Which has more atoms: e1nn6i1dr zxas; 4p, c1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or 1anicdnz; p,r1e4s x6Appendix B.

Name several propertiesiwan rb8lb dff-u7; :/kfm4s+ of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometlnuffk-/sm;dbw4:a8 7 rib+ fer.

Which is larger, 1 C ca9v*x w :(y-5udegzw$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syst6; n3*kqq iryw/10yezpzifq e bj1d5 )em B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of b eq1j6f3k; yyqdqer)5ip z/*z0ni 1w A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strir2k6if0tk2vqmm r1 . ep consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: Seem q6 tri2re02 mk1kv.f Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeff-qkfq6g*n1 g ticient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a:ygr, ipp+9ni furnace (or oth:ipyg9i n+pr, er heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a s7 8u(c .kwjd1imwuqz. ection in the shape of 8q71( u.jwu zk.cwdmia U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at c (,dek+cy f2w0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first3 fswwma tyzv)j206ees .(gk 5q2xe8cs *a fq: placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then risesq6 ws(a3xf)evj5tq ks2fse:wm yc*28eg az. 0. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated n1uvp f 2crgph8h 561 hdy,l(mor cooled more rapidly than adjacen8h nprldyc6vhgf11p5 h2m,(u t parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is tha r(zvp09ob4xrt its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than v4r 0(bprxo9z that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cwxwau w0 -wp3,1 *1zvq r5laaqlock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause icuvqn 8xvdb:pgjq,79bcbr/93q t .8cts bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened q v 8u9d7,3 jgnqvcc:b rp8bxqc/.tb9?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushingfk;,so +tn v+p on8mmjb0ao)5 down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these ch vjb+af 0kms8n o5tmpon, +;o)anges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water in eb*3bm d/h3we)z ns8cam1f3bcrease or decre embm33 3 /fsbnde)8b czhaw1*ase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lck8+ (gygx z,g0mf s 0/chwv2sm2lv;qaw follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperat fm2h ;w/ 0lgx0+cck ,ggmszqsy8 v2v(ure.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows frl- eu.9 t w;mku0c+d7ve6mpwy)z.unbom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s at3y ulz 5**rcq cu,zfshnt8 n1 f)sm0m+mosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minqt0 d -5j1/ff dbvb2ywimum speed an object must have to leavd vf y5jbq-t b1wf2d0/e the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mo 4qljjv 8x/c3rre quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molq4 / rjvxl3cj8ecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid da czpqyr *3o4,py is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaturecz4p ,ro 3qp*y.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 ke7w05g/scr f $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temc/uvn/ jr)fs5 1pbzij-(96 eb h.lp zyperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the(es bj)16l cz9 hp5byi/jruzfp/.n -v dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobi)r2 upj/qyxtia i*c k+ lfdo4)e j963ule engin6 qoe /u 9))3up rdi kjtx*4j2y+acifle.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wintiy ;-hxrb.gi6er (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper hbv/98 h( aui.tsozb3w :m5uupenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram golw8 :*8pnz9bp rpd ps2dd ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same rdpds8*9nbp2 pz 8p :wmass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whann:tf,c; *d)dhis x -gt is this on the Celsius scale?xig,dtd;:c*s nn -h )f   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempera,2tuvt+ m +q1e; i0nbtuqxi3otures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column ha ;jvi+ /6upekjw 0b)mis length 11.82 cm at 0.0 ju)ibk v+0;wij em/ 6p$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m3* 73nojnqpfvp f:riv-8 doo ) long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately v:)c0jf z (qohszer*xi :lw1(6to+wo300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (t:*o0wcev1i qso( x: wrz+ ()jhf6lzoaverage temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than sx()r-1fo zbldm8u )n the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm 8rzo (n sl)udx -f1b)min diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 8vyx2n dxurrg 2h * ylui7zf36p3(:lt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whathdt1.p yw1*laq.bn c, will be its change in volume if it is heate1whp1 .yd, n.*btl aqcd from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the br68;b z llow kpohts c,k5k)78mim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wasxo2ahvwq ,5l2 vr r67ter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be p02yit: e-wuwnhg:k1 mlaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained ipz2i18peyn a(n a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear18pyz 2npia (e expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dense--)na ,5f wmp gzyj2bity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has c.k1iin 3sr4ox(5v tkl oefficient of linear expanvns 1rk5 (iot3 4.xilksion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic *l. h6 oucuuctz7 0+i1dfzl1gbt; *jn solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is x :)zt4g4:ek,wgv8pu l9xrv u made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 :,4ku:pgug8 v)r xv 9tzex4l w$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomethjfsv+,z(sz4bs oc 3wi0 ve 5x)wb b1.er has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb hase4 v ,fchw.3 (oszsvbbb )sjxizw5+10 a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about itor g m,vck6ihur d0*h c79u2g1s axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity,c hiodrvr9 *7umgg6k c102hu $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when a.p3p9h ljvgdi0 c*b z.t 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length iz.9pbi gdc*0 3pv.hljf the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross+bp nau5k8y9 k0sb f6z-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 csi,sj,/by ct :m at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sc 8g(akok1 gq4 yr49ybcale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what teme :uxx7qr8x /cperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth an*x crx(;amg/md Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pres6oaw:ev 82cxa 3ns*w jsure and a temperature of abox2eaa8* ovnc3sw6:wjut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law. (l ut7pe,e bnox 3e4 rqht9hkh61:9sa   kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitroge-dnh+fdwc4/dflkdi , ,5r * qqn ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contf q7 0;hb8rbwxains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium 2 h2mjra cd6qcng/.k gxu/)j9 gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105fdr)/w mv);hh (xq-tywh xg s:ps4-w/.0 kg of argon gas at 3(d r )s)hmfw :-hh/xtg/xy- sww4p;vq85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg obhi lplxt*h .:-hq76 lf6*hdkf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its bufohl- zth; f-p2ym )423rh rpsoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1pft 2ry2f-43;rmo-)hzpsh l h800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with qde68h n 8tn;g/y;wroair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 gm8o9r( 8 ge+p f/i6btt yvnf3$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a 2nt1vsm9lqyo4--o vjchild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / f. oidge;akr2x2l z(9 $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 7,, /tja(caepu 3oler L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number om,dyep 3a9r, zf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5mh:s3c+ie t;iy ; qqz,.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you ingr ;/xh pl*bw*npg 9v+hale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constantv9x brh pp;n ggl*+w/* density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an cdww4747 w w+/1jb/ we8jrfjf akm6apoxygen molecule at STjw/pjd7kw7ra bwea w/c4f1 +jwfm 846P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temper 6e-bo b6gxw; gqpm/6mature of about 6000 K. 6pemwo6-;bb mgx6q/g    m/s

  By what factor will the rms sn g *i0pl(-h7hxrfq4a peed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increas*a 07fngp4hql(i r-hx ed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, give f -t.gc-or4ton in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7ofto4g r-c.-t , and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecuro67i m9*u km((mty hhles in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whilaz j1q/f8enm;e its volume is held constant, by what faf/ez qmajn8 ;1ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molec+ud oio.uk/k7 85yyio ules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, tq b:0p hfb2vue11.3y x iuhx+)cdt ,ehhe ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of thfu1u )hy ,tiv e3h0 .xbp+ 2bq:xechd1e square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contatbt )k7qd/vtfr p.h ;/ined in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed8j-adw e:qd ey16+3d6bndt4wej; iy n of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweenn wddmnltj iy*1;03,c a0ht6z nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in ax1olkl ; 0 b,bict;qmy *t:v7u liyv imblxo;t ,c1u qk :;bl0t*7ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =r gx+)gnt. :nyo- fx5u $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,d jovc8t )pc6t um;k)liy+) z- $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pres. 7klebn fbav/fzxd0d 2/x/9 tsure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm andin6 qr6,/j4qysj kp5x the temperature is (a) 90 q pk6xyr5nsjq4ij, 6/$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day whevna46n2 )a1u noaega -n the te a-aag 62ue)1 nvnnoa4mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90ocz: a3jui1j 8,ktgnt sm;3 h4 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimabism, - s0n3mate the temperature at which waterm-s nbs,0m3i a boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperatub rmh/hu7r5p nyn7u l+q2:lb3re on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relativrrb7 5n/p:ybnu3hl 7hm+ulq2 e humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day wh h rrq,c)y/j8ow 1z gd3utmo(;c:/ tvyen the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure coostknayno.nb2/- w. j 1ker if the water is boiling at a nn .kby.n/wa ot-s12jtemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r9;zizjb e) v i3 zaknvdv-(/e3oom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point fm ou85 5b0j 70ubmjubof 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4));8oee f l; wwbaqxa;- to diffuse a distance of 15 w 8;e;b fa eolw-qxa;)$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the iowub i 5v*iwh*0iw4-p nterior through tiny tubes called tra0*-u*i4w hiiwb wovp5cheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibhpo:2hr3 xlw-rated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atk/8 3zzn1wbzzsp .*z0u v,zxc 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at n9)6 2zkclx ixzormal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, ifk9xc2 6lx zz)i the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium g*k hl5v7 bl5atas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pre v b*tl5hla75kssure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a r;:h1xu3 bcasv nyn-9room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, andh-a:3nsr1c u;xy9nvb height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density , gs(*ryda73;r yi.jz+ d;ufkxqmie1of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available,)ykc;m ff0qug 07mq/siy h,x vacuum techniques is aboutgqfy/7mkyc0usx) m,h,f0 ;qi $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below tkti-oy ahg * *5j5 6nl/d/ulz 1j7kd(xiab7gihe surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly g- nj 6/datx1(ii 57ik o*adkllb z5ujhyg*/7rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a s,( wjpgt.:e)gt6i5ms si/cij peed of about 40,0 )s / iii jpte6s(jwgcmt,.5:g00 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gh(vv3pzk8e j :as is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7 lxll86lko -l(70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressureob nw/xu 8 h43t(j1tvl at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmos3utt(8h/41 o lwbnv xjphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a u3d-,dua*od9 exgf+o 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 q,0bj+ etm:6trc w7;dtj fzd,psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, qz;+,er djcmttjfb 7d0: ,6wtmeasured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0t+;+i-0xx0vk;iwt,nq s41eu v1ed bcs) wfa s$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoliv6*;w n;lq4 j7rrf oxfne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s ep bs5,i/;y q9lbdas9cquator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a ((nn+-ue,kl z nlu (vaglass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stanu4h3phpbqm ia d7s72y5 d ib95dard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chap yfv5 ,*tc 1vluu.:rxrged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Edgx3 a9.rv 0o 1tl,q 3fin)rmyarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against oj0lcxb x55 ihb50 9-6rkn.1 j nxadmuhh8ux6 gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assumi8uji56 1 hu0.oj6h lh 9mab-kcdn5xxxxr05 nbng they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble ofz yj57xaoq* yb/2ic5c air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reachbjxyicz7o 25q */acy5es the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following fu3tg2rq5u5yyg- f(f two days: ug yqfyt-r5ug5f(2 3 f
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent y yerd+h yk m6bh. 4m/7rt./zj* hkaw5difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the /dw y ya.bh/5z7k* j4mk+m.thrh 6ye rtemperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idea8a818xbus:l wytti+ b(iwx5 yl gas at constant pressure, the coefficient ofsxt 8 iu5t 8bw:1iwx lay8b(+y volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify t*usp5xlvgc8yq gp*l)( n j,y9 heir cellars to prevent rot and mildy(pn 5 cx9 l*v*,gpls g)8uyqjew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg