Which has more atoms: 1 kg of i*e dsh.ol.xc:ron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or A:xhc. l*s e.doppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploit8sdeb-:ziw : ted to make a thermometer.wzid : e-:st8b

Which is larger, 1 C yd,tc: s0lo3i$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thejc b cln(1*0eby/ i6zprmal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can yo0cb/i6 el 1njzp(c y*bu say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic str v5;,m h6c ksk9gel.bzip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of tehl k9 g5mk6z, ;cv.sbhe curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansionckp ptez. 3n72jg(8vb $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat usr3v k1n.3l +cxwpebs0gw3 v*aed to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together.pr3*1w x0cgnv besl.3a +3v kw The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that a ht/)i6v xw/nere fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wi/hnx/ v6 w)ethy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of l;2g,zap s ,pyjead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wfh;w + a/lxu5mne)q v:ater, the mercury vn;wh/+xmu fal5) e:q initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidpff)ddei7 w0gv. su ;:ly than ad:pfi uf70s.wvged;) d jacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass g.p mfa:-(lal is that its coefficient of linear expansion is p.(aa:lm-lgf much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate athgmzmga:4khqk +g 72j8 *vt)y 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and ty u * ;wngv8h1qzpxw/:op to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hasg/n1yphzvx w*u8w; :q happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempef/0-lxej i1g5th5m q*:obej prature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they str 5/leq 051-*p mefig:hjbxt joike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force onco:b5cp7.ovk ,g j*d m an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature k: 7,c5mo*cgp jd.o vbis increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory andslp o*:h8h() u4zbioka6 h.gru1 li0w the relation between averaghoh w 4ui1 l6apkz:l*8.u(roi0 )gshb e kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’sm lu5d*ts +l-dt*fk f9 law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, ztpg r(igw582 j2hl(uthe ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must hav8h:nqsrw; z l oq8:y+ve to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smql yov88 :zs qnw;hr+:aller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mor-ji:t +4 uwklgg:x 9nde quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relativtl u gn4dg:jk:w+9xi -e to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more unc5u.g pka8. nmv6z z;xwomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatureg .puwz5.xkaznm;86 v .

Is it possible to boic8 apv2*fba z3l water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the 3li+zb.ky eds3m ;:q bsame but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at thqie:y +s3;bmb3zl.d ke same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dancho. .70bgrx/ j jz7 q6q4khwygerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginehrzqh 0yx.c.6/ jb7q4g7o j wk.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 1/ktl/s w r5:xz3ti/e s3–28)?

  How many atoms are tyl.j9i l8;kwpx4uqt3 q 4hn 7ohere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to themg ur xv(,,zeq fhw797 number in a sil(fh7v9z ,x w g7emuqr,ver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Ce;x wwv60a m8bmq*chk;lsius scale?mvw06 mwbk a*;c;x8q h   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and low s*vm4b.,lxapn 5(vj4skv0mq est temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 19ezaru14 bzp7 1.82 cm at 0.0 19urpbzea7 z4$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builty hum *pg/f f:o0;d8cq of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximat 0 w.c2ndf,of1xhy lf8ely 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of lnxd8cwy2, .f fh1fo025°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than, h x-iq43q lmz;cjz2x the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diamx m ziqhq ;23-lzcj,4xeter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water afc tff2j3f+ ;arl*q0 pt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if i)em efca j:p3a8w0g5jt is heat0aemc83:5 wp ejga) fjed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water;ck i+/ j7f /)cozuwm srp+6kv at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL m8 mj6k j(yuap .y7z lxq3z-1uof water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron.e el s)m:x0u, dn,7naa At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nars wg6w(b5a pnh4gyj gw 9:d*/q(a7jcv5pds.brow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that g4b:cv/bw 5jq*dgsa9 dah.n7pw( pg5(ys 6j wthe effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density n 5.tr*jvn0 a0pymyq)$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient oe5szlpd+ e2: sf linear expansionspze :+l5de2 s $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solm 5 zx;6efvhy+id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock th57;5,e2t otc1 gturnw(buc8zub5 kis made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1 t8o7tteg5trw1uu5;z2,bhnc5 c b(uk7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm ul2ux:hf .m)w. The bulb has a:w. 2uh m)flxu volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about it: wntthdyj u06*cb(0t *b6 w0u(0 :ntyd jthtcs axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requynzce .i .;u3(;mmtrp za6j3 cired to keepjm .3ua6zi (c3ty;pc;znr . me it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross- *z17ssd.q;zljg f+hjsectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 *x; a ju4 ulxd,fe51 0ni+zregcm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following hkso 31j)ldn.temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the vf;y bk1pfy2 cs-7-9rbvc5y eFahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sunek;44fbm ;n bc mtp2if,p ad/1 are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure vn79dyr3 v) htand a temperature oy rh vvd397n)tf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law. k*hq fqyi2(+mnjc4+c    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of niwd1a ozy+u /5 y.ehrel3y6 *jmtrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cl0mjin,t +7z iontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1h9ow.3-pt zof0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon nx67an+sz2pljo 9irr1 v3mv ,t w9:tngas at 385 Kt 1s9vra :x +tnjm 372iv,r6nlnzow 9p?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0qq+t srkxk))p j8 z0e, kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air insidrop aw(9a nu:sd,8p (fe the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 180rpsu : 8oa(w,a9f p(dn0 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1+cml0 fi5sqx; vdr39x5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen aa7so*+g:bt onnxc-(pwi.a y0z em8 2jt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20akoh e lns,oq7 6xjz5k6-w) (s.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o l*()iqr vlv.d 2: p1s2oinlbdf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are thewmr1 s7quoxn+hs p c59-7n/syre in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number mgc1r2cv,r6+ eesfb /of (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5hu8ds1nk ; iw .qvpy.h50,alp.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of a.s 4w;l 8o6 xszlb+wuuir are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high anlubo46 xss+;zl 8wuw .d of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational h:ox(fo. 7z7btesm g5 kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STf 7bo zghx tmeo.75:s(P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun+nlx gb+unk11(xzc*ce pv0s7 at a tempera7vcxbkec *z nu1gs0l( x+np1+ture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed ivps; 6op zi *a017idae63uvwof gas molecules increase if the temperature is ipv36u1eva i*s6 po7 0 ;dziwaincreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unu e -sekzq*7q*p sn14+ l6reyrits of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, * qre+-7u s4lye *q s6prkezn13, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20. vjkgl ke 7jpobgc6:0q4( a5h;0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whiler9, b*y5sel(df )iucj its volume is held constant, by what f(yfej5,cb)*u ri s9ldactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mole7ok ppoh3(( 7wb x v6hv(k(qowcules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases v 3)nsrob; dtzj(;wu4at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverser) 3t;4j;svu(zd bno w ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed z4t*d vo0y ;zbof nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleli9:qee 8uq 9gcule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules ay3) (qt 04 obis/do cthp)7wawt STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms sevpm7 /o*ou;t-be8 dq)*jjnopeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livi db8 q7te/*j-)moou p *nvoej;ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure mabl0ut( (:zj4 np)j yP of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranio*oe9yhg/8bibo8 -5 jkzv(dh um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can x()nn :d-zhwdkeko ) mz b*e:*$CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when th 9 p8srwk0p.nvhg;4qoe pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9 whs.0q9o p pkr4;gnv80 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% ocpc.ff v(u21u)-tbvxk1w fh.j jb *:qn a day when the temperat2:b..tk fh1u xb )vj(f*-fjwqpv1cucure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure apc, n/sk:dt6m t a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, esti o3cfj xg8z0 fmb8 mttkfi: :g85ma4n/mate the temperature at which wat:jom maz f tkxi0g 4:/t8gcbff8n83m 5er boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the pa*cr (ezh k.:uurtial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity iu*(z:ehk u. crs 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water onq+a ti8 :fi:ru a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water islwxcq-4zcl: 6 x.zl4c boiling at : 6 wclc x4x-lc.zql4za temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ysq/)(nc /6 dr yxiq,oof volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its deflkc o-i. on6*w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine moleculea*0 dky w 3:*rc(jll vcn+qp3g (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 njdcpgr33+awlv : (q*0k cy* l$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to zhg cw t2 ,h.qzp bbax3 khgch1)6r;--the interior through tiny tubes called trachea-.chp3g;zhr q 6xb- ,k tcazgb)1 whh2e. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure *t+hgu ic9 hee.8vul/v p o.3dv(t c0chas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mea8ldnaux kv-s e-u5 *7tsure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room :b wk r9w5yk1 6hd*lgntemperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool wate6*k5wny 9kbdrwg :lh1 r, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium nwi4 z/*yh,1+va ryce gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the origina/ie chr4w yv1nz,+*yal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width aapdw4-hf k3qq 8e9ip +6cs+d 3.1 m, and 6pq3+8+da9 iasc- ph w eqf4kdheight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about ek2 1o) 9ijiwbone atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tech26v5;o jzs uhuvhtu0o1to1y6o nk::j niques is abouvjj :us;yonh :o51z6ot t126uok hvu0t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills:;eu0z4rbw bb his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisa0urwe4z: b b;bble?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spee eq(f39p lp4 d*lyjs2e xzgu+ lq9r8u/hy+2jgd of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose o 3/j rl sqflhgu 2dqeu92gyp9px4+l8j*z(+ eyf the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an i-ovs4dip26u; 7 :z ,mq fxhwdgdeal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofk*w xwup0q 7ji73i1g f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, etan ;-; *zwjysstimate the z-w; najty *s;total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of noyt,ykre. k6a+ e8e3t itrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge press tn2qfho 23gr5ure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate2o q5h3ngf r2t, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a boe396kx5s0 kbgnz x)mmwl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline uja12c/pyw ;rat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the s9c82ygspm 1gEarth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightl8k4x mz crowo;idohxsn*1d7654y/ ( u*rjlyoy onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standar5git 4u op 7 -zltpq rzl*8mzs+/w/sl)d, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chargq (k*vz in *wzxk.*y/wed, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear1ay dog;y)b+- va y6kliatd 14th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity bywmq489zkf /j*f b.x o2jku wzhsk:+4y tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, ashk+ ky:kzwbwu j*j2mo/fs q.x8 fz 449suming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air g*8 u6v ve; b)c8iop bv3l*v:5njjkoox0tz+yfrom a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubblez;vk v+t b58v06j xcn3i*b)o vp o:gyjo*el8u when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total watw31v,q fet-r x- 0lp5k nson3ler vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: tl- 50 k1 3,-3srqfnpovxnlew
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and whnirr-: * enz l-al86mo)hv f htzgji+7(1 (rxten it is a solid deep in the Earth whe)(ih(-mtvgr7 zt* -o f x8r6jhr1+l:ea nilznre the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at co45w- bqfpid/v nstant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is e-qd wf b54pv/iqual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellarwmj 0iuf3 rc dvn;/ tqb83j90rs to prevent rot and mildew. If the cell0jrj rb wn0;u933iq /fv8 cmtdar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg