Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic ta pp-km)5,* q oc r3-gmmz :iw4rarokc3ble or Appendix ,zo -ac mqwr)km43 kcrr5mi-g*o 3pp:B.

Name several properties of materials tk3wwo .;0usl ohat could be exploited to make a thermometwuw0.3koo ;l ser.

Which is larger, 1 C: vkr2o)kpu7arhz: /m j*( anipi84yn $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in g3 uvqo/8d+ oxmzq 8/zk6 vu g ij;y(,rl3rrg2thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the ozovdg g,rx82juv 6zqy3km(8 i/ q;u3grr + /ltemperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum r p.qcgy ggp(.+owo5t*iveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside *og+tpc.qo.pw( ggy 5 of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exptji 5,j30y fkxo)es1kansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diai-p)- zj2 ,;doj6h kh0hhcgrd gram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that h i0pjhj o h);d-6 2-,czhdgrkconducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often havzeesc,wx;tus * )24 8jhr/ hepe a section in the shape of a U. Whyu2 hse4x p/) s;,wc*t8e rhjez?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in bd9bweiun/l 2k 5kl .;emi6)regg 1t)mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass theroi hkq p/h4)awb.+5ncr :vv6 amometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, n5c+/kqarp)hv. b4o6 :h i vwathe mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is6t)j fu (c3i da2b7+ty;pq vzq heated or cooled more rapidly t+;vjt3 b2z7)y6qq dpcu(afi than adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expcfr; wc 1,3dmyansion is much smaller than that f3mc f,r1;cwdyor ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurtj / zt8tnkf(ez5 )qkw3ev;:cate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bhl* bca2ld4y, w3ig+/: vn )i/qosjymadly the can will not iv4m+*y32 :nqah,/lwc y ojgbil/ds )stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly comp;f qsija6.l5vu h2y( kressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When ijafu hq6(k .2yl; sv5a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere ;ar)r- e(nlhgsubmerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increah(enr )ag rl-;sed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relcq (hda6)li- gation between 6adc )-qlg(hiaverage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s(jyy7 n0kjwp , law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thioj,ht+i7 5 nke ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers z5of jo*o 5-4pnqk1feto the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosp ffk54o5o1*j qp-zoenhere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature-wmx+ di; :vhs. What can you infer about the molecular properties of xv :sw-+ihm;d one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hgw2phb lvd2, 0gy br u7f,:y/pot dry day at the same temperatubb2lguh v:0y7p, pr2 ,fwg/d yre.

Is it possible to boil wate s dkpa6w-7nsgb ;x73rr at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air to z )70rxiji5pemperature is the same but the humidity is different. Wij0 xi pz7)ro5hich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dange9ma:.nqce 7i 9aequ v3flet19rous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enl397ac . :qt9efivnma9 equ1 egine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in xk*xe9 2kpdmzih6, ev5 b9ti0the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copperh0a+ cobgo.1,mxt 5xk penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring fko) 7 +: bz0khfk22kxp4qixpcompare to the number in a silver ring ofkf:f4 0hpz)k2 boi2xpkkx+7q the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius sca8p)( rn yez896vjzi rmle?(8 mzpey)jr6 r98n izv   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13t4i4 6oorly2tfg g*f;*psvb + k81hsq 6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0;j cqy)),y e-+nsktzf.0z kecqfs+y t);-y, j)n $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bts x65f2blied u 6ue58da9;fguilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is beli4: 4hyomi3, n3 rcwuilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C)3cl,e :yihim r44 on3w and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the riv f* wnxbh9/e)let hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) beforenw *hfe/)b9lx it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water wivj.l--mh d)4.i fuz at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume igf tpd, r*:s2xgz3a*l f it i*,3 gglrp2a*f s dxzt:s heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fillm p 9gn/i9ci0ued to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50sdhk 4g t-/x).tqdbg9 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rin7sc:yc .dsfev 12a knn6 n;h7b7mp hh6g made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessev6f4gom+vwr) l so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximate wr)+fo4v6 vgmly equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changea (66o;e7 ghl4yr,jgy pv+ i2we6gk bj in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of l+cfsh+fny7kuuu l 8aqt :cno5(8 *-:e7ewl yr ength l and width w has coefficient of linear expansnk r+u5qfu- yac:7f t8ll: yow se unh78e+(*cion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrvsf ji5-,ngim 4,wbf 0opic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made ofxl g7gqr skoo1:4b( h1 brass and keeps perfect time at 17gg4q7 oblrk :(oh1 s1x $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.1ivk cmd+7:u0jxl) .y2c jd;ip 40 mm. The bulb has a volum .+yc jdxi0m27jp:;kdilv) uce of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cyli p)ah58)b h bgcx-xsxg2./emvndrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity m)5g/)c h-pvegb.2x8xs xbha $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has tu xwaub d /u7zr:wu:bib h(033he desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases3bb u:a/7ib3dhw0u (wz:u r ux to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional areak ;s oodpxv27. 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 c2qdd9mdgdi /p+zw/o 1sq0ldq cx:/3 w m at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: bl5d uzd/0v e1zd5u6f
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sca2 7rw-*f nkomfle?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the mex 1v.cm/- 3jgvx( grinterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheo4r fl vuizldu.k*x- w+:3j*iric pressure and a temperature of abf zi i3.+-lrd lw*ukx*4jv o:uout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP unj -z2 xk7jo+nsing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kb t1j7b7p*zn-eagpe 3g1e*x eg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg ofv)- wa u twp nc94fgwe.:s:8br nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliummb *sq8o3 n0wfo wg7s0l9 uq+7t(dfuz gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container hold: aysm *5t+nv z8vwic5ing 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38:t8 c*zsn5ivvy m+w5 a5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kl uyat+v( lmv.0ui. c/g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heajs1ty +w x/8fiting the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a fjx 1tiyw8/s +balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a 85pwjog ovh5,t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 fdg l;1x+6: i;jn mtwe,z gm2k$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’o px)w w+s:9qum mz3t(o6,mxgs hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecul8 ik3a1-lk. voky.j55k fqku les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water b6g h8 hiyh;2bare there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, z,cf2hauim s6*0nu(b   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumek. vx:; 1iibpvy-syb:/qe +g km +,hsd 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air ar5 dyk*2l)-un ;iyc7om8 tppp ve in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and ipmc* u);5o7 -p2 lyydtpvk8nof constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of anv (f5 3o(9ct0stc+hwxyp +udj oxygen molecule at STP? tdc ( u3t9(yx0+ wv5of scjph+   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium zwq)lfn5,3tgav 9l /c atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 )n3z g/wl,f9cqvatl5 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the blkr2, -3zdrlm t m5r*temperature is increasekb-rm,t35ldr2r * zlmd from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following k;3yin-tz qe*rs1 6lf speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, a1- knrlt3q fsiz*ye 6;nd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at3az a /5kg pmaj6f,: 9nli5jpd le,c)u 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled wh39z du4r s1j3mhbkw;pile its volume is held constant, by what factor3b1r4kj;93p wudshzm does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed o8k qfuuh3qgs7k azbqz aru-57yy:* 8s u5v4o8 f molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratiomctrsdh,5 1d+kxlp.jera2 ; am8f*,rriz z( - of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular mass 2 8ef rpxr;r-iz.h,dr(l sdm5z cka+,1*jtma es.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conncu7 zv xramm(k0ewn7q 3 2:9otained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed2hy cuh8uvhmcy-)qqr9 g;v *8 of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at 1*qa j4jfu4vik1s f1o STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose mol /tn9nrvi *1smecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at n9/*n1mt risv37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a ro)8oixl7* a z.ozf,l-8 xl.z9 gl/ dcnjme /wgas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urt c 1:f3onvd f.3khwf3 i4 qquc4/bz5wanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric preu v b,(f*c9v6 ubkoe-j+gilg6ssure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatuxj5ug+a mp x( 67qlt*fre is (a) 90 xa 7j +6p 5mlufq(g*xt$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (og:r q9 g 9u;ih0+kpjhjsc :1tapproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature iqjp0sh ih 9 k:j:grogu 9t;+1cs 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water bofv/:( 36d;8pu4me 37 (dr7stzzw te xbh ncmcmils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in th m7k:fr)lvkf s/f-q7 ce mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature a rk:7)-fqffm vcks l7/t which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the par d9zg:f qc-+hg1ca9kutial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40qzh a+ cu:-f 1dc9k9gg%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pre+5r:0vzpqo39 b nxkyy ssure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the /hbl + tlcx01gwater is boiling at a tempxl ltg1hc 0/+berature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumekt,umz -mr ;.e0xv )dr 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p0 gbper6l 3ww).u 9o rjltu/r9oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse l*cr 4+od2xa itw*qt8 a distance of 1 r2wlqc4oix8+t *da t*5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects*an0x6* w (bu ai.mpo(lq ib7b to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area xb7*lobbia n wa (0ip*qm.(6uof $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at )u +pl+ o4pqlq20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calinj2wsmw1 q kgz yf,d*o 2e-;(wync+) jbrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much errorll*f.-u+ /y3u9 teh5 id/ auonzcjs2a will be mly-ih9+ /u l e*5c3 /nt.zuf2soua jadade in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many ballwf27kbfie ; .moons have beenb7w fimkf.e2; blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number ofqj0mt+s*p w-w)euj l-yc xd9 ; air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is udlmp-esjyj ) * +-;qxw0ct9w22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abki 2/r1+0 ud: qdu9wxrs d-bpzout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attajj2hqam;l2, e-6gfo pinable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboutmpe ,l2 a qhjf-oj2;g6 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacitn jqkjk5-bi-h7 y fqwco 2+;,ly of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what voluqbijkn2k,-;hcl7jfo5-q +yw me would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at al5 d 1v2hgjxtjme)h1w;huu q -7nq .+r speed of about 40,000 km712gj)ltq 5rjq+v - hxdwue1 un.hhm;/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is in 0:zyko jj3k.bcreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o hpm5+oi 0l/doyx)df 0si;3i df 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the sh+co 0: 5w o)wjhv-/wekz s-vzurface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air : 0s)vo/ zwk5-hcjw+h o-zwv emolecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contr qkh*zfy.gwb77u0-.0 um 85 icttw tiained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder p1d8w:k;iok os6b q5nof oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atkp:s5 ;6wdn o8o1qbi kmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bo ,cd 0m6yd5shswl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atsystk6ty-qlq3o/vg; z / .23fz:hgnt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around 4 7lhj5(p fokmthe Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly t(5x/oavce.bdvv 5 a 0onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the ajz/57w mo,t,weuktt 10sqb 6 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20ne)da5t0 **twl2g2 a kqhpkm4$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from ths2d 8/sk(jt lne Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throwwq2 5o 90 0rfhotu ddg8z0d:crn vertically upwwog05r0f8hdr2 qt9cd o 0udz :ard at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (s7cv,)tx*s8 /d znrdg,ocm xe-pherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air 87mxn) *gcdst,/edczo,vr x -behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the)y.0h5( pim r0sofypw following two days: h ) pf syi0p(o.wmy05r
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density o w,g2yr oa4cs w*vz.hs n5;-ms-n6bh af iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where ts ahawghw.n6zrc oss-v*y-,m 5 ;b2n4he temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to;wg)oknq-1o6q5r4t xxtu( vr 6g jij9 show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, thqx g1kw4-xr n oo(ttq 9u6g6;jj5 i)rve coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constan7n/*e5aad rxu tly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew7/ue xnda5*ar. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg