Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or as.kkzvn(f /nd wb:j2qgh-;- 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Aphjn(/; kw .s f2n a:q-bv-gzdkpendix B.

Name several properties ot5yxab s-1 aqfn 6lk7cn-w;+mf materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.tsxban;1-ka yw7 cfmlq6 5-+ n

Which is larger, 1 C hdl3,hb-p. v5+f qovo$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B ishon8tr z2.6 cyt4k*mz not in thermal equilibrium with system zmtzkt8.h * yn246croC, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip coipxsc z*sp+s/u ;u2 b4nsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will beibxp+zp2 /c4 usssu;* on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansiwxg41l kgc ;0*ndj 6keon $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to controlr3 o/- yd6i gvickbvgxt7i+ )6 a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricitdbvyir x)/3 gi+kv6t7ic-g6oy when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in nu8 ha4ax.rix+ o88z mthe shape ofx oauxn8 a+4hzr88 .mi a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in msu s(zwy ak585ercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-pjibiws21zp(*n2 h1 oglass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury inwp zijnh2* (1bpso21iitially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coomg.3ipd q0 ej hd,gv0:led more rapidly than ad vj qepmdi0h:g.0 gd3,jacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of P s y 1l4ho 67iue8hofz1a,byz5q* .urxyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this givbhe1y1 7zoxy6uu 45hf,.o z*s qiral8es rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accura f2lpzk;)k 8akte at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly thdldwoo ,(v( ia,e+op5e can will not stand up. What has(d,opv,i+lw o(o ae5d happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by 9wucx us/gi . eu/7;jqpushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands9ex7g/s q/u;u.iu cw j against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spher fs49/3(2f x2icqu wmdbbo8wqe submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperatur f(iwdqwqbxsu32/9 b8 2mc4o fe is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how C+c v2/e70fndx/tgreqp,+ ndp harles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average e,v/rnf0 en c+d+xg ptdp/7q2kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follow axpu4,g76r x6p(phi0 ex, awbs from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphez2ac eg +a;j3gre, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimuma15lfz 9vrh l0 speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explah1vl9 0larz 5fin why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tem mddq w(w7vt5o)h j/4 qh-gn5(lee+kyperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative w/j5 ent (o4+(wh dkveh7m5lyg)qqd - to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot x r:s 1z8 w9)cyq)pmw vf2yvj8dry day at the same tempevwmq2:s8 jc xr)1fw)yz8v y9prature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tex*:p/0akszueq+7 q j fh 0k,nzmperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the wn t3+sbv 20/l+jesz r69o o/z*vnthwair temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? b hov/2*w+ljzzsv3ws+ntt 0er/n o69 Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator capltbyky .o2( 5g:y0dla of an overheated automobile eng(ydl2gyyok.a 5b l: t0ine.

Why does exhaled air a2pnt,9k 9u ijzppear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppe).lljgfw+wknf8 q/ *z t9b 6abr penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to c31ac5.p1*yg7vpw7iocf xd fthe number in a silver ri.w ipy xc1 cf 7apco53d1*7gfvng of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68cm f:).kj eg i9 49ita01lunvd°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? 9giu4:j0l)nmt1.e fc kdi9a v   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest t;h+hw(vlb+c hmve o z74v-4 ijemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm atd9 j:j8vquaw+ 0.0v aq jd:9+u8jw $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of 5u e /vgijr6++jbb9dd slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m talld3 )6iw 9 6 ..jzwzcg)fik7ih xnp5srs. Estimate wxifzpk rz d gs9jn6w s)i)6h73ci. 5.how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, r ,f+ar l/;zp h*vtty9rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter a *tl+v;rht z/a,y rpf9t 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ak1gg5bvqi r 6i*r: pw(t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chang9 g07nu; )ykumg8tytz e in volume if it is hmu7n)tku9y;gg yz t8 0eated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to thesppjwg2;m1;;qc 8g o h brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.fdlxh*o a* ds+v-hs/ /50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be p1d p(ipbb(c5sunb 3b pqj4 icw- cr5:6laced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vesok4cn ++qj6v87ff 3vzhpy u jtr,.3jasel so it can expand in essentially op q,fto crny3ukj4j 6hvfa v3+.8+jz7ne direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chl zb)h/owb,f(ange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has p/1 q2 vremo9h6pr yn-coefficient of linear expansi/-1m9rp r no6evp2yqhon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soli:* k6asrwziv0x +nt;pd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grand58vojmiz mop/wv/o+ 6father clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1ov+jm/op o 8wi5vmz/6 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a merctd hw9 /6bwpgp*x8 .ajury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 * p xtahbwd.gj6/ pw89$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminumc5y n 8f; ow:s)doq.kw cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings wit ck);5o ydwn.sowq: 8fh angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is )clm;s;: k-c, m lki-iymz9 iwrequired to keep it at this length if the temperature il -zk,mm:9;mk-w i)lyics; icncreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam r*:b,ahf xs 99l )7wy.d2dlmy ori*atof cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter45doms ;ot2ld3 2j6 i-e)anq g7au z6rmq;dnm 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following t4yidje 98oa rnn dr/65emperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fap a)q9eggn, iwfi49b )x4doo-hrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun ar5d7cv yh0tve vv6zp )2e about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion 4kybv0d.m 3x4c1/u fcyx,wmvengine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 20 v4u1/vcmmkxd0.w,f y3bx yc4$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gashvd -3ju5.:tbmlszp5h) nkixr8 k c8 7 law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contaio2 ,0k zfanf3dns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg o-oo9rymd ;o 2om1 p:ol6 qnq8qf nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at l a,whjtufl( zh j ngi;v:j53d8) +an010.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L co+bvr6 5gfp5zvntainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 6vzfr5pb vg5 +385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgeep)3 e k oikt8 w2u*br4 pzf+10evzq; of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant li r,9nxgzx)o8b 0w /h6htm2dsvft by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it9hn rx8vdxz wsho6tm/) 2g0b , less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15n,4 b+z gu4-nh* wiped $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 ( ky+oxb9r a1u$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand 1c33gilc.r kwat sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molflyht 06o pb))ecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are theroi c ;5zq,q*gle in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mo,r ysegs,l a6h)d0e/ .ph soj6les,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1x9wd +sr()u(e-bf l n7lkb o6nqn)1lv $ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that werar zun9.n5z5m e also in the last breath zn a5nzm9 5r.uGalileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translatij e;cmw. o5i)qk+ui 9vonal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? 9 o.qv5mj+cki); uw ie   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tm-t vm/o2-cg+o8wril dc( pv;emperature of about 6000 Kd +vrpc - 8m-wo/i;omlc(tvg 2.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of ly :f.ql5,kbkgas molecules increase if the temperature is inc,5b.qkklfly : reased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have theq zj; m8s*.yz+qg;zm f following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the ry*g;+8qjm;q. szz mf zms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in aclr(e. m z8 78ocl* :vpkjrcg6 gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held x6:8v;2v ae gemic l+vconstant, by what facto6 evx+ae g cv;vm2li:8r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is giveni3:ff )3bez;ttxe6q pd20 zte by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperaturie163u/7ei) zndarphe, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to th3 ezi/r 61 7)eaunpdihe inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrl yfuo i 9qae8kc x3p53rf2q20ogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms d 9 30ft w* jzxxc,1otxs0;gutspeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distancetal(xz) lhvl9ye u86 2 between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular masse fw0xahmg6rsv, d)+1p kt q:) is 89 u in a livigs:v0hape+1fq6kdmr) w, tx)ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written 4vyz kj- 1ht9nP = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur/t 0-lo6p igrk r3bcg.v 1rr5uanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pzq gc1q3uwml,,x7uo7i 0 j5 qiressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatuh3za9 dysh3zj9 s3r9vr-v ji 8re is (a) rjz is3h jh93sr - yvdz989va390 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity ikuxmunw u. ;+3mw b9eu53mi7ps 50% on a day when the temperatu7ui+u5pe m3xu 3. kbmw;nm w9ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a p(i0 q--d )0lxfcl*qyi3k xdb xlace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the moun31w9n wn8w2xp1t y-he qpf5 +dtcqs5 ftains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperattwdy 8qcq st 5wwne32f1+pp-nh91 xf5ure at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa w7o:n;+gjr ne and the relative humidity is 40%wr nno7j :+ge;? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressuref5 49+oj1cx bt yhc 4. am :,ybk,yh+inehr:bl of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressur xpxc9)npw ,5be inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a t,wp5pxc x9 nb)emperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6:xrc hd3g(dfr 3i3h2l jrvs 10i *bn:n80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point o8:uf1*.ij3 j zxf fyuciz2pn*f 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see fhy;,yodj yxd7h(fh07 o 0- abTable 13–4) to diffuse a distanceo 0hbd-(y;y0 xoh7ya7jf fdh, of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of in u.)n18tmdgq-cpvg75q7w3ij .ja lyow:nx 5i sects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lon:i dgyj18 -ww)3tx qoaqpn7.g5.ucnjm5l7v ig and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been c 3d/aw/,9ld 1e ee5vte:ykrkr alibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meas8a s n-/lssf*u how/uy(tc ,5jure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatu ha a1fu1iv0tr+8mh3knp8 jr/re. How much error will be made in a reci 1pmn1aiukva08j rt+h8 f3h /rpe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 at3,wzykc:hzvn3+d4 4 .si nuzgm. After many balloons have been blown up, thedz3 ncv, 3s4nuki4hzzg +w:y . gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number rpa5 xk o4; pe::2cbb,md6vp mof air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m;pe: , b6cb:vma4kpp5d rxmo 2. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pecvh;1 xsngg:k*nw (x4r $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuukc qea39 o/kkr rbx7 wnz(g685m techniques is aboutg ok8kwen9q(x67r/ ra5 3kczb $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m belowndpq:7o)andex .hfu;/cwe 3 - the sdwn ue/3f xhnco;)7-d : ape.qurface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle retuvi34dw54*u jzdofv x; rning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) stdd4wv ;ovxj4f 53*ziu riking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fr5c mxtt qk18n/om 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77t16h.vcuazp*j1/ jdv0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric p vr+q0r 4j 8k )afko+tswqn6yat9 es3y;q l*7mressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air*ajy m)k6+ rysw e0 k7oq8;+ rfln vq3t94tasq molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molec (2b(r. pi bepj:5c(wcwl a8ve2 qn+wxules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2:wszr)hnt(;sqkl,qg0xy.(x kt:; lu 000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 25; tx;t()lnyz u:.qkxkh sgq( ,wsl:r09K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mey s 2)zf:zn 5o-jmxe9orcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinev(wj :owa. -ka76kj:+f cpw( swl yd-w at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator akq*6y dr fpwvj)(pw .lo6v-vl6ui4 o2t 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar4dy/k o3ea; o jz6y*hj at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the4k7i d.jewvjcg d o4z2-qc*e* 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm k xf-c+ wzokhy m yp0fn43a-*s54kmo:at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tczv9 6/brhf.jke8 q:ihe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended a5;r-(lx utdo jgainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per secon t5ouldr-j;(x d must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diametfb*15i l y9jcuer (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constac 591uif lyb*jnt at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followingtf*)z ls9 x32 1zpmynz two days: x3zs)flnp92 t*yz1zm
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STngl7 55tim xek w mokn,;*f3d+P, and when it is a solid deep in the3;tfd7mnl x,5e gwkkom*+ni 5 Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal g/nq*/gf1g tzm7v ,i whas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expahf gz *7wt1//givqn,m nsion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their uqax1ls6rlwx8r ;u h60t-n / jcellars to prevent rot and mildew. Iru61/6lu0 wqa -jnhstx l r8x;f the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg