Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the per4sk6e+ij* zvjuk(;vl iodic table or Appendix Bjz6+es(*lv ujkv 4ki;.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermome1b5*1 oeib ),rvs6ghn db8gttte vei6br)*tgb 1gn5d,1sb8htor.

Which is larger, 1 Crokhs;4f95yjfhjfg8 ; vp/9 g $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium withlzyue,f)xg 4az b+ms+j7+hr: system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system 7r:x+gl ze4uy+ ,s bmajf+z h)C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip y/;cm (f:y p1ghfj6vb consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tabl1gyybv6(jffm :h ;p/ce 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient ofub d:n 7 /ysji)f.zru; linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a sic,w.u6a yx()f5fms qkz .b;bymple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can f6 a;c.y,)q.x uw5bkmsb f zy(flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed atbfefkae vc8,c3+ x3/a the ends often have a section in the shape of a ab / x +afecfevc,38k3U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder:b v. .evu-f ox64mvu/: 9sa cxyyn)yl of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-g-u35rv6 v ttoslass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descend t56usvrv to3-s a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heatedu; igs wjh)70s or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.wh )s0gjus i7;

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansio50th la9qtca ;vy xtg jiv/z)ou//. 7nn is much smaller than thaluziqt)t jc g;7o50/tn.av9 /x vha/yt for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 5pd.*jc psvxv,.t+q tja5ywx6d iq.* $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly t6vv272uveqi ;ux 1 .xnaz7*ku .nfvt ahe can will not stand up. What has happene1itukne*a;vz7v2 un x 7 6.avufq2x.v d?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pisto yt ;sl ,x e3s-rsfjq3.jo.rg*n), its temperature increases. When a gas expands aqerg3. y.-,fs s rjjo3; ltsx*gainst a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere 9q lb11)wau/bxu ur e*submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature iar*9 /ew b1u)luub1xq s increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follr,6 :ybgby3h 1.6xsublqp caxjd(e9( ows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic ealyh(q gejb:x6r9ybxd 3 b(.,1p6cs unergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theoryzzwo1n+4*zl 3 2lq nzz.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratjau9v0 0 t0lmtio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eacu j+((vlcyykn o 1lt( ;ls( 2j29aqmyrth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocityl st(+lyovj (unk;c2y2 mjl ( y9(aqc1 for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you inf 6-th;vs 0vpvser about the molecular properties of one rela s vvs6-tv0hp;tive to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry dglr4r,d06pg lr l/h, may at the same temperat p,mrhg 6lg4r lr/dl0,ure.

Is it possible to boil water at room te*z5l91p 2ciy+aft nvf * 4jfaqmperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is4fzu 8pyi )o:4 l0hopu the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain84) o 40upyiuhopz l:f.

Explain why it is dangerous to open 2o:uq a68a hb uyf2x5kthe radiator cap of an overheated automobile engineua xuh268y bo2fqk5:a.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in th i,-hu31lzqtw e winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram voy0od ,,oktk,nsa (ai)pu1 3copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to theac dfyxoo(. ..cb(l8n number in a nx.lo cy bc.8(foa.d(silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the C0k1hlp250zlnx)7 v)gqldtd felsius scale? 1d7)00q2vxlldp gz hntl)kf5   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and ,2oh9 kn;xdor lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass ther :mvei2sc2:w vmometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.02ewmsi vc2: :v $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bu hr7, eiczx-+vd,z-f:xc* u4 epc qojg2io a2/ilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately fs o(x+ un+ sagkr( nt8r,(zf +lr*m;n300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25+gr,a ftsz+ (8k fxm;r*nrl nnuso((+°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the riva*)q(qpx7 nbz et hole are often used and the rivep q7qa*)n(zxbt is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at t6hyh:r( tw 2h4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chatrbkilx,a 8y*xl5 3 /gnge in volume if it g/rlt,l83*ybx5a xk iis heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 10g dtir2;/ lt5i9t r8xk0.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5 n74s gvi8(pov5.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is toaeb9l2/w tvg ;k:v + y+6pmql1.xrh c 7imds0j be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vb+yo68 riasak h; 69flessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of lineasah+ f; 6 8raby9ol6ikr expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changeypu 0ri /df36m+foal6 in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of line9lstybekd 5( k3+mny/ar expansiokyd/+e 9l( nbykmt s35n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidb;ix20el0ayvvx-4sp ayjf 8 co ,rl 5(, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather-.l; c99zxsw wos4jg9- xwqys clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 owxy 4s 9lws9cg wqj- z;.sx9-$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer h.feyfl75 * pcsp dqyk-e dd.43as an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has sdf fqpde*7 54 kdp.3-lyc.eya volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about i36a szt24zkrbts axle4s2z6k 3 rbzat on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desikd5p b(u)j:t t ;(tcddred length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this len5:(c(k d d ;bpu)tjtdtgth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of 0o m/lmn// /c6kbnfkjcross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1 8*)6c/v qv3zrkfs r6y wfmm5k22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale b7+m ye/o/psqb(3i9ck jjiq; :
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperavr+dj5;vr4 d9rxo v)w:tue /wture on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures indhan2:* v)pcl the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperaturd udof)5qe/uudl p63+e of aou+fe l5/3qdu )6dup dbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas hq;80vryz *xxlaw.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of - ad9hg9k+pvmjes05ql z6p; x nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containyi(nf: koi6 c1hp0/ow s 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0 8p42quywiicjqc 2.eon27 1gv$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas ensis4:fte0 -ce8mh1td0 l)gat 385 K?8fetesh: 4ngs 1c- )dei00tml    $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of i.03zy d dkb785rmbzk dlrt-3$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoypgisu go98sz9gqoc)u).k bzf ,+9 uk*ant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air c.u ) gp9*zo8kfsb9g k,u) q ogiu9+zsoutside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with pc m n+:xbmx: 43 9jyl,*oqymfair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atbov2to,1flfw5 a y 0gw+g)ak) 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 2,22 7qt4-bqf,kui.g xlczwlc 0.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / q)ed3 fa-h+ay$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?6j aq90sk: qbs    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moi*sv d5l9*9 r dqri3ygles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5qbxe8:vk 7xa*.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 22ob om+bt y0b3, krt.h.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last br b3,b0ob tomk+r hyt2.eath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averagolws9fr6yw4:gy dt / yi 2,b1ne translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST:21i ywslow/ r4f9yd 6ty,gnbP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperaa9/v mtab8ey;8u+(pe*d ch twture of about 6000 +d89u e wta(/8bamecvh*;y tpK.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms s o.14hj7 ai1vtx4ssuwa.c g9epeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is i 4ho wa 9x1icgje4s.1 as.7tvuncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4w1dx:av) wi;*pvo sg 8, 6, 0, xdw) ; g*v 1:spv8iowa4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gej;i y)yd1 k(uh ijiw 5,kxq)+as at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whikg r3+q;tz+cx 5 s,1q:orjawf2anvo74b4 s cile its volume is held constant, by what f1gco x f b 45:qj3 +na7ro+aqwv;k2tszisr,c4actor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in xng ;j,e84ozasb/yd )s u(l9m a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture b/8 8jqvtkwa 0+b9t)edo( uy mof two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio ojoa /)(v0 8 tbuwekyb+md9t8qf the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of n3/w y ;ndepd8zv7u wn2itrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of a bymjm9l4 zni52dz 7g5n oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between6( k 4efgn5jw(tbw*j j nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid we- ukg5r*mwo;hose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at mko5wur;g e-*37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressug m46zoumh97d 8h4 br ld.c(irre P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura q3dt:56jug x8 icjj*gnium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what lk.mf(n8y gg( phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressurep6 j84awgw/vw is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9w4vp /8j6g aww0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on z rgnld;4w/ej9lm h/ q*y4e4aa day when the tempera 4j9z*eyng/ ;ql /mw4erdl4h ature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pq8py:vbt)mikt/ qslycpfh+ 23oc8 01 lace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estjs4yr/rk/e++ 6ueenw0) vtn limate the temperature at w lkt+/ 4ejrs)unwee+r 0n6 v/yhich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day;fjrb5- f,kd bzzrw16fxdc7) when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and dxzw7j 5 fc-f,bf rkdbz1)r6; the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the teo 0d nex yle8n(+;et grbe,/)vmperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is15*:wdhu 8hdfzj o7ch3/ tj.:f zcw db boiling at a temperaturd /w:.z8b 75hf3*ozj wc 1 cfh:uhjddte of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v tbirb/ fh69vtanf) 8n:zk1* qolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of oqdyh t92daal n1 7j*05 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecuh-t;s66dh j mqmhve t)y/6bd0le (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15htetm y6vh;6/ h0)sd bmqj-d6 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interig cgo8mn6*;kfor through tiny tubes calk gc8 fngo;6m*led tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape ;d/ksrudhi lc e)*3 l9measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been caliqg, p; ff1.hde au-bj3k xh+h1d )3axjbrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How mucmrhys; +l f 52r5;runjh error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cu;m5+ ruys flhnrj5r2;p are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a *0 ,:xgblbhtca / 1gqv+ qk-ywhelium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decrease/blqg1k* ycw thv0+g-q,:axbd to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.2lj 53 2ka efadmzpuu 4ctl(d)*q6au ,5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 2fpul(qdkea2a6 zucm3j)425da *l, u t2$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mawz/ph4z 9l9s ztter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best+svyyc8;;. fv(m rq jg available vacuum techniques is about j8;gfmy(;qsy v+r c .v$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below tha:r b gn5tfd,16xb0yx e surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly tgab: b,01ydxf65 rxn rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s aw 2ruq+).dnbz 1eai+atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must birqb+2.ae + )audnw1z e made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 1:ca5oqn s d)v,10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77c3-2p oakzr46 hl -hic0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface sb 9 k;/tiu:gew3bs;n 3e+uslof the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in t3;9:sb /wk lus gitsen3 ue;+bhe Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of ni69r:yn u8p)vbzu 2pl4zfdvi( trogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressur g0nn2r +fb3dee = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measubr 03gn +df2nered at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at h8iw4 3wbvkl w.b9im80$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0 y85. di-dqqav$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snx grtp6 3ux9y;ugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20c9 wojvpw: r0q.5 .7-1fptnt yk-kc di jjn,0z$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adg/c4 w :gd+qi1n dfjp2p vd9q2opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hao 1g01l p j.u+hhuw2sws a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth lp9mobem 2/+d is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is sutwrsei// ;pu) spended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elasticalt wur/;se/ i)ply, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm- h,, xx cs5ewke9ird:(diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at xhsw,ki: cede(9x5r,298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days 1xedx9osv9 r;: x 9ed;r1vxso 9
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dens(:mdn5 7)jnsl3f no myity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth )35ml mjdo7n n:s f(ynwhere the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idenv-o ,g(r.y.g i*v,jyq: ngtfal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of v.,(:vqnjy-g ,ryv ogf*it .g nolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot anc6+ kxtxccee5/a8uo8vjb( .z d mildew. Ife+ x.jacuk/c5( b zxoect688v the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg