Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron we6n ,rj0urh; jx/ x +8yqt8 stl*frj2x6o0xyor 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table oujwxhfntx8j0yjy* s/q 2x66l x8,e0rr+tor;r Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to mdk(r+ :nvv c 7ek2q7bdake a thermomet7+qde kk7vbrdvc2 n:( er.

Which is larger, 1 Ccvf s0 .7oelxk2*:a*wsw7ihq a w6.km $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wi7qrc c17ysof:th system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, andcf1r7 c7oyq s: C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip oflg77n9)t:*dr j3 sm8evzbrs fa)-dzf iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the cu*8 ld:3sndzebzsaf g9rt)) -vr7mj f7rve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear2-mxbf4nsi zq tq*4i 1 expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermoste z2)eug 71wrhat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bone) w2g1h7uzre ded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a nd+fqn)arq 0; section in the shape of a n naqqf0+ d;r)U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floati 8k3h9hy*c)lx c)2isxw2 ab ts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in af7i(covx3 2z h hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bitfxizh(7 v2c 3o and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part .f a 6h6 )mz(qvxyc /2i-eptphof it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. tehy2v(hxpp.-/ ma)z i6c fq6Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of-tbbg o4t0:r qfpv(z0 linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordv0tpbtr0g:obzq f (-4inary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate 4i s50/xc hwbtaj- a css/w:gc4m2* mjat 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so bad :ngftyl 7a.zy8 (6xxdpddk2/ly the can will not stand up. Whd6 2z t:y a/.yk pxndlg(f7dx8at has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pisto t1;j(p+j:kjzw4e jesn), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when j;wej( +zts jj:p4e1k they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere o m3 anh56ok,j8vek /tsubmerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased fromoenk/k 36t, a vh5jm8o 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the r0qtx+q xh l nw -f+;52s-matbuelation between average kinetic energy and thehw 0nt-t2-bms+5uxl qqxa+f ; absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fj3:. dy0 haymt7l2nqh ollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosgtxfu:s034a w phere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earthiih(-tn* e g5r.rhu( e3zf2zz refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due tnrt(h-5* ier3u2.hfi(zzeg z o the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wh( dk69wm0.x zfy yqk0nat can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to th9(d y0y6 .zqkkmwxf0 ne other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than +x6j xzg t5k*s wlu(x7a hot dry day at the same temperatur7 6l+k*(jzsgu 5txw xxe.

Is it possible to boil water at rook qq2mxb/-e: imnv ;mfd7.zog4 r;oo3-e6 cxum temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity 0,eh78) 4dnqwr zlskb is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explai8s klzdr40q7eh)wb n,n.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automo /7.v tu7i;n sl5q j.fnj+opvk6h nsz9bile engine.ti n5 h/9fjvn.7+s;jlp. kv6snzo7qu

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in thekk:8ibc j*nt j51qmb0-v1 x vu winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppegker of22mn qk+ 3*ue9r penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring xy5t t3r dgdt-31iw,g compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mastt dg5i3 gr 3dw-t,x1ys?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is oft6clwd8b6ts :kc7g v6dn kvh:+en taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?khbd6 wvv68 +ctln :d 6:ks7cg   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures-s zc;5rtd+fv. ab4tb recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass the .h7cznkix )s*ircoq/, 1)dfbrmometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0n,./ cii) qdxkc*rbso 71z)hf $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m longdw,ie1p)dqjov e z --) (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m taf i+* :0dbbp+ fzn ofq,/u .;aw *50skhgiemuhll. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) ud ;zu f0 h5h/gbf nbwofpa+,ms: i0q+*ie*k.and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the riv- wjhr:k+q*s v-mvg jgwj o*;3et hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm g gr +*wjvhmw*so: -q;jk-vj3in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ay4-d: sd g-pny/ki 8kzt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it 1ff; vr7pjt uxrhe; ;8is heated fro vr 7u1;epf 8thrx;fj;m 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fillyy.6zm +:jurb ed to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.9- jvyiv7 ohc6bc.1 in50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring c3nx 648fn4jbrqryi6 made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exp(ncoc1 h:h- rxand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficien1o:xrcnh-c( ht of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the n h;ghljl zon0.n ,k2,density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of leo:h u;ygw xk7-ngth l and width w has coefficient of linear ex hw 7og:-x;yukpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrop:u q p r0uexew8h3kx/nls0g)6 ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfec,ja ppv3s8ag)a g9k1dt time at 1798,gpv)s aadg k1ap3j $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140vvt:p y0qd xcr..y*oa *1tlvw ,l.y1s mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 yrl t1 d c:t.sop.,qyly va1*x.*wv v0$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radf9uy w.veq+08ugu8edius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictieu.udyw +f8v 980gueq onless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desiacnd aiq,+sk ie,)dsb68)/gu- g he7b red length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep ing8cae/hqdau )g,,ibk - s6e7 bi+)ds t at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-su6fbr,zlp7 0txvom8- ectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1rrfj (zrn:p pk3bhq2n()ru* 422 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the i+ rav hc 8fa3a+dc;p0Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is whahixw(9t/a+o h t temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior o.yf.o9/3idnxtj,sfvdnvn5 gz)jf0 8 f the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combux x)9c6i 5mw)w-wy:8lhqb wx: l9yveustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abouty wuwlx)v:yi w eclxm:-)5wb 9 6xq98h 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP ox3vqc i0o 4;yhvr:53 ld3 fjkusing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of ni753l vahp34 o oge-dy1sras ko0 /.ooetrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cont t nt-zi*0d13r p6gbbeains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas -zq, /k1 zvtdci.ui;xg )5vmais at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding m k0x(+g,c xz j:u6d3lpu+fig 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 +30kzgilxud:cxm( f+,6 gujp K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg):-2kvqy+w -cn cfcvr, 3zcn q of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by d scbhf ho4(t5r3v s,1heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a ballc(t hd,rob14 f3svh5 soon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at5 zl0 6ml6rfnzv -ba+be(*iie 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.buzh/ *m to:)p0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escad v-qsh.w*xq-g2d sc)pes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o k0 liy,s.sm/mf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of watv/8v dvok9 ta,aop57.vkqo0 ter are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moleslbb; l4bx2l 5dn97ad/ahr0sk ,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumen x8/x0ht qzd- 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wep,g5)p rhn0 ln/5xufhdk0 /rc re also kr/hf/0h)c0gu ndxp nlr ,55p in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mol*ai q*d3l:mky( 6*1g tnskderecule at STP? e3i1*ky *l (dm6q*dk:nats rg    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium al3 3ehua7c b- ov)-famtoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature ofe3 uvlb h37c-a-of)ma about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if th6k3gg t+ yokg/,b.be /sdqturb26o:de temperature isg/krb 2.,tbed g:6d3 6s/ + uokqbygot increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4h ,:pmt v 13g9ghrvaj1, 6, tvvp3g19mah 1:j gh,r0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20. eu ljsp*u32f50 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas isuz. u- ok38jhq f7(cdl doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factou.z38f7uc(q hjk-o l dr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculelnzf0m52 d) 4rjp,y zrs in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two g20,n1x3) rj:s hlqb hcsy*udn ases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecula ysh :rl 1uxn,2cb3shd*nj)q0r masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrog./2df-.7 k mwpis(p-;jqc qrp dlaz:wen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleci v ,ux57wnsyd2 3kkh(ule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogehn0sf7 oxb g (xd5m6,on molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed gwgq 6lr4/r x 1um7r.bof an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell1/.7u64 gw brxqg rrml at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of aqb8y /z pgtmh j*i*/:+ptc:cb gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,x8lchy 6 nh p+o1qd- +(fu:awk $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressll j 1 lo)nd1qxo/4a9uure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature+4j m ssaitn, 7aqil)) is (a) 90)mss aijl) t7ai+,qn4 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) e ,-*j-mt5d8cb r/o/tukeedg if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2m* ,btruke8t/ co/ejdg-5ed- 5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boyg)-) eiawb7bils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place ih9nn nf yl:ld )2+9fszn the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperl2n9yh l nf:s+zn9f)d ature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa an yxh;:qr6; re 1s: qw7lx:4dmnbld bi3d the r q1bnrw x7s3q :rdx::mlhd4 yl;eb;6ielative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of w1qdpazk7/of4 joz h1fly:tj7a d(g ;4 ater on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressurvs:yv/wbc3ppx (lq-dd.42 b2ju h.v me inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120p. (2 cxjqv.hbl3bv2/ spwmduyv: 4- d $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v 6d +zryq(y(s, mgx4ewl)iwv4olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poin q+tvvy1sl yyrr ;fm- 5mn4.1a3bi ;ont of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine b9 b(y5 j8haxqm38lmomolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanc8(39oyja lmm bhbqx58e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface ofmtbb(;wn -(4guvhf: b )wuw4x insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has c4 ;(bbwbu x-vt)4f:uw(g n whmross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape duvyr, dsin w,.:y wh)a+o2v3 measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measfu( g ad;xlg9+ure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much erre)zghae 6e8 .eor will be made in a recipe calling for 300 m6g.) aee8 hzeeL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is;2tuox r :g,8n7htu bv initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylind 2o8xrb:7hnuuv t;t g,er?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widtoz zo ); lw)kjojc)5s;h 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume thoszc;)o5z j w)j) okl;e temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is a 9qk)p5wq wgd,n :e5zubout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tech1 qhh2d*/agzltn 1d a,niques is about tz 1/1l ,2*gahhadn dq$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lun wfa :0gt9s.ae auj.sg)j/vi6gs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to 9)gwv .: sj0 jfa.g/ut6aaeis the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon en hhfka/+ ) ant)mfhr2/ters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a2rk)tnf/)a fh+ah m/h space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110 qoec6*sb/i/ v$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of x9m+q7/uhw3ly-yi q m770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value b.r0lud 5x-po of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospherp5xb.lr o0-du e.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain vv+qm y 1yy9uit4e27cy* 2i vb.s8qxmed in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psirxxj(;vg0,bki 9qgs + (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long +0qjgv; ,i bxs(gxk9rwill the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a b+rq)mol,+ qxb owl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli9hw*tjd1xpj-m/ 4gw h5p -os-hvjt4lne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fpr** 8 i+vyyt9pd (u de:)yyffit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar :k.6 8xnqkk01 qesho jat 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stan(r; 1 s a 0x/d:iipvel+un)yecdard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at w ow.n/kc+u4) 9yqite20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartl) 7p tblw37bbh is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against z 0fquh724wykgravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/sz wqy 0k24uh7f   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diad-j5rt *3 a(l-m fqfemmeter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the a5fq--*emmdtjrfl3( surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in dw7q52 h2+ f.psd)( dxhutqmr 7a0 lvhthe air on the following two days: fmwth 5 p(d7v 2+h0)qh 2l7saqudxrd.
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent di/3gx23 k wum2m89fd6fbkw bs ifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temp x kbi/m3m gw6bd98wk2s2f3 fuerature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an id8ok;9zzs ;vrqvw )jg*eal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of vwjq9 ;r;*)8szg ovv zkolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify the*5t s,okhz,h 1db5bwpir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a housewhz5s5d k,*bop1,bt h (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg