Which has more atoms: 1 kg pi(pie qkm:a/*w0a nlau 44 i)of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B./pwql( iaau*kii44 0ena):pm

Name several properties of mater/s/(hapl oe2dials that could be exploited to make a thermometer2p /s/eah(ldo .

Which is larger, 1 C u: jubb2l*+ y 3iknogu(fo+r8$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thewe)uk0,7o cq5ohof - x-orxz5zdv:;drmal equilibrium with so rqd;veo-d xhkz w,ux75 o-)o:05cfzystem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When hesy1 eo1 v,bir td-f;/iated, the strioid/,f betyr vi1s; -1p will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expanuiljn:ltf+o43s t 8.1kwbk; b sion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a(g* 2odnqvwzcuzn.sej: ys;v: 9 zr-6 furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it cansv6zs9gn(rejzy.d ;o* :2cq: uw-v zn be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixea kh-.q)6gy rf):f:mzrl t)pu d at the ends often have a section in the shape of zkthp ff: q-:yur)ag.) lr)m6a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flo gyj:(1zc(pjo ats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firstiw5w1/ d fq5sj placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit andqsjw5/w f51d i then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rape mvi,:9j0g+mnx tdvb/zz7 c6idly than adjac nvm6ted:x,zc ib9v7g+j0mz /ent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expz9 +t-r0ftjvd azl 21ivqs*d 5d)ueq(ansion is much smaller than that for ordinary gla9 s qf iq zd*zvjddrltv-a(1+)2u t50ess (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clocl o,2qq)i8hz bk, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda willdrud: wq,/ zd3 s,(i8ownbu7beq:-oklt3bw, cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has hb etldwu 7rnz dwbqi(sb:o:uk,/,q83o, wd3- appened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, bj6vz j7ah-t+m y pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kineticmj+v-z hta7 6j theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase d8gc (1 xundwu,5.yst or decrease if the te(scuwy. 8d1,n5g xdu tmperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theol*2( + vkwn8nnupdr +iry and the relation between avei*nd( kn plw+n8u2 +vrrage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law followsignu3ywi* ,( swlt3*l fv4d5w from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the .t,w*dng (cd mfkf;1k ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for t /.a j j(crycid:(wn)yhe Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and nevej(c. i/y :n(dc waj)ryr return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. ;fnllo1kkm * dm+,9 1(rcxtur What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to thernfm dur1; *+(mcx1t,9kokll other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable thand aqa e4b(:ld8f0 oyp8 a hot dry day at the same temperl: f4pedaq0yo8 ba d(8ature.

Is it possible to boil water at ro cctjhyp680d)*o2u 6lsrb - piom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is diffb tcg7g ry6+1ferenycrt f1+7 6bggt. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radihlcxi:q5cs2e na*)8n ator cap of an overheated automobile engini n :*8slaq c2)nhc5xee.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whiteuw:2mb0ov73 4t ibzdw cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copperzlx-9ub i6d- u penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms inwjh cpd u o1xfgu 5im,mw1h/+36h19 sw a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the sa dgmo1f1w5 mh9h hwp+u6cw j31, sux/ime mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scad7sb (a mf7r- ; kva,a,qenw;zle?;dn( sae mbkra,q,; af-v w7z7   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temper,vqm4mag -vo (atures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cxr 8rox -v50xcm at 0.0 o0xr8 5r vcx-x$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builuaie,gak *9nb2ia(1w(2 bm zc t of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought imui8g6st-g5 z ron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes bezm6 gu ig-s58ttween July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that ar ;t22npmyp5dy 9x+zam 5ajc v4e larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. Ad;y22cnjp 9axm54 +apz5my vt steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atur 427woiezr 2 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8 nv9t *9 1lgak7e5ctbn.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30 elcnkb15a997vt*nt g $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the br,cuqu6v: k:qu im with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at y -jig 5ox8b4k63qwwx20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. A z0j bm8s9eak,t 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vesse*n(av olwoap tc0pedyh80fc ;b,e 1*7l so it can expand in essentially one direction only, s ec7l8(*;fa0po0h1a dt e,nw*obcpyv how that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the d;gz y2 euuy5s8ensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficiqt vibt d5f0(tdk i:3c+c7(;sc q2mbf ent of linear expans tm tcb0fdd2;cs(: q3cf+ ( kvb5tiq7iion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropdun 4 )tw0k9tyic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of bra 5)lf,e)v)r+fsc mda za (bd*bss and keeps perfect time at 17 5lr)fcd fmv)d),*( ae bzsba +$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometep8b-j+qsgw 4)jh fp6oxm2 vg1r has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb hsbjqwp2 m g o)xgp6f- 1hv+84jas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cy+dr/0+qh p )kvdyvy6 ylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocityv6+r/d0hyypvqky )+d $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requir* :zool ktqbqgm +g8,b :xsq92ed to keep it at this length if the tem bl*oqxtmg2o+:8s 9gb:q q, zkperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steelkfb h.5hj:t;h/c/td/ z ;l fnm I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 rr*by e0m5wv2cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followingayym6b1lgt p72ld ;l 14zrn+ vax6 sl7 temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scalbr0k /- 4m.y nrcd0life?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thes;g7gvyyv99vg 0 zeulu 5(* id Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure as+lhzf 1(b)235vs y bmd8z j5w6fyoo und a temperature of awb3 m8y fv )byo6j+z lodfz(5hus s125bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxy,a0i8j-e7sbfusc c7ufko3 oi k -)kv6gen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of uk y 71jvp3.r6 e86wxoz:wj*kch0of i nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kgfs jf: vkt u4al58(v0i of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium nal nojs 2j/b* ,scr24gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container ho+ 8pdn3(mfuu mlding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 8+pn3d(fm umu K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 g v2ptb*op81d;unar 0pam: r ub --mwoix0)d( kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating 6pc4.dv)we9gzw cw l s2-5jv athe air inside the balloon, which makes it less densewp dzv-cl2w56.9as g4jecv w) than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withys/:h t*v./emxo p-cx4** wx cwbaq9k air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 tqdk x:f5 m30d$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chifai 9f 4 ssfx :5py sg(ia6uam*r/ +6wkobf+o1ld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mole r9 n9ahopd1bx(3vc x*cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in zspeb(r*o/0 l* gjno41.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles vf7u +gg*u/xm,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 53ey h 1pt:y2ak.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale 1;ij; dw ;pdvec s,xz2that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high a,ixzw ;pejc2 d1;; svdnd of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen ma d,0+we2-0hwm jnya uolecule at STP? udaw+yj0mwh0-e, n a2   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms nxm(fcpq,s 6w 1ear the surface of the Sun at a temperature of6fw(csq, x p1m about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature ivov pn5 pp, 1sp)7cqqd(6p w+is i1p 5)s7 o(vppdn ,+6vqq cipwpncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, gsns(t29f -las4mp o t g(h;b9fiven in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 9gt2 ;amb4 f(lsopn(fts- 9sh4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in jshu 6c 0:h)tsupbps9-gd )7la gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of aaa ujkj 0q+a+.)ows yfy+aa94 gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doesaay+o)ajq j +w04u a 9asykf.+ $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules *v6r d. netnzd9arxslc5k,4 6in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the samy1.x0 nocik l1e temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inversecl0kyoix 1 1n. ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in anua kj-f0osv.s/twg *8 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxybjil;7iev f03bn+ 36lr 6wg.c c erbj8gen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distanc; arjkfk ze9.wwwmc2x)dv,, qt ) s-:je between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecul cds j*eeki dbl:3x67,ar mass is 89 u in a living cell atd s3*jbxc7ldiee ,k: 6 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written/*azts(5vyebx: ri/ n P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,v8o hph9k6 ,ku-y ao 00tf7yoc*7moha $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in w gr :+mt n4m sgr+;mgg*va,y5uhat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase wheq*n2g.*g f)y( o olgwzn the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90zwyf g*g(*nq2lgo .o) $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% 1dp nvn9ef8 4ta 3ehyzx/(,hwon a day when the te x1hy9v3ez4 tnw,de8/an f (hpmperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils v5s0n 6x jj3cvsjg 8z0bq7nq,at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a partickl* a+h4w4msh r)qkj(ular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which w jlarq*+)44k (mskhh water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial e +j:pmp24eo7fcd g7 xpressure of water is 530 Pa and oed477f :pmpxc ej2 +gthe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day w h1fb4fi14vm aj6sk((q,f vwul e 96bwhen the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure caj ri3f.teoy h3/-yx+is+6 iifgu(o og/k+g8ooker if the water is boiling at a t8a +xgo.hik y tf+jei uo3iy/+6gis3-or f/(g emperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68 p 9noqj:lr3s+0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de3qf1d2-x) fjlape y)z w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Ta)s 8a4 x:arlphble 13–4) to diffuse a distance of)a8s:pr ahl4x 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface-,x oz0x l-b0pk rtf+z3,: fbj4isult of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and h:tx-,0j3 zbu4+,fsf po 0-ikl zrxbltas cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated axmcma2/ 5ge. ct 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape 5efo3*j p+pcutj2s 6wmeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much erro ,n7z1h k0 ezp.ja*nlyr will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cnypzla7 e*k 1,n zj.h0up are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many gxq70j ) 2w7kmsipuy 9balloons have been blown up, tg9sqw0 iym 2px7kj u)7he gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecule-alo ijb l8xfi)+uq4)cegr*/ l/ue,cs in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatuqrbc e+ uoacu 4le* ,) 8fl/xii-l)/jgre is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dexf7 n1bl5 dxyrkb./ *fnsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniq4e jqgth 8:w+35z/o8l nbfirtues is aboo wz/rhqb3ftjt 485ge8lin: + ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10j8edan+ .d,8aptb0j t h 4l9di m below the sbd. ih98a,0djpa84 jt+enltd urface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmostau./xi/5st ;j2t zwtphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made o/sxt.w tzau5ijt t;2 /f special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 1le75vpocj * s,a8d*m h10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o r;g,+ v +q-e7ulhxnlrs2 0thdf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure ak8/h q3/ pnq9stm9vop9(jov lt the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air m9 8o9/nt(mql p3vp/h 9sj qkvoolecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7:lw(gwq zyd*jo b3 x0-.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of l1u )vsu9 rsl(egok:d7cw o30oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,803o19):us vl7oegdl0 wr cu(sk0 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a b5puzjt l ;/8qkowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline/lqwdp06hh : c qx;k1vs/mrk4 at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugl.t8:s.bd k )pu9zivvty around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass j/be/q jc eux6h5eenc gc2/h6z*yd8o 0ar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1kmui 5 p+rhkm;d;;2s .bastb98$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20rcn1l7pa prgg ;33zj5km; / ol7jjo 6u$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thvz53sl; , i*+sm.ej rkjf5skue Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown ver 9qnf0a /7wdf18bgo yjhd:*dbtically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060dgya bf bj/1*: wq hf807d9ndo kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble optdl yt q cixm+g) +x zhl/kv,,8/0c-uf air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. xd)c,u l-i/0,8lt+kxgyht qc zp +mv/How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following t mjp * nbkepb:pq 9+zmu(qytzr,/ ;z5+wo days: tm(u9;qj:zp,e z p5b y*p+rqbnmk+z/
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a nvgouk 4 - kwvz2+9zsspq4 wkh 0j4*(rsolid deep in theuvo v+2k-pqhz0(nwj w4sks* k g 494rz Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law toz bt2 rqlo+u1 +jop5mnrx6lg6174wod show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of vt 6 xmwo7r2opun6dlql5b+o+ 4jrg z 11olume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to pre+jp. yibxw;z (vent rot and mildew. If the cella(wxi;y. z+jbpr in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg