Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of am;bp f4qw* v/+wc;zcspl6s5wluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix v wb6/wlcz; q*m4 w;sf5cps+pB.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploitjdj-s+vxh 1 hui-m7pl:xq,r0 ed to make a thermometer0:q i -j v 71hph+jsuxrxml-d,.

Which is larger, 1 Cwh dn pu6sbo1-0dq a7, $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B 74,5k9 hqipt 1ucz 5b q v+e1sgowbu:xis not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temz4 gi ,b1+pq7vuh5e wu q 1sc5kxto9b:peratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consfx4;dnpox m9 -ists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve?x;4 x-m on9pdf [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear ex a5;qd 6*dv*jqcaek9gpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat uselrr*4p 8dgzc2kd.b( o ptn0+ vd to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetalli c. gr2bndto*4 kpp+d0(rzv8lc strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends oa/sug x:zly5 :; ,;qrg*uob rd*ork o(ften have a section in the shape of a ur lg*s/q:ro:b 5*a; ;x k,ozrd(ygou U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of le-g.4 t fyblmiazz-r78 ad floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is fnd1,8z(zl 9d5nszdstsn)+7 bdyyu 0bax(d;airst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and z 1b 5n0)d7(dxds ;+(azbyay dn tsnz sld,u98then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it h3:vjho zjm;7uy /1 tdis heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacen ; dv1ojmt:j7z h/yu3ht parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficie4/o;rdw1 a7,sw*u+ta t lfwam nt of linear expansion is much smaller than that f,r+slwd ; woa4tt1*u7/waam for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 n1lb.xcsl1b1 obj: 8mgl-ld52 1skm ff ab9m6 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bd909m6 ejvafl ulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hasj0v am9eldf 96 happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tehjc 8 1l2kays1mperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum h81y2ack1j lsof molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminumq6ln k+ s;bofd p24xx( sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is d(bx2q64;kfo nl+xps increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic thef-zkfxck 47xd:u cu830 ca+,jh 4h wdaory and the relation between averak0uf :-8za cc7 a xhdc4kf4,uhw +jx3dge kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay- qnjmbjh q(is7u97q-7 Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratswz29.woix nj(2 ut s-v)qsu.io of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum z/z5p(c9bk u6rrjzm; o9ok, k speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Erubk9 j/ozm5p,kzkzo c ;6 (9rarth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly t;i )px4 l,-evvsjiqh 2r) g/) veifhs;han water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular4g) )si qs-;f;/i je )xvlhr,eip2vhv properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot hu h :pvf;mgvs)j)me6v9 mid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempmvvm ;) hpfg9)es:6vjerature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperaturc y7ho p4/:q i/l(gjmmd*mdgc 2t/by- e (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidituhy/ 4( a n8bvtp,gt9wy is different. Which is more dense, the dry aiybg/4tuh na, p(vw 8t9r or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiaw o*u3i.: v1dcjd(e vsw+m m4*0wol61wzxp kktor cap of an overheated automobile eng3e(4dp* ow1 lw: 1 wkvijd6+z x0o mwmucsv.k*ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud i*s5oow01c7m -nwvvp cnd+ j.o n the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are the5st6ifp l/5gc9812 8ry ze a0vwtgl aare in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of ak2i wg*3qe*awtoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same3 *iewg2*qaw k mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this nt0 oi)6 :i)8hu hrdlfon the Celsius scale?l0 )h)h6rufi8: do int   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest ano e4s8ptdl wsp 53/ /kqqe8a*nd lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at2gn7; 5a8 e1bsmzcssq 0.g8q;1z bca7n 5m2sse s0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20vn 7lm5r3 6z-vg j c5yqft(0sj $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tallh/bo i(2hoc u 1xks6n6. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C)csohb(6io1u/hxk26 n and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet holec5yimt v ,5tx. are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A s .ty,mvt 5cxi5teel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water 8; 61ev r7ffvy ywu8fjat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if ita xhhnm +6; lc*e3kbc4 is heate6amc+;3 khhb cn *x4eld from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled toizqbtowxk-jm/36 + t;. gp*pz the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 lok k;sa)m8l) kyb8m by-pa7 hmmk/29$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is vp4 pgf;oc9.h3hzlz1 to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiallsx6x,v r hnt,3y one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of 3 r xxvnhs,6t,linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in tv17k)f) (:vg(e4 t7y rpm,ifzomiivb he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of leng tmn; 7zrpz,s:th l and width w has coefficient of linear expansionz :n7m;tr zp,s $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, uu.ghhj;6y ynn v)1 e4.gs2wn$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brasivk0 ugx 9e(.q34lx.inp qz4xs and keeps perfect time at 103 .xq(qgu i .klvp4ixxn9ez47 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Ti)aw)b kv g-q yld/d */:r;f/cpoair+he bulb has a volume/dvr a/yol+qw;i-) cg p /k):a d*ibfr of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 dp0nvvi ej*q*4 v6iz7 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless beari4pvjv*z qd6ive07*n ings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much s 3b:157f udbblgazkl/tress is required to keep it at th gbl75fl3 ab/1bd:uzkis length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bear;g8fo5(qade 1q,ixqal wv08 m of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134h; ckc,msvk(px sdn*2 32eby*.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on thqjsgg(pe* e, )e Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on twfx qim l44 1)pkigq.9he Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth anl1dtouvc. n / xj+hk-:d Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheritxjp6xn)f . :ns oo*r6c pressure and a temperature of abou)fxxs*p. r n6no :oj6tt 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas 54e ndqpdf7y 8+kjd*claw.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogewse+ei,2jjb jy. +.mhn ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of ni4w0ac)lt h:jd6h;zpeu. *drutrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliussqpr4.3z e5v5qjw4- qip 3gbm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure i ( )hlrtxf sn;vsqogon-mh.ez3*:9c*nside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38s*f3 ():vle*rcx-qh 9.s tohzongnm; 5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o w6r- uk6 2b+zd2w(uxm dovy 4h;omt,nf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the s7e3znue5kp/ :1rdg 3 2kvnjiballoon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a ball3e2 g315i urv7n s enkpjzkd:/oon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with y8(y aj5sl s* zddde*;):l cbfdy6by (air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen v h2t x w(vq7kqw0)9etat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.jlom,p) (bgb0 0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mo). meyxg8 r6mbr4b:gb lecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 Lwn5 rf h,) bgxbw,9m2i? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of iyenax c (7,5t(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume3 /x iz9b7qnhwjlc) f; 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath yonke vme,69(4 :xb vnqpu inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of ckvvneb( p e4nmx,q: 69onstant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an o. 4nv fd ge9*xkfqe/v1xygen molecule at ST4n vd 1k fex9*f/v.qegP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms;hb o)pq2aqcug(1 6ayx8i; oz near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about a zogq2yx)qbao;p(i8;16u hc 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms spe3awno)tr a ++xed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incre+na+ a)r wx3toased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follbwsv m69 4w*fdowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7bmf*d swv4 w96, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.hss4hd+o7bl 80 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constano avqvq*6 7embs 5.1i:vlx9hyt, by what f 9vmeav1:x65oq7vq . h*siy lbactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas qri c.g7 :1sugis given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the v6 ;;qha l(sgvsame temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the i svha6vl;(gq ;nverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculen.yorwj*: v2i3 4tniw s contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms rt yk+ o;zg cn+dz6vth6.t)q+ speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distancag v.tlrg84x6d) +6moi v1djte between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino d9udx vs0g q+5acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 375dx+d 0u9vgqs $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =kb1ie:kdkz-vo mo:gr1i6mben 03, t: $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urml ;w4( krins1v: jgxw73h fg/anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, infl(:c:k-9txeklram n dc;9f c;f 5i7q what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressoth kw2*1 h5l. btc2jo *yfae,ure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)b25l e 1a, ftkc* .owohthy2j* 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the482votms 1 0qzf kd,gt temvqt dk48z,f1go0 ts2m perature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a p l 0;l;kykx5:nldpsg+ lace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, esti-.zu21f3 wjm :qy suqfm73we a mu9m(smate the temperature at which wmw1-uj2u.w q :zsmfs3ey3auf7m 9(q mater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 b 9u9an6 c s7.el/kmaiPa and the relative humidity is7un . m9 a/i9ckbeal6s 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of watewrcw0t+3ykrhr k. 16 er on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is bs l+x*)ht*ti:;-jfg e ohy9si oiling at a tempertf+y it)9hh* :* s le-io;xjsgature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voluf:dwch/zb 8i0me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its df*q mhi0d8( ly:chi( dew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for w--h ny/2tr+fi jjga3 a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of /ywjg+nj a32t -ifrh -15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the intex:6rls/ee41/hoz 5zaq( ys eerior through tiny tubes called tracheae. :z61 sx4 eyez/rosa(ee q5/hlAn average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated aq pya6m h:q0-tt 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been can.u-;dpk4oh ey c5ic9l ck8*dlibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How myyjo* )+5b-irbfl3gk 6r xh ,uuch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cupgro,uybk) y b 5x+ijlh- f*r63 are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cyf+7 2qnrkdlf 2linder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Whakf2f2nr7ld +q t fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length)o+zh 0;oadv i 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatdhoaoi)v;+ 0 zure is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aboutm.byyj .a,rt v1,c i th e.6sc1m0:ora one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques vz) a00nq o ,kcpunx8(is about ncn0 xzpa,q (u0)8okv$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full uj8);eweplw ,u kgtc8ey( 3c5 capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?;(wu8 8)c p,yewtjck53u eleg    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon ew)8rgm cod9 6inters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bri98) miodwcrg6 ght blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ide t9(2z mzmw:wklp ad8gp6u f:;al gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of lyyc(/3l,*v4 y2g; hfi uldsbp -sw+q 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the izab m( 4fie0,i310a/xnybd yEarth, estimate the total number of air molecul,(4130yaz/b fi midxieby n 0aes in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained/k-71p vjmzy(go; d( ,gwwnmct:i)e r in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pr )bf6elf 5aia 5zib;1iessure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K H6a iili)fb15 z5;ae fbow long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of oghj5cmosn +- s076ekliquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atc ivmtp lreiv 0w ggs.*jf,;1h34z n*bd3ex1( 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around :gj,vy,dvhw4;+prvq the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a g:4w,d iojftor 53llx,moao(-lass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, az3yko b600 gqvs)2z+ x9a hcivdopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, ha dbiy4 7d05uwinj,n8f s a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eau 8 t0wxpz:) pgyzm6o3rth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agai5-ritm2 zy8ijnst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid 5-yjmi8tzri 2elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of ailcuf +o- k4vc8r from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?kc4v+o-cf8l u    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in ( a ,gbf99ufcgthe air on the following two days: ,f bgg(9c9uaf
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent d (cl)bo9g asli2n4op k(jjj12ifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2p a((k nbojosci4g19jl2) j2l000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas )9cp8ht v-zx 0w27qtaigqei) law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficie0wp2 i))8t 9xg7e qtzch ia-qvnt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constan5 vz36d9 lxgeftzb; 7itly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a houseli76dv 5;9z 3x zgbfte (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg