Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See thrv;i7j w6ni y4knbf ;,e periodic table or Appendixb 6in7kn rf;wyvij,4 ; B.

Name several properties of materials that couldqa5w 1( jl 32orj+xhdj be exploited to make a thermometjq+ohx3ra1l2 j(wjd5er.

Which is larger, 1 C a)h9-0 q-g bnk1m vibi$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, baa1d.zb, y b a0 j2hq*:agplm3(yf 8nvut B is not in thermal equilaanq al318y(fb y, phav2mz 0g:*db.jibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When hrp8i6/d q-in.ec + thtojz/9aeated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the ouce//jrq+z.98-6 ntop aidhtitside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expauw,roi ym2,za hcm695nsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermtf::76en te98rshr-l rkr5o1 l2pvfaostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). Tr71rta-vl te: e r58kl9hf f6p:nr2 sohe bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fiabhy)n :p7j 7uxed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why?7na ujhbp:7)y

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercurtx- rrdlf 7a8se5zwbjhg 1k )-:l;f g/y at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tu vv4j/6 7ltgjnb of water, the mer 46jnvtgvjl7/cury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part obc3/z:pr; 1xn :khebf f it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent part3rk bp:eh1: x/;nfcbzs. Explain.

The principal virtue of p/;-qp oh0l,v6 bzw onPyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why t/ o,6w 0pzblqph; o-nvhis gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ,e)7ur8 tg vp:c07etae f5wtpaccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and t 8ai)zmos g1yumv eo+9okg;/ )op to bulge so badly the can will))ka19 u 8 e;voyo+mgmz ois/g not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistey3ra 3i /tmle+(n)e xon), its temperature increases. When a gas te33 /xi) na(ymeel +rexpands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumi,pqw c yo)a q84-d.jvmnum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperaturepj 4w.qa-8qvm, c)yod is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fqr o.b4* c/vv/ h(jrqerom kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy aco4/rq .rvbhve ( /*qjnd the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory4:hm rd jwy.qsd4mc8p,68b t9/tba tj.

As you go higher in the Egih*kmf80 t e3arth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mus)v2on wy.hjb5 i9 *vtfp(tg/ st have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practin*j9/5tw. v vt)f phbi(osg2y cally no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates moe7 8vu. i q, cwhc0u:gkhw4lz4re quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the4:8l g7euwiv ch,h wqc. kz40u other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dwd kqen59* fl;tt85o dry day at the same tempe;5nldwt5 eo tkf*9q 8drature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperr1vx,p 2bovhr 8o)5 cj,ic 3hnature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but pc pd/1s odgwp,44.n qthe humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humi4,ppo ./ dwnp1 gqsc4dd air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of jm6crm2p 84yjo / tzc*an overheated automobile /cm8czro* j y6m4 t2jpengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a lit )h3ghf8.s5u;zu r-dlm(pinjtle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coee4 7ybn1qlc:wo5w x )pper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numb;kt83zd6iu l,ag.8 0zmf tnofer in a silver ring of the suotz8t zd 0mfkf86.ga,n;3 li ame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is ky 5jnro.*j1d2ep :i)mx4nvk often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?j1jkvi x2o)rd4my5:en.knp *    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lekf 5vnumx5e):q1e.zb*n x tv no.7u7owest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol .e f)ureh8p)tdw/k 5fcolumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.)ked pf5tu/8ferh)w .0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 126 of.(hvnp3b /fb j.br m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought ironq .f+qlk cnd pz e:0,*hefr;9y approximately 300 m tall. E f:,; *dzcy klh0nq.e fp9q+erstimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are largerrnhis tho5p )7iz 2g;5 than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a holz5g it oi72 5p)r;nshhe 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a cjv jx5 dkv7a-7cl6y0t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will b5 o-vv;tdqur( e its change in volume if it is heated frour-od5q (v vt;m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 ej-bp:e)b(5(cv0fx r b g( dodmL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water d3z j2 dp0hkjy(gnvpxv -)s.7he0 otk/4m ,wjat 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placn(5ybrr0vne6n0ytamt 6+ . dted in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so i7zflkkse95-8m o(wx at can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expanfkzw( 5l89e-x sma7oksion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changn4 iqc54 h/bcnpm28li e in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular pl4* egh )olfejegasyei4k,8z k,c:j :hb6j:y9ate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear exp4 ,c4jsjl 9 ,fi::ekg)z e*ekgeh o:j68yahybansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotms6bwcosc wz 5h228wadwjd0,ww* 3./uofp9d ropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps ls)ry 6 isje0bj a,1/tperfect time at 17 ss1 0lrjyb )a/,t 6jie$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.u)m uknaz kr/d5)sw g9s a07b,140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 05kdrs)answ,0uz7 9au b) mgk/.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum qh 9at)sr(f ga+i4p(m cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velotp( 4amg9h a rs(qf+)icity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stspxar+ k36c3n dlhvqg+zm6 .c od)3;mress is required to keep it at this lengx6 dozlk+sgcn qp6+m;3dh .ar3v)3cmth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional a iqe)z9z44+5pg eyu jzc /egg+rea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134yw z4.+ijdme).122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: yw/z*+ y w:ns+yrhu( f
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenk0ts.dz/ th+n2 xev v.heit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun aj,:p8hp azmj 0*h ez fa vx1lkn(m7i -1ml8oa2re about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospf5ce(rz xhki3//up n 5.abq 0jheric pressure and a temperature of about c unpk 55xq0(j fea.b3/i/ rzh20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of -)vz;d*.fan gv a 4nqhyst q+)oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.k7ygy/wv lh9-6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of ninl pb/omex:,6trogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliuwofu9 rb, 82qjm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas yj1t kr1bkb2 *:fb:c toi*/klzn.:l pat fi .ot: k21 lbk:nr jbzpk *b:1cl*yt/385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg offxixljajjf lh+0 /+; 3)r;ell $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon ac)in dk*gi9v2-d,gbzghieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vb-2 gv)9,gdzk idgi*nolume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 ilwe +,w 8em hr1+t1mgx--ixe$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.3omi0d+lh** ypw hixz.ca, 6 f0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes fe e xmkj1-i* 5rcj;l/a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molec6 f;uc+ba+ ydwules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? g x k0s9ii keqma-4/q8:r5xadHow many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mgs).g:,fq1pf qg k4yv rp .3is4m3g p:-wkzcsoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5f*gv* x2s :pds.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-7 casd12+u vx vvgbi;7 3rbt6lL breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took.67c12val;bbxg7i+v u3 rdvts [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mol b)+kz (r no8/ybrax1cy k02wto c)8yfecule at STP? b(rfy20wary8ok c z/kon)8t1+bxy) c    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atomqx;hj07x1;: 5vgig1(mfxohq2 wgpki s near the surface of the Sun at a temperature oh(xqkf;gi;xp01q i7ogmjvwhg : 51x2f about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will *f57anj q+cl wthe rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increfjq +l*5a cn7wased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4,w3j ly* v+q(gu 6, 0, 4u gw qv3y(*j+l, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecul4h+d 7y1ub dqvl*. qsbes in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held 6:0(wvdw6,e3 lz: 1 ivn eknp(josztgconstant, by what fac:i w1jod gez:n6(l(szvt 0w6 3n,vkep tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given byz- zi+nb9i7co $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of tw7q3jz xb,.nk 8rdmq2xn;f : eso gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squarnf 2k3, x7r8; ez. bmsqj:ndqxe roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of niwo7rc 3ugy,o8w/ek2m+ fnxlc c7 )y v3trogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spee0 /yy 37dmmrjid of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules y1:iz2 v li;xiat STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of a7frsukd/or ,* n amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a liv r/rfudo*,7sking cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = jvv5g5bd w+(e$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of t. iw4x+,qw/ 3 yibrwo 8.yxyfuranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wnsdv4g9vjsvv0 x l0z-:o6m a,hat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is+r01/ke(zgn uq mqfr7 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9 ek(rrzu/ fnqmg1q+070 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxi8pz 4abd*j17 4ofe bbvmately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature isevbo ba4jp18 7fzb4*d 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure klcg hfu2 ..( (sth0e-m9qk0*fbntui at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains isl gv 3.5vogh6 ulx3zv) 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wateuvl.3 v6g x)z5 hl3gvor boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the p )j.f 3zg 2g f(: i.-n*l;anwgmzit:kbtdb0u partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity iswb.(:an 0itn2kb uipgm3gt)zf. :gj-*dl zf; 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial prej(dj(g+8 ukh e.a b3u5un kb, *cpr4 etznq46kssure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boxm6fnb (j5gc (iling a(65cg(b xm fnjt a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roftyy2v,+82uyho64( zund n pyom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point;7ob *e8pvkwo*ak4zq of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (s + dsec..l; zw1vknkb 4jkfd1*ee Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1d wsbkz4k 1 e*1jn. fdck+;.lv5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throughtr rlqz *xmn*cp r/g) es(;82d tiny tubes called tracheae. An aversx( ) 2re**tmqcp/n;r 8 zdrglage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated ap.yt7osxibpqo 8/x;.ztl ol(*-q kz8 t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali h37fca )edva(brated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. Howmzj 7qmawqx2-x u:6 rts44s0kd 85il e*uwe r* much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the culzjxieq2m4w-0u8 atdm: 6 sw4q*7*seu5 xkrr p are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ball8xsjj r 3ure*2.yibe9oons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas re98jer2e*r3jyxbs u. imains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 b; ny4 gmfkjat0vk,u z c13wn-3hn 2j2m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5ah 3f0n3jnjg2bk;yzw 4 tu,2n vkmc1- m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dejugxt( 6gb md2:4abb xv;bo/+ k u--pxnsity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuvsga32kux svqn7 ym / / g6i55alpm61vum techniques is abovk3a1/ my7 n sauxgi5q/ 2msg5vp6v6lut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capac5f8 xj 3x.an qq9w/xgaity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose wqn9x3 a85xj/ xga f.qto the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’p7 ;1jueoolt8os, kt( +elbq2s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed corres o(u2o lstt7oe1 b+8 lp,eq;kjpond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an 1sr *y1g3pb.th6 ,refqja*)ke j) goeideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770my.iw zmn pw6+ajjd9:q-t6 d-k$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value ofk k8/ 4*athr9arzcd y bwjccew1-i *z2; nrp6/ atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total nu4i6k j;b2 r9cpcnrw/ yt8*1*hck w a-dr/azzember of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molkys(b9wpa, / recules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a dkwav 39*ih*oab3g .*x;r f qh b veb*e(mj30uhospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if th;auwq*gb 9dbv0iea xf ***k (v3m 3rhb.3ehj oe flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquidicp*,yj2 :3n b weg/cr mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ay dk gs vkt/vq 3(you)4lk9vz6.8ub0s t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit sndnakyti ,7t*t7mw9y)ugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly dw d0j6ud g0do1y ),lconto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted iny7q,kd t wmuns4;j-pm ++zv 5v the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chargh.:jq9 df tdp6j3a zaq;ppu4:ed, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earxx/0c*1evw jd ou ud87*omj1b th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspenf24z v5p u2knpded against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming tvpu225fkpz 4n hey have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbles+lg x2b):2 +2v7nnyddchlqn of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble n d2gqcl)h svx:dn2 ++y7bln2when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressurj :dqk3hfgq9o 0p6phl6d k 9t1e in the air on the following two days: hg9fpl3jq9 o6d6t dqpkh k10:
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of hj,.ir1s yrs9vhu))gyk ::pziron at STP, and when it is a so sp.hsgrz1h,vur k )y:y:j )i9lid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at -7b. ecaa/pkmconstant pressure, the coefficient of vol mpeak/bc.7a-ume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumi13 ehjt ptqjyout6892dify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kepq e6p 9tty82o13h jjutt at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg