Which has more atoms: 1 kg of jy8p0-o8b:gtyiw(t hyx0 o+w iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B.yyx 8:00(top- b whg8jotyw+ i

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomenb n :6ri 7raeiqtr:r: ad*(6dte7:(a6 rdd6erib *nq: i rrt:nar.

Which is larger, 1 C omj:a+q j:vm0jfwzm/()p g 2wboqo683 j 0fwj$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium withsw)7t5uv + lsm system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can youltuws7 )5+vms say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of i g.qd+otkdnf* tu8n 84ron. When hea.g +f 84kndqn8t udto*ted, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion asiqf*:87ncu; 8 ka aj$\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simplew ql.6;2 jau n5/(vu6aasj xyl thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of twxlq56yaalv2u;a w6jsju/( n. o strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed af+q 8 fb36ihz)pcu lr9t the ends often have a section in the shape of a hf) p9ub3qc8 +flirz6U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead fldfehwc * wjt17) 4j-tfoats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is ( 4k0 fh(fkqjl6si)-ivvj bc* first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury ini( k(v v04fcj hqijb-6k s*)flitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled mor a6g jv/;3ftxye rapidly than adjacent parts. Explainajg3 vy6x/;tf .

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thz*vf hz7 .ppq.at its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinavh f*pq.z 7z.pry glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurati )u4pheb;m29xd brm6 e at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause wdl )q6b4qr)xvtlnp5( ,v;nn its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has hap ln(,6;xv)n 4n vqbp)wq5tldrpened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pisa xjyo (;+o0e29uyozpton), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particua0z ojyy 29;oo(+expular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant for 6 p 5w2mrbb z-4tyfmd.c(l0ydce on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperaturewp2b.m 6zc(5 byt lm0d-rdy4 f is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and thc*. zd /lk*uj*q0 dwpee relation between averagel.qe* ud0c *d kp*jwz/ kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words howg*5c j,4z (vsryhvuj. Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmvn acr-4/s:mk osphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for tse)w(/dlafacsbo u34 )x v 3u7p4bli8 he Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave tlp s/f7i 8)ex4wcv3 obd)sba(3a ulu4he Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tempeg6s:q9om0zgo n:puj 1t6ip9a rature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relaj:m9oup ga096iq:pn6os 1gt ztive to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more u 27c2 mruijq;.hr do8hncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same7 rhcj.8 r qd2ou2h;im temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temppnz8 +7i vutb9erature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humduego2o r( b5.ijfw .g )t1cr5idity is different. Which is more dense, the db )c todg5f 1gw ouje.2.i(rr5ry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to ope4zseth w4fy-/5hgxi3( 3 vdwb n the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.3 /hb-54twxw3ygzie vhs(f4 d

Why does exhaled air appear as a litt j pz7s);4sjqole white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppe;xk5rrf615; kr ns(q o yvr4xwr penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of,+dowqjt 0f5pttj6+ l atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver rin0f d to6tqjl,p tw5++jg of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 7.nt p 5myj,yrkvwwjsa0:,/jz7m) wp lq.3 xw68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?,x3ws7 z ja0tw57qmp: jykj,/v mw. r).pl wyn   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures record3 d+ubp x.kd6med are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column hasig c9xre5tu /7 length 11.82 cm at 0.0 c teui5r79xg/ $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 mo -qjw5s vfv3q(z o ic)7m49es long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wr4oue; be wdee.y jf3cq.a;0u1 ought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and .. 0uwe;oqd u3j eaef ye;b41cJanuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are o;zlvvsma p4t72 l1/u zy6 et:xften used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a:u t;l17vvzyxz6tl a24p em/ s hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water nv7/ vrrj p;lx9d) 8ttat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm ibbgslp 9)3:a hn diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heatbb h alp)9sg:3ed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fp7:rg( vx1ed,.wb7qyy8 grge illed to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.e709v0 )gu h,vyhuq5p wq8 okwpf;; kg50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to s3;l b+qofpzl7n r foncvg8/0:3eu e,be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expabu b*;l2q(zdd nd in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approud2*( lqd z;bbximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chbz k9t;fka: tqu*inu0dl;0 y. ange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has yquu *dw: ixlbea 533x/r2r;u coefficient of linear expansion w5r3qe*y :r;uxbd/32xiauul $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid*vktjm 6x.uv6m )fs+h, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps pbpz9* u)bqtrgh(;lzhx; e7 e*erfect time at 17 z;gl(9 e*tbh rbpz)h; x*qe7u$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. 6 9g dqmsv;1xk4po;kuThe bulb has a gkuv 1okq6s dx4;9m; pvolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotbnch 13k2a/ktx qv/*/nf 0mhl ating about its axle on frictionless bearings01bx h 23*mnvcqha/ /k/nltfk with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whe6rhuipwvm5w s 3 .61,6tqy quvn at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this lengp3wq1ivmvu wut 66,sy 65qrh .th if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cema djip 1 m793c//a,;kkya fkohv: o5ross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atia(c0qtb,d o4 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperat1: 8j,h gblkcnf+vc* rures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scd,v h323bn6bst;gu6mjs p bo3ale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun aress*dux o 1,n;w about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric p+bg/k)msmw-) vr hw3jressure and a temperature of aboukmwrwgsmh+- b 3/)jv)t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the iqk (5ev* c6hdc to5,gzdeal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kgcc4vu0 pst4+w of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 k *t )c vkeufq67g++ b+bpis5wug of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium ga f9+xymc4e4 .bso6oygru81gy s is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kke017+f8r qt e90fs edss bm*qg of argon gas at 3850fdksseqm0 rbt*1efq97 es8 + K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ooh16vcsj:ej6w y y1h)qn4 4kzf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by hehv-ex u 0q2(w z3ptuy eg,w;4lating the air inside the balloo u xyuvz2-qte,lp h30(;g we4wn, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai0 +;t 7ox-rshsm8z su7vm/ tyar at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen /yv k6qrh,c4hn q3t0xat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloo7,v80x qyzb smn escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o pzw8qa kk 2i7jlnx(;dgjh)r1g452 gzf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are thejohj)21 -nji1 lwr/ffre in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of(g w.y)tch* b;fphmcrv 5mx6 , (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume /a .h z dn1:95syakaxs5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules d,rs jf9ikwry+r323mf4, oozof air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is abouroyjrr 3s, f34fom+wzk 2d 9,it 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy orr2cng+eh:g+q bfd 7ur*do i/i .oj +9f an oxygen molecule at ST i+:7 +gc diuqdnogf+b .jr9eo/h* r2rP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at z6l.4m s:tmi/ -0mihxodyo8f/wsun 8 a temperaturen /mmmy688/fs zw -dxtliui.hs4o:0o of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecu,)mb4y 8mdgl ules increase if the temperature is my)lbdu4m ,8gincreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unitxp1: jpz)w: scuajc90s of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7,cju)wxc:1:a p9pjz0 s and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.088f n ifckk6dhc9g h;/ $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is double(4 ovb gfpvk*xz,z0z 6d while its volume is held constant, by what factor4ox z*pz6kf0gb (vz,v does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a ggl 7eux(q +w4tas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at thf 4cq mnrw;*6 yt8ax1ve same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squa *ctxar1 qw; vf6n4my8re roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nit /bn*/gk8*9i k ;n5ltorbf rusrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speedqr -qq i/uzb,*ijri acf9 4 t5efq0;;b of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules atxjl2z i7 w*8g2qbw3xi STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speei6a+ktohtg +3 d of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 gok+h ta63it+$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a wn(;6njhtkow(uhh c b )yd6 *,gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, smi;vo/kqqp* -(h +ic$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what4 n6satly l9akoe.820r7t 2fihchlc4v9 wd d1 phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when thm8t 7* m3yalqre pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 mr q7ym38atl *$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (lty2aot*y , 3tapproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 ,lt3a* 2otyy t$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water bohccwi8ta 6p ;f( g+tpr:0jw*wils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a part myvcb2 -ewm.x,naxo.;zf-m (icular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils.xa-m(ecnmf w.o2yz ;xv.- m,b $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water isp0brzs6x 5hy, 530 Pa and the relatih,6 pxsybz0 5rve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressures zyh048x8jxz of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a ycc 831td+0js2av z9k, ,mjyxp5pb uvpressure cooker if the water is boiling at txjza c80ujmyv pd sv+ p29,kc,1yb 53a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vuo*erzlgf, h45 lv wxp e: ac*pdoru7 6*5gv;8olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poiw63 om5qvvpco2s :) otnt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine y(fql in )8irs:p(x7kk q,a, emolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanc, )xeq8f l,7(k(qsapriki:nye of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through lm u0 v3xpp*j w1afk eu:3) x.v33fbyetiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is abouaxf 3)eex3kyf* v1j3 u3l0wbp pm.u v:t 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mex;f -ny x)qsdfqc. 6uk2szc7kqd/r ,0asure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure han/a pflw(8r bp*z3 ch;s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was cd*38pzc)cnp:* l w jhqalibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if thepzj)l3qn *wpd*: 8chc water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initun eb( i*lt*q .nun0q4tsay9(ially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has de u0aqlsq4nu*(e( iytntn.* b 9creased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 8()q.fu; 4sipjgt waqicp); qm, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatuwsf i;p t4quc.q; aq)(ij)gp8re is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one 05l -tgve:fe9g2l wkc atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tecrj;c pl)x)p,f* -nxp 7igz.rxhniques is abourjz x;ir.g-p ))7,lpx xc*nfpt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L+2tn) xkmhxb 6 when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lmx nb2+hxt)6 kungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon nmka;6p h54li/p)6v)rzah sc9v, w shenters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of sp 4)hz/) kpa6rp5wns,c vihmhl;6v a9s ecial materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inc v-n fh-alih)+3efq zolkr*9+reased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume otsmgl,:r a.(v f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, est4ff80+ h1f;z jc h8nmn +nsyriimate the total num ymns8r ;+hfi0f81njc n+ z4fhber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containeh8a nf6jyu-5mhgtok ..t0: wcd in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 20fo6 n2)fqx/. mehqg w100 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K mw12 qfg)oh fx6qe./n How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquiepr1dy* 1oama/j(ja i t,77 mrd mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolizlb:n5tjuj w6 t-o de 1+kfw/8ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to .p1 t4txdk vm-fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar atqywq+ b dm99+k 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length sta: xk9hotsa (cp12n p-nndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fullwlh xustp i0-tsjp* )-3g*yk/y charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ears:ql0 aehfdi;n +i;0ath is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravityqlu.mhx 0sx6, 2fa+f y by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at x+uffl 0a2s q6y.hxm, it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a d 1 w+fsaurcks36;k-zejz;e 3uepth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reac1-z;aee ;3c sku fs rkzw6ju3+hes the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vap 9g;t0g w:nkavcai/u 1or pressure in the air on the following two days: kvt0:/icaanwg 9 ;1gu
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the jd 8qbpt c7-(y4bxrmh:6vm)kdensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep hvymb6bjr-d4 c)m k qp7:tx(8in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, tertd-; 3lswoo3 ae 9.;,sh8b*aqxvmf he coefficient of volume expas,tx8fovo.3qb r a e*ws;;- l39dh meansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people ,cxi7b 6uuw 2s u;nhs tc;,p;pconstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept ;hbn,ip,ts26 u xuusc;7 cp;w at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg