Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic hh(:n(xk regsh 9-vg.0h dai2table or Appendix g hha(hg:hkv -n2 dxsr.i09(e B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a 0s8wfse asa1i8m9- -*d actjv1nbra;thermometees-arb*n j; 198aia cs0fstda1-v m8w r.

Which is larger, 1 C vx8 v294w0,0* saocycrn)fral iykc6$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but Bg (.;mrqpht(9kw d p:y is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, ag9p ry(p;.(m :q dhtwknd C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip ob9 k,mjbz tgrhf m,00z:d1,a uf iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whiz,j:mf9t10rg 0 zh, mka,bbdu ch metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffickilo9l m, pvkw x6j9l 0q7s+b7ient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple therg jy1pn;)4 v-:.5 gjzavtnvmfmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch : npjjg4)-va z gt;5nvyfv1 m.is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the enn u*:u,s4*y sv vp(xoods often have a section in the shape of u(nu*:s voxvyop,*4s a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of9lviq v1br 3n +:dapju0 iu6)rjd3 za+ lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glassn6zjjxyc6 )*mt: 3gro thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit arjo j)y 3zg:x6m6ctn*nd then rises. Explain.

A glass container may br2 /l0 nfsprwg7eak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent /l w2pfsng0 7rparts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass isioi wl-c6d (b,nq y,m: that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller t iic:myld -o 6,wb,n(qhan that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurx- nvegyz)h) 4ate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to ey35axf8sh,w o v ,0fbbulge so badly the can will not standyfh xsea3,v ob5,0 fw8 up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing d.b7q5 fpvuge2 own a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momeub7qg vp5e2f .ntum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase f 3;b :v/i mp3ciqtgxaih96 1uor decrease q:9vh 3c b;if/taiu31 g6ximp if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rlie;pdj 27(oqelation between average kinetic lij(d oq;7p 2eenergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s-, d+hndutntb 9 u22jy law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’uheupw:) 0. uys atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth gq8m,j+ssams(b w: y;refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. Tj, q+;s : 8ssb(ygwmmahe escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at roob;-eg ngj7gc9 m temperature. What can you infer about the molecular prop;9ngg e-7bcgjerties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far moreg*i 6u es(a (ahth)vd; uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperat(vd et*;gh hi)sa u6(aure.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 zf4 glb b7 eohj0od28b4xu(w8 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whe23*ekhuf y5vys7 0fzen the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or thee5fz2 3hfeyvu *sk07y humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to opeu;;f ibrxa- 5jozy+)on the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engif;u j i5ax-+yboz ro;)ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13v5e.yr4 q.sgh7 lne9h–28)?

  How many atoms are there r7khwq+ak* v rd q:sb,kk :81cin a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.6 afg+ x2og(mqo)i n7b5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the sq m6gignbo)7+x(2 foaame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°ye6t-s (5 bqvgF. What is this on the Celsius scale?by6tve5-gqs(    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempe e;.m-vl+4ra 2qaomci ratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcfq4dxnm;d **qj7fq2gkb ap :6 ohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.kxj;*:4a6q p7gdqdnfq* 2bm f0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long bv jdz,2ldi- 4(20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron v4rws:w6mj(z approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (avevzjm4( s wwr:6rage temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than thhx 0-g z2pju 3esqbs).e rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameterq3b z-u0)psgh2e.j xs is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atr3d nx4ggfn2 9u3ujn8 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. 4rl 1t2d)h+cupguzm 3 What will be its change in volume if it lpr3 u1 mgc)t+ hzu42dis heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fillhh*wh: cpvnqm( ,z/9bed to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 m6 d26 ins, 2wcpblkg)xL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed im/ 28i1-v5lolhvli mt.zi,ah n a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel soriuc(1 d6x/ ss it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effe r61 dsic(/usxctive coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changqa z./8pb*wtdy jcn/.ei/ ,mye in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular pls+z 9rlkq,5loate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear exrkl5s, z+9o qlpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotr8) 4;emo 7wvar2yb1f kgllh2 yopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and k b1dy.;i;sx.lmsg fs,eeps perfect time at 1fl g. b.d ;1sx,is;mys7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercui livb (.q-ku fm(qia,e2 ;8oxry thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a q(2;v.ie qbxi-uo8fail, m(kvolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radpr+2anae +gzx :g-;+ii2x r1b txsc8sius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearina aze:srsg-px2b21 icg; nxxt8++ r +igs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desbzvy1ifo3h* 0 ired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at t0 o*fi1yzvh b3his length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-behaw ;2h/,ct)o ma. h5/sr nkwgam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13rk o8)dl*0k y43e);l ouhz ijc3p 5gxz4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scalei :a8 ds:dj7qi:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on 34v0 :r vsigokxzegti(fgz6:w) q.:w the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth atgsz,w8(o2go8 l f/ zind Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a teiu++ uxwx; *qcmperature ou+xx; + u*cqiwf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the a xk- bh1 5:n*jcrt5ghideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen (v45bwi 1 8zxs ryl5yo;$N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STPmoqp0gor3lkd)))k0 n j5fcwux 5)3w30w n awi contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is a.f-oz4a (wz b8g4pb wst 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas 3sks f7 jqvbj)2j)3s.ju:ul vat 385 K. jus:jvs )kbjs 2l3uf37j)qv?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of )sjntyct6d;yuzh 65mn(.i- y$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves qb4guvsda 2 0i/s .v:nits buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which bginv4:s2uv 0sdaq/. makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at f 7fe2-ehr;c4 -ls0 fwt3 rvybjd2,jy 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen c 9rgs.4.r aotat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea le3 hsa p(9typxic. l-j+vel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mole5e./f-ef2 zyhzf8r hb cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water az x43qb/q( ojixn0 5tk7t;8dr vb t3ksre there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a.2 cfeg/f 6euh) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume cm;fy8(yc8ab:-ojfsyywb o5+ c ;5bon )9 thm5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale t6. 1v8 p qk9juzufd0kl/,wtrkhat were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km ,9dk86tw1/ q kv ful.u0 zkprjhigh and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averagetdo9(t 6.9i yok dhge2 translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST.t(h9d9teid oy6kg o 2P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at akj o(k e0p 8m) f45eztbzp.p7w temperature of abpe 0)4zk(. 5kwoz tpmb 8e7jpfout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperaturesehrrq)r 2j/ +lkiz.3tx00 zx is i+)rk3 r0rit2e .0s jhxq/ zzlxncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given8a4l wcszm,g; in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8,,8cz ;mgals 4w 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculbvg,erol 79 x2es in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its h/ *aomk gk(:do:,ywovolume is held constant, by what factor doea /yhkm,:d(o:*koog ws $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a h/s( v(hfxf;egas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the syhtj)/ ijr9fr .r-m9 vame temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal r)hr mt9 /-.vf9yj irjto the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contaic2 sg6ucbza-r- :z)znned in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 d*0afh/w aelp-i w7doy gl6-:$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecule q,c+ 2jc,(teiiaqai(9lhn ( ss at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in ar2uoaw 7 yvg2rl7+ )bp lipga7)2 r7yrbvu+low 2 ving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu99y4mjzs6a,ck,ei6vi 9wk f zre P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium -kp 1ifg)-spoui6u-r, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whatgp.yh8;lc+ay phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase whena)gunqw9nb70 g g2a)d the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 2uq0)gan dw)9 n gab7g90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on 2xpqw+ p lz73 *w0lmmxa day when the tempera lwp7p0lz*q+mwm32xx ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wherui lq( 86tah: 6hpw9dlp2 ui:yu h(qfh (*0biie water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the ;4 8zmlkhjxoo2 uu0,l mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempera20l4lou,h8uokj xmz ; ture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 v k:ao/i q*vfg*.ml15bn6wo hPa and the relative humidity is 4ivw:v .lbam5foh q16ko* / g*n0%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressurerfr4 p5sfi2atwr ne4/jp :0l* of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insidebg 2wd. beiso2. k;xv3 a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a3bi ;eb2g.d2. w vxsok temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roiqamx3 *.9qy wz9 fq4yom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dej2y khlqd) c y(5 (q-mxe)lfb8w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time nec *v f diaej4cr 75m0r60sh)zgeded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distan f4s6rhcjm7vez r 0i)dg *5a0cce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the:*i)9x 2h2ao 65p2d2xp wd jznpxcqhs interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional areah p2 jai*x2 d:)pqc2od6x2ps9zw5 h nx of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measurezo* 6he4cli4fzvm:a 0 j-l(fr has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated a;+5ttu0wshea/zm zp ee1 sftw ,2ij4 .t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrjh:( 6rkiy8 jkated at normal room temperature. How much error wi6h: rjyki8(j kll be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initqa yj80 tul-)vzo9;qs ially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreast0qyav) ;zs -j 9lqo8ued to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m,c. f )qeagx)m+ and height 2exa.f+)q )mcg .5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mafbq dnr ;5bcg) x*uf3xk.6y4utter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum 5by a(.krbqlg mo30)htechniques is about ) qah5 mb0ob.klryg(3$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs toj: z2pjk61;lb 9ei jdb full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what vjb 16kdj;:9blpijz 2 eolume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon:di(7 rn7 cphgqs)ga- enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upong(-asdhcrqi:)n7 7p g reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an id;3geuds dm e/2 msdkuk 0-r2d1eal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77a0(s-6 *h8fi3q wo: b9cdlnxg us 3gaw0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric ( /apl xjppef5qrk915pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number ofqr9kja (pxp5e p/15lf air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contaiaj1re*kn6p1z4vn q 5y b;u sbq:r(so8 :h7gehned in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen use q;bpv - 07kuuh7yosg+vg o1x8d in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinde0 77q g p +vovs1uukoyb8h-gx;r last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in gcq303qlj ok9a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolineqkg s--ai u )+d,r1aiv at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit sn.g.jg)j)1h r:l-iz zat mw6x vugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass ju*exs: h 6 k+3dertg 0uv8xjf3ar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted inag( r7+vlp- hq/ dl:tu the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 22h9396 .a)eqtb kzfkjuj9jfj 0$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eavob1+g uu/j e:rth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against g- jk-,puho4l vravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass -po ul-jvh ,4kof 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherzi qktoz3l) o/*aa m03ical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temp zoalq3i*k/03z mto a)erature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressurwozb -2p k-n4,le; krpe in the air on the following two days: e-n,4ro 2lk-p;p zbw k
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differe-o * sgg2 sziarpasgxse1 +:3;nce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature 3-ap+ zs xgra:g 2es*gois;1sis 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant prwm5plfiv 6-u4w+n rf9 essure, the coefficient of vol mflvw56+iw4 rnf9p u-ume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people cons(m; fk24prgqjtv ug c65:f nq7tantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mi 27n jffqk; uqmvgr6pc( 4:5gtldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg