Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1k 7es:6ng4zl m kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or zl 6:4nsg7k meAppendix B.

Name several properties of materialsi rjw+nur x;iow9j. 6w 3j-qnts.w+ w. that could be exploited to make a thermometer. 3urwj wn i+-+9 rjsoiwt.wqxnw ;.6.j

Which is larger, 1 Crzp 74.6k+k.d f -znhpsdy 0da $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system Bv1 )s t/spl/ur, but B is not in thermal equilibrium )tssu 1p/v/lr with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip 6gdab; cu lym(t,ii6s: ttx 54consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whic,t aid 4g;(mlyuxct b:6is 6t5h metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear e51vbcol0qf jg s itb2;v -,wu2xpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used t 1 /wqmcn*+zt;yc*dlfsvlpvh*+ m:98g b yr* lo control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electripnrgw qlyy*8 bl df;9tm:/+*sv+c *vc*m1l hz c switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape ics5t g9g1g.dm ara5+of a U1agrgimg5c. a t5ds9+ . Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder o) hc+k b/qrgg5et* lj/kthw.l*,j,qmf lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer ismsity-j7ua*s 1s1(ki * twe-f first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Exi i7 *stams *sj1wueyk-(f t-1plain.

A glass container may break if pa5sk8h,ruw 9nxe/2rone part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.uw5rn x8/hr ,aks2p9e

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that itsovx9emf ; 1up8swhb+0 ) iwvnonz8y,+ coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why t sv nobz+up)w10 o; e+9i, 8xwmvhyfn8his gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate aotl9f 86 3d1+.mskkt.q pyq zvt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly th k j6mtv*2aq*pe can will t2*q*kpam6j vnot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compress i* umx 6lz8146mduzh.g *zpomed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the mom .zi6xp1mu zuohz*m6dm4 *8lgentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged;: x1 mrm1uohb in water increase or decrease if the temperature i1 xmbohmr;: 1us increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kine 35u gr6jr/z b0)qkggwtic theory and the relation between average kinetic ewrkgj/ugrg0 6z )5bq3 nergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fola(ddd7vod:+ n ;ub29r9 c crs9h(vbmplows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s at/n-15vo gykj qbkvle/hlt.xo+ 0q -0e mosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minipw txz4)j9s9up*p zu7 mum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for thp u4*szwx 7p9 )ujp9zte Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at rm )1(2 tviv7lmn5 n+0dtj kgh 4;ogsxzoom temperature. What can you infer about the molttn djx) ( l4kh1z2m0s+ gm nogvvi;75ecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is farjm: c ;:qqer/c,qz5oy more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the saz:, o:;qqc5eqyc mj /rme temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at edx 19.t4zpe+vq9w/ fjfvc:h room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when yx m(rto,dp+ ,oy;wpmz.b/;t the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Whi,(bxp,tr/t ;y +moozw.;ymp dch is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap oflv 0k ,d2k,h)(i +b njztolbw4 an overheated automobilezbwkn4vhd 2lbji+l, 0(,o )tk engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud .xnq ); r 5q0waw(hrzvin the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-dqz0 gw c;e56z2 rn8hegram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to tovp7 s2;tr6ut he number in a silver ring of the sameo7 ;tt6s rv2pu mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on t(yf;vla9mvj2 ovr( 5rhe Celsius scale?jf(v 2m5; ra (lorvyv9   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest 0rw3udtca 8.ztemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thew x(i5k dvzo3)rmometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0v5 ) w3o(dkixz $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m5g1b dt b3doq9.k+f q.str9qd 5fqvm * long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wro/1s,dy 9jo q7k os .m4syr phb2el3ac-ught iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimly c rssb371.9s, haqdp4/y-e2kmoo jate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often :4q, lcbde(rn f(5dq)8 rh mv9ov3q ldused and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry icedvhe(b) n94 v38l ld(q,or mrf5qcq:d) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at nm 5 5el6om7/xz.vevj4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Wheu3t/ c2q a 1*z)vxtccat will be its change in volume if it is hea*t qz c1avcxt)u/e c23ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fille.d hw b,1n* ljgdgl5l;d to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55 2*r1.dos.p i6sxym yl.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made o 8s(e8i z l wttnid-bhv9h0:pany/9/ef iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel som+bsfb - s7-vb it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately b-f +sbb7vm- sequal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thu x2 qynaqh l**rz f+ payi;c;4pp0;9qvl*( fpe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w hajn6xnh frzfs -5(4ax2s coefficient of linear expar(sa2x4zn h ff6 x5n-jnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic ea w+c0 m b8xrohh/p *m5d.oie./d y8dsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gran8tv4paru.v6w kdapfk0+y s 8 .dfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1d480p+y8vas vr6fkutw pk .. a7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside uut,0d-;n/l e;ubmiydiameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2u;u tb u,d-y;l /imn0e55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumi,5t2h i n7bagfnum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocitb7gh2it5 ,af ny $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stre4d81rsz7 hf6 /a l kgr+sa4yahss is required to keep it at this length /41az87arars6 hk sdf gyl4+hif the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-seib48qct zf whb7o;ony i..zt-o j,by5o;2 v9g ctional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.128kg7q: ge e8yz2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on r4n5ncts 69 0yl-quh s)gme)m the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scal2 ua n8w8cz qvm3,c2yje?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth anljjiyt.))/yqo e (:a bd Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atm rzr(hg25k15l9mj1hq b17pbq h,q jlhospheric pressure and a temperature mblzjp2 hh1qh(k j1 r55q,71rl9gbhqof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.)plf,fjhqz...ixl1 r    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kpp ks*/wg 3r3q2j7ybt g of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containsypr3 * afgsj gp*9.-su 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium g4cozc6: vto -ras is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg p33cj 0*fci bhof argon gas at 385 3 b0pcjh*c3ifK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg omc f+ x,x0w3fyf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insidentazyqznq 1a;:u ,4mkf6(5pt the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose thm,;t(tu 16y :q5znza np4q akfe volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at xyfijm 3/8w3mu rks7615 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen aa2 mzo6q 9l.rebxc (8ht 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon eg9v,g-wz,b qn scapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of 1 6 .s-mc wadcr, ezpun ik;470ljnn(lmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecul *w)l x+z6dbbres?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number om: blinwh768c f (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume h1y-:n uq1s za5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eacht2 zk 7-t n;w;g0de4uluvz:ch 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 k2hg4w;v undtcl:z0ku ;ezt-7m high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecu)0h roctxi+5whj;zz6my i- v(le at STP? t(hoywzi 5 j0 +-xcvm6rzhi;)    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliuz+f:hvq k.id 0m atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature o:qi h k.fz+0vdf about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms -8qi75dnhr *xwf ae5tspeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is -5 ar5q i*7xwdteh8nfincreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 293 zcq)-dpx c ldv24mu, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7,)d2z4mc3u c9-q vpd xl and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in 1+v;q6uskvkf a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled jld iagln 0k19/lcz:+b- ;lx- .7gfcoz;tne c while its volume is held constant, by what factoczl1cckjill ef0l-n79dgo:;+nx g-z ;/.bt a r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molec1/zg:s 35o nle rogl*eules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gaftq 6/i 93yvechxc62mses at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the e2xfi9v/ q6tmc3 yhc6square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol m 1ihjx:/ l5rx dlsc()lw(pb8ecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecu)ds 9qk,p1jgzonc9 f4 le at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distanceip 8br0ywzn vv+ s41)n,9aeu h between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speeddl(wk iyi1( soe sn2() of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living(w ls1i(n oi ekys()d2 cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = tdxvkso agv7 (r1 o761*2db zw$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran++k5kt8a zjwm ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prs oip4 ib7lln4t6n0d,essure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature t577 9ykeuvf9e wd/uyis (a) fwu597d 7yyet/ ev9uk90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxc:iqp:hft 3.nimately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatct :p .i3nh:qfure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at tn0+2qybwa7kzep 1:w a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains u l(1/lrw.g fz 78jpruis 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whic1 wrrgf8.ujp(/llz u7h water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressj+l,mbal - zu8 1lvtft:*p 4vvure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity isbvapl: t-z+ fvm* u8tl,v1lj4 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatuhp/-/ssz o )w, n4 o,idm8cyirre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cookerx fq*;8q5ta kqwz(l(y if the water is boiling at a temperature of;qtazxql( *8yk (q 5wf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 68yhrs0 s-m s3)r0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po9s j7lt 0 ewl8yk-,rvtint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuseqt + otw, bfvmwgyf9ddb)2m2g:7 rg)h0,r w ;v a distance of 0d92rg7mw 2)v;dtytwfqm, vgg h ,+:bor)fwb15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfacu.jh:z/lvippx) 3(x ee of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-secuz( pv/i .:ejlx3hx )ptional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib2bwj* -h kumi5r+ lxu8rated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has b 2vuj,lr g;pxbz ,8z.been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal rkofuonzq( .,8vs+;zkx .g,f voom temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the wa.sknvz+x 8fo qgf;.z v,,(kou ter and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atri( oh:y1q 9cxev ua0o qru3::upi: hn-jgp6(m. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains iaoi:gupy30vrx h9j u6e( n1q:u(:ci-pq ho :rn the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 yby7 -av3( u;xmzcbwa2x, z9ym, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tem7 yxmw- a(v,; zba93cxyby zu2perature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per7tp iq,.g31je,lhb cg $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques6czd y*hi0p e6 is aboud60 ie zhcy*6pt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m beljm2w)j: i 2wrxpht4 4l-p c7jyow the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he qu :xyw jlm2w7)4jcrhp-pt 4j2iickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entppo xtmg 3hp.3n*sa5 ,ers Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special x* nh .a5 s3p,mopg3tpmaterials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an i ov 5y1+5a.o 5zx9smccprsb:ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7 m;+fvncd 1 fl6t,/9wjgrms-p70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface/0 zi f)tytn..zeq+h m of the Earth, estimate the total number of aiti/ n)z yzeq0h .tmf+.r molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of15o hiw *0hc1i/oecee nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of ox mkm6uk42 inxkdx; t07ygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2mnxm70 k xkdui t;42k6.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl ofco3 xc 6,n.vxa liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolk;dv/l 1/s czmine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’g25.pfy :is:(o ifmjhs equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a 3z fqc o3d yu;6iw)/wtglass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stad-z af,0;iobt8c) uda ndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pre4eefch (8lz1ur2 dc-4kdp c5j ssure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is uvz*xigxj+v/i9(4qs3lb ,tm -amt x*$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suzaw bfz ne18(pq:3 4dqspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertica4zf3bqwp e: 1z8q(danlly upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericaltx;a9m*fxe ic0oz9v2g x j/ (j) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0eti9(xgzo / xj9af j;02 xmc*v m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on l;;wx8:a-c dnnb6m cnthe following two days: la xdwcnn;86mnc; -:b
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densr 56dl4gsqj5cgbq)b1wu38dtity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in65qrjw 8 qs4bb31dd)lu 5 tcgg the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to showh/)v::q0l rgier3 xaz that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to xae3 rq0lgh/i : rv:z)$\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevy;sar- rz ga;7ent rot and milrs;z r7 ;ga-aydew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg