Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg oh+xv8x94-v g85 mfyeycf ) maof aluminum? See the periodic table or5 a 9vxe8fm fmx4oy8v+hg)cy- Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thdd6xxzesq6s 5 8te )56gw; l srvrn/1rermometev1er;)65 lsdte5rzdss 8/g6qxnw6 rxr.

Which is larger, 1 Cl7t x;8 6izslg ix2y7o $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but gqz;g2 3;7ztd+)lquudx f9 m fB is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say gq 7;92;udzfdtu)gl mfxz+ 3q about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consistxvkx/1 y2dg4q s of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heate 24xqy/1vdx kgd, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansioh; y3;dk rbxvv ;4-xdzn $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of r9e9 byd;i1yd a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. Th9bri ey y9;d1de electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the enm* . b g8oefwjgn1n+o.ds often have a section in the shape of a o8fg nmjnb*g.e w1+.o U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0 qmofja,z o 5v:zx/-.d$^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-invi.nmuscpyl.2ec d)b;y (3d6mf kg7 /-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then risesdy6gync).iv;73 u/mbfsm2 kcpd.l e(. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heate2 )ryve/p*vuqd or cooled more rapidly than adjacvye*u2) /vq rpent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansvn pq 5g9a40svchv(s 4ion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increasedgvvnp0sq(hs cv5a4 9 4 heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate ahin vu:g *m1: nh+zp n*q8x ota*)lwf*t 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom anx 2oz ojn: pipys,,0+qb)1o4xs y(wdxd top to bulge so badly the can wi 0ybxq n2(x xi+po ,zopjy4do:w ),1ssll not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), itqjc3/db0 3 eyc.t zqr1s temperature increases. When a gas expands against a pis/z033 qebr .qcd1yjctton, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increas ,7l-no p7ntlse or decrease if the tempe7n l7 t-lopns,rature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Char g/6ihe tez2,wles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between averag,i tze6 /geh2we kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how 5d* g jqphjej0zvh5jsl+:1q1c1n er8 Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, , ij*-bwf(xc dthe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objecn9b sz:l1f nq6t must have to leave the Earth and never retur: 6bn9fnz qs1ln. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quic) 1x(u*kdajh1cdn m3 uhv24ny kly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular prouh34 (a 1dy vu*xh)mn nck21djperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is fa jb7zfgo1z43gr more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperat3z f14 7zogjgbure.

Is it possible to boil water / tdmeu tx9ewmg w961uq(m: s-at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whenu7y-zjvj hl7yvj83a 6 the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the 73 v 78jvjul-zayyj6hhumid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhea 9d1xb03jnztexo*iy5 ted automobile engi nt9jxeb 3zi5oy01x d*ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–2:u;h7+t5xe ( 8dah bk3ksr6 xv:jycan 8)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppel 3ov4)x2) o-stdhb wd2j5txn r penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbv4i8v6;8 (mm xhrxx bcer in a silver ring of the s 6rcv8h4x8vxbm;x i (mame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. W j-)k(rnta6 4x it:wbphat is this on the Celsius scale?( 4pt6 )bxnariw:-ktj   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tem 7 nrcm pez- j+f8e52naxxed-2peratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at6ux opxfv*;r:k7j):zq sd,1v qw5px w 0.0xo:p,q )s1qjr vdz7f vwx *xw5uk6: ;p $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sl) ;cl)n7y 5.zyukakn-ff* fxvabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately /9h3mibyc /wt+dsj9+*yle q 1 chv4lh300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature oj/3 ym/yc1el w9bh9s q lh*hc+vi+t4df 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivc,gc anjd,h,-;n3lmp ml(si9j znk 91ets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in dp3,jcladlk j-hn ,z;g mmn9,i scn( 19iameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water m5ks.(bbvj gqp tg/8r ;/clfl(q/: hyat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.7q56xv e3cki(in qjy 3:5 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it ivcie65 ( xq: 3jky3niqs heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass isq3 ym7:)eos uz filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5b ka9w0bp+qjx m 3x++n5.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to b8g/nl8w.ewgj v+g l) ze placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nar;45 t 18ghlltiqacf; uvqj-y)row vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only q8;ah lcj)i ;tg- fuq5l4vyt1, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change(0eukp8pq 2ts in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length lqci 4/+ scr xt9nn9sb0 and width w has coefficient of linear expans99s4xcq/+icb sn n0r tion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solw f/4yrg41zs tda:b ;vid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gr6bn+hyt * c8a+qiiy7dandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17i +ci*ht+qayn 7y8 b6d $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury the :hzlanpt;:s 0rmometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25lnh :pa0; stz:5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 c j 20oxu7plvrck-g68m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wi -82jrklv06ocgcp 7xuth angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has t nfkhzpjjw,cclnf;2k:km( z,w7) ,o/,v; y f ghe desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at thk:oc( mwfvp ;/w zj,7n, ykkff,cl,2)znj; ghis length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steert *zzv.; zk:kp2jzc3 l I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cvl /v6gsd0gl c8,l3 j-k :md t4big)vi6)eikhm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followik t,1.fkid nb/uhhn2 2ng temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature z odysejm5pyf7 3/3 ;x7vqw(fys+n m9on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the b9v/,y9z 6remjnin9j interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempw3ku4hfj7s c (erature of abcj4h 73 (wufskout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law35v ,tmv;py f ,btt9nk.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 so m+5/ql;dar kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contai*zukwyn h-bh-a-r v3se;sl,/ns 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium ga*t drf2kns(vs /(n y+)jl+ kzat0( rcws is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of a2d 6:ocn0uk5hnfq em ;rgon gas at 3c mh;:0fnkqunde2o65 85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k*r c elp0o.-jpg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoy +o/bhz7ol h+gant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the zob+ o+ /lhgh7volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 s;yv8l :3ff-kh, bhyy $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0ccjqwp( v6e 5( $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon esch erxz(kw7*zs8 ,lwg/apes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ophcir4 )*1nq04: zwt nld * fh9zdkq2bf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How m12n fl0wdq2 avany molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (x0rajz 7k+w; /wlh uq8a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume y *ki3r2ziik4.(zdqpnbe.5 dgd2 x 2q5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath (kfeb;w) e kx- olet c/*1li6nyou inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint:1 (wklt6oe lincf -eeb;x)/*k Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationa 1dle wwd:oyd)82*qg)spk o/ul kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?)eqd1yd2sgwo8o )kl d* p/:wu    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfahb. qc(va2sfe7q 73jace of the Sun at a temperature ovca2 h aqs3eq77b.fj( f about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speedez98*+fau gco4hn4 e+ 4iqmbilgu h3 2 of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increa4f muez* g2nol4h g4cbueh8i 9a+ i3q+sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units wf2zq ez/1hw) of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the wzz1/q ef)2wh rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moldmh91wsavfm1 8 up)w(lwrvl 3+o)1ohecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of aqw0s,yhc3 vl cb( /et8 gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doc( e qbc/y v38t0wl,shes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas 6knz c gk+a9,ais given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio o,( jon6gh-js/tzys + fos u+4jf their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of the yuhoo,j+-/( nzss j4fjsg6+t ir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecuz /9ibc*(u aikles contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculel-r)vwr si5w2 at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwzk6rd )5tkiarb nib 9wa d;7(1een nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms spqh crzkv+ yg*3dq/w;4eed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cedg4 +;c* v k/zhrqqwy3ll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cawdzl ,weq01w 1n be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumj2e tkn:lk7r4 , $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasetino,18et r 4ls can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pr 3 df2edf2xz +rtu7zt;essure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90fd2; tzu7dxft2r e z+3 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidfnjw4as za23de6 0q6uity is 50% on a day when the temperaturzawfne2 d06uq6 3 a4jse is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wat/lyj35ef+z t :awaj q6er boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a partd,ep+voqy(m +icular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempd(p vqoye +m+,erature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whe sw0x(z 5 hc/.bz/yjhiiux b5,n the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? hbs.xih i(x5u z/j5w yc,0bz/$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the np(uk9n o 32ghtemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the *yxxs/6 m k:bvwater is boiling at a temperaturysk/b*m xx6v :e of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rooc)m kz c.k2l1 sj8bq.pm of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poidw.in03 aotc: bk(s/ ont of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine5tld2hkl gny vog m*1-yx,*y0 molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of nm t-*ld* 21yl,ov0kxhygy5 g15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from .lq2ajco6ktjn,y: .j the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An aj:,l.kny2 .ja jot6cqverage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibra4q 9r98l-h g:wzh8dovd.j-n yx8f7jb w cq+boted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has p/u(:,ibfnzk y qh* yb+ 5xyg:been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room 7i81r;sa2iajv3ee on b)s qv6temperature. How much error will be made in aa n8i6 q )es v1iasr;obej723v recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is inii1 wpa;c(/s/ l(w gl;bu1mlcutially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What11gc;//iu a wbpmllwc (s(l;u fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lhm3 z i-cu+ywrsrkv)iqf2 -d*,t5c3o ength 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatur y5fc,chi2--t +m*)vdw3r ku ozqi3 sre is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter iknyh,tvp ;) 2bsk r-*ps about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum kf38 0fbvuwd.techniques is aboutbu d8. vffwk03 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full cap6vmhv;r:zx rmn8y 3 rzui:k(0 acity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickl vzux:(hrr ;0knm3iy8z v:m6ry rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere a( a.9/kwl z/qam 1ynj jupfx,4t a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) strikiapnkjq /(w9 f /umalzjx41 ,.yng the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increase bx( we5dop 20.kv(yhod from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume .mtmf813m f:z syx-gk of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the sj5hg0mzr0;naq p; +f curface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air moleculmgj;50+qz pfra;n0hc es in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7. k07ebje/uw9c2a.lu 9rbs+ fc6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure g 4,xa3s2l 6 f kl7aqxk2lqex2= 2000 psi (13,8l6kaxq32 f,4l2q ek xxsa72lg00 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats i)7a 8fzlji wv9n a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at spn )+4l dv/qd0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band wereu ju:4 xz(.dsh1cv aq* to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a3qv)f( wbhi/ n glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted; skuaj,9js7x;lv yr8 in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when f0y 0-ccii;vbmqa*+ qiully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth iss*m o1ee t5fc1w3-aax $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis k9pzl7 m9cy -qnr ol:-balls thrown vertically upward at it. Ho9z o9l-p c7kynlrq-m:w many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of aa52ntgsbwt0a95 .r v mir from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at0s.bv95wg ata m tnr25 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air ondccooonk4 i4 +76clk) the following two days: +4d)kon7 c coi6c k4lo
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, an,vd5tz p75+6mvmyjr x d when it is a sol, x 5m7vr y6p5vzjmd+tid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show (c x(jtvhhz,30 i*ykithat, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient(k(yhi,i zth0*x vcj3 of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify theirs-;/ 4ke c73x toaeckn cellars to prevent rot and miae 7;3snt 4cx/-k cekoldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg