Which has more atoms: 1 kg of :yq v: ,temc7jiron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table o7v,jyqe:t c:mr Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thert ,*wo /uycra5momet*ut ayoc,w /r5er.

Which is larger, 1 Cg+4 cxa9 gxjpgwp40c,1jz lz + $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in 77mgizr-q s ge/i:y y.thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of g7-qszi:mrg7i.ye /y A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consistsek8b* 989hzofuo9f ar of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, t fo 9*r 9k8afuh8beo9zhe strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear ev x2p)zw,1ikxmsnv iuj.e 320xpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used tj;r-2- 1uyc ; mrpnunso control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at diffe;ur-;1m nspjnrcu 2y -rent temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the end/6k*1gp6 mdp j8aflv1 je:npds often have a section in the shape of a v6n8d j* lpma1 j/p6dp:kfe1gU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merc4jop ,n 7pr+q 1fg6llkury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first -o koisdn t*lov6.d0r-3 dttog:xk, (placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends 0*,krn3lod6o. -o dk g:( xs dvoittt-a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled moul+ ami/t5;n -z yii;ore rapidly than adjacent parts. E;tnii-y5a u zm/; oi+lxplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is th(fmq ux jaxn/t .*t)6gat its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Ta xqt*tu)(ganx. /j6m fble 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock9fay6po 3yr/i , accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom wedohq 2;* *wn653o,keyendd x-qmc5and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What h;kqh e23,*n5eoy*xqd-dcenwowm6 d5 as happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), it-ics(jpc54+jxg7gpd 9 .-y brza5wrn s temperature increases. When a g-9.zc-j s5w 4di7x b(a5jgn+p pcrygr as expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force o ve0.yi5 (4w+psehhalw6ov xn5+a4d rn an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increasee+ v 4da0 i5en+ho54 xl.6wswh(vrpyad from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinoj8 ss 6nb98zketic theory and the relation between average kinetic eo68j bzk8nss9 nergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law f f+k*cb v(hldvy*u n:.ollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the w xudd)06r(c wratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eartub/jk:*dupv0r- q 3t 2 )mcfzwi4e3dkh refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape3 m buctwifpz :e0/qd )dvk34-jkr 2u* velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at rooms/ o:n7 je vo:u3h x;nrkl2(b.;bxsht temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?uosl jb;:7(ox xn:h;e3.bn kr2vs/th

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uyccnp9y d4gxp0b5f*6e/. ehv ncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sap*c c. yvh59ed/p4ng 6e fb0xyme temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempera++ b5 *xbnskq kpo01qkture (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the samef*,wstk ,wgn - but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry ais-,*w,tw nfg kr or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radi b)tovyctf4 r-c2q-0wator cap of an overheated automobile etrc0wbv2 oqy t4-cf)- ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as as4pk o f2*ee zkzvu43:9kt r3*wrj3aq little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3j: bukoj 0 t0:1 )fxcuktrb7y/.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram*;89 cyyx-mflyi 0nad gold ring compare to the number in a silvyyy* 9 0-mxfid8l;n acer ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often trdzi9o /7 c/agaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?9i/dgc7/zao r    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest annc4 5dod05exjd lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the acb.zd yod75a;a ly1o (lcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.a obddz1.(ly;ac 75oy0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lb+fu) p.xzhvvvt* ,y8ong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is 17zm7 (kzoyd 7xvh- qpbuilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average p7hzqk(zmx7o 1-dyv 7temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oftfd) ect/gcm ;5 k 9c939ohcsbden used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in9gtf oc dk/bccdh59 ;e cs9)m3 diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 ch5h4vt2ou 3g$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its c k : 98ehevd,ypyq mwl9-a2x/f ba;c1r 7sh0nihange in volume if it is heated s0,e8eya;b9 2p-n1 cq l9maxyk wdvfh:/hi7r from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water )b-c cgoad8l )at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2fzzdk4/ )* idy0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made ofsq lk j9)0g/gh7 1ptyh iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained i+ gohml/otv t14 gf8t0n a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show thathm+o / g408tltvoft1g the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitch4k z*bol kyiii130z c8)f,i y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengf deo-j9fag)yeif 8pn7, mw)5vfb/ 1uth l and width w has coefficient of linear exp )-1/mndw8fa5ifyejb) pev ,fu79 gof ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solib9s,uql 79(lt*cr mx xd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock ixy- wna7-tx 5ls made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 -l wa5y7x-tn x$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside dig8-jk o5 uf*zsameter of 0.140 mm. The bu5fogujk* s- z8lb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotf)r bkw(emi .po0 ljb4x ::-q3gbvj .en;.rfk ating about its axle on frictionlwb :r(kx-vj lg ;iq .)pem0 3.bebk.n:f j4froess bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muljo+uf 4m, 7ecch stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperatur eom7c4+jfu l,e increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-.t rowbki1c tfj1 1/4osectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm a;d ur83 q3sg2lnz k5 yg8bv (fy)arxf-t 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: iby ls.pse/m zm ./9.z
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenpr va:n; 7, ntm0nlppwnnfqaw6)78s1heit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in thl+ai fovlm-895 9uvri e interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion eng-sjt6 ltyxda - *2(erqe7lmm6ine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 26rtx*ltjs -72q(-yaedl m6em 0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idea rj-yirb 2x91u/.dc fevtp2z /l gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of ni0qbvq5+ 4nm zotrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cibgdbzd;g)8mc o9 *q5ontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gawq3o 9d dx. 3).csqiuas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg ofln 9 6u6gwj7bv argon gas at 38bjwg67v 6nl9 u5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of hhr-ukf 10pp(a- tyq *$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoya4 waabd)qmwn/) fbmcz3 9a-b:nt lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which w aa -qb z3mw4/fd)mba):bn c9makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aiv877feuuc) -x :qg xbakqrst w+l1.p;r at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at bnrx;+tddsl9 -xa( y i +r85ak18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s h 90jem/(j imbwand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / jbnwl5ld83u 9);o 7b5nce m gi$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in ma3 e a9xzoc931.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)6mv mmz19+qy ria(.i z moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.5jv1jm+ fp*w bl7ihl 9rgka9 m3z1as81$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0- t17kz bi4*obni7 m0mqL breath you inhale that were k4q 7t1*bbi7 moz0im nalso in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average transl cs-f . 47ohlrb1hdhj:b9 sba;ational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST 9 ;bhh7ocrb4. bhs-:jadsf1lP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the -(rb,)yydozfr3z, tpe)) .answpzcp ft-7 e7Sun at a temperature of abou trdt pzsw)-7,- zzpc,)7b)(3fy ofr e.pnayet 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gaskmhyd(qfj7-: *zj vxr/3ad1j molecules increase if the temperature is increj7( 3m*j/ 1j: kddayrvhq -xfzased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following sp )dl y/) xnwf-6vfb)pmeeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Ca-xvfbm))/wyf pld)6n lculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a r s df3/c+mtxmzh1a 05gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volumtjjv 31 k8ft2 ,juxfd3e is held constant, by what fackx j3 1v2jt3uf,fd8tj tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is gi1 mhzm0(6 ttk))evw uqven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two*klzw9 mbgms:1 .tgz; gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverzs*lk g91: ;g.t zwbmmse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecule+n8mfdd;bqg cb9)le bv /t3m0s contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygph-o igc-8: oe7o eun 1zk3+epen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mo 6s2+5m0f,zonhkyw dylecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecut )blwoi(+i,p lar mass is 89 u in a living tiibl+po ,)w( cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas casf 3jvrad8kwa w1 9ysu;1r0;fn be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu8wbf 1q 3h3daqvoyl4z 7 xq 3nn+,e0qjm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric press pkf2 g5.mciq3ure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pre(25i h1ptqn1vy yh.wtssure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90pti (nvy w115.2tq yhh $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (apprci mb3 .vreqz ezcv 5yd/(914soximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempei5 ezcse41vybm9v .qz/ (rdc3rature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressurunf-; g3g65ulqixbs w:pq5.ie at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular m ql,1m, (ex3o8xkoc zplace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water bz m(ol,3cxxq8e 1okm ,oils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperataf(b0 gbi6x +mgly l(zzl, v-/ure on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and -vz a zfy+bl6l0m gxb(l/(i,gthe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on p.cj kz /7l) ;*p.cs.irs tdifzn:qf-a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a rm+y-9xsuje:q74gj t 4iin-1ofi w, c pressure cooker if the water is boiling a i-jtxi,c:i mofewu47-sgr+ yq4jn91t a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v p;f.xr a5jxnf ;g7n(zolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewm,zh ,;fgjj) pfv 3r1u point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molql7qsh fw.c1- ecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dista-. qhfs71cqwlnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior th zrfcgy3e1ukv + .z:5zrough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm loneyzr1:.uf+zgvc 5 3kzg and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 2tq caw*gh : olok5n)3;0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meae1g,z0ci8iuz u( /gik sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temk*h1-vqn57;o-c ft by(cls i qperature. How much error y1kq7o;b - -5(lhsvfc* itcnqwill be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially7mc r9 pf19iud 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the or c79m1 i9frpduiginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, a2zx28bl r *iz9dizd (or,fb 5e+oahp5nd height 2.5 m. Assume the tempera dob2*dliz +,eo2 a5b(ixp r8h5f9z zrture is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of m1embog 96gg7c atter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attaina4f6; rh ynvd5jble using the best available vacuum techniques is aboj6 f vrnyd;h45ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the sgw+dq n(ig0l4 urface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he qui(gng+iq04 ld wckly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning b 9+t,pfzj c*2hgac t.from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the bcz2 +ct.h,pa tfjg*9 nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased 4+d e .oqvi4cznh x1qmq )ol36from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of mhd5ml49bs5 luq0 * az770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the y,ykoap4bqmuz 6: vk20 .ctx* surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere..a 2ukm*o6z0yk t:yqc4pbxv,    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecuzge*py.s9we:s x b*w: les contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hosya bd9.r,v5 bext zj.8pital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric prb9e,r yd 8vxb..aj t5zessure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bo a97+iifc pp;bwl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinek.o ui rml/tv1at*xz :(1xpz. at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equau5*n1m*ftg x6 gg28tf)p5aez +elbehtor at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightl;n osoqhj 9g6y guqp3*h4s/(ly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stand5va.at +t 1ox vfo yt3luj 0ynl+b)*l5ard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fulv yk kjm,b9on:x xmuy, 5dga;:2c3;a lly charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the 0nsc*n-ohp y8.pi... n z(/ 6s:bcvakhztxxtEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended againsw .vs35s1vkv xt gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound f3svs1wv.k x5v rom the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbl2dbhd rt-* b,te of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is td-t2tdhb* r ,bhe bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following lqjbp-f 7dc 9p43dj k.two days: kbjpp fd l7q9 3c.jd-4
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when u jx5 5vqncwc ;f;6:x 3o)crzyt qc16git is a solid deepwccfq 5;c )5 rc63ox;j6yzn1vqugx: t in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal g+ / xa .(8pnygaxnmda7as at constant pressure, the coefficient of volunmag(yp/xn7 8.da a+x me expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.