Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg k/y*ag+xm/zie :mi; q7 uyho+ of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendy;+mh/ */+ziiog yakqmx:ue7 ix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make iz 7jr4( otxn;a thermometer.jx 4zi tro;n7(

Which is larger, 1 Cdh+ 9e 1ttxdu4 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B i ugdcubl7-mw,l8+sfb ectb ;/ znt,23s not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tempfsbtu2,d7u;n wbleg3cbc,+tl- /mz 8eratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted fcv,4g t-gk l2d6r ue)0fdwf(to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Wh,tc6k lvu4) dg0df2 w-e fr(fgich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficiep0697 m;bcuc s wrh+ksnt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat usypj-( 10,o*robp wyaoed to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that condp1yrw -a o,*oy0o( jpbucts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends oftelrtqx5*ocgo ja3h5i3 dq:3 .kn have a section in the shape of a U. Wc hdor5:a.lx*gt3 o5 k3qj i3qhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lgps:t ezk* 60kk,hbn4 ead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed iu5fq9*wo(h o rn a hot tub of water, the mercury initial5 o (9h*furwqoly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part xb(yvr59s dp 0of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explaib p 9v5(sd0xryn.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansijyt0 yc0+7t xoon is much smaller than that fory7o00c+y t tjx ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate a85o/jou a 9qe)0srwpet 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bj;7ul o nkd+0iottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand 0nio+ d lk;7ujup. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperaturgu0zrv -8xw3:wqy 9tbe increases. When a gas expauyxt-:r 3b9 0wqgw8 zvnds against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or d ui,+k.n6u qh2m kidw9ecrease if the temperature is increased from 20 ki9.ik, d2u+u wqmhn6$^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how (l c3 e(f5wp5 sarxc3yCharles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic e e5x3prya (w 35(fscclnergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows frof az8x*ca 0xt9.,qxt85aa r agm kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’ca e9qvr xawda)*:7p28p2ju as atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed kb,q bb*(k2qd8q*,3dhsvrvdqdo + ;yan object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is aboyk d8qo*b,dvb ,r23(kqh*qsd ;d+vqb ut one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water7dhw y*vzctj k/)db :4 at room temperature. What can you infer about kjt:7 b)z/d4d y*vwc hthe molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far n(cf vz(:l)4 xqpl x3gmore uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempex f(:3 )xzn( lqg4vlpcrature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (i/rw*kj+ cg xra4 g(b820 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the3h6ofaso8 mbp + 7qfn* same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Expl7ho8+3fsnm 6b*poa fq ain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiate0,u3gq clu(nbf/v3 eor cap of an overheated automobile e(g f3evb lqn,e u0/c3ungine.

Why does exhaled air appearzdgu x+ oh/(4vrc:b8w as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-woq*va26x5 qu+ uo;zngram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the f ub-w0;ye im czxd:fc5+)6z,(x bpbqnumber in a silver ring of ec f ify c:bzu6xw,d b5-xq;z)0 mb+(pthe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. sx-bgp/+qh a)What is this on the Celsius scale?x g)bh+a-pq s/   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are d8 l 6ceoprti6(c dg).oauj:,136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has z-nmp.)2tis 3jm-yl5:gow h glength 11.82 cm at 0.0 -:y3)tmg5hw njz2 ls.-gpom i$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (ar4 jfuu; .im6oqey8220 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built ofy(l. eigi 5z(o wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between ylzi (o ei5g.(July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thanic l3j 45 ycywkai:0o9 the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is c4yj3l 0i:9koc 5ywia to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water athdl7 lw2ds5+ y 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. ny;wys+7 zf5jWhat will be its change in volume if it is heated fy nwy5fs j;+z7rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the 2rxbwfih, t3 cm,7 bt:ys5 gx7brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.572aqgy6abw -py7ls o/2 hb-vk7r1 qb h0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be p u3(vfeyjeimc ,/8c q6laced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lou),crvy-arw s ut/18cng, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show tha8v/uu-wr yca,sc) 1r tt the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the ch4 zc.lexct 8etsjd7 1)r/co+oange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and widt umx)c x93k v.pa1dbi-h w has coefficient of linear expansion -dix.u1x p3ab9c m)vk$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solir 8 v-s3xbg;u7az6oeo d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gransl *6d2r7,+ le fzaiqgw5g,p ndfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1g+sa5i ,*gep76, dlnfq2rl zw 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermfb9x v7kw5qsahpu*c4k93 w; nometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumw9 sk;aw 35q4x 9np cuh7b*kfve of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radiuj 5cw4t i4)vmls 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearwm5v lc j)ti44ings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length w/e 3 ,nsdpne:mhen at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 3en,p:edsnm/ $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional are rr7uzel5 oo5sm mv86a21wpi/a 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.n4ey-hk9ul j 42jb 0(pv l5epsnq;j (m122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturzqrin4j zcg(7g-9 v f2es on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenx)k:nzwz st7 q5ucl4w-*x z*iheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thcze:u+hndt, v* o6(eraa /hz :e Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tem pt.y ov8zfdi/jx*1 pmebs84/ perature ft.pe8ym4o*1/8szv b ipjd/xof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using;rxc 2 9+lozu-lo3o mr the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitux20i t yr1fy4151zuw(tu p/m +gt bhorogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP coni4csto 9.c bdruq7z/ 0tains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is :vlvi3aty ;rnby+ *1(zxjlh)evwf*+ at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insideie; nfvg)j* +t jd;e*f a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at )ief; v+dtn*j* jg ;fe385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kb)wn vz7gn,2tt(rz ,j g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift byxewp7.rz,o qi6:)u0y w mn +yr heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Supposor0 u 7+qx)ipywyw. zen:rm6,e the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witj 2mh)skjn(l32 9jm-vy h3 pfuh air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at zmuh2n:a -x2w18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapeffs c/j+1ope- u6 ij:qs a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecul4i xad2z 4ue-les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mt5;: *skunhfw any molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (u2f ixq4f(c7sp8ogb+ a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume kye.wip- b+q/5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air ardu(s78 0 gnh.dsgdi (te in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in d7 i8d shnt0usdg(g.(the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translat6 1ztq6pic nihk; 8hh7,wqrw+ional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?6 h;6 +q ph zik71rwci8,qnwth    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the sv izbb3xx721 iae85af5a1uzm8c ; ce gurface of the Sun at a temperature of ab8f23ixaa 1e e; 8bxm5 ib7avzccu5zg1out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the 1i3b71 x 4ktsuokf4q /tc bky3temperature is incr /41bbqoks4ucit3 fkk13yt 7 xeased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, 64ou)pm6msoy l/m s j8given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms so j 4)ms 6m/8olu6msyppeed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.f ,tq,rgac /+dum zc3:0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while+ *wgx1pi le.q its volume is held constant, by what factor does x qp1i*.lwge+ $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed o0*)crkt* lh y74 tatn5og6mcxf molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rati*ivy 0swlpc. ,l3gb7g o of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their m *g3lpw 0i,g.vbl 7sycolecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an .d )au,a9uxdte8-l 9 iv g;nsu8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 k0z46 9eahvcy/7 b jkb$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance)c9cdqk5r,wue2i * : lomykr5 between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms spee4,sly4ieu,ypv/ nwv a 8;wuo1 d of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a liv4,e 4u,lw8uvy1sya;nv /pwo iing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wri.x*2 bkxcq *l38 fsxsktten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumsdrf60.n ex bq;nri+ ,, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric presg(h1 6 /vnh jfhgb8kx;sure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and 2 9ynt2lu8xic bn4c( jthe temperature is (a)ljnt u2iy (bxn4 8cc29 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if thdnwz anq2fokm;* j2)*e humidity is 50% on a day when the tempe) jzk *qwd;f 2*n2amonrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pl dzj9,vac0m/p ;cym:x ace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is de .ha3 xj/xcq2 7.tnq eh/di10.72 atm, estimate the temperat/2xa1q/hi.h.d xjed7 3enqc ture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a dayj x d0a*6tzrcb8div0+ when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%?+rzdxd0b ti cj8*av06 $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the t k (c( 7j1twu1d:9fenllpi4w lemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the wateric.i*;o j* ct7ty+4ixn-zpck is boiling at a ten*cp+ikt*i y4 oj7it .;c xz-cmperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room hqw8if)sf pf /ms2u4a 79pd6y of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point fl36ri 05e:6jcio t.daax g6y of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine m*o1z yngqph-7 xl ha:;jks.d(2 lpb2 6knv /zdolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dist s p*p d72hyx.onzljk-(za2;qk1/b:l6hgdn vance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubeszu(s ip2zi (6(rteaj / calle6ji e rzasz p(tu/(2i(d tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated ak/gvh5k owzg8rx .3u-w, + xrdt 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hasi ,cn:/rab/o * z+gqyr been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperaturfo0, 2ks+kotze. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for s 0o k+,f2tozk300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initig2-orn ,p)qsually 28 atm. After many balloonso2ug r)-pqs ,n have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.8oym iw,l 7uh, ci/kr95 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temli9,ku myrw8h,o/ 7ciperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the d 3sq3ybg* p0e oslatl9x//gu 2ensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avajmzsu2,ntoaf s59 *l+ ilable vacuum techniques is aboszu ao ns,f5l29*tj+mut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity oimuo. k)l cz*7f 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what o im.*l)uc 7zkvolume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning frohv skt+ d bkk7t bwvq.q//a060m the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright twb0k7saq ./vkh+v6d0t/bk q blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idealqu)xolax+ 2-q 5v*p2 ke) fmxj gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mxgc*ksg *agj,ll n; sr):mihbe 13-h3$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the sura)h6 q5snd,ggf mqt,wxli zc4o/ 4.l;face of the Earth, estimate t,q4ao)4.hg wn6/ cq lsxd fmlg;5i,zt he total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of2.xk7i ea 1l3il lu(em nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauzw 3qu2a.gk a:uh*so6 ge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259kgauha.6sz3o u:*w2 qK How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a b2mor e (bggf+ /(a2muxfnb2b4:qxg. towl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline j3 9718 mvqjytg*mq,xha rvf3at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatxld3j 0-8xecvm,ks h4 or at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly on7 z6ne2fx z3fqxwfc:uj wz575to a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopt u l6ew;,zi0yl /gel)ied in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charg f6b0*p,j g*xnehhc b7ed, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear qy lh(82m 0w.6 ,eflldlu;dkgth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gra9xqdq7zch u-x:-a1p tvity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound frot1z xqduh pqxac9-7:-m the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releasei ,)ge :94 otqyl3npsvv3k0 lts a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in4:,vk3o9 t v qnisgt)3ype0ll a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following ,w8vpi( n) tlitwo days: wpi8,v i(ltn )
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of irokk3 sdf/ o/v thzng.d4f.0m0on at STP, and when it is a solid deeszd04o d/go.mkf/ 3 0hnvtfk.p in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fo8c bwz68qlb *br an ideal gas at constant pressure, the cblbq 68z*bw c8oefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.