Which has more atoms: 1 kg ow kg hob*: p)uaa0.,sm3m)qjxf iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Append0m ja.bakwqm,o* ) u3)hs:gx pix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometvxp +/)zo.xskh6o0 qker.)kxv/ oq ohkxp0 sz6+.

Which is larger, 1 C s6 aa+0d+i kfv$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermadx r8nc(/+io2pi+,2p c ltcsq l equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperat2nl8 r,s i/px++oqi pdc2cc(tures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. W n0 e/m;si( u7bmajtz*ud0 pu)hen heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on ti;m */ma0 ne (zu )jubsd07upthe outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient o8bv t/p4xbwfb7 dp*d(o +t-lgf linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace tm ; xoeqdn5u(s1.iw 3(or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how thisx eum1i3wno;ds.t(5q device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the s1bq(s st.z ;oends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wsbq;t (zs1so.hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mai 4emh h6*lf)ercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placegox gkqasfz+vy*x 3*d tl j6 (a(o)1r/d in a hot tub of water, the mefyxjd)tvsq 6ag (k *+ g3 1/zlx(ro*aorcury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coole;.j.i1g*6 dxbzx2v p oq , 2rt2zmmdwld more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explaigwmi *r,1z xqdx2bl22z.p mt6v d.j;o n.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thag56yh rhh )+g5hol .tvm:n 9jxt its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller tha5 xyh5hm6v g.j+)h:hl o9rgntn that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate atr(ghs6-;.d zl*rtjdt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge ss dg1:,9-quscc73za4iz fukr8pmu 2po badly the can will nof:iupu34 sd a,cc198 2zrzp-skqg u7mt stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piyj 92 jcb.5 s5b*gneye6,hb 3oibyf h.ston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum b*yb5 njh,.ycosebjg3bhi e6 5f 2y 9.of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase orpd:6y* g 4rynox*0r ng decrease if the terrg* :pn06d 4gyxoyn*mperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fr-8pdlu3 fkn)eom kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energyef)und 3-8lpk and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kuhc+mwz z:q3lc7 h5w ,inetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of 0kc:f z3mq1g n2xnok3 $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed jf 8ox69 xs7m8cspp0jd uu (fb8d+p9k an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escu df7sjo 0cxups6b 9(8+km8dj9fxpp8ape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperat/ .z3pg2yda lbure. What can you infer about the molecular pr/l3p2 yzd.agboperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid a2 c5fvs2 a3 mqbk-7awprspf(z309wpday is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperature. 3w q9abks5-avf pfz2ac7 s0p2p( r3mw

Is it possible to boil water at room tk3 /hx e4v8clwemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whel0zx:e: xm o d2hxs+znl705aas.3rgv n the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is morevsg0n7d :xoa s+:e 2zlxx0.rhzlm 35a dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangeroum:da icdr6mb91pze( m 5qg2 p2s to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile 9 mg: zaiprmped( 221 bd65cqmengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little wh l)uht8f o6i;cite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4k jrg tnfrmoete -e;v;p;17l :h/cg01-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms ib8anb.1viw (t n a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the samt. (wbbv1ni 8ae mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Ce*hq7qvgr 45w eb) 9tdecx; yv6tp, mi)lsius scale?;ybix9 , etwh* 6vc4)vgpe qq r)t5dm7   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest 5ll6asfb ppgk.6n8 4 pr/*mlyxym78ctemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm (13ba+4vh oci:micxh9amp4 n at 0.93h( vx:4 mac4a1p homc+niib0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slaiq +2af vzkk/n0un) 2wbs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) ismw9v-e,.os-nkbu 8yg built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate ho,9 s.g mn8ybk-ewouv-w much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivgm xptdouq/6g75ez q /1x)ab8ets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) befoz d7g1pxotb /uxgmq)qa 68e/5re it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water 8a5kabz1m75nhg k ee5 at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8j s nx88jq9vf(-sio t0keud *iv;;hl..75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it -jlhu8sj*;snv8 xi qtd .e;oi9f(v 0kis heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim whpb e4:vk*9ufux a, caa /+.bwith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wado600 wn+u *tat8o:xsvy ,fws5n0l irter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is toyw1+l in h5sf/2x ez5l5m7iiu be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiall (e71s s ts+ nxmndgxzt:bx)75y one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient set xsz5:x sbmn7()dg7nt1x+of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in v *il3r8z qg+zv-vj *nthe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefvk c9dl5px4 4vficient of linear expanvcdx4p4k 5v9l sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic n/ziix f(he4ku7.1 m4 wsmj3 vsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time fgh7etf0v x*bi ys 3/+m87z:zcfv(vt at 1ift7tfv :7x/*g v fzz0+c (ymvsh3b8 e7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The tn,p4ek/*jjp u* peh1bulhejjtk4e* ,/up*p np1b has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindricaliu qqd6kl c*5mrgq-+;xn :nx0 wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity :q 0dr gknxl+-u nq6c*;5mqxi$\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is1(5ph l8+b3 tsjhm:pll9ninb required topj+ bl8i3 bnmh(sth59pl1n:l keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.04ao ;9y8.jyey/mt5 z vf1$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1s-tn(atif z: )22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturgehzb 5;j-nk9es on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on thwip7 ap/( eo1 k9gex8he Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4 b 6bu8iubrn/-*iu73 bny)rvx000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and aum1 x4amp envj6l29 g* temperature of abo1pln vu9a g6xme *jm24ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usinggbpb71obe) v sd9m* i/ the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrog pv eyk .6czepp,p:v o8.k840kxar v8een ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of6m4prs j)oh+ j nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0 k/25ger0d 6wncl2ve w i yxws.u98u6k(cv:wm$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gasv1i d5jpb w/vm*2o+zr7 /zisg at 3i 2vo+jp d/bzm wvzis/r175g *85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k s)d-jj.vrvnd. 8 ny8hg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by hembsn-mp-)md m78 vh6 rpc/lqn: -7f yuating the air inside the balloon, which makes it lessfn6pbmv7 -ymms ):mcq-u /phr7nd8l - dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air acxzm ,k.r3 c1bt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.m: ;lwh/nfly :0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea l(vf 7o2ffba s7evel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m k68i+ayl ,n3jgfa.);;dqeo; a oglntolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mole5cgd .oijp,: sc3 *qejcules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number o ro+kfcm5m158- exqbrns t49jf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumeypdd6hbj6m4y ) c,:ac-wz 6rh 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eucq99r)rve/ ikr zm9wu9wzf h1j:; d 9ach 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breuv1c ri9k j 9e) z9r/:9quhz wwdfr9;math Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translatiojdgdt:0.mvth(d / i3a nal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STd / d 03(vjattd.igm:hP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the mxjazo;6vw0; ms d2 7wsurface of the Sun at a temperaturdz m6;7xova20w ;wsmj e of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecuei*qkj/ j2be*les increase if the temperature is increased fro* bq*/k 2ejjeim 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followingioct-zl -r vsx ,)1hu; speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate tvhc1xr ;u--,o)i szlthe rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas av67i*kkz hh8 ot +uos6t 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its voluprt+waf8fea0smu ; 20 i9lx m5 :fh;pome is held constant, by what fac0 w5siromuhfxfp9al ap0:2 fmte+;8;tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculessuu 5m1idj g l* xp5n9:fcj93u in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at thyerpg6p nfj)*ppym h84f.z : :e same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the invp 4 pfpf*y:6zm8e:)nr hp.gjyerse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an st d pq/usq7: 0kb1jo8ahtn*4zsz1q 1 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mole0h du)bbsf z89pah rj;1 peh43cule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen gd0d1y*o z y-xmolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a ligcna.p l*b 5j,ving cell l. b*na5pg ,cjat 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu +5gace g8ffp4c4qjur 4k+q/gre P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura m wbd*rk7a..66lmca)bfebmx xr 400wnium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases 9 z3h*m, dj/waxs4min can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0hot62y /izhanz2 e)2l yrl 37p.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9 7tli y3p)n2rzhez2l2 6/ aohy0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day whwre69/ rvp/5b ay gfu0(cw-hw h )3hpqen the te)(eg q0uwfb phhy/h -w vr/r 53wap6c9mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boisbqfc8(fl f7 ;q0 8hokls at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the g0tou8hnl p+ euy-,1:v3 tshgmountains is 0.72 atm, estimate v yh8peng+g3 h1s- ot,t:0l uuthe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature ow,da0/ancu)x n a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and txa) ,wnc0/du ahe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when 57e )btvz0zo7ao c ;bithe temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiliz g2uhnk:qx jh) (, n s-.txhaz9h:xh.ng at a temperature of 120 h z .xjt.h-(9s:hn,hgxn)2q h a:uzkx$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ov17x bxks hf580sv+kef volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poieku3n 2m;hg;0g* mrkmnt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (+z+uvlp* kkz7tj4;og see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distango7tpvzulzk++*4 k ;jce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surfacew0trmrg)l, m 7 of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and hasw rg0l,)rmt7m cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure rjno+u /:sf+l u ,yk/chas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beenn t o -2oozl8pg3c;j(n calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated azcgxf4 8jxq 6:cw12dmt normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the xdf1cm8:4w6gjxz q2cwater and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium g2za(t;bzlt) saoke.4as cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains4tzot zskb.al2; e)a( in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecu k,+fqzk 2avoddcycql* lm2 5.12nz+lles in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume thelkq mc lyqf22a+2o5dz . 1,kldn*z+ vc temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the den tb8,i( fcp*3rvx r:4hdjkx8ssity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using thedez.raj2o:f:n7p4i 19obun p best available vacuum techniques is aboutb7poz.nfa:4o9d2 eripj :1n u $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fm m./*otxb ))wm7laa, 64kukxg8 ps suull capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what votka kxxg4pb6m s*)ulmw 8.,su ma7 /)olume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speedwah) 7 uh 4nsqg0swv)1 of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to whats0vh4auwqs)nh)w 7g1 temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is 0dyiy*/vqph/ increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 775qk6xqsf hc9a: ba,6a0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric presscf9ace*gyu ; hq9v.c5ure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’sf ha*c.; 9eyvg cq9u5c atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleb:tj 0ejpoe* *cules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pres.z (pee0 o/znvi;ib7/dygy :usure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow vie;zeg zu.ny /b/do7 y:i (p0rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury a5hjgtwttlno+jbc (+y *8 ,y9zt 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline jcveq/c;vv 6 +at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around tqu3m:2 ,ji zf 5g.lcdzep*r1phe Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20 4ems5 igs8e(o$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standar3(d5 :h dn9xfa9pvl: vb(utet d, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure r ji1v6qedw8l o3b(fcx; )7te of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Exv s+o a0zwd10arth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertnsndfc,k+ jn3;kgvj ;dh n.4 2ically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second mugsfjnd ,.kv;32nndnc;h4j k+st rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a d,lg6;fa of( h3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air be(gdo afl,hf6; haves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in b6 zs5j kiuyt i.*mw z-q(lb4v a9zg;73d4wzx the air on the following two days: 3ts.(u*-i5694 zzzqj bwaix4m;bg7wd yzkl v
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent5+)w2 2lh0conah: qxnacyrv 39g4 z fr difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where thehzxcyhown 40q2n +f5r3a v2a9cl g:)r temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to showv2*z3zsr;s ff that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expanv rssz fz3;2f*sion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constaowp(v;)( y:wj bk d*okntly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house ;k bop(y()wo *k wvjd:(kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg