Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the)p sk ,4s:stru periodic table or Appendix upk:,4)sstrs B.

Name several properties of materials tha q8.ksjqst9 x0 l9dq7pt could be exploited to make a thermometek8 . dpl qxq0t9q79ssjr.

Which is larger, 1 C7fb1b r6tbx3g $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal eqj,jvumn2tw1a3.kiin gmy 0+wjb 4 v33uilibrium with system C, what can you say yi34,bv i3+nkwj02 mjuvn t1gjaw 3m.about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumib j0cqrxyxt8ex;7ot51+. ;pf)zyddknum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the out p70 ob zyx dr+kx1dc8);qjex5;yt.ftside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient qop-y dp;b i14of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diaw2 :jpx/zizk:gram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different t2xw: z/zkip :jemperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at,mwu 4fql.+nhv -wyw.q::t n- tm+nrl the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why:nw.h4mwf- nvm-r .:t nw,ut+qy+llq?

A flat, uniform cylinde9xsvt-foq af9zp3n1h s +n- 7qr of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first plyw jgxr4gm-(/aced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and thggy/m4wj-x r(en rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more ra) . es9+jwcu11 uvpz7xsx/wx hpidly than adjacent parts.x1cz9.wuseu +1x ) p/whx7sjv Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glas szrs 95p822l7myiskl s is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives ri2z5 ryl ps27lms8s9i kse to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,wqbi oxx*q vl4,).sbss(z 3p0 accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so ba fvyil2iz.hn)5ta zq vw -p1/wc x;,8ydly the can will not stand up. What has a,8wyw) ql-h1vx; nty.5pci2z izv/ fhappened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temcz;0 4qkhuyozjn+4/h perature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cozj4hc 4uz/n0q;khy+ ools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increas4 wwetvx*u :+bu7a x 9wgp.z)ie or decreas9u )pez:i+xb w.4v g twxuwa*7e if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows ze+bd jet97m n:jae7mj+: -ycfrom kinetic theory and the relation betweaj: z 7btyme je cn9m-++dj7:een average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theorynyw(.( kuukl (l(6tjf .

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospherg5nq+fl2i idg;or b70 e, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must haud a1z (foc.g+yjtv9afa2j3; ve to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Mo.;vz3j+29oa(uca yf tf 1gj daon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room t z 91e x8gg5,iyors c8m3n-mpiemperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relatn8m8zmo19 cp53 -isrxeg,yg iive to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far l( h0 emrz6:g,dv ps;emore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempehlrgmz;0epv6 s(e: , drature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temkd k:z1,(fozk m) z7gcperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the hgu ;lluq1 20vsame but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T?lu 1qh2 gu0vl; Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the x/by/89tw c6 sz d+oipradiator cap of an overheated automobile engine zit89 /pocb/6 x+wsdy.

Why does exhaled air appear as a ,mpca15es y.jlittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in ompcw,en1:ptl3 * r4da 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbi4dd*o t9a4sx er in a silver ring of tt44si9*ad doxhe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whatroi33.dn3s.4c ijgas y0pzt7 is this on the Celsius scale?gd.sc.j 7y0onzaps3ri 34 i3t    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recfy ewu oqv 1f,-8mx/9yd9oyq(orded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, thd u d5jm.ihf5.e alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 jm d f5i.udh5.$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long ( qyf;x2nmhg(us 9lm4 0(rcg 3s20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroug,3b5trrin7lo ht iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averagtb3ri o,7n5lr e temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that 4tue;omy; )mw are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.8m toywm);eu 4;71 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at (kzmae (o+*va9 - tcdf4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in di s7qp)lcbi yrw6 zd37 -+cm75m fl;xscameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from -cm sr6s c zfbxq7)5wll ;7m7+ypi3cd 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fille7wxdgn8 aezfi q 634c)/vojd( d to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 m3 fip*0m3xo re9 jaxaj 5oq5y*L of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a *fpn r5rf2 l5sd4lr0o ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exp g zp4wtk9rgf*26zb hxhz- :.3(yg ll rnd8(hrand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficien .(p(g4f3lwrh68d2*zgr n bzgr: x klth- 9yzht of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change1fhc/ o24smzv in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lineauj h. jp0jdt1cvk2ns )q;e.y 6r expansion0chyq ;2t j.usvjej1) .d kn6p $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,y j ddn7rc*b8rs4 g8;/o jqrq6 $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass s5jhrcb, j,-yhf*+p jm*tx ,land keeps perfect time at 17 ml5hc t,j s*+j,b-* rx,fhjy p$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercurt:8zq7ft+t xyr fv 7p9 3*q a(jdv(ybcy thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volp jv :3+ z7(qxqtd9rft8y7c *ayb tfv(ume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotaxyrdw rk.i4f7(2lw zbsiw n ,q s(58-a7tue 7wting about its axle on frictionless bearings with ( a2fwne7 yr8k tswqb7w5lw7 -.rzs4i( ui,d xangular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length vmggi09 vw9tiwnc e+fj o.fl70- 2vc:when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperafj9onwt07 gvme.9il:fiv0+c-2c g wv ture increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectio qm ia-y.qv .c w endhald),ckl:r3lt+;n.6 ;tnal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2tc ,j1ch3pokjn)7jj 6 0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperature2xdj7:grus6t ur2o4 ds on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenhuepsav r0 ra(c 6ug75+eit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earthlbo ( 2/m-xg9d j3xhco and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmo w-/o7;0*ye r xezgnwztr- xm)o)e 4eospheric pressure and a temperature of abtz *oxnemw -wr4 ;g0)- ye/o7eoz rxe)out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usinv0rvn s .2a d*vsgxmn*62+j;obvj9mhg the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains drq0qwr +n /3kh:z*py21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STismv :i 6;bce;P contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10svf 1douug -n6p0p bm/f;q)whb/+tr4 .0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35nx,tbv)w9hx z kj; 9q v:wi0-q.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38b k:h;tq)j9qx-i znvx0w9w ,v5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0(1 na;+l gkhlm kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating t5msx7 s tu(dj3skm/1b he air inside the balloon, which makes it less dens1smd(tbu mj5 k7 s/xs3e than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with akbc, .qz2 +nnsm7 es7yerd(s3 ir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1oj3e (bq,nw6v wwt8:t zom+ 4c8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level andv4wy5;y ,m mkp 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecur hj-+qto 7m4ylr kq/1qt j.e6/odjo5;r7 pchles / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many / esi;;qi9 pclk:ugyh4c8f,rmolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol3ji.dng5 xqd 0es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume ue -yvi; q*oz8d9fel 85.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules/w s)nyv(2yhp of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of cop(yny)/hs wv 2nstant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tra7pixl7y2z mc ic/:: kjnslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPzp 7m :l2i:cxyjic7k /?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempebx9 g do-aip:yjz4/:cdwm 0poxg(,l 8 rat: :b c gw oldy,84-xpmd/pz0ig9jo a(xure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will theq m15*f+ sgso g :emjya5zk*,nm4xt 0l rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is inmg mk15e4xzm:sf+asq50lj*,n og *ytcreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unitwwclj . 9jpv3ih /a-1ss of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, shlc pjvw1-jw3/.i a 93, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules insn4wi(d0odbf)yxl0a x sk* 60 5rvtt- a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is )/oa82hw(cvs9tj uq) wcss ) yheld constant, by what factosvhtj /u)w c)y9)sa s8(qcw2or does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given -3cyz5 6zpbn20o gdw xby $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two)qe4+c+ty pabv+-,ng k 8z xgejio7q+ gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squareqij gz)- kneb+te++vag4x7+ypoqc,8 roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nuul+p+ozh 0e7fyq5 r8u0rz+g itrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms sp.p2pjy f5/acv84 uec8etyo 3z eed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecul),(c.bc+kd ukpg.l z,xala y:es at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass :,c5obbfl (j tis 89 u in a li(tj:c ,bb5fl oving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressuv8izs24s)gqb o s l+n4re P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraw0ptf)r et 0w:nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases c llkjeugh84(l/vw7;cdw 59ilan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase af)e ;uhbs qlpp 885b,when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9,spe8h)l bp8ua q5b f;0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the hum0pvyopn m +ijbh.d)t-:z i (4midity is 50% on a day when the temperature-m ypztmb)jii+.0: nod(p4hv is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wak qa/lvh2dzt3p/,, mwter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particularsl+,g7tfew aq9bw yq - mms;1. place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which watewt1bmf,. w 7qs;y-sam+el9qg r boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure o8- ljcx( ke0(nhqnl (uf water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 4 l0 uxn(kq-nlhce(j8( 0%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempera*yi guj/ m 5kllp0a/s5ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approxima(sg lr b6byr30te pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at b6 (yrrlbg03s a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume tt/)8(g q63 g. z2xw lnkmtmuv680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewel:o/z 8wra.ttbm+ clmk(l9* point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tab)xsiqmh7v4 - 4)khwk ale 13–4) to diffuse a dis4akiqk)h) xv7w4 sm-h tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to ymg;lsz/ /a :cn7*va4lsd:jbthe interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and ;vga:szl7s j/dnmcy*ba l:4/ has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calr u )nk-un ,ss:hbz08gibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atc ea* 1*9clnhb9p oeq( 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room jk0.1x.0k9 m neid:3ve jbjz ftemperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water andej109in0jmv. :edb.f zkxj 3k the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftepvni ew96 z),7,t28rmrhd-cffqjrv (r many balloo edjq6cf,fvv9)2 p-wh zn7r,r tr(m8ins have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room ofitbl 8yr;9;f9 s(q krqy+3qvr length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. ;k 9 9 +ytqb;lrs8 iq(q3yvrfrAssume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one u-1; nzonss2satom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tecz1/ pm txe440uj vsou)hniques is aboujtmusxz1 o/v0u4ep 4)t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full (os jffige ls3cr/adg. ;+0+q4u z+jn capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to w ;c/a3r0jqf 4 zfi+ne.++lssgjog(ud hat volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enr,j:r2w7 p)dl9zqcl uters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and thidr:) ll9u2rpqw7j zc,s is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased f43ab sv5m(bwhp ,pk -srom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume lcrlajz/+0,s z8g+n(zf-l k5h vpe g-of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfacew064 r2z mvucp of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.c urz64w2p0 mv    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molej l8,+gw bwhxe i2(ddhsc s(s(z*3b1 ccules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pr:4k uy e0tu/gq :h.mpjessure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min k:e/.j u4t0qgumy: ph. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury atj5z6 r7mx2wg l 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin+z bmoc.dha. :dh ct2a+nb08te at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 2-b 709dmgp26xtix q t)(c oxtw5$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tijqd7c. nvgf9v uu* h27 7vnrk9ghtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard,up02o/r 7 t-h.rqv obv adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm 1u4kxlu2 5gerat 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro jxg:y3io :)m6yx nnri ab*w)1m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by trux3 cjd/ af3,ennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must /3jr, cfd3xua rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameterbl2e;k 7* ferazch-r(q 12vqf (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it r lqrbe r-efz;a2vchkf(* q217eaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following;bwu;ns41uz ;(pc oph two days: 1uhn;so zpb 4;;pc(uw
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in tcegcel z1 5jvd 7ya0z 8v2uu9)ppg *1oj* hhz2he density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth w*7 d 2c1a 9vc1)vjz zlhjz2 eg8 ophp50ue*guyhere the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal ga2ufp0 4arud5ss law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is uuaprd5 40 2fsequal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constz w9jwpn2,i5rzt,*rbb wg 5 m1antly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildewmpz21 wntbrr ,i5b ww,5jg*z9 . If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg