Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the perj0lzkw v. ji c0e8x18sn b0sb:iodic table or Appendwsbel 0v 08c.01nbj : jk8xiszix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be e0rzaqt o(tio8 84b0ko xploited to make a thermometoo4 80otqa( rzb8kt0i er.

Which is larger, 1 C5p/-ag 85opt 6v rqafv $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal eq7yz tfz3jj;x*yuv 72duilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about t;7f j2zy x*dzyvu jt37he temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whexa0 z16 xl, iasmrne:q3zqz l)z -+uj9n heated, the strip will bend. Which el,zn3q xl mj :9zuz1+qi )a0z sxra6-metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expr7-fwl )a8votansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thzg:gw 1 xpi6)rermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explax ): 6wrg1ipgzin how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in th9kvx1a4 zx x-rfg, w 2p*4hlgve shape of a U. Why4lkg *hvx4-xgapvx9 1fw,z2 r?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merk*t5rpi s a(l.cury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of watfvdv8h+ktxezm1k8ps3 .2i 8der, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Evzpk83+ d .f8xm8di2eksth v1xplain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is ;xa39 zr v -f u a,ji5nhehf(a*gprux(g8cn69heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent partf6 g rrehzx aax,nv9u-5j;3 h8c(9g f anp(ui*s. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansoa z1ga*3z.j+7a2ixhnexxfcq+1 p7cion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Ta z*73+ cofghnqx2 7c.zxj a+e1ipx1aable 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clo5 ,h1jzhldn:,k;fx ou ck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bu7v;;iu-/ qize f7yksc lge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happenez7;qckuyivsf; -e /7id?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing d.grawui /: j5e4lor( down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic trw. (jg 45 laro:ied/uheory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an al.xm c3/gf ,t .1qnfgxluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increasxtf cxm../l,g3qf n1ged from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rela.0rg u-pc /is chusy7;tion between average kinetic energy and the absolute te ucu/ pg7hsscy;ri.- 0mperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lusc sa-jx.m7f( atp0b7 jsac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio ofmb (p4eek.jt5yx a2-e $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an obt0s wi(t j7l ycs03in/ject must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about oniw(00s cl/n3sj7tiyt e-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates morvu5uv *q)b/td *z6qwve quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the ottu*vb5*q/)zdvvw qu 6her?

Explain why a hot humid day isti+dvyt 7wq(+ far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sam + yq+tdw7t(vie temperature.

Is it possible to boil water:cptaz9et 5( r at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but teh23s1 y4r lynhe humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Expre1ly2 ynh4s3lain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated autq1 h.su+ en,vmomobile ns +hq1,me.uv engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as /dzhs b4i.1and2j -xd a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.8/nav9ap (2 (yiw xdxt4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number lo,(j rvd 2)urin a silver ring of the same mass?odrl2v, r)ju( $N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Cep / qf:5 f-r4jwbx)vwglsius scale?gjv5 r4wqb pwfx/-f):   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recg4iu *bl.l;) xneqqye::o-yhq y-1djorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lej* ipdo*fs/1 pow- a;ungth 11.82 cm at 0.0- owop p*1d/siu *jf;a $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lr7rjmon7o3 mh pl2 lch*r;/u5ong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximat :i+djv1t;o3 if(*q9y 7l x xzpkyc 5te8p+vlgely 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (8 yi:17p vto x cl+kp5;(vi dzj*+gq3e9txflyaverage temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivep/mp9g:n4r6 ryq(zp y0z kt2tts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter i nr(t :y2zgm0q9yr t4zp6 pkp/s to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atr7 +uq),zyp.a j9brvf1r ,vw p 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chaq/wawt z;7r8oz 3io. snge in volume if it is heated 7zrs/ow;.zta w3o8 q ifrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wmn:enu xp4u kycssgez1s(8nxt21 7+.ith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wate + qps/63aqvp2rlar.hqe:c;q r at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of ironqjc ew w*1ciiz,o*q 73. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand ibr j yar9j(xhkr j3-4:n essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the c3jarb 9rx kjr-y:(h 4joefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density+. zuv;c/)pgy/yqgf y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate0u)wch4ykq 37 6o wlajsxv1w; of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansi;jow36shyv 7k0w)a xc4wqu1 lon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropicwz ffr+ f;,dkicyy +.,z( *ocsec.gw ) solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and kee3nha):oy /knfps perfect time at 17af3)ny /h:on k $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of30 6m;vinao knlw m2)b 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.bvlw0kmon6i)an ;m 23255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cyliv 8 (b.c n,yn(sr1ckqnndrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bea , nncvy1c snk(8.rqb(rings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is re o)d *r9i 34fgxqh2uor2t xa,i4yjjk* quired to keep it at this length 4t u2i49ry o2j * i,)h*gaxrj3ofqxkd if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional anogot9tf,kr6sji x;o 45q62d rea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter hc,mzwny-u) ( +3gri i134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Ke *(hm kxu e91-,8azbp3acahwqlvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what te scyd/5dm x-f(mperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures i)/puudh;zj kno,v: j1n the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure mwbvn/p826dwgh.3 f 6h-ozznand a temperature onzwh/v hm.b pw6n- 8d3zg62fo f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the iq;dol ( qnpj1*deal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nit-1isj9.)inx7ge7e nl(k x ono rogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at ST*xa 7ig +iwz8ppd0a b1P contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is+y( rr 78k8-aqoje6:9it vpr i)lwigc at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L cont.vsa;8pdz 6/ b,*zuvvglt v:yainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 36,vbvt vy*p d;8zug .avz:s l/85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 rilr pjv gy;zak +9o 6/*4dhd*kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the *tkc jyjgaa9s,mx: ,0 air inside the balloon, which mak a mcj*y, s,agxt9:k0jes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15n pbvv9sv*38pxd j 5-q kj6(xy $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen 3bb)9oh w-d 8agj+ybum fy i6wov.+)v at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon eswcs3i(d/-j dwcapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / x-bxdc1 +)ojd $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1igpii7 ib cxr7:7a+ r01 )py/zg k3emw.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)n jw)ee2h 4h9h moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumlh:zo u 4h3kszroc*6 yxx88w; e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleculelacjc/ :,zzt(+s;atss of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 s;,st+a lccz(t/: ajzkm high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygenqi3kh0 k9 cf e/d4)v*hywuoo4rd7lq; molecule at STP)q9*4v0/ okwf4 iyrh3uq dkceold7 h;?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed g a(d hd(h.uw2of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperath(uadd.g2wh (ure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the ks2zy acn:rbqd)*+5m rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased r sqnb z)*2ackd5+:ym from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2rly hf -g(4bd8, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7,hbd8-fy4(l gr and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20w1/ah -:9 oryncmcb82bmp/hm .0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whi: 6(hmn 6wkauole its volume is held constant, by what facto6a(un hmwk :o6r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given byc:6o nv d(wbruy/6/ sc1 fs,*lm(5iaphg cz.b $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the sampc kp zx.0x- -3f2sj ovinb9h6e temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of t pihkx jb.6--s no39fpv0xz 2cheir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitroig z-i;a w6u3lgen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of /) h btv/w2lbsan oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecul w0md - e.*bw3cck,sjees at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whos(o j e51gxjjazh4)*iqe molecular mass is 89 u in a livingij*j )j4g( qa1hx5zo e cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cb. *emxz ,+zjran be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of un4d,lqkov7sir +e0 3xdf8u h7ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whai0 /vf)idx/p ht phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and tl bd99 yipd7(cjzz +q)he temperature is (a) 909c 7zip)yd jqlbd9 (+z $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if )jkeil5*c x7zthe humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature 57kzl xi*c )ejis 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watm(v(7z l ive)ez 9on:ger boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the makuhw 5 ffxl neo+o892(0c:kkountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the(hwkfak x98on2 0l5 c+eof k:u temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on hh 8ugn/8dz*30je ujtxi4b z0a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidxg0n0uid j4 u*8zbh8 e hz/t3jity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 ;3sprx0r1; vq)nixpp $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside jgzyt))--d(nkwp ypu-x; z2ea pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120u)pg)e x-(-ytpy jwkz;nzd- 2 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume mjs .fc+zc;e17gvf /aww )/ hsss9g)h680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point oc6rrhu tn l(xro/0)( pf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a 4 yge;f4.tn tsglycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of e4n4gty;t .sf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior througfzir gsh m o2l/4 bc4719yqk2wh tiny tubes called tracheae. An average tbzgrkm4 sl7f1/ 2 y9oc2hi4wqrachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure h+6p n5cyy+a sbas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beenueso7j:tif - 0j8oh6.i1zna x calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatu pnz*m (yy d3,-ror1bkre. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at y1r *,(ozy3d -mpbkrn80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gashq g( wt4kofy0,53wef6 xlk4i cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remain ik4hy40e3k, wfxl tfq6(go 5ws in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 c.k lk)vp (iuv1hl3hl 9.xh v,m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the.vhkh vlk) vu.3i19h(xllc,p temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one a4-busah 0j3v qtom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using thea9ksjkn ; f8v6lw76 ih best available vacuum techniques is aboutkk av nw87;i 6jlh69sf $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L wheh02 1y:pqolu - d+khhiuj3 qa)n 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to thy h0hd :1huqa-) pk3u2 ijqol+e surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosp a84q *6 ocwezwlzh,om,k z()dhere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecule*4o,zwwlm6 )(ca hkqde8,zo z s (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incraeck+6s(.dp ql rtjsyo o ;p4dm3 6d;9eased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770myar w3,3l4c gsv1le6*rk bh,k$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmoqa(7:4lh)5v hc nqj xtspheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earthhc57 xn(jat)l4: hqvq’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitro.6 (fwf /xofjbgen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psckcd x+8hi0l. i (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, 8c +l i0dhx.kcmeasured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury5qhv9 zcrcxy c4o2a66 at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0 gia6z6ic 1/*g xow7-kqyfdq /$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to. /bkqn x ;c772wpiynz fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2udwo5l- 7s3qm 0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stand+qoh.8kw)r lb-txl6n4 s3s pjard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm atbfp.b3(o bqizsh fs*2 mks+1 7s(ag vfd:).v i 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th9t6,jvf kknv6 e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid ijf1ts+/rk8 pg-.par ys suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the l8rygf+j1p/ stka- rp. id elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air *qgy :kq8b1wvj0 l t;qg5f o5gfrom a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bu qoqkgqvb *5j;w8g0fy1g 5lt:bble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wate6kf5a cqdy51l qe-z.w yg3 sqdj7+k j+r vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: 1df5cdwysl jg56j.3qq kk7z- ae+ qy+
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and :ya*4nnotmm4 j+8s vkwhen it is a solid deep in th8svmt4a4n onyk +*j:m e Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law8o4ef f8*ly9r +f 9/szp*cmgm w*rjrc to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansioe *jf8m m*rf49z+s* r8 pgycof9lrcw/n is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people conw+d6p xe09 nyf6iqq3 pstantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept p n+iy x0ef3w96pq6dqat 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg