Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg qq;i,+./m zxf7wt lqz+xv mugc6lb-8of aluminum? See the periodic table or Apbv +zi,xf-.8ul 7zxt;lg6mq+wqc/mq pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermom0 ka:e)1 fva+xp q kfyvgg c)5t98(taqeter8k g9aa)paqft g)xq 1e kt:f5(vc0yv+ .

Which is larger, 1 Cv;a/8 n m 8qvizc(0aoqha1 xsd60eg 6z $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but :sht6m7llr /f,q*w flB is not in thermal equilibrium w/shl 6 mlrl,qtw*f:7fith system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When lznyw,28m o 4k96stibo5g.f eheated, the n.o2z 9bsfk56e4lgm,wyoti8 strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficien6w/cp 2box tp /4pc11ri2lqwft of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermosy fzh ua(7u81ttat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liaz( tf u7h1u8yquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in ttlb9ig)/f9-svnm / pc he shape ofmc/l/9 9nivf- btsg)p a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flo(iq:;h kie5nfg 2sdhccs p8,/ats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a frk *5 tmm, x5mwl xx:z:i4bzq4 2mc1jhot tub of water, the mercury initially45r4jmm fm5i* zkxl ,zq:xb2:t1 wcx m descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled moscls 4g 6*d0wbkc 3;xxre rapidly than adjacecc4l30;wss k6g xxd b*nt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficief rl5lp 96/ot5ec3*s2aukmlgnt of linear expansion is much smaller than tha fulsaero9*ltg 6p55 mc/32kl t for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, 9wi*qcuw5kz zdoc-7 8accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will causem8;9ilse w7dtew1ydhzf40 m/ its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand utyw wh798flisze1md/0e; md4p. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temper 1vp+w1 8duydvsxev*+ature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular notingye dvp1+*u1dw 8+s xvv what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumfw2 odx-(yzkc3co4 s1 0ses:rx5 1zed inum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the tempf4xe( wr-od 0co2sxzys5 z:ck13d1se erature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law foli hx (u1vyla;y *an,m8lows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolavm( a*yx y, hun;i8l1ute temperature.

Explain in words how Gayx8lu-g1b 7 enh8rcir7 -Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the j 3n:ef g0c fk6l7x1yfratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spee 7 gq(cbcerwj-j :9o0c5o )zywd an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon 5ec gocrj qwwz7c)(o:90jb-y has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mor yd +.mxe r3-fp;m8vzbs/;gvve quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one ;/mvpvmyrg;d.8 f ezvs3b- x+ relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day p1*s80/9ea:2kqi olea yu g wnis far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the s a*olup9nk80 ea 2e:siqy/g1wame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room ttwu6/9d mea*e emperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the shllczl+69uq5-p)lq6iwne 9try:3 qu ame but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the samrql cile qu-w3pzny 69+9:uh )l 65ltqe T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobfkb)nm-6y(mmjc9,a *s5 ze jsile ens cj9em zsjyf 6n-mm,kb5)(*agine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winte-00gfc(dcmzft c vz83 tj51 mer (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pe70z y1-os l p5qslc)ebh2/mhd nny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold0khnfqaq 3 8s.l, ces: ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the samh sqs :k8.3 al0cef,qne mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on thkl 8 g/pcis9(+n vb,fle Celsius scale? ,(skpgb cl9li+/f8n v   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded pvte39 9;zbiwtyx)3c are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the-dq c lmc,y)2j m+x9jlrw1e5d:n8l 14goirtg alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0. ,n59i 1l g8dmg4q yo-e2:mwl l1j)jrx+dctrc 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (2cjt:yp 6/o),jmxix sn+h/7wv (6at hu0 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13bp*1xoumjo80t2 fm02qzkqz 5 –29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and 00z2k2 p8q oq*zfuojxt1mbm 5January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than thes uy4dln-t+k x;kd,4e rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in ak lxu;s+yn ,d-te dk44 hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atv181 f6luywwo/ exko* 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whzu,g c(oma17,(qq vjj at will be its change in volume if it is heated froj7um(q (o,1q,va czgjm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1bbxe(5taejn ,*n j0y :00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.xjupo7: rd+(.tvl rx650 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of/6 yvztmt5 v*(mn53uucyt +iu iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containe my/bo7cs6rgtam 8 ,*3 6kqlgud in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient ofgq mk3l y*mb6/ o678ca rgt,su volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the den+q d0kw- os-vdsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular pl/alyl7cn5oo ; :oy ymr0zin 50ate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear exi5m7yy5oz 0/l nao;nroy cl0:pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isot j44gx nbz-5moropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gra-e -d)otdce3o v;evb :ndfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 173d-eo - )ebd:;eto vvc $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside dia 3aw5s-4 vj9qatx,cbf z tv5:jvb;sv (meter of 0.140 mm. The bulbja4 x,9(s vv z bs-fb5cv3j;tq5wv:t a has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of rarxwze/cm b)5nk7-l *bdius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular venkw) ex l5b/rmb7zc*- locity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has thlsl b6ja7tb 0q+fk 3n-fc-:bze desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length 6-lsbt nqk:0-b+z3 fj lcbf7aif the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectw jbe3)e a;mcz o9niqikwyats952k;i+7 c4 s ;ional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cjrms8 alyn.*uyd :/hpmh*d59r+ m a 8bm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatk4ym m5xe gdey0 oz, t jfkb rm-q.ry9:vm7.;2ures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temq,nu/e 71o pqbperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of t9h1aqh/ b nol+s c)bpuc,z*r 33pkvd)he Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a ter s1 o2np;*ed6)uefk 4ofc0glmperature of aboo;ekgfo0 fe6 *clpr1ds4un)2 ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas lawtbp8ffd 3f r.796oou b.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of tei3 ;j*e mns+)n4veunitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg ov*1 gt(9a6nwpgpb rayfyo : .q2go 7),9rxvcuf nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium /f 8vqtqin :-+ h+iioigas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 5p(ofimnnl m. ;o/2e g.mqhc0kg of argon gas at 3/mp;gme i0lo(5nm2.ho q fn.c85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of 1soui66n gzakl4( q54vg 8pwf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves iti3aqoo1c1hmc4*9;p +sqx6 m t gon1 yhs buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense thoth6nio4q+1chgxa; s* 1cmoq y9p1m3an the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atlt:vj(v8xq68nfm,ji 6i8/j i ysjua6hlf* 9 v 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1je927tir/eq ) tn3bd d8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s 8yizx3;/anufm2) i fp hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ofs rd.3fsm.4ni( gneb3 molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules? 6+jqcd 2vwn0 nt *ss6n*wxxbvs ;30tz    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number mw6zf.j4s- gdof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.16. u5:ik yt-bya2 su74mriova$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecnr l +g(qhk1+ay +d ns*knf4u s/tz:9yules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant densityd/+t(9f yu 4gn +kr y:l*+1z knnqashs.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averarf 6dx*jgch58hy(1qn iq(v0 yg,nz2w ge translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP 0 h wyj6(q 85zxgi(r2hfgn c1y*q,dnv?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temper3ztl9 ,b sy2gm2o+vgf)-xq+m/ krkbkature of about 6000 K. 9/mb xmgt2+k f3zvbq2) g lo -,s+kyrk   m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tempea kn. dta(2vtc-n-o 9zrature is increased frc-nk(9z2a.t-na od v tom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of;s1orn(z0 w4 z.-8u y jevfoed9 zv4tu km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0,4s v4 u(vd1 wo.zn o09rezf8t eyzj;u- 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0x eawv )u +y2px1jj3a* $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whgme m qq/qh(17at fa7/ m qmhe(1qqgctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas m1ka07d4 ,vw mazzxn*is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratssdw0 yr2*sb 4io of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masse4 wsy*d s2r0sbs.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mole072-,jegw azx a(l5y+hmiytd cules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule atb1 (q 0fl o t7nav5r5mnf:ryrsp7+af : 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogenlmc.a ml8rn,3 molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of nkruvi 59bfd;1 ay6g 5zjo/o85g(u sdan amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell gk5dd f/z5on(y6;i 1obr8jg5 usvua9at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressur(khgh5( kxt:g e P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraece n ny*p; 8va, c:l:o;gpmm,nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressul6j4,g 8k oayzre, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase whenu9b12abkd (zm u3(0atw0g9lponx, 5k ;skkrp the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90t(k1 59b92 z u0dk wbok,x mr(p0aspnagku;3l $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% y d8rx/f) z)yw g4xddapsy5u.1jdp .2on a day when the tempewfudr z a.y2jy18p5d4gx xd)/ p)dy.srature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at ynuny+ le53g4t*7meea place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in t- ckxlbo s6oa cx5nja+n/m,nl:-iz (2he mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whichx 6bzal/in nns 5lo2c:acmo,x (-+-jk water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial press kiuax60/w)-/ yopy aofsx o9(ure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%?f9 yu)a//ao (6ikw-ospxy x0o $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water o+f2+-qoq naz eo;se)sn a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximatg ayzc-:by2 e6-l zkf,e pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at6:f ,lycbzy-ka2zeg- a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volzj (3 2eakd*utume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its derhs 7m kj+1x3dff4,h ara-, rzw point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (um2-h4k zx;1 wt;xv tesee Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanmv1e 2 xtth xuz;;4-wkce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from thsgnp1+0 /tuoswc .0 vve surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long angpo.c0tu+ /w s1sn 0vvd has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measuruzmnx phd*ol5-7) i0zw8 s, 6rhnhr7pe has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali)g9ks3 m (ept(ll:ukfbrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error 7zo(4) ii,illrn1fd dwpkz0kp8 ws* ,will be made in a reci kil8rzpdis dw*o47izw)l0fp1 ,,nk(pe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder isqjx;u3d/tui- 2 aa/qh.gt;cd initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas re .ic; uq u;x t/dag-qtjhd/32amains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air my3x2 uf01 qortolecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and yrq3t0f 12xuoheight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is ab g/zvv2z9 1j*i9ojn)u*nil9 qghld+w out one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques /kvmor4qhx2tt57) svis about /v7)qvkotr24 sh5 mtx$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L wheuz,6j ck/qbltu 4iuf7yg-p )-n 10 m below the surface, to what volume wo i /-k7 jqz)pu-tb6g4uuclfy,uld his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed kgw3thla; h53 of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with35kwath;lh3g this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an i/cxcepo u t5 btw u*6*.:oqt9rdeal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7zf*s+yr) 7g5w9gjd9 4cedh n o70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, esmlaeudtt74d7f ; t e07timate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s at;lmea7uttd0ftd7 e 4 7mosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6t ntw -vdr9m,2$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge presszi9(osbpom(ku * /0 rlure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flo09uopiblr m( /(*kzosw rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in guj9b2,/pwnz a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline m54t,d 8caru gat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were t zvq c(pea);d28t 3lrdo fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a fps7+ 4f,bxjp glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado -xyj6b*d .phypted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure -0eg.eom3 rhdf/x ct, of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth 7w22co.finpt pt4vr) is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balltm/b9tn+au *jj;ula4i+5kd zs thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the k taizt/5;dj*+u amj+unbl49lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a dep-e1*;p 4s (j. xl;bmd5 tuyjfw+be dozth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a peuxwb(+jlm ;*fz1soj- ;.t d5ye e4bpd rfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following td7 ;veq3o+yy nw0v6yxwo days: 7o6 y0y;ndw3+v qyvxe
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of i7c*liub9anrn 9t4 x4 vron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in t*n x4cnvuia7b49l tr 9he Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gasgcoiz9b 65c h80pe n/y)tehk6 at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansioy0hi/cc )e o66k9pn5 gzhbte8n is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.