Which has more atoms: 1 kgd *kx.: u*uj;jxi 1img of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix jui*xd; kxj:m1*.gui B.

Name several properties of materials that cu-(. zgw;a5,0g q atxwtib ef8.q+voiould be exploited to make a thermometet bxz-go,a8 ;uw..v5efi ( tgwqi0+ qar.

Which is larger, 1 C 3mzf lmlgv1+u ): dpj:ebd0.3z ,vp zq$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thotj rrb ,epk o*;wjl(+wmk8;sfc 4.;iermal equilibrium wjoi;k.l p;w, (w+ctr*m e;fb4s8 rk ojith system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alu3;zsj/tx+* j hmv 85dcvye p/xminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of texpx*/8v3mt /d ch jvs;jz+5y he curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expol q2f( .h.liuansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple sge /kfxv+e.4 thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how thivf /ke4 x+sg.es device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have q,u7 d0zr o,wy5ub 8vba section in the shape of a U. bo w0,rq,z57uy8b uvdWhy?

A flat, uniform cyli im ),sn 62vpg6.jg 9qrrm7tornder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thel5q )0ktxws j0rmometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Ekt) 0l5s0 qjwxxplain.

A glass container may break if oaal9 ahe /gn*l xx82g2ne part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than lxa9agxh2 l2gna8 /*e adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that r;1 hndj 0wtz;its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pjzhd0trwn; 1;yrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 26cz agnj4q) v70 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom andt5iy/e gp 8soa;)i* a /vnlpq( top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has haqo s/aet g8 /yv(l5p;*i) ainpppened?

When a gas is rapidly comp:nie m;mbu6uzbdhkp (y.*dp6j11 y1 *y ryg -zressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum o1(yudzp1n*.-myh1d ;z g 6jkruy* p6:i bmybe f molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forcxj- n7a z:e;lzrz9 vfj8l3-b2xo za7ce on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperatzazjflr78 a9 b;z-7 :3lnje-o2 xvczxure is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic th-6 vb j7xa9ikme4wpn 4eory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tempera v4-ie7n9p6xa4 jwbm kture.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kipn2hp8x2 mud1e+yy -od yu9w;netic theory.

As you go higher in the Earr9(1ij u0zalw ou2 2ysth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must ha-qyin cb z2e7 -cq-0idve to leave ty7c-- i0qd2nziceb -qhe Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temi ,ox:f,b ri3usnpx)6perature. What can you infer r):,px6 ,3ixni sbu ofabout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfor qd)z*w27mt gitable than a hot dry day at the same temiq g7mw*)2tdz perature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 hyhw:hq2z o 3ud1g+l ++fq)ahqne1 . f$^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is *o6p -iyuqr +k8z khl)different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T?+86zqyo ukri-hp)k *l Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the lq4t.ejv bp.5o0,1wvrj dp -t radiator cap of an overheated automobile db.q ej40ptr5,o v.-vwp tl1jengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whi1irrc rsf g- dq2za-lm 8d/wnch 0w:)-te cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grs3 hrw l-g91akam copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms n:h wlnf 7w)3ain a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same ma)lan f :wn7h3wss?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often takenk ka- 2jbe.m4i to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?42i-kmj.k ab e   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest- 7k/6dsrqdu,idv 7ez temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol coluwt,7t)n )h) ofnw yk6mmn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 f),))htn 67wmtkoywn$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m dv8 1y1vx-dpf scd6c/long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron ap)jos .nwx6jje8)x*o dd 4t/xbjj 4 pr2proximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average2p4stbxonjxdj) 4* oxjj )/8j.w6d r e temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet/eoi av5 p.4imxo*88ofi 1 rt.;rylil hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a holep 1.orl i ;i8eixiamf/.yo tlo8*4rv5 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at t j/245u8wh fzb76j qjvup3mm4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in ll(rld5 k1 avta 5wvg+)34 wthvolume if it is heated frw3kal5drtvg5 4(w hl1tl)a+ vom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of watx-u25j p+tygj l+tvo/6rw s7 oer at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at (4 wt/ 4t zaasagpm* /ybb*6ao20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron.( is3n5xq dfov+)bm*f/wv ) br At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow ve7 k: t:g+(( h:n8vhfo0de csgnpl6 lc 5nf)kvkssel so it can expand in essentially one direp6(fno5svngln8cd7c)v 0 +hel kt: hfk:g(k :ction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densityia ,ulp3x ug)* $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w hae/3scf )nc0 azjl1 i.fs coefficient of linear expaf3n)ziec c./sl 1f0ajnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic iv lce07q3ohjk6+jon e-2 bg 4solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass agvr )zkt5 u3opj: .7jlnd keeps perfect time at 1r7 g pjjz5:l.uto3vk) 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermom6)bx*pbiv 9 tdeter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has apdx btib*v96 ) volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radlm9hx3cynn0+g1 sts7(oc hk.ius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionlesy+cs 10kh(nct7g n.l m39 ohsxs bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the des yu9 a*co4p*);dfc y)6sxivmcired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it4ucx6sd)*cfyp ;i*c) mv9 o ya at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.iz, :8fgei e(s041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atoq a1.3byck(k gr+ w0k8;v6 d.lbryoo 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin sca,s nz+ueb5 cr7le:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on imne m:mlu 7akgme3;/ .zk9. g:/ckficut51 vthe Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures inj;l16 r ,7ud:f(wwlk- m bnqoi the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, qd2ls,gr85vf air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 28ls,fvr5 g2dq0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas l6u e uo5.xvp6baw.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains u(h -mnr8tg6i( yj p-h21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kgdk(r hq) 9-dodk1rf,u of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1092ez26 (j k ::hkdr zhxc:qgdy.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdinglhati 6 )wxa26 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?x wl )6ai62tah   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0mrb+/r r2a5 ) sfb68knvye5my kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant3*: f *waz8qhib o,ntp lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it lesst:z*,nbi 8q ph*fow a3 dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airtk-pbi,a8ovw mh+fseqg;2 7yp 98do -6 bqy)t at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1w),zvi6 0xxb+p8m ryao 0tgo,8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand ac4m3my+/ pa wwbgugk pm -.);kt sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules rbrai,y/i47,rq e 9aw/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L7 )r7zehmy m9n? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) m(h(t 3q,odhq)e6 bfpy oles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5q8a0diih tf143:kd xl vl5 db) y10qng.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale *:fb i-2ebh xythat were also in thy 2 -ibxefb*:he last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kisxm2. atsv 4v9netic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? . 9amxsv24 tvs   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms uuuvj*+.pt -v m+x aloj9.yv,near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6j,umy u-*vlpj.t +x9o vv+u .a000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tx6 ib-yt6 ostg )gns;*emperature is incby g)s*t-xo;gs6 6 itnreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules haveqaae1ze ./ 1v sm.zlu3 the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. amesz zel.. u3q1va /1$v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a galb7i btbn /32-d owjx)s at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while iz8 gga/ 0hd6osstwt/; ts volume is held constant, by what factor do oz /gds6/8w sa;0gtthes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givyvul)8vxl3(i m)r5stp4v1w n en by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gas+l 8kkp7pw:rs9oh3d jes at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular mk 7w+hp: d9sp8lrjk3 oasses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecuf3 t9rg sr:hn2v7 a347vaccbqles contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of anzax x/ 9g t/69oelg2qr6 zf4hyf )ozj3 oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance al5 3dv6c os x0w-1yjhbetween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a lv n08lvmdle 7ld7*q-living 0q78ldvll7 e *vd-nmlcell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writp1rgdu4 rwrgwu:s 47rwh,3 8 gten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranig q(h bvkl 5rtzb5*l+4um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in ,1s4mxhijx9w y8u 0*h 5hroyswhat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the preh+kb9kr6/) m;hjoq dxssure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90k+/ qjx6k; dhhombr )9 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity / wjay3ytd3d q1ll1x e1v. w0ris 50% on a day when the temperatur33dq1 w1 1dy v /xejlart.lyw0e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boil6f iupt ((x+hijkx3d4q(x+xp s at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72h-/nre:acvd h4k9t r+ atm, estimate the temperatur kr/h-c4 +:anet d9hvre at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperaturq()sa2 cy 3dtre on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidittaq(3 ) 2yrsdcy is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day whena p i(m iyt0;uf9xbmre:62 z4vw6i3vw the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is bhy.me8-;pfp uoiling at a hp;.pmf u8-eytemperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roo5/t34 e0rrzhazv4ei mm of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of f/u3 qs1yl6bf o.0lk9sxw hd ,5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glywi 401n zm7kmrcine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dimr47niz w0m k1stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the 3*+.3ft2vaov umfzxtw1f/ zo :hqeg ; interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. . ;o mft3vfz g/u2qe*tohfawxv+31 z: An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure ha*logou ot. .-oc fgz6,s been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrat+1ulsyg)kas: miv15 f ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calnkj(tlt;y 2(v5abt y 9ibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a rekbyt 5v;2tlj 9 tn((yacipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder i4cc0tp1u;s +i cj-geis initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreasep1s0ue c4-tgic; ij+cd to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moln w kcd00-9mme( 7tzvtyt(y /wecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 2v/7(c0 dmtm ty9w-nte (ykwz02$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density o9 e9n(e,ad 5qqtus3laf matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avail3onezq9d i2 -qable vacuum techniques is abouqn3di9eo- 2 zqt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fuxhi(cg 7bcnl )+2hs 8sll capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs ex8 sn)h(+b i7lchg2sc xpand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atm3al.mel2 r (syosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehi(l2lsae. rym3cle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incr x 56pxk):fuclvx y6v3eased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770+gpeggb)i (+vxe d qhbn-,3n 9m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estik v *4i5+yu 8h.6vw xwrwzwh5pmate the total number of air molecules in the 6v8 w+y5*hr5.hiw p4z vukw wxEarth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen oz k j83iaoll -j;-a+ymolecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen usedxej *qpb*z ny 9/ e t*xjx82wns37h/fx in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at ax*jtb pzw2/ xen8 *nh 9xxsy 3q*7f/ejtmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury t.lx5h03yl sjat 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atl*( 1z/t6ithj y catp48ild0t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly mi)xj -83r.l;ni tpkfaround the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at p/vds0nj2 7 r.rvwz7vv gj8k9 9e4wgo 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adop2q2dnjl80 v-r4p jl bqted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully5t9axa h)mke,3v n;l x charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ea 1yoi/fjl2.2 mqqbu, prth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended f5asyrcfjw 7):j ,8b//mn cq j+;dvmzagainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How mc;n5awjm /y j8z7),qjsr / f b+vdmcf:any tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth(rwl m)n8cwu4 of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches them)4wnw(rlc8u surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor p,uza4 de5 pm*5c 8lu+,ezajnwressure in the air on the following two days: zl,+a545 nw, zue daceupm8j*
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density *i9p:x,bazuyv i)mameb xo.p/d4v 86 of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2p xd6b:vi,p9 m z/e.4aayb) m8iuvo x*000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at cons3t)b v4*xp9wqj.m; m*hi qbwp tant pressure, the coefficien *3 bjt)qp bqh*;94.wmwpvim xt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peop0me5 tm ll-i9cu,pg; xle constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cel509pxg tc,emm-u l;lilar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg