Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the peri( u9dmav +j68h:b isqpypr07e odic table or9jh p0 b7(q6dpvem iur8y+:a s Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to m xg-lp glez +5y/7ro+take a thermomete-pz7/+5 gllygrxo+ et r.

Which is larger, 1 Cyb 4m2dkath 9 dm5wihrxz(*z,:x7) a h $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with +)0ige*sx4 hg(jx1p ll (vjgvsystem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperat0xgv1 xgh(isj ej+v4() lp*l gures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of rv/lq yu3-lc o/w f38viron. When heated, the s3/v 3 -rlwq8uclo vfy/trip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expans**rxglyy r86f7 tky4 fion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a si;z f flq mdec.1h).s1hmple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip co1cd m.1l s; qh).ffhzensists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fiv 000e0 kgq15i uzhp36 pf:c1 ijsthecxed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wh3u0j1 i6tpq5 h zf000 e:cpgi hvk1csey?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floa96oz jzzz hc23bxpu57f7 z8auts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first p*.g rr+v6pw e-cz2dyhlaced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descendp-w+6z2*ydh gec.rvr s a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one s(amk8nv207-n zckqe6ss8 cb part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent p88bcksm s0-nec6v 7k(ans2zqarts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansionih5f-q2cvb 1fvth : c2 is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the incrvb cf22 icq5hfv:th-1eased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at7cfma8 or(ttkptdx 70ms4, tm -f- 9yjkv5j1p 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bnntg1+zmyny mz frg9jyceva: t.-6 9i/4n4 e1adly the can will not stand 4n99v4.r6ma1n zfn1mne/jz +y yiyt-ce:g gtup. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston),hia 83sb ss5/m its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting wbssais 58m3/hhat happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incr9rek5vgjj lac2 , 71clease or decrease if the temperatuc 9l 7rkjjl 1ca,5g2vere is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law f:hbz j.gl0 x +ad2eos;ollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolutes0 dz.ajhbe gx o2l+;: temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law followsmj8y2py *28wrt.xjta from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphe1b+3u-rzjx;*oc/+ n v aea icjloq0 f1re, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objzb;kz e:/yb5c x(q3diect must have to leave the Eart;(:bxe yi 5kdbzz3c/qh and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temper8 kact/f s1op,ature. What can you infer about the molecular properties ofk/t,1o cf8p as one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the )juq8c:czj 3q9 usi9h same temperatu9jiu z9 qj)hqcus: 38cre.

Is it possible to boil water at ro ct-e: foyuz9 om58kf:-lzai)om temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the samexdp0mco fzu04(2 az,s but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or thzfs0xm,a2p ud4 (0o cze humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to o:o4xzl1m)-ugq8b mng -a5iaepen the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engi:qm1a o g ix8neu5l-g-zbam )4ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little 1r8 0f zvjcpzo6wo 9g o-v)pc;white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thentzx-s-6i) f- qg57)bbcnde w 6fdv(qre in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the ;ms fgjz(+cr0x aq1i*number in a silver rinrf*(0iz m +xsca;1qj gg of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on thrr(h7* 7uy6k7aqpq y re Celsius scale?7 q7hy 6qk *7yuaprrr(   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest 4 , gnz1y)w o0d0ed +p2jep1f ,uwtxqltemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol5mi: vo5m zjqnff37 o; column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0f5m;vz oi7jf: 5nq3mo $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bui g: mxs/ *bka*i9h1wjelt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apprug4 x k/3polj /8alq9uoximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average tempexu 9pl 8qogju3 a/4lk/rature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, riveefd x 8v04f (2vtyndo3ts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in adfy(fox2t v038evd4n hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4xnw0az9;7oaaup ) 9vufz;*7 okvif 4y $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8 y3ha*,b)m0.psh6dg /bbvf rz.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is hemd/*b) gbrahz,vhsf0 p6 y. b3ated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0mkhma4xf *( d(xjhr ::/kkhkk nl36f3 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55. x(dv /gy(nu3o50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be pla,3dm3wet* c1u 1 cvdxv-h3djs ced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in zq tuzs aeiwo 2. gfi*,j773h*a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that h 3g t s*zo *auwezij.7f7,qi2the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the cha s0puarwhlz;4m 4(1funge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear ex 6u+o7 o6kt mrp1sws3bpansi16 bu67ro +toswkp3s mon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so1 hq)8zwduh cg6*gnn1lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass an;dtqgmhgmbujw n9 54*- wzl0+-saag5 c .s1qnd keeps perfect time at 17z9qtuhg*4.wc as+;ng 1b j nam0-swg 55q-dml $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of ,w l*lpri1.zj 0.140 mm. The bulb has a *p1lw ljr.zi, volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotati*,iux2(mjk teng about its axle on frict kxe*(ui2,tjm ionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the des0jay4 3vn-g q8jfkym 0ired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this leng 0 j 38fm4vny0yq-kjagth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steelt :3ig mxu iq0h/r/cv; I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at2 oxy4ukbf0a en(4lhzl5*w4m 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale9jswuh,k n)gmv8j t 4-q7k1y m:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fasau nfb+ js s,jg7u4gb0-m*d9 hrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun+lqf h: e2 dj,x+oumh0 are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmos aw;iz v4ne6a(pheric pressure and a temperature ow (eai6v4za ;nf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas mmfqrk yn)8 qm(sg3 mh5lr 76;law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrog ;7jzww8n pro9en ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cdhv.bsw2 +m .uontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is nl 55uhgj zlq:04gjhyuwbsg+ u85) 6iat 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insqf+**eo- wgl7 s (jxgqide a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kqewfl+* 7j (gsoqxg-* ?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 f +( rv df)6m(fzicx5za3k tq4(6mgvhkg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air in n2 mt7+spi e,gldaprd53*xa/ side the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the a, l2357tgdi xa+ *prm/dspne volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aik1,vy q1b3b*e +frk acr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18a)xi5 , j69rfx8i5k 5ob5 ssb2yvdscm.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand 5 l+nvb;jro0g at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofh 4vx)hmc:bu1 molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 wr(ar 9rs 4*zs+qnt8x L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofvbukqtz5867 r mcb jw.2b:f,s (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume zbogo fdu 9d:d*y6f,, 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air ar2o 0zf;,wk st9nbmm b 9aeh)*n6lk.vge in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant 2;.9k9w ,vzhn sf)0 o6 lame gbkm*bntdensity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translat90q7atp zdkp0 g:m b+2r(wxltional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? pwz+bm x t 0p9r(kadg02:l7tq   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the d8jx /;gaqvf3u2s hhgl *a0a 5surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K.*a8aqva0hgxsgd2 35;lj / u hf    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature zn3,wsqllh*x8 r 57 k:cyo)jj is jkh3lyzs: ln,xo *j7)8 rc5wqincreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules haveyh+ljcb+1dmhhl)3 g(r rhn64 the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms spe r+(h16jmbh hyg+ llnr)4d h3ced. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0p+1e 4 8jnyavl l-x9rv $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what j3)q)ih8gf vv9tmefz 8qgr +/factor doeqz)q/8ftjvfi8h9) + rm g 3gves $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given tdah fdlgq+6 zao4(5:1 c qs(fby $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature,u vcf4kw wv*2gmpa:2zy;ua 8z *p8g7 b the ratio of their rm7v4*g8v 2appu mywub8zag; *: f2 kzwcs speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained ino4;ocxjf3r2e an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule arwt) + lbb99gyt 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dist tketoif e1-o f)et5)u 19kis+ance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 jjso*q jwmqc7w7 0d7enz +*.iu in a living cels 77 .+j dqeinjwomj 70*cq*zwl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P ofs6x5c6-f8e c 326oywxwyu ruu a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumjz slt.(bvb2r1 ejz51, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whmxkq ; .e+4 ie2mu-(vye 6 nmv/,twsmwat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressuf-v9bb ac s;j :y--,vmbfhlm *re is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)hbvb m yf-*c s-al jbf,m:;9-v 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the ttn+m 7cst,rykk z(2k) emp()ckn k t,y m2k7r+szterature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boi9zwydx6n7+i:jke.6fo1 opbpls at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mount:7mq +y wdpx*,cw q.enains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whic wqe7nx:pw c*+.dmy,q h water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on bds0jzj-k.5,a hzbz n.4j ( d +3dwbjea day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humiditydzjde4 0,.n w5bja kj 3bz b(j.sz-hd+ is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wat zix5l2nn n.5cer on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressurey3 :ngni6/ltogllj7-x tmb09 cooker if the water is boiling at a te97gnxty/ lbl-gl n6: t3oi0 jmmperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680i;h; i;2qo uwe$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5pafhfv5g gdz*p 6b3c c41c6p:j24z ap $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 1wo :bgs (+ y61ip(rqzl3–4) to diffuse a distan(1sqb:ol p(zr 6igw +yce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of inse .k wpvdd2:t* aekqx(,cts to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. A .(veadk:ptd* k,x2q wn average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meao+ o 0wp un4k3il8j)0bx ufoz/sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape gkv.fjr/lfzk* hf-me1y m/,03 k dm(xmeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How muchh5kxutx(-s 8 ezc )+an error will be made in a recipe c8xxtzu+)kc- an( 5she alling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylih 7/8 (pqar6lqzwpxf 2nder is initially 28 atm. After many ballorzafq6l(h w82p7q x/p ons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length0 vcwqb00iv i8kk .p1x 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperawc8kviq 0p 1xk.0bv0 iture is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pe8 zuni2mm hwid)d5(,- +xtqwxr $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure ,cff2043eq0c cl gsf5+ gyr llattainable using the best available vacuum techniques is about0flr ,5l+s3q4yggcf02 ec lfc $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below tl )v9-oagz wiyv)qc 679eisu5he surface, to what volume would hesiwv g6-)9z l 957u)viaqo cyis lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s d 7 x*vdds,id c),kdk z9fhm36atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporizedmz 3)d k,dsd,* fvkd67 ich9x, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasedsu2w/ eiy*w6 dv;e*vly/ fof-sdf,u , from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m8om voz sd57z0o5lxpy;l 04uo $^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known valuei;pxse.-f 2r i. kef(a of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total numberiefa.;ie.x - sk(p 2rf of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mol d.bxt:.ox;ocv g- a*becules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge press 2 0p.s)ilz d75npmuupure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K pdmu7 pli2)0.z5psu n How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a, vl ggf,cl1j7aqutei1+8+ sw bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a ba3/4h1wvnenh tx,:l t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around t cip.l- ei4586ves2(l8fmreub rzul 1he Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2+pkg.qq;j+i p0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted70 z hv9-aq/f cry+uwy in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure ofmpyt *4ycm qjo/w, -p8 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthu q77i3 dkvf,k is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is sk-5r/fd e+ 21ar li+;sruvmqjuspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must redsq;k+j5 v/m- r uif+1 aler2rbound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-d r3 vsjrab v*37 skl vasjg()(z6+c,lziameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the3)ab slvzc(k3 rgrlzv6,ssj*(7+jav temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following tw/5t)9huu qf i,c; dyvno days: 9 ;quh ydc/5 ,n)tufvi
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, anz f*u6lhy*,-ti0( mwol z /sk -lbw(lmd when it is a solid deep in the Eartb lwu6h/mz s*wmo * (til,lkl-y0zf(- h where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas abs/exe3 kg9w7r2o l 0at constant pressure, the coefficiesr9 7oag /x2e0 wbk3lent of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constanf.pi s7mz5 -t;1(nv 6pueapgptly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mild;fp vp p6(u-e.a71mtn5 zgis pew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg