Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum)jw 4(o.co)eig+sljn ? See the periodic table or Appendix g.jo(o4cw) l ejis )+nB.

Name several properties of materials that could be expldamyko5u0wpro+ v 070oited to make a thermometd0 o5akyv u opr07+w0mer.

Which is larger, 1 Cv0 u3 oaf7ov0.uht0up $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, npc-6+g.cj q jbut B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about theq -+.cjg6njpc temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consis1/qzgcnplr8, ts of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the s /18cgzrl p,nqtrip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansig5anbbf h)hp./p*p tg; w:,9co*gqc hon $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used h5yyo akbxn,;v(g5,mto control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric5, m5y(knhg;obx ,avy switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sect ceaw)sn . nt(rj1)lpwlm -)i-ion in the shape of 1a)(.wwlnp cm-i-ntsl) rj)e a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder u r8z,cx7kj vqc,c y :;v3aow1of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water,0jjw7d2d 2 gum the mercury initially desce0 27j 2guddmjwnds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or 94 wc2r(h8x1zlhow )u d1dpn qcooled more rapidly than adjacent partwd zdr8l19 x 1wpo 4q2)uc(hnhs. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is th:spm5 c;e1yc fzb4gl* at its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this give* 4c g:p;ys5b1lf zcmes rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, *rs0;-ia6wr( vvu idwj gg7y3 accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly tf4sc fqq*+zcc;), ezche can will not stand up. What qzf zc )4e+csqcf;,c*has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatu qj )p;7x4sce*b hoyn0re increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular nopbqhyso0n xj4*e7; c)ting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spherlyd 7.dil1 (pjj r6w9ne submerged in water increase or decrea (i7 jj9y6nrll1d.pw dse if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follo -t,cztf5n t+eckqw7)ws from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temper k 75-c qnc,+)wtzetftature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’ie; . d0)a5bodvor7jhs law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s a*eurku) n xh0/ s;wpcj5nq,)v tmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Ea4qw7gymaw6-uh x 5u*hrth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere gywuwam xu*h46qh7-5.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What t w71llu:ld0rt my/1pvl 2v0 gcan you infer ad1 gmtwy:/70 vlt 2 lll0rvu1pbout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the . fxrt(uoj8z6; cwne rw-kb1-same temu;68bz -erwktnw.-ro( 1x jcfperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatur z55 mcebzbw 7t-,:-.rw pofrye (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity ish pm2qso.rx.di0-: mk different. Which is more dense, the dry ai2 mpsim.qd:.orhk 0x-r or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to qkhsp.ta+/**h*x fam j t;py (open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engin ;txh p(jfktha /*smpa.+**qye.

Why does exhaled air aplhcdu(jx) me: jp*6q /pear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a )0r3 9y nc,miav/b hvt3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26. d te0m92;s80) en1i xdv)uy 5yhzny)y xdnj(m5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silverdm)m d) ty)j28n i s50yxh1v9;dz0e( xnyyu en ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on spi:t+9+5jlvv hck u**k lq0f the Celsius scale?+kh+sv9v:ct0k5l*p * i ufl qj   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperf 58jrvexa7y 21 dn/waatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has dk :i z8md2e+zlength 11.82 cm at 0.:zk+dzde m8 i20 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lu:h r)x+0z*ytpv le64x k3b;cojy et044t syzong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is buimp2xoa h xm-1*lt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height ch*m xxo 2apm1-hanges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thata zdc9 b)c-g(:jxhbcqj+32 xji s6y4p are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is b:)69p (ccix q jd4 bax z3+cyjj-2sghcooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of watera5:2 5 a1c i-soa (nqk-s.au 9jxu,kqqioq uo9 at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its changec8l 3 h6be -ftnxz,ci2 in volume if it is heated ,n b86cz ifxc 2l-hte3from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the a +j:e rkqyde ve)x-61b0-awy31u w bubrim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 * a t qoki0z vgz+vous3( q1:9c8iiro3$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring ms 5a txfgad )nr mty(9yqn*2 4d+,tk+pade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nrts, bj rkw0(,gj.t1a0l9c bkarrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient oac r1.,bl9,t 0t(jw bg0rs kkjf volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in ,r7,d3*q1eqt wb vxh1 ayl1w hthe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lh4*chxq,g 6 ekinear expansio ,*6ekxcgqh h4n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic q 0 ta/y.ae1:vlkh7kc solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfec25 u qag9vk82jar0zcm t time at 15qma8k22 c9jga 0rvuz7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an in5ato qie bl,9bk*b2qzt,:,h i x*we)l side diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume t ,qqalhk ,w*eib:b*,x2z9) i eb5oltof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating a heh0p)mtl*s (bout its axle on frictionless bearings with ang)tmpe0 (lhh*s ular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has thyw k1 zj)vt,9-es) fche desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep tyk )zwvcf-,e91js )hit at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bead6 yf9sgsk6( um of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134xu-m1*3 tjxv2 (z kfyz.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturel yz/eqk:k 0(1pchai 1s on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperaturzb(k-es * l9zwvpb:; de on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the )jhhrel o;qw)o3o xz753sa n7interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air bxj )2jp mg / p39+gka1r2*kfb3tubmfat atmospheric pressure and a temperature opubj+fp t 2gbabfxmkg) 392jrk/ m31*f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density ofzgy7cvl6c rhc0 h*2 4h oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitro t +d-bxrs9:p kvr;-g4 gcg7kogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nit64x6j 4owyt13j6teao 52nvz .y1 qdu+dccbn orogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas e +k:/0f tb0ir; tpt i9jq3kbtis at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of w .b*39;5dgq8 bw2f mvwoek(kb.ofl nargon gas at 3859wom3v 5 b wqebwfg8*2k oln.;bf.(dk K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kv0fyr d yhbea 12ir-t;3 q7f6xg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating *r(t3 4;ho np fw)rxj as;n0aq6gp*t -t;mflythe air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose thea 4ly;;0njg6(3* wqtt fhtmno ;rp*asx)r f -p volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atz:1-x0v9pwd rir s9hq7dv j3m 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen s-w0g* soidyb* vm*h1at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child wd hk-0dw cvmyj+.+x)’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofx9 pi8oj9 ab4f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mf-2ltos m39s ra*cb ;eolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,jlc1+6+hxy6 q zl d.bi    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume+, eh cjfb+x.ub,il(r 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air ar(yfo59so753 l,is6h nk g drlce in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmospherrly7o , ncs55d3lf6 gkis o(h9e is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational /,lvuddn4x 2x)rdo+4pr kaq4 kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? xvr)+da4xp2or4lnd/,d u 4qk    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium-erjs zxwi d:6m93lbrs)t.*m atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 600med)mrs6z :s -9xl* .rtwbij30 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speet)-v/0tc brv sd of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increase0vtrv)s/ btc-d from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6,yiz 3cifb2bzt a f1( a:lizc+kab 0593 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate th a b3alb5cf+i19 0z:3ztay2kf zcibi( e rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molec z;egg3uq oha9lg/m43ules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled wz9b9yp zxqt1(hile its volume is held constant, by what factor dzp9tbz1 9q(x yoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules ie f9jehgcho+d )2je 0.n a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of y. llv:a8p.-um gih 1htwo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of lh- lah:.p ium.ygv1 8the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mole5psm01 h4 j8bfk 4sib3un 4a5bjzx8egcules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms 0 z/e)+v12l ogh)cb znf 1y4 wtl:btwbspeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules a0 i gww,w.8lybt STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms sp8efwo ,zw8 v+jwo kf1q;y/h. ey5q kp7eed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livingev.k+1q;pk / yfz,jhwo y578ewq wof8 cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wrimu4 0k 4vmov93i3lhrr5 fy g;otten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of rv a31xdwon0v( b dy;/uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in w )s*oxt* e3kzshat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)2b/q.wun 0g 61s8ngc *dlopqd g8dnbwon/ q6.* q p12ucd0 gls90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (appf jk,kih, tck9piq4.2 roximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2qjt ,29pf4ic .hkk,ik5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watg0b2+is*ae5x+b-npe k 7vk uqer boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular qu y)ec-:6 ksve3cdl+/q9 iz v,b-wb iplace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wa-)q-v 36izelb d,u/bs+ eccvyk w:i9qter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watemwvd/(nq u z1ji ,wy wpl(6*+pr is 530 Pa and the re,6ydqi(u nm /1 zw+l vw(ppj*wlative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperak*99kkkj voza 0v im8:ejjwbus25 y81ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressh0 *qcx-5 bv1 x zpl7n:r*poequre cooker if the water is boiling xc lx rb0po:*e z5*v7pq-1 nhqat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roo*u4tigmq/mbj )c;+m zh e -yd9m of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of19 e :f rfi9sprkisa*bq)52zg 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a :cr7h(rsjytv7 5m7xiwb 8l u9e9lg9j distau( r lyb5hemx98tjs7c 7j r9l7ig:w9vnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of ins sq zu,fez-.0wects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. zqw . zf0,e-suAn average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meabcm y93xb(j+ zhb -oy6sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2z msa0 *2ylv:m0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temper9 :m7y8*5hxejlv bh bcature. How much error willb9h b y: j5vlmc*he78x be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is an f /emy-g4qk p; q.x4kj-p7b5gywm+ initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas r+mexa p5qy .g kjf-m4pk7/n;-wy gqb4emains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a rooma;,: n wnggmro1:i eq7 of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. oer :m qwnia 71,ng;g:Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the d 3y64xn,n6 m (osriaioensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using t a*qn0j: mc(.or)jzw +hcdck)he best available vacuum techniques is abourn0m )+ (hkj. ):da*cqoczwcjt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m belorrh g/ /0pum brz12ne3 h6w-fevlq(s/w the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advi(m f rw 6/qeg/r2 zbn1lev 0h/hu-r3pssable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth unas9t:2vo8i*xd 8ox ’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it doex8 u*2o9ao8xts vid:n s vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas5; .d dqcp35vh;wx*dh.ul+yh4g dl re is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumesue2wh:n9-5o(ay j9rrec6a(2rs n h b of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at 56 fjpej3amts)k ,ys-the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmoj,e )fa-m pt6k ys5j3ssphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.g: 2luqeyb; k( 6cm-gs6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has rs)0 n1qy4uo ugauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,8q0osy) r4n1u u00 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0 e tip96bta3)m$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline 1r4xn;g hbl 8tyu q8n*at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25*ntng,wax38,,l6 0lq k -ttvkb ypxb 4$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighh0u p jhg:pmmei*9 z:; 9cwv(jtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standardfzhyhy3(-h vb,b+n-gn v-.sz nvet3)8td3 go, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chargem9 b*j;9xhve id, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thelm2wqbr y p4/0exz7 6; ea;dol Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid cuas w4c6 +nxj7bk3. -ipkog3is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown verti7skowpuab3 ki 4n. c-+cgxj63cally upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.w*94kub 4bhbv00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large isb4bvhu9kb* w4 the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wseimxw4 zo4r2(ok ;g:ater vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: i:wzm ;o2ex(r4sk g4 o
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent e0y bn66r a(cgwv 1)qidifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a sol a6yr()qn v 0wc16begiid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at cop*q9y ,rn:jpici;- o nk1phg( nstant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansionn:q yop-ji;p1 pngk,i9(c hr* is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prxzt fx:i 5srlri jxf(r4z/8hk:.f2x ;event rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hzr:(4z2 s5xh8 fr lx ;ki:f/xjixt.frouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg