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion ownh32 t8hl;i $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic snh(v9(g ,cdm lolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grander1f aj(xt9 :vfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1a 1 jt:fx9v(er7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. v)53 kjs h6m )xabliev6)nrp4 The bulb has a volume bljpi5mha3)sv) v4rk6e nx)6 of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whedhs,ihn*)w(v o l g-,jel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on iwsoh)(-,hj *v ng ,ldfrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the deieiu /+0q.cmrkkd f n)w4s 5u0sired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep iteukr0ucndw i+m0s k .f)5/q4i at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectio9o2rm7x3s s oyyom5n2/iy +ignal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm aua c: kjuz w.26gp;*cxt 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following templbo,o f61 9fw ozx* z;c122nuz; m 5bn*yqukyreratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrevycki9 y ml32:u 8n)nenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures iy,xv +uc:txhcpj. j; xapt epy;36 +5xn the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric prwfr/z*z2h(z9f.xv y yessure and a temperature ofyrhvxw. /z2(f 9zfyz * about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law+(4 o;htofjoh .    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of ninq:qxr4 3 dzkn 0gtp--trogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.0.*ib tjqzkt( 5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas diee wnk,nqp)0cg+8x5a 5( sfis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg b.u/9)38vhrhzwvc s qp* hw.s of argon gas at 385. uw)qbw*v8p sh/3z9chs.h vr K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o 3s(mp9pba8q/mp ks+ jf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insib j i/toj h)8z95)jouyo .ub,tde the balloon, which makes it less dense thaotu95,)hji/8 ojj ) b.tyzboun the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air wasb2 k. 3k xht(;8nqvat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a14hjzt zc2bgt ad7 y8(t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea lev (s:su1,znq87 py1pou aua4d gel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculxb+y+0ha3y tlp4fbw6 es / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L?r(zyupdi .8 8l How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,bf9uzb jsx6: o9o /-:cnrpu7w    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume m)t15 u 8gsels5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you in qdcwa:ap5,t5jd61uo hale that were also in, 6pjo155a:dcuqtwda the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule+adc 27or21 zpy;g r wvq7oc.a at STP?d 72cw;py o2zacr7r a+g. qv1o    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfazbt 1k5*+uteq z4h.tzce of the Sun at a temperature of about 60005t1* 4tthez k.z +buqz K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temi;mso-h5 p2mnw j)frxsi+b .d,jo(20 csoy 2 hperature is increased fro 2(0s-n5iofw)p cm2sb,jy h;hrimo.+s2oj dxm 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speed)f9ofzbha; m1hn 4r0zod00d vs, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms sb;nd o0d 4090z o)ffhzrmh1av peed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mole ;3fdo4ky 4t tfloaai 15y*y3(wikm. kcules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, w5 kvc wtky vskpg(eg//a4.7 (by what factorp (v4(5kse //c yatgk7.wvwk g does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules ii9yc r-o/x jg-n a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the l rub89g9 (e6b nc/ssnzwl:6wsame temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular mlwbws/ el6:b (ng8r9nu c 6z9sasses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contats:pnu,9g ..; xqyr3 3v rdnynined in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of anykpv: gqh4e4v) 2wn6h oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP? lsk1 :4s9nlcu   $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino ua20*og)ew p2 vsiq:s acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livinsvauw2sgoq )0epi2 :*g cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can.+zx y9dj4c so be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urahdae k .vgo3:9nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pha2/) l uwk6r pu,dz1pyxses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and cx6kqaf m8pckb /wfj/l/ ; .r+the temperature is (a)c/l 8w6;/m.+k cpfb/frajxqk 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day whewb h:a.vv5u,3:j d mbxn the tempera: 3h5vbwud:.v xjm,bature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whe+0ss,o/g ka,e os +h pvk6. dc;jt1ykpre water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, esticwi9 ahv( *j3amate the temperature at which water boils.vija ahc*w(93 $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the ma 8f v/2ta udy95ysmva(0(il partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity a /d (8m9f aliyvt(vs50amu2y is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day wlc 7 q-an1a4(7(*z ikurimuh when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilin2t/xcc(schp* g at a temperature of 120 ch scxt*/2(c p$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volre 3mbm)e;r c 0;9be*l* jtogyume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofiafu w8 up6, qt+hfk32 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffu :ufecdn9 ucpy.uf)94 se a distanceu f cpu)fu9e:ydc4n9 . of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interio f-mzn/gcxwo m ro 1cggx5 4l(;.x ;s/g0ftwd2r through tiny tubes called4g;f0/;-c tm 5xn/ rw( lxomgd ogsz21cwfx .g tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated fnp5l-+l;2mjf l -rhq at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated0dj7/ ba t(m wefkmkxoi j0*:8dk +,jg at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. Hb8s9t ll69(9u97qlk xkk noboow much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of co8ln bbk699k(lxo9sl t okq7u9ol water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftac:hgf1 rnezojm *k( 7mma:89 er many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the originhf7 ka8: gz9( m*ar cemmoj1:nal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengg)7 ;3ww;hvbucmwg) hth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2g7ghwvu );; bc)wh3wm .5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of m yyqd+gk rhnc c.k 2qy3.p8js b+h1y+0atter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainablgge78keu1 c91 z.eqwx e using the best available vacuum techniques is about q wg.z1 8kuexegce719$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 8+tb5 9x vzdpb10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Izp8d95t vxb+ bs this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speen kaw tv19o,3nd of about 40,000 km/h Molen3nto,v1k w a9cules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of aksq/g;wno 5f, vo(2iaarsh2, n ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770r(b:5dcxylwh2/ itygql n )4. m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheri1h47ntrd5a1 a8rmbn c c pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate1mr n 4ab8h1atd75c nr the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecuq9hzx( 3:a5sqdd 2 sx3kj0zgjzk90 mh les contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxbn (m 34epnx5gdovi;.ygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow r3 pv5mg.bxied;o4(n nate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqu3b5 p(3ngv z7/+ y wpqe.9n rixgw.gntid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol kr)ifye7hvb6rc) awju7w*,q1lj+x8 n wvu*8ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at snmdni d7:3*g u5p3id25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tigh++z i k 9z5or+0bgm)dsgmfy6)fm /xn dtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptep:k h;z( .tcs7wrpk ,pd in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure( / cycalj2m9-s nllv0 of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th1,biv21hd0hlx: ftqls:hb 9 poi66q* uxr-e le Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis b wh:z tt (gnd59.nf7kballs thrown vertically upward at it. How9n5bn:k7fh (ztd gwt. many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bub/f9;kq33ntu7 tc pd rtble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and th73rf/ pk tucnttd39 q;e air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressucm z.) 0+unfl1utz pl)re in the air on the following two days: pul )zm .0)clfzn1ut+
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and o,mhl/83(nu,p.i qzja yk :ya when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature iqy:ok.p, 3i l /j(nau8myz,h as 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, y*ja8/1k jp+ hqvb-f ffor an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficiefaphfv*/8-yk qj j b+1nt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellao rc q 82 nleqei en+.2,go8mtcnq7*1mrs to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 27,*nelmcmo q1 22q.q tng8ioeec8+rn 0$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg