Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the per(k t+yqaeg ,kf560d wdiodic table or Appendieyq5 dtg0kw 6a, f(kd+x B.

Name several properties of materials that could be e k/u-nli;kvcxz)r4 i* o fs-.yxploited to make a thermometeiy4-ukln;k*zvfo ).- / ircxsr.

Which is larger, 1 C,ik* cfs l. f1ca4j5rh $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in theimp 43(qlu.tqrmal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B4tu ml3piq q(., and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminn,x tzi53 k.n iswvj;r142buh um riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, thsit 3. 2nkhr4,wn51xzjvi;u be strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficiemg17 pvi-)g y1kla5,f s)yn uent of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace-(gtlv nfv+oa 6-cyh + (or other heating or coolfo( -ayt+-6g v+h lvncing system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often;/pgihra )) hn have a section in the shape of aph g;)r/h)nia U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder w2we xkat**)(i/.f*itvgw k*ys1bgy of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is mwca 99 kiy2*:iakm+k9m9bn ifirst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially de2k99 mk+:iyn i9a*kaimbmc9w scends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled mow3c3xtwo)b q 6re rapidly than adjacent partqt3o c3wx)6wbs. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thatvql9v;-drl 0s vy:2e s its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1ly ds09evqvlv:-rs ;2). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 mksim8 rmseyjq 912;+ $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulgj c-50- 8xbnhw2f:4lvcqz- ykei sh6ve so badly the can will not stand up. What has happe8s 6-v:enq zchvlwkbcjh4x-2 -0fiy5ned?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temsg 5puc4dc:o 0ne9 r/ub3j9ryperature increases. Wh3cdjy:urgup 09re ob n9cs4 /5en a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water inc+bt(rf;3b0w bm6kpo i + dw)vu3smdy* rease or decrease if the temperature is increw+u)brmfb bdydst; p03m wk( 36+*oviased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles3m8p- qyv rv3hmgmu80 ’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy andm83mhvq 3gpmy-rv 0 u8 the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theoi54qwq5pey f-z 3ww ,sry.

As you go higher in fz:bc + vupx.h*c6z(5rkfsk 2the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objbp5.j lemil a9ts sq sf8dh 05c)d0f/+ect must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon ha leh)j 8m0ss5qs. /cbdp 0aifd9+5lf ts practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at rookmp+jcu1 9 af1m temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properucajf pk91m+ 1ties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable t *6lpu-8 pbwue w/:zsehan a hot dry day at the same temperatupb/s *u e plzw-w8e:u6re.

Is it possible to boil water at room tem -(: p-wbgsh,hpzq;t(ml :2nrp w6 wfhperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the, 3dlv 48mhyyf same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air ory,lhf48yv 3md the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatxdkbg+ on x3*4yx- wa5ed automobile ky 5wo gna*4xb3xxd+-engine.

Why does exhaled air ur+bn0fz( 9mq appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in*dywlno af9.nty5/ nl(,827eio r7k d6 ajgsk a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold+) u zqp/585 aw1ogbop,w.wl3 ay/ xjqyge7jl ring compare to the number in a silvy o wq3z)oaw/8 1u/plg.q ywjje5b+5 p7x lag,er ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” isge5/vzsb*;mz often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?/*z ;zmevbsg 5   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures reco45.s.j p-;l6ms,w dejxo xlem rded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lm5 /a)zmuhikr1 z 8*qmength 11.82 cm at 0.0r zk*8/z) 1i5m qumhma $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long /0fox)mqus + p(20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig.eal/b*z hdwue7 (.p2s 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of (epbw*ul2a .ed7hzs/25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole)nd 9*har6rlsog3v- jr18i y ut oor0( are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually ouo 80odarg(9sl)h t* rj3-1ry 6vnri in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 6lawsbh/.x8g j fu*5 0csl3jz4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume i(o2-ge-ktbe qs /a(s;u d(zimf it is heated from 3ez(o2-ea m (iqt-gs;s d/ukb(0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water a+0u j.;-hgdwq qnsum ofp4/tjcf+y/ 8 t 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water atqo+3psl5*e egt2 n71xoj)oq n 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a riny 9mkouot2 shf.3mwn6tz 19*e g made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained inm (qp62;-w t5csrc jbi a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to t (65s;tpcbqc-wrj i2mhe coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densit5s xcg0 mcb:wf)gz ;u4n wnko;,r;ff )l2cme3y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w 69j)vmbs fz6i has coefficient of linear expan 6s)bm fj6izv9sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol oov18 eph /y)m+q,t2p.lhq q1 b.qokxid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at q*w tk0)dnd0 c1dw 0*ncd0kt)q 7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insid3buox jjf/ g:-rx81jke diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume 8x rx:j-3 jokgb1u/jfof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 mrcurlfn8j fdo fr) ( fk.ht35;1sd/w3 is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velj3hf3fos frdd tf)8 k1nlrr/w(uc;. 5ocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at glv.nb796ql 86tclmj15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length ilbnmlcgv j66.8q t97 lf the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sec6tsn6. cyu n 2gch7m)duk48z 2dx/pqn tional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter6:tw xj/ zdgl1n+hf2f 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tre)gc(sb et8 w-(p7one+rl t2emperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on th-m 7xmslhni9 m g*u:/yh7n1e9c mn-p ne Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 40x2)zu9:jrs gsz j5r7d nsfw 3n+a32uh00$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, ai4rg rd; 3z9yeh4wf0vu6*zd q yr at atmospheric pressure and a temperature qyfu r9h;0red 4* 4z3dgw yvz6of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gasb88 8jx48radpex n -ic law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nien 0)6as.4dvbxu s;lutrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen (eb+, y q7vdwdjr(,0wxqll409cje ar, $N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 109,e tf:dom.0s;eu4awjh p abv8zy ,s 0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 10hpv-u; );zb9afl l d1o py,sl+5.0 kg of argon gas at sh yal fb+;-l9)o v1p;dpul,z 385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kvmyns wli y6c-+k54e2g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the bad9knl5 m6z8okhq 9u.slloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a l5q 9n .s8 u9dmkhkzo6balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with:i h 6 ;v77tg+qbo,qbkg1g 0wtdu9mkc air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ) afu8 0ep;g;bscdt;fqetj:/tc;6 v qat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escui /w v6mmpo2mv-(f-d apes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculep1 fv9by 36cb+ajczw5 .0oahvs / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.00/k9n lpsg,n5q1c eiz/0 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, ,7t/s)ffbgq1 rtakncj 5 *o-q   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume7ezbsl z:q-v0 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you i ben4 p ;2keyi6+-zktjnhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant - eez+ kjp6 intkb2y;4density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kineticltk9si6 1 q4zh energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?t61s4 kh9zilq    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of hqe ms- +1mvr*o rhaikw13q)g:efk-m8elium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature o arm s-e -o: h*31wq fvm1r8+)kkmgiqef about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moc+3 bsi1;8a8rp bhmqmlecules increase if the temperature is i 8;r+3pm8mqb bh1sca increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unhiu+ep59dv 2 ww 01hegits of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the1u +52di hh9wwe0e pvg rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0qx*s ewh52q1o 1ct8xztwc,w jc n;6n8 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is d3 (yhr4 m:.s.zqwloo held constant, by what factor does yo3zm.4.(d rs w:olh q$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculesxi,/-ocuahc j; avbe5 g*w+z( in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gasia 7-myb (dqg5es at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of theira- mq5igdy7(b molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ojidpxb9.gioqp8z6+8 , .jkb an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygefd+ a4(tk ex il24,mkehxm; zdu+t7- kn molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwe2u d*zdj j75jzen nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mas )gdf3skq;-sbs is 89 u in a livinqdfkgbs- ;)3s g cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written z1g h;: yga xfpqqp2 7/qf*e2sP = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranltpixtkopspw6; ;avn :.xx3z ,1kq0:ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in dj0gk-mqs07 ej3adg 7 what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure ucl(5 3gcd1 ktis 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)l(uk1ct 5dcg 3 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (avxx;8+u.02lx xxx luko(vg, ki9ti -wpproximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperaturxw 0(lx;x,ol tgx2k+.-uxvi9 i8uvxk e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils,duy hh3y)2 tjb:+yw9k isw qry2.u( b at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, esti2 3te9lln l4nhal7 uui12jno1mate the temperature at which water boils.unujl74 le 1nli 29ta2ohln31 $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wlh9iej tb9q-hp2u4kwmu) c .3ater is 530 Pa and the relative humidity c)pqmle ht j9 u-w29uib3.4hkis 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pr nv:t3 hmjq7vnhb4) 9messure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker ifv:y(s)m1gd n a the water is boiling at a temperdmnysg a)1(:v ature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r *ui2peixzv83 oom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointshi qz jyg(v1gjrug27i;./, bkmh1n4 of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffs 6d z 1:w3gsme*/ o8bvrla/6yvelhh )use a dist6yasl vdore ):6ebz/hg8m3v/lsh1 w* ance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tinfrr/r (; 7frqzy tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectiofqr/ ;z r7(rrfnal area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has p2:iv6kla( sy,h1, d9st xa jh /r.qj- pfi7xlbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated a*1;cbh o 8)jo jyjaka9t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup wll6lm zct.*4,jpg ya0 c gs69das calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water lc jy ,z glagpl4.d66mc0t9 *sand the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a jrx9h 3/pj:j gs u*+uthelium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylirujhgjj tp3x9*:su/ + nder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules l*y9iv-m y1cm*)n uc0q6 i kxlu8sgn5in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2vnm c i*cn)g9-qxy1 suiy86mlu5l0k*.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aboo6z) u5nt:iem;g aje,ut one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best av+ ew4q)4 nokynqvx1c )ailable vacuum techniques is abown4e+q)qky v 4 oc)1xnut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capazkm:ka*p w7ymb0( an4 city of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume ww:makn* z4 ya b7p0(mkould his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spee sie)c sv90/oxd of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does va xssc)09v oie/porize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of ar9 b// h 0p/zmvj+zu:gu rsal7n ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume 97o:rdqewl-.(f.k n bm wjbjth;s i4)of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmvde-ceof50i3 xr6y3qospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the totalod3yce refq0 x5i-v36 number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecu mf-y1qrycf1 y:fv)p-les contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressubdp afvh+e)80:awrgv,j5 jx z 4d f2j8re = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric praah4+zj v xfjrfp08gd,5b e28jvdw:) essure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of lit 39kzm;;9cd.qed ty qquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolineoox--q) dn tnk5 ;qib8 at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly: ezk- fd-r6)h vos3dw(d )rze around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighp5jk gcpq vgz)e sd 1z*y/d:*,tly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length sta.cz(( 7scwc0n lcs* j8a-ccjzndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charvqcw,y (:wrs4f 58:7lhav6vgec1lr pged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro):z5h nf wx0vsr xr*y km)/ra(m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown v-j7cy.p7y42s tfj e y e3d;dswertically ujtpfj4; c-se.7y3yydw 7dse2pward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diametes-ye yjx*iqpqh(r 6e3ht d53, r (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect g*(hq,5y36xhjet-3 syd qer ipas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapov , )7xld9t:hd fyvn27ti4g dir pressure in the air on the following two days: 7id xyt94dgti2v ),v:7 dfn hl
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent d4ka*ff .dbt* pifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Eart f**pbtafk.d4h where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, t,q xqxofbv2del/6u+o4y: i ,che coefficient of volume xb xo 4,d:v+o qi/ql u6,y2cefexpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevv)tah9d )zqv:nqe 4 l:ent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20) z9qthdnve: :a4 vq)l$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg