Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the pznih8a uv3 ecu 1s117 i+ 3h:hnl+dbzieriodic table o 37a+8bd:u zne3c1lz+ nv hh u1ihiis1r Appendix B.

Name several properties of materi9 qqnaw vt34vz,yd-o+oy+,p r als that could be exploited to make a thermomet4q,r 3-nv 9oqyypd+ ta+wzo,ver.

Which is larger, 1 C sr5 eoz6 i(idvhu e m,01;kv9f$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equ,5;op 1g 4 qu2rfbm :.mimkcdcilibriumo1c r4b;i:fq5mu,.gm kdp2m c with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iroo34jk .wfw1yd8 fxw szoxqsr8-t )e0 8n. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal k wx.w ysj zf owdf84s8q)81rt xoe3-0will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient xvgf4 g,8fov/ of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnk q5d y3r5)u5xoj yfgybthyfa +3gc11b6a/:zace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to tob3 udfy3a1f xcht/k5yyz5jrg+ )b a:16ygo5q uch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fm )b 5ok 8sk(hzc9f3evbqm,1rixed at the ends often have a section in the shape ofor)vk9hs1 ( mbm3 bqc8zek, f5 a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury+ (x r0j3vagmy26lv,g qik1 -j: boiic at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first plassu5rx- 8w( erced in a hot tub of water, the mercury init(s8sxrw r5- ueially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if hdq*.qe *a2 gfone part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly the agq2d.q* h*fan adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its xdg(2c7b6 m40rr o t.,jogpyxcoefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex. dg72yxx( ormo p4 b0c6 tr,gj.

Will a grandfather clock, accu1j -y pt5immqumm7vm)i:(qv ;rate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will caus sv6,*xwap op. nlk1q9e its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happeov*p.p, w 1 6kxn9qslaned?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushin9wi4p:, r trtng down a piston), its temperaturetr i,rn4w :t9p increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alunw6 vj* nb2vj+minum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 2 j*bjwv+n vn620 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory 1e 1r fcs0e2wanl3yyw( fh7opkz2w49 and the relation between averagwn y 9w4oaef c7yk1rwp1(zel202sh3 fe kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-jz cu:xtksa 4 8q0(6hqLussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atl9tbbc86pd v* mosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum a nknq*xu fd2(;a7m5 sspeed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due ts;7xudk( a2f*5an qnmo the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quick( rx;/gjrh 5k2y obk6jly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the other56 yj g(/2xkb;j ohkrr?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry dh29o(f)l ,;gynb tqr8nun2 vd ay at the samfun;22dbt( g9 nlnqvr 8y o),he temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temp42zkewg,4b4r d y..j 2lbev qverature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but th*/;0q-hvjrqk4+ cihf rh74j r xti ys7e humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explaiqfi+4htcr7 v /yq*hrk7 r4ix-js0;j h n.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated aut+44ln9p5eh 7klk vuevomobile p 4+7ke5envlv4uh l9k engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whit:e 8:lrz)d9z(o 0tx5nxiy hcae cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in l,i mk9qa/; e(dms b7xl*ko*ka 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in af;ez2l a ::rk29rz2u .wfvkp v 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same2rzzv.kf:f ;9v 2lre:paw2k u mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Cels:-f:tb 2 h+.;2+d kno(kohw cxijoicoius scale?fohi k.tn -o hi2xbodjc::;+ cwk2o(+   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperat 1i/kbe:a;yg xures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermoo v0 7q.kzw80df uw7 xhfw kx8u-i0,sameter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 kqo,-. 7iuwvksffzwxudh x008 7a 08w $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs sla*xyoj02 z607gyg7 hw +yah12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) :p. kwpc3rl3hr-t* cqo 8,va jis built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimaha-r,kjvpow*c3 cr l.8:3pt q te how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole arf c0re/-.d4w,h kmbj ze often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A s4-k ehrf jc.,bm/zw0dteel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water(anuz. r n72gl at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wile07 wa-;x*v .r fyuh0jp qy)lyl be its change in volume if it is hefvw-xe*y p.yq jl r;0a0u)h7yated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brmzws iea)n)g1q.i s- .g l-)n-9xkvvwim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55bl(ugvr 9+c;d .50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 c/7uj- jwkp utn* ab56aa0g3s$^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essef+ r*loyekdc68 d vs. ir5)k9wntially one direction only, show that the effec.k85rdk6elsdwv*i 9co +) frytive coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in b q *nq 6xlve m9fampv2l/px t;y*29)jthe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of 6( xpp w 0;gmvotmy0fyaq(npf(,qh.,length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion tponyap pv0y (fq(x(m,m;gh,0f.wq6 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, 8s)s m vzba.u9wtc7 3p$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather cl4bkb,)wzxi8iq y 1ql 5ock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 b zkixw5q8q)y,i1 bl4$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter ofn/ye- a *cu2md 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2e2cyn-adm */u 55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wherxd3 x qygf;7: g 5ls*50dv)fcml7nb bel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about itsr57ldx7sfn:y3bblcdxq)5 *f;0 g gmv axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when amrt/;z0k)v9esob. c i t 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length i.0rvbi9)smtock e/ ; zf the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectiosf/ellp9pzv8 wk9.:w14,gws 1 nz cmtnal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1h)a-ry bnff2 fgg1n60wo d (x: rcax;022 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following te3lr5 q3mat/) efxh4o qmperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempe.yyu n; q)heq z:sy2*z3oxo0 jrature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and S0(k d.q(fy368scc3a( i5fn xscopit sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospher,m*cf w 83w-sl7cl nboic pressure and a temperature of a-7lmowwl 3 ,b*nfsc8c bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using j)7a) c:plt)du1k rd6pyu8e zthe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 nt:z2(zl si3t )38atk+ qbmoxkg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contai pgy3hzi73.mhm8d cnt zb h db(z;,;n5ns 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 105(n v,besoxpd/9h 7oc.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contap3k(/md z0znn iner holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at zm /0(kp zndn3385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg mws-o ;d/lq: haey75gof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating ck ap1dw+xxaaxr+(54the air inside the balloon, which maka++1a xr5wx(4cx da pkes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1 l4bk t71uya2h5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.yr1 ;ql4wb2 ur0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloonl(q8yy lxb,i/ escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofqr6ua9kdtj bg .sf2(1 molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Hofi/ b .md8skg82p dwa9w many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) ms: +e0 /;kjcdq1 lnmpcoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 7/ywzqn2 r kdig3-nx5 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L h*av tbz g-z;1qr75yo4eznu. breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint:y*-4.e q1 5nozbaz hu7 tgz;rv Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule az 6e-mhs.u 21 gcc 1kbsg 3wd t6s*wablz6,kg;t STszk3hbgsgugc*-6 e6w; 21 ,.abdzl1 6scwmtk P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium at cf v ) 9*tmn5xj*)gs2rsb8lkcoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of5x9jsk) gbmt 2)*slc 8v rfcn* about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of g-jzd gw d/gij fg5p(;,as molecules increase if the temperature is increa f zw;5dggp/i(gdj,j-sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the fol4s w6 n/rvsv fkkn31+tlowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5r3kw /vnf +n1tsv4ks6, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecur)r i(: dvla4sles in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whi7c 7g:yueoz*sle its volume is held constant, by what factor does 7:zeycog7 *us$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules*vri2 ca63u8 (bywdhy in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixt+ y8 c07 +thxaa2uwlbcure of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is eq+t7u yb2+0cc xahw8l aual to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain.pf5vx,i6b xmuk49vr ed in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an b0eti bazzy 0(hu6/ x5 g kg6fruv5/m4oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betddlk m6/-s*d2;dbj*dsovbi2 ween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u ixh6 uspik18n*;s y.b un a living cell k i1n ssbh*pu;y.u68x at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wr-icc *2us0 l;ko+cy leitten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium7o1y 3-amfixwi/ .i xv, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wha5:fv.48q+n oak u;(ka0pu f5rz nnpept phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is rwzof;59fpn ( (a) 909rpzo5f nwf( ; $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if /ej/7 ;*b 8gcugjpwxgf8tm*xthe humidity is 50% on a day when the tem/ ggu/m*fe 8;t*xc7jxgw p8 bjperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boilg-zrg0niii08 +kl+: ; djrzoqs at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atmo-y;n2ep( ph c i)4 sbe;y*u7diq qe-8ere6oc, estimate 6hyd 8 pic2e eep7seoquiq; yr4;neo c-- b)*(the temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure odh x)ho2d2w0mf water is 530 Pa and the relative humidodd h0h mw22)xity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressur +gsi j;o/9xsx3qgmu6e of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pret1/hjfa:dw89m ihn ) tssure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature ofdhw) 8/j:1 am itnth9f 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rooms)n 144)le d txx6okpb of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofh-u -5khhsd0, m 2srug 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13it,f i/bege 4 ec:r/pu2s.:fb–4) to diffuse a distanc2t .gp:4,f/e u/eirescb fb i:e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfj3wc 6vw :npf/ace of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae.3c p6vwnfj w/: An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been c hr(p;dvk i i;4tlod2h r*r79aalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratqa8:a ; *c uw9t-beysped at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibra2 rh:m) p4p17dagmxyrted at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and t)pypmag:21 rh7 dx r4mhe cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balltg.z1 jci l(y)oons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has .yz1 (lgc)jti decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a rs *q qswhq,39boom of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.b qqwh*,s9q3s5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atoq5wnsxvn/7-h41m o ub m per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum t1m -i* a*k,q;nncefps echniques is abou*cifks * pan,e-m; qn1t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his l -/), 6a)jpsa9 wwqhx kldzff(ungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Isfjafw-x9)h l(wk)pd s zq, 6/a this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earthb,7kw:lsrbdjs+u p, thc77w* ’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this i js7drws khl pubw:7b,7t +*,cs seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incr/8vxbr.o(u :95xz wqxeto0 skeased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of+zcu(v9pq(5 m n 3foya 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosphc+ et m*+7-lgmkawo+: p .mswleric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules im+*s lww pgkc m:alm-o7.+te+n the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculeslt5f bfpj 1e* eomp6+0-9ybs y contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hinp xz rlz.0-b)xni*(ospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric prbix 0ip)n .n-z(lrx *zessure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury atc*1c2a prf -twla)m):k6n azr 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol5klt g78349 esl(awm dknp;sy ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit ssu3v2 m/ gkt+ck.6xah nugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar4tnolzpnws1+ljn20 4i+ whr1 at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standarnj01 dvr 4l5c. vx:rycd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 2q ql2s5;x+nyhp,zq 9ws /gqw(0$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eae2k3(e mmlwj- w7jz2grth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lidx+iszr4:dg g/md(1cg pe w.vcg)f,(x is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balx1:4 r.sgdizc(egf,gx g +)dp c(/mwvls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm(p1fd( n +7m ptmydg +k sawy5ia+g2i4-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the buat( yg+p1gy kpiia2m+m(ndw+7f 54dsbble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air onjp, 8 ,:faskswom e- c:nnb/3f the following two days: 3,fw/on,skf c n8:e -:jmbsap
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difw)3n3 a yh+i s7w;tdcyference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid dnawcywth)3 s 3 +d7;yieep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gasnj)o(d;)/- thwal0u-z yt jvs law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion;-j an/-l(z yjh)t dustw)0vo is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellaeh5n zv)mk.gyva4bzl39 f j /)rs to prevent rot and mildew. Ifa 4l5v.k jvhmz )/39nbeg zy)f the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg