Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alumi,de6xxwwabr6 *g-c 6 fjr 0ii,num? See the periodic table or Appendix 0* 6,iwa,-g6rc bfewdxjx r6 iB.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermoda y0d4 t7v 5wgg1sv6ymet7yddga gy54stvw 10 6ver.

Which is larger, 1 C:6k a7qaz(c. lnapmb:- zj0) g wz-ctd $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is *way q-:knvt2 mh et)d1ao0/inot in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, yada/we: kt210v)-*mq htoniB, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aqflb0af-;av+ru -z3k luminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the o;-fvq uzb3af+arl-k 0 utside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of oifc8b -m 5gu+linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagracuer4u9( qauqbt( / 3ym of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how ittu(uacq/uq493 be(ry can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sectiodn3tjbtjoz 86f (/b 5qn in the shape of a U.53(bbdj nj6/ z8oqft t Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder odg(wes 3xm.3 p3cq9w) zzh5r jf lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermohw6*ptp 11cbaaxa* el ( bv7:jmeter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially desceabv7wax* palte:b*c6p(1 jh1nds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one psk3;- r ni q-oq9qg5zeart of it is heated or cooled more rapidly tho3i-snq-59 rzqkeg;qan adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient ofocjrrm).k0 n7e4 ;:t onx/twp linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives)x4kor c/pe mt: wt n;0n.r7jo rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura )5muh9jei.z.d;a d 4w mb6vrf(jyvm*te at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its botesme x-b+dg6 hae:3cb hn,2)v p -rpv9tom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand ubhcs,gm- ve3b 2)+e nvde:6phpax9-r p. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pu ,24gck4p shfam/hp9n/r 1sx (dp 7qdnshing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against 9hkpdf4nrn( 1a74pq/mcp2 /,g s dshx a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum skm 5 vzgxxr*;.phere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incgmk 5zxrxv. *;reased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation *z2n ms b/eol.mgyi tsuzazt t516*68 between average kinetic en8m gy z z.msn*6652laittuz*1 tesbo/ ergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law,4ci2;a xye t,i kohq6 -7vygj follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in thk -bdby:26bwte Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the )*p h6y1d(m;jglohq nEarth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it 6gqh(j pdoy m; *nlh)1is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperat .wr9zz4am kds3p8oec0n qb97 j 7r4;adot9isure. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one ;si87jr3d. oc9tsm9 wop0q4 e74dbaz na z9rkrelative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a p7 q4dzqhs;;r hot dry day at the same tempz;dq h7q;rs4p erature.

Is it possible to boil water at 1qo) ,jgmp(cpp/a mq8 np2z.oroom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is dldrms 88wj+r2hk; + ldifferent wj2 r8rm d;h+klds+8l. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the r rtkk,*c0m;fwl a ++qzadiator cap of an overheated automobile enk0zftlkca, ;qr++w m*gine.

Why does exhaled air appearl*wgr)ax 7zgx l8(o3eo mhx2/ as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram)66 i hpccap2i copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of8m gawej-: az/;b5odyx/1z ee atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ringae5/8/1adzbwemg; e: x-zyo j of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68ybfeiz2-4 c9 c m9r-db°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?cbdef9z y- - 9m42cbri   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatu e-*6 ffqpwy/tcv .h*wres recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass sc tc6r c.pzw9b 2uky1)x6k*mthermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 16 t)wkk 9u6rsybmcx* pz 2cc.$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builk. fvx.lvaov fh9q9 9(t of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is bh/e80;i egxuobc3 th 3d7gncg vc45t2 xo.ko3uilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (hh vtgu /0 c2co;co43 83x3g ko ntxe.egbi5d7average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thax1t-/b ps 6i+m)prziut are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is plm b/1is 6-xpu)tp zir+aced in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water auyvg t0;8/ m4lk daoy;t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume t)x8 fmuurrhd(15j *jb)qha4 if it is heatejd4 hb()uf8j15aq) uxrrht m *d from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wa/bb)e1i ws8 xyter at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL kku dotmr2,) +) r4axfof water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rinzp9,klr l.6+m j8khojg made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentialk. tuz.6tft)ri 04mw /g( knbgly one direction only, show that the effective coefficie/z.4t06t k f .gk bmwig)tn(urnt of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density :gn :tej7gc.p/fm)xu ( h d/sb$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l anduct ar16oht86 width w has coefficient of linear expansion6rtuac o6ht81 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sor 1*dk.s w2jshlid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keepehcq / *e*.zu-l akhbm *gn+.rs perfect time at 1*mc+/zq- bl.ha rene*uh g *k.7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140n 4zpny1 xyj 64ey8h6r mm. The bu 6yyenxr8 npz61jh4y4 lb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41jp h.my;bx2 vb a6kqm* wz60z2 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bea wabxh. p;v0mz*2z6b2j mk yq6rings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is req0yyx-- 5xnfvz uired to keep it at this length if thenx-0 zx yyvf5- temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam ;re3hdicetf c 9f1bds *y19b4of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm b vl6y r8i +8xk,yo0y).sjkl q7yei 4nat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:c0i6yi: y3u(;l nrb vu jmkw.:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sc: 46 6ct**;nr q2cgiyfvrwib cale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4-n7 utyg39 mxviu:iv-000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engi 2wnuoox+,rs/ne, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature ow+sno/2, rox uf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using m) fjnw.y*l6mfg,9 ik the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kx0 :(lo+hziqzg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5/3krfuy k,ukqzz,++b z7 v2 vx kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is w4liuc zpsq,n7)- h,cj6qp3o at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L conho)4 oc:dnic gu5 8lphm-6 fm-tainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Ki:chml-58upm4-fh odc no)g6?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0cr rz*o,87;ncs+f.d; nm reu q kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the ainu kl 2wc ( gxbjj.i3ud6g64od.f-tb(r inside the balloon, which makes icu lfg2ubx3o(k..b n d jt(4w66-gjidt less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with h3hgl, z skr58air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen awqwa evj 7t86gcr 5.q0uu0cxvg*j)9r t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at se*8hwk,ihg)j2 n-fa joa level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of6-rmbc-.rq z(ifje t 9 molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 .j4+2 a(cqtl7mgl aw4.gcq tes o0yz-L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a ,yu0cdox g11wp6gg,z p5+azh) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1;wqsizwc dz/*w8mf w17 hp :;z$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0gu:;+:l*f -kwsrvmlz a37v ;c bn7 mmx-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is +;lu7mm73f-wm:rg*azknbcv x;v s l:about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen(8wgyz2w 5im u6h8gqege.rui(+ -fmwbb *ps6 molecule at STP?g58g+ep2uz 6e6hi.-q wm(sbmig( r8bfuww * y    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliumgh.r y 8g6lyzibh5,/2+fnsz a atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 6,.5g ybr8yasnz 2 +zhgflh/ iK.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speeja8);2 of+ 4ogvggt( phj xgh)d of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased fromah;pg8gjhf+o ojg4 t(x) 2g)v 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have t y7aa+orkzb3 lv eh4;q m+,b,ahe following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the+o,khrma+qebz73aa ,v4;ly b rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at fx:6bpkpq5e.; b*5m n c/vw qh20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled n.)ht26+e 2ttejsth cwhile its volume is held constant, by what factor does n cj2tse6ht2. e)tth+ $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moodr :4won 0ual/x.o- elecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio ofa2 ss:zpo,sry)u+. f5j gu5p s their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their p),agus rpuf s j2+ 55.zsy:somolecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrdjpby5k +8+jr x60w hrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule*6:xl3nh2g ; lswkd an at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecv)g,js) h 1:x)o r3is)-qil8opciw5srj:yvz ules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u usy3h*7vb 3w(m) rr/+mp.u m*stsle ain a living (3/em)aw3m7 yrp+ s *.bur*mst us lhvcell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu(v p,/;p0c c ca y(7onlbabcb;re P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urrtey0sh26m*(5syhl n2 md wh*anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what p*;jn58bxvrzp ;) qghk hases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tem5c -d- q(zbp )kuyrd:vperature is (a) 90-:pc)rvd bkqy zu-d(5 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) ug 80xc w74gvgjqo**y7od c)t if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 qvu yd*4w8go7 o jg gc7)0ct*x$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure avlq,z5r w:p8v(; zpnd t a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, esumrafqfo+2b ue 7b+:4timate the temperature at which water boilmqu2ubrfo+ f+ae4: b7s. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when.frw/udd94)u rvde. i1:sgcj1fl f r* the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is)d:u/fg.4ifu rcd vdr1lwf *. 1j9res 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when ku sco 2,-*yqdllq(d 5h k,dz5the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure a8h;hf 1m ds4ycooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120 hy h f8da1;sm4$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume v m dronjf,vb(d3-+v.680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5le0* b nbe29l*ili: cd $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dak3- g*v)vl)telyh1 5xaaa*c istance of x5y) h*v alk eg vla*3aa1-t)c15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thro.qwif9bh fg ,t, p8kh1ugh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mif 8wk1t h9bhp,.g qf,m long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali, 4ao.xf g5mbgkl3nm 8brated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure wjnv kahv8mux 5b; c/7b-c(x )has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrateddq.kf sx 0/u vk;ql46*qfs5ukd8ma ,e at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recip, 8qakd f.uv;qkxs4e /5uq*l6m0 fs kde calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initial7jm0pcwe *)p um o b/bt397xjgly 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge m)mu xb70w ocje 3pt97 /jpbg*pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a r ;sh) yio:x2bw7rgjm8oom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Ass2; b8swjmiorhx :7yg)ume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mattw:+hg i/ wdwdhd7 l;0ier is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboz6 ga2nh cl)*lhb0u+nut l* g+ bzl0 6acn)hunh2$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below tp k, wcn)lx8(evk0h6/;jj ti ahe surface, to)x/vih t;klj6n(p8 ac,e jw k0 what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a sp5p0uzw ed3 c ll-x(us;eed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materz0(ew ;x5u-u lc3lspdials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fro1 1im4vt yn2nkm 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m kdq0 n9zdepib975 ;9lpqt lq,$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Eartj,lfb +8q- g 1cmy3msrh, estimate the total number of ai-cfl3 qg+mr8 ymj ,b1sr molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molv vg wvd(61t:8lxeqp z6e09 btecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gau+ 5lb;sf*/nadmmk a:k ge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheria f5*;/+mksa:n bdkl mc pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid m:yu0s2ic kowttyj(l;02, j q vercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atys18ll-v-kk yevfd l u1rb3-) 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroj (6 ysq-xeji-und the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass ; y v9kc:lp,rqd+ibrq h* (or9jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standa tgcmm44x:/ id.ur kr3rd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pbp/v 7vy, g5hsressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from ud bgtmgl/*, +the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravitj9w - pbq1,*sm 2hahvxea +7wey by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the l2w*7+v9 -wjah, xpsaebem hq1id elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-c,hi nnywde-08zt6) w dm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, an6 h0dw,)ny z-eiw8 dtnd the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water v azjp3u1t.ui5apor pressure in the air on the following two days: u tp15jaz.u 3i
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent diffko8 32zi4zat 3ii*s9nm-*n ybwo dt4 cl.j ;qierence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2ziy a4sj2toq3n bc-i*o kt.9 48m w*in3 ;dilz000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law t5ue7y9n h. ypcn2kf q7o show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coeyk7e n h79pfq52c.n yufficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot ar lsgqyi18m6u 4 .q1jm7 frt 7cs;/ +onds6zdnnd mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at crsnsq.4um 778ztdiro+j 6 nly;1 f61qms/ gd20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg