Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminug - 9b28b ak(f1bvbzgdhvhz7dn;7g 5dm? See the periodic table or A87hbdgb b 9g zdd72nv;f1av5-b gzk(hppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could *(vmk eo0mtu x)m3 m+z*9bwawbe exploited to make a thermometerm )m0 w mwbkoz 9ue*xvmt(*a+3.

Which is larger, 1 Cnu0v) +kpz 6xs $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syste ; se;pi)1u z5o5hjpl*w*qq6x5v z;lq voa+ujm B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you s+1 xj5pp5ev6q*zu lq oulji*5a;szw)oh;v;q ay about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists ouco6rqo 8, n;pf aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: Sepo6nu c;ro8,q e Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffic jui4i6 pnnc.(r 3)elzb4. pt 0ny5xdb* yl6flient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a di; ex* e*r8hbryagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel conxhbre; *ey*8r taining liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed1om;s:+ w5tz m(:3 w rwcmcuda at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why? ws+u c: m3ma;wozw1t 5d(cr:m

A flat, uniform cylindeiib78l . 3izxe hon22 ;fuhck(r of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is isqyf4: vq)9hfirst placed in a hot tub of water, the)qh4 i svf:9qy mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break ibtgl z;-prot3g+uvc )5 o,e0gf one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ex-)l0;o vpebgg3u z ro tc+5tg,plain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffi/ 2gk8d3t(awbd s c+xgcient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives ris/ t2bd+d xkc8g(3wagse to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate atilf6xqn-k: iu6x g a)2 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the l:zn 61iq 9ek sizhd;+can will nhd6lzqz k+; 9isi1:enot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing y u93x2s7 (j15gc.vpvdalg czdown a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, ix y1u5dcv.c ls(p9vg72 g3zj an particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spherex.5gs uu kwb0yf.-qt2 submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is incre 0gs 2tyk5.u.bwfqu-xased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theorq2di5jnekwi ; z68f-yy and the relation between average kinetic e 6;i5nj-di zkf q82ewynergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theoryc 1e,ti;uli7eal.x/ ys-jz 9xnh 2ng ..

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio oq48 .vyfx er+chs :5 sjn9t6gsf $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to thery/th/cp0 r e0l62hbu minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically n/ b6rhhputl 0c02y/re o atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whatwsm,l h is1bma;0rxqp-:-/ay can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the other sis01br ay- wxlqm-pm:/;a, h?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more -2hj:k ial )pduncomfortable than a hot dry day at the dj-k) ha2l:i psame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempvfc:sr8 /lf- werature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature ) x(9, idwigoyis the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explaix,w)o( gydi 9in.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated hajp;o,uyo03- aw e52vruf.pn2i 5qs automobile e2p 5ue3qivfs wyo0;,.o2 -pr5 unjaahngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a lin z(vv5n(p jo y-q-g wt,xr.:uttle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grams 7r)ti b4*zfi copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atomrzdg ;99 mzqh-s in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?drg z99mq; zh-$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whah pux,.0yd2yfsc iv0u -; fba2t is this on the Celsius scale?i2v -x c;pydsfb .u0au,yh0 2f   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest andlqy51f3mbxj6 lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermom ;ht s3x4c.wdjeter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 jxs;d43 . wcht$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabso *i,p( jrl r4jn-s9d-(wtsfb 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–27ee ytt oga3 .g:8x4ye9) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average teme gy x:a38.o4ye7ttegperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than th)lptb*rfpa 93e rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in theprlt* a)bfp39 hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ;dp et455ipm( k ec8mvat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will b ecpg ae16muut56 3y2z9ew;h ye its change in volume if it is 9 eyu;eu16pe3y5mt6g z ahwc2heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with08 jmjvz;jw *o8 8puex 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wa ucet1jwpq49,) ejtlt;k o5:t ter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. sqqlo8d2/ 6(/mr9bjpp9.ru1gi mvjc At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lonh f 8. il0.may ;5xzh+ipl s,au.j-vlfg, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coef-zllh;x,yp5. a..8lf mis a+j0fhuvificient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i be ag+lrox) +df1dr bxk-q/2.n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linearx 88wwfw* mu-i expansif*wu wx8- wm8ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotvv3ll01e/wbnsjum *)cx9* z fropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect 0 9y2yblsjit.- mach8time at 17 lyaj-9i0cy8st m .2hb$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insideg10alr- ojz+vasm 1 z4q*a3ge diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb ha g+saaqrj1z 4-*a 0 gv1oe3lzms a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about az;9 r1ykyo:h,, cdoxits axle on frictionless beara,h9okr;d 1zcy:,y x oings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lenn38o.p h/f p+q 8h.yxyb5.d1qadyamz i+hk0f gth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperapqd0ydhkan1op 3 a.+8 ybfy8.if5/ xhm q+z.h ture increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam ilgi*b54lqu ib:9 -lsof cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atas*akoza)dh c 5,/f1rn 1d+ kn 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scpl ;+cjk xe;vol:- 77ov;potnale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature onx jpk/du *f.l- the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in 39vksfbfl) 4b8bctm5w jge;, the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air99u4e i kwj/yb at atmospheric pressure and a temperature 9/4k iy9ewjub of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ogtuv 8xns:51b 2xum1z t16rtf1c fjh4f oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nq3bw6ox2wn4d4 u+z c mitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containsjxt(dnln 3x u994d ia9 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helipgk1gz :ns +i(9mp s5fum gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure ig kpz +f;gyegj6w, 4s0nside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 4+0 ewjsg6fy,g gkpz;385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg a:u+ hwoc5rqyiy h:v8way /;mfat5 7( of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside c3qfki18hw2c eb3fy) 7* zxql the balloon, which makes it less denshfkfly* b)xz381 ci 3qwcq7e 2e than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1t n.7c5sro7+gk4 t m vh+ef;fk5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen awx:kk15v 3hdc t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a y/xqtfebi ;7)-1y egschild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the numberfgspu+ re ;g/ ue,j-,oe5;kto of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are thez5-dlubx) )nxre in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, erb ozi;v13u;rg rq5*   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume wd7-0xs9b i kn5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of airj2 d-h + gt2ojk69absqu 55+nb gg0fjb are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of consta -gk+0obb2nj jdbfga6g 2j95u5q+th snt density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an;7 3dqdnf lu;zr eapyf +;nn:0 oxygen molecule at ST0: y u al3qnpz+ndfdr7 ;fe;;nP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of thew1lu-e8d et,a8p t: 6w7i8vo2atr( sf3loh qo Sun at a temperature of about 60tr( a3eus8t6idah 2:eo1v8 wll p-7o8owf ,qt00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatuolrtw5y3;ryur*cx0., us*5gq /zigj re is increased from 0 i zs05yqrgj o*u, 3x/t.*;cwrulg5 yr$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units if.5 t i;f.t6v gvom 7*g+u fsd z,r.iaa:ah2aof km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculatffrio,ta26; 7 .h. v:uv gg.z*adiiaa+m5tfs e the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecule ko;-xb6 o, gkvk.f8wqinyuq )fz21a0s in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whyb15l (+y lv9qpnbmk: at factor does (1nblyy5mk: vbq +p9l$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gar jnfgs- q80p :6brls4ez .by1s is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatfuyk6 t.f7pb6ure, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of t7 tk.f 6f6bupyhe square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of 3 05m9:yrkbvjqxasl 5nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speedm / 2sj u9dkixkeiulvzg;3n(((dgyxs5u) ) q: of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mole58udz.h ev6y ( ogb hfmxy40g(cules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whosfq k.trw3 fp.:ib+no ,e molecular mass is 89 u in a living c .twin:kr + op.f3qb,fell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be bj,zqut o -ezbgek43av f1:: 4written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,km f b/u5(nn+2orgksns, tjg.u0, 2zf $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressureo)yrr6 +5z wjv, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the +dgr97.*mxgs91fs.t js fpd utemperature is (a) 9gds r .s9g*tx7jum + ps1ff9.d0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the n3qyyu(b3xy vk*i *5gtemperak5yu * vqyiyg3( xn3b*ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boiydvs6l8w ne rs7k2j; du30 w)zls at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure ato u-kvdx7s(sd3 y m1b1,x,chq,wz*x h6wmli ( a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boi1wlkqz b s dxh- ,mus*17wxd,hmo (,6yxvci3(ls. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pres) fgtxb4ad65f sure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40x 4af)g d56btf%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempe 56e g -5qbdzn0q rny,s3vr*warature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside uuqy h9 cjec g (n3(g+cm.0pa8a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temc(eunpc8+(qumhaj c .3 g 0y9gperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rf.b0 6u. qyg9 hindkinw+ha4 ;oom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pbn8t*qvtd:7ypld. -z xn9 eodcu37x-oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) nc dop bfcfxd067):6-v.rm njto diffuse a distance of 156fd0v )j .r:ncnxdobcpf 76 m- $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tuboeeljt7njl p1h1b9h9j*+fi/ f4 p w/bes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mnp lpb9+//f71b e1l*eo wht 9i4hjfjjm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated arg oi8k+;*aza t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atho to/*3y extuzjy9 */ 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperagu*eg+i :n c5uw xylv,o,cecf,7) -ziture. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, , ,e +ncvfuc)g y-,57: oeicgzxiwul*if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balfy2y)+lto voyrl-17k loons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas revr1l2+ fy7tkl ooy -y)mains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.u-e+e. cpcpq1 5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assumecp-+ e q.ucep1 the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density +wr3oa; l y*8f.gsmbj of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuuw*)eq2hqf+ii3ec j1f+d ;x v2e s+bbum techniques is about e3)iijqxefdsev+* 1wc ;2bhu b+ f+2q$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full7 4e5s6i-gahf/llfc z capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose l/ shi4zal7f6cefg5- to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters xjva o0hz2awd9: wu26;p+nv ft )b7 ikEarth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this hivij)zv+: wbo7a22kph udwt0ax9 6;fn gh temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fromyi/w4lgh52kgs+u sv 4 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770muy48 6fe*kfo v n5) se:4hmlsb$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheoxuajnswt4jx 5c( un1u90. z f :y1k5nric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air moleculesnc9y( uz5onat.nxk:us j4fwx j105u 1 in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.pqu:iu-. u-fj(x nj/h)g zz y.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxyge;qn;:l b4c*n0 , s ynq0yolxiy9egsy5n used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, isqs04l;ony9cyn* ,ye5l; 0n b :xyq gis constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merqexxy5ae26my6 /-pjeat5.kqj 1ppyq .44erxcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at cvp+b;ic:+s q 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were dd y+t.r0h*:so s u cr;2owkk;to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto q(/1 dcgx uif80e oh, qi*hdk4a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in thebp- *+wyv-mpc blt.,9yqkp 5 7wz snf- 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when full go-vy rit0cph1 d)z(q sq.:h.y charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is01k df97prqha $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity f/z 5 r4:om gxz-0(.r q1obuiluq9v ahby tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown atqz4g 1bom/qfr5ouu:l90 h-r xaz.i( v 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a de)9iecbt7utlqt;k3s( tspc -, pth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the tem9tk 3it c-l7,ceustqp; t)(sbperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water/4pyy/xs-d7/t mdvn -icn c6 b vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: dtm b7vds/n -yx 6/-cyi4pc/n
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in thelk12*(zjf8zieyl gn2 density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature iskleygf1(ln zj z2i82* 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idealgcr .x(ht5 ra. gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion ih.(rrx5tga.c s equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent dqebfc3u+t z8(n4:g7p8p+u)mfc bjyi s65rh rot and mildew. If the c5nh8c4 pt+sudz+byfem 8pgf36i)ju:( r7 qbcellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg