Which has more atoms: 1 /94ywjl y5 tb(yzr u)ha/cpa2kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendirw9/lu z 4c y5yb )p2(hajya/tx B.

Name several properties of materials t*tb,* zw*)cxlglua tq1d6 f1yhat could be exploited to make a thermomet ,y*6tq* tf)bzwlg ld1x1 u*caer.

Which is larger, 1 Cd: od +; *df6h vzebezl5a7zz4 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sys tzikjhjf+8z2/pe(; 26b b ijrtem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatur 6pjztj(/;fiizbh 8kj22 br e+es of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip co(klbc7 60:zxn: hxv m5tlpg-u nsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tab5(mk06p-:n:l7lcut zb h xgvx le 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expanzm q9w 21r9p6hcyyy. nsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple o0 :y u4rox r9gup7.brthermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing 4ur y:ox9r0u.7grbopliquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at qz l8n*q79vh 84mtree)n2mx m-) thtp the ends often have a section in the shape of e- p9nnm 2m4)xtev*8hqt h8mtqz7 )lra U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in ,hubpnyzjq)5* l9g+xtt +5 rimercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometeia/ w dc6we2*9p foyi1r is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury i1dyaocw*pf6/e2i9w i nitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container madc qap9m/ 3) hi* u6jur)k:ykfy break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Expl))ju 3phm/cqy6ir :fda u9k*kain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that r,ex cw9a.1rwrxtqc iery+op 0(91l7its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to w7cqor,9+1 yr9x1 t xwer.(cal r e0ipthe increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate -go ob, .y qrwi9f+ue5w 8bns3at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause67u*fxe/bv ig its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not i6fx*7beu vg/ stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing do 29vxwompwm35a/z -,mvytkz*wn a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular notzt-zpxm2,wkm3m9y * 5 /wvo aving what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or dec6 snpdke4o(51.xc gu drease if the temperature is increpx6ds1o ( ue4.5d nkcgased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic tyg kdcfn 88;3 0cx8lqfyahp2ln(zh+k1 s* lw9heory and the relation between aven0dp8fq*ahc k zfxh8y(wl yl+9cg28k;13 s nl rage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory. kpl1x ;.za ahh654fks-t8ey i

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphe-a arybd9+s,v re, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objes /vom28*il uyct must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape/l ym8v *osui2 velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at rooycj48-+eixpiouf2 c 3da j4m )mtda72m temperature. What can you infer about the molecular p78o)ma3u4j xcd4pm +actedy i 2i2j- froperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is fae0fftju h6k o3j6t;d2.x tvr+ a ezr1-r more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tem.x2aor; zu 606 1d3fvetthjk +f-jetrperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room dvko4l2,v ,k( efbqh0z .pm,btemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is di-fnu+5h/8bmpf z q6yifferent. Which is more dense, the dum+-zh fypnf8q b/ i65ry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an gxzk-1v2 o.p2n umudh(1k0 vn overheated automobile enghd(ku1xnn2mp0v1u. -zv2o g kine.

Why does exhaled air a(f a v +866.vqy*j ffd;tuuof7sv:gxappear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper po7 la8wkb2z- .w/p wpcenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26. jzkad ;b5p*)l5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring oldpz jb *;)a5kf the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Wf 1ig7(e+efxmhat is this on the Celsius scale?7 ge1(mfi +xef   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded e d6/:tdtkx;fare 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the a5mmc +,(vc5xsjeu( k yh z q7h8.is-ptlcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0c mshmqz-t s+ .ph5i(8c,uvxjeky(75 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m longc*/lbd 52(ex 6dwtcd5 yn jf,k (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appro1 9oqq0o;lxv iwp2gm:ximately 300 m tall. Esqiw92 og0 :mxp1;ovl qtimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often uog8s +sp qxu rghw j;(:o7-9me7ss4+ne/kl wssed and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a ho g(s 8wh ne +wsgos/-x+;rsok9u:lp m47jeq7sle 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a*a45c6d 8b luf kqxw;nsb k94at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chany1h i03eax-1v r/ uwp+dz 2fvnge in volume if it is he- 1pr e/n 10iav3fw2y zhx+uvdated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is nx o3c)v -( nnovnqd1-filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.nj,(( uwut wy-50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring m+/pe3h,ob60 4iofu oce jdp c4ade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can /vqwnphuqxpo+ d6+y *.l :zm6expand in essentially one direction only, sy np6hpq/m .:*qu+xl6dz vwo+how that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitn7 oasqej-4 g1+ef4vi y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of l7rx0 2 uhuz, dfu;e6fqo5bn9)ei.ud yength l and width w has coefficient of linear ex9b7uo;h e2e izdyu 0xd 6u 5rnqfu.)f,pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soea+ 6q:l sfh61qne2tn lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perf1 *t 0j7p7qzbuzn pe:tect time at 17 0 1*pbn7utz te:7qzpj$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an 0:btsb.g2,em 8q xbrk :a n2xhinside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vgt:bk. 0:xr b,b 8 xme2qsah2nolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m ao,y qe3n:s/m is rotating about its axle on frictionless be/:eynm 3sao q,arings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length tx4ffza vwfshxl 653 .yb5*f1 when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperatf3 xw *f yhfvb5.4zx1s6lf5taure increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sel dag.xr+ ct3qm6p:l7ctional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.12c(:5qh ju/+ic ,9zqk ueok* m zibvyq:u6t7f +2 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures +ld.d2rqqe4s 9d5 yv kh)e,.qq t6wqu on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatury h)nlq,my97v 88n( 8fshqabg e on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth andpk6l m5 b47fost( fu;- 3bws(lm7o uoo Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempermg-vl) hmqwi 7 k1()abature of aboutva-hkq7mbw(m1l) )gi 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideavw4v9bcvc p pi1;q46k l gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank conta n/j etn8rlv(f 38v( upeig4m,ins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP m3g2b 1wv otx5contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0u: ;* dzzcx+ra$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas a,j yton i5cf370,jv :ia d-mjut 385 K?v,5fy70dom j-:i 3, jti caunj   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgxj+n9vjjjp2- of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside kr :,m ;r 6yn2 x:qgswm2 y8-5adoe/su 1erflmthe balloon, which makes it lesm o; a81 ke /u:ne -r6sfs,y:5l2xg rwm2mydrqs dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1: rf:/4y4gvkbn(3qbdd5mk vm5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen m;rxrd ug;. 0*bdi t)gat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea levb ik/t,6y79q6a cylt sel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number +p: kwwc,xjm (jc yv2)of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mol(2ep 7jd6c5qw ifa7kw ecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)+/fw4 fh5.87wrgws gv en a,gy moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1 1,n +)uad xgv5sf jh+lxo0*tx$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that tzs(+o c(-fyvwere also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the afcz- o +t(sv(ytmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at of) 1c7oif t;(o4rszw STP? z sr47to wi of;1cf()o   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a an yubx15)ly zq0ztu 7:0+awl temperature xta1 n0z7lbual0):qz+ yuyw5 of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase p(s j1 jwxu,f4(quex)if the temperature is increa((,4uxq w)j x fjuesp1sed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unitsl0 3lrg ez*,ph of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms spe0l p h,erz3g*led. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules i)2b( 1ypu3mw9uzbf yk n a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held iz0gyn4s ,w/m+a+qj 6c(hdms constant, by what factor6qcanjw/s 4sgi+hdm ,(yz+ m0 does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecuo +r5w8lv:syu -ab fo2les in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of tw0 ygq-ri: 2fj l;70buy- vmtyyo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the in y:rmbqj- l;y0yt u27fv-yig0verse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms spee g46jg xe5krx+d of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen ml.u 5r(la cjf:olecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between:qgq,g6 .fgmw nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid i7uhv t7vev,g /7nh 0nwhose molecular mass is 89 u in a livinin0 v unte77h hv7v,/gg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a c5;gl 2(aga+w3pho lm gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu 3: xx0pqog1s sd+s2eym, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pren+ fgq.y1ngv z8f,w82p:wd:e v.lzp ussure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.0n )/2yo) obvyb hn1h*d1 atm and the temperature is (a) 9hn2/vn) 1*o)ydhoybb0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50 vqkk83(jx kw1i)lw w9% on a day when the temperature(iww)kk 8kj3vql1 w9x is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at / 6biqo cho;g6gp1i1 x90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular pi.f4:fnwm-ght.rw h- p-/ua ylace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature aa:m .i y-w4rhgf/ -hfwt .p-nut which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on.s) , rcp+yajxgvpt8* a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and t)gp8y,s+x*v jt p.ra che relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water oniqc-4hwd8+j 1q)rbh c a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside sr0shbwb3 d2i : fln-w gp.;ah*yc/c 4a pressure cooker if the water is boilin-r3dh. pli;/sc2 n0w: yabsb4 h*wcfgg at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room9 o+)n2roydi+f +nxw e of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dymazys, pz d*4z,o47b ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed flluv,,h mmg6/k 5d zq w,yu6l7or a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a didhl u, zu5klmg7lym,6,v/w6 q stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny g 7ofml:ju4 9ptubes cpjof7 9g4:mulalled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated whj o- xv(i*7dat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at jaj -ni z8r8z*k-yo.9txgmc)20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup a +pdpht y ,83dtx7t4zwas calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe callintx8t papd zyth73 +4d,g for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm nw t1;laxmk-). After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylindertm1kl-w n a)x;?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, + 6y6jkjut,a-: qfywfand height 2.5 m. kq-+fyujw:f 6y6t,aj Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atarhaekeo)v:.5b ,sf pqt*h 4o ;k3hc* om per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best37h7wv fj*lf z5d zbt1 available vacuum techniques is about zt3*1 7blf75fwjhd zv $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his luw-1.df pqnw/) xq5 vf ow-+wxqngs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs ewq ./-d)qw51pv wf -fx xn+oqwxpand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosmcol)(7fzba2;q8db mphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what tem lom;7)z(cfbb a dm2q8perature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increa9qiswn3 p9fg *ml: :hqsed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770 qnz. de zuqnepy,r74*;ddil bl8l4 01avxi03m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, e:ygjwi i9(kxa )06c2b 6 ypstgstimate the total number 06i:)wx (acit9py g 6 ksjgy2bof air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol cerp9/ ;yk;, m *reermpvua49ecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hosp 2y3v61wxjrr hital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, 26jh3vywr1x r is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqui9 3 uahxueqo06d mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0; uq* lkg34nxk$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s ecf4i.kjt o 4 x.,ds54pool, upquator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar 3hk3y6dr*f-z2ea u rt at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 7wkvdk4/l :p l:j8efxp5:ob rg7 ud5o18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 ako:1 ms ,w*gr+ 1xdwfjtm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth iso1m6u5iyjm (l $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid uer(ex)w 5cancq8* 5a7v qf q(is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rc a5q (n8)wv7f uqc*ex(raq5eebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbkt.x*y )-kms tle of air from a depth of 14.0 m y x-)mtskk* .tin a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the f 9kho-iyr5j)se;r1g bej+w q +ollowing two days: -j eq)hrsijey;ob kgr w+9 +51
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STaihpvuu *x2-/ft opu1xq30/qP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2o uipu /-vqf/x0 1u3qt2p*a hx000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idea7r+1 m wz+oovdl gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to+ romvoz7d+w 1 $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent c/x6x axf,cg -- q4ekmrot and mildew. If the cellar in a ho 4- x-ka/cfeq6cxgm ,xuse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg