Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic,ey/z1hjt(8ceq r9q1 izoar in0mn4- table or Appendnjieac1r-y8zo i4he,1 /0 t9( q zmrqnix B.

Name several propertie55ryb52nj d5or3ywo ds of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometd2wdoy 3o5rn5b5rjy5er.

Which is larger, 1 Ch6)1) jg taxpj7wl y/e*,z2 mlo-zv lu $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriumklju u/dy/ra-35 jd6npg 80ar with system B, but B is not in thermal equradyr n8g/u j56-l3uajpdk/0 ilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iro7 o fpgabo8s 38lgbp v8yx:h,,n. When heated, the strip will bea8 ,b8f837h:b xyolgsp ov,g pnd. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficien *u1een6wsd9x4* gdvgt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a ,:9tl 2h0fzbbp sk 6zst6xvm( simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it canbph f(mszs6k v,t:b06tz2xl 9 flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the en3-78jgf2t*lrm .phq 7jwqbqgds often have a section in the shape of a U. Whhmtfq jr8 pgl 7gj2.w3q- *q7by?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lz8 d9s h9yg l415djfz- yd:szlead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, gf gh1zkl8z9:the mercury initially descends a bit and then zh8 z:kglf91grises. Explain.

A glass container may break if+uaddf 9c(n0hqonv05 x( /ow w one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly thwcu5(dxwqd9a+0(nof oh n/0van adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansioncy 4(k/ upzo+eoy2j;o is much smaller than that for ordinary glass ( eo(2yoojpczkuy4+ ;/Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurat wm-7cg.g ev0we at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will caact.x j6e qc5o uvv;-c /15pruuse its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Whja6xtqp5-5uu rcv / o.1v;eccat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temper6yx c*dst;dg s* .eyy6ature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happenge s;y*cx* y 6sdtdy.6s to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submprv8+ cel1 ib(erged in water increase or decrease if the temperature ispv br1ic8e( +l increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and them z-zah0k psmya5frn3 gg53+1zl ;o s: relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperatuzs 1y+f r-o553z3ha ; gsn0k:lpmzgamre.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theor8sth 8kix;(ykwaw1m3 y.

As you go higher in the Ey,/.(tctn epoarth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an(jkczx0 xmzfc5(*fn 8 object must have to leave f05cznx jm8 x(f*( kzcthe Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wategriuz; )s/we 7r at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to tz7su )/w eir;ghe other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot drwkwtt73yi3x : ;66x a.vmp(dijoz*dqy day at the same temperati.yi3tvk (3dq:xaoxtpm6;zw 7 *jw6d ure.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatuva eo v-7r:(* 4ngccgure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the wz:.ndru 6c2xaw9i mjh /m 2)gair temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Ehz mg6u9:r amx w2/.)wnijc d2xplain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhea4o n/3l /xmhmfnjesuv67qi. 3j1u4o cted automobile engine4h1j jlxn .ui 7f3s/o c q46u3e/mvnmo.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in.w s8q og.sd7dqqk.:o6 sf1di the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cop2pa9sowj k55z per penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to theg3kv mz-iz;vcnp0-9v5p az5j number in a sim-czvp ka5jnvp3 9 5gz ;0-zivlver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to bepzaw 9/(u1ufx 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?uxp(19uzfa /w   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures reco -gk;d wvgc:u(h(7ztdrded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 b ee81) o29nktgqx.ficm at 0.0 e.n9tfo)q xibek81 2g$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bu dxgr7f m;4 mqzmk2e)5ilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apprkzu+-.pp lwb0 oximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes be 0z-pwpu +kb.ltween July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than thcw6pznpr)1 7z; 6sww;. 2akr wqhhxmpq+4is;e rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed iwp;7w+;q wi6m s r46hzr;s.hpz ckw1xqn2 ap)n a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water r-mu-v9on- (,uhwrz xat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if ite d 68exh:xj(a-l5 exu isue he-lxj e5xa: xd(86 heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water a;/gk4 .jou:egt s/xv,ry ,squt 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 48v ostzd6by s*3,wkpy ; (iup55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be ple /nnpn+cr kj62-ml ; 3sfxd)v1si u,zaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained 1ehj,ajol(td: /: jsein a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear jle/h e(da1s,t::ojjexpansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chankn .z3t7hk d/gge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular platy1u 5r0a e8hdte of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansurhe8a td0 51yion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotr(0uwinx oe2tfk5 ;cs 0opic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather cctp96:g) g fanlock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1p f9g:gtnc )a67 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercur- 32 iqtu -5.mmoc hivbz-qea/y thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has ozvm-a- .huq2q/e btcimi3-5 a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindric5wi og6f 0bco h68m,ymal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearingoymow6b8i0,g6 fm h c5s with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C ve ;60p i/hrj i/uw pqo.qm5+pir8:ua. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 r8vq/5j+ :.pu/pqpioieiruw ;0h6m a $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal ste)(ubxgk9 *vsc1g)ku f1kpz k* el I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2/kj y )kgell)0en7-te0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scaljxvnx.bnxzmq/* boh k:c+ 86 *e:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scatm)r(1ud b 0eble?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of t c: xe;,wad t+--fuljj*rr n)she Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine,ow0.pv * uma,a5im* ox air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of a5.aoo w,a*p mixv*0um bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the i (c-o0 fd li fzfcm8asp9l):u3deal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2h 9d9p8tek*l+.vfa)xwo3t el1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1 vpef(;sg. us ,+skt-m8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10dmv3m4ie v-h *;gw db9.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kgidnf97+dfa 8q of argon gas at i 9+daqd7f8 nf385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o zn+xxsn/t*lxowom27r1:z xwnhjjb)r/124z f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achievcr+ 2( s35mn l(lyqfsges its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the sqylrgs(l +fc(3mn52 volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at7zf9 bs n xe7w);an iuew7+l/t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 5kbbh:5wy eia+ 3ax6 t$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon eq cpll/m5( )du uaqv3;scapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculb0isvq 6xx8u6 es / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molm s l(:6oiyy4m;mm6 lgecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molif) 3ic.8oyc- iguf1p6 h ;buees,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1e 1; vkgv+b(td f(3tk;muy4h)fnc izlq 7)7nr$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that tyjl1 / b+h8xha:z zp8r42 qqbwere also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosph jqprbh4x1hl a8/y+bq8: z2 ztere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translatiq zom ;r+k2e7honal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?ohz; e2rk+7qm    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed o ipnytq-n 7 h7*kv 7l87dvz5sgf helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempera-* isv nqlk 7nt8ghp7dv z5y77ture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase ifr.m*r1dfq7m k3 6akkz the temperature is in1a k*fz3 kd76kmrq mr.creased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/d;hje,nbv6y51 glw1x+h sxu 4 s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rmslyhx +1ebs;6x4v ,gwh5dnj1 u speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molrj32fi 6atn( tecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas 0ol.ynhb +q/ . evzfn4y z1hu.is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor d1hnyn f4v hu z/qy o0..+zebl.oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules/.y choatbcy5a5:ikg.f: eq 8 in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of ge.bp71 nha0t/uq-adtwo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of then1p0d -a gte7q/b.hu a square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen myla(u-vf,2oo(r of f 3q)7iwh olecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule atm)+pf* d . ir)i2joowtvu0 y.g 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between ql9ea5sl +1uznitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an ami0jeg f0zk6 :eyirw6 fe rm(3x.no acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell atme3f 6y6r (0ek:wg. irxzje0f 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be+2hubvg9b-s 8s:kbj e written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumbnhadsk )5+q,27 gyhv, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wh qd;utoi9 6u7bat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and t) c83 w xn uxjwfzvv/)wo4. z+0bp67zkb ou,wfhe temperature is (a) nujw+)0fc ww 6zubobp7wvok, .438 fzxxv)/z90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the. ibjqr/: r 0,,eo ytalrq596*v gmljd ter:ilmbejq dro a59qj r,lv0g /6t.,* ymperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a placew g(6a/cf8p2 ajp)sj sd.- hpd where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountaioux7ok c j gx9kjq::(5ns is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which qjk9 uj::x7( o5 okgxcwater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water iswbwodm15+ c9 py ;n,h,+,qd sdkpwp) s 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40op+hmsyq,wpw, );k c95,pdd b1sn+wd%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatura)m6tcb 04i pve is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximv2x/wsh8l / om,x4 imcate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilin8/oxmw c/sx milvh2,4g at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vol4 ubm0qvb7cb.ao,xg( fw// d sume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poin.3cfe0vbjqjyt q28;hw z62 uq t of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine+ n-48bm cxkv3.nphot molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 3 t- +84xnkcnhovmp.b 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to thez63 h2kf. 3hunqz+filzige ;-n nv dp21wct /5 interior through tiny tubes called trachea c3 nl2i3 iq-zunp.f k61h zef5/wgdnh+v ;z2te. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meb9 i ,acsn;33z 0cgsxeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mea mau/*qufs4z-sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at vt i2guw 8u7h/normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, a7/2wtv8 uiu ght 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindd 1hl3*utpvs+ er is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pre ut1+ 3ls*pdhvssure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of78gy +ka5 qi,z w6hwap length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature isaaq7w,8iz+ 5 hgwy6pk 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density v1cu /wr b), ogl1c)q++ozgik of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abm3xhqc;j hg:s6 )4uq bout 6hhx3suq bg cmjq4;:)$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L) v-hpvymlj4hc6+k-c when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expvyc-) +j6cl -vkhh p4mand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earthp2)ccgf x 5fy*’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume niy*)fcpfg2xc5 trogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110p0r3fuq 72lgxj.3 itj $^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of tqlbg8mt6pqm:k:m)xq*x * h.u v / uh/770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosph) tg3,,w:eho2 1csv* g fzegdxeric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules g dhgesevt) 1 ,gxow2*3c:z, fin the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed onv ,u)/ yxv0ahvb(s 0af nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge prj fj.l): rei. yxjfj65lf mf*3essure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if fef3jl j .lm:.)xjrjiy*f6 5f the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury atk29sc lqtm-w, q bb+1y 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline jyfv 5umg 6ixz:7 l1raf+)fd 5at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around 0l,1z7t xevg/ ckqyi 5the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly on4g wd ;5,cmskddbmo84hg /9 xwto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standar y;yn5j wgti ju81yo3u(3:g 5dbjzt +vd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm atuzti(ss3 b 2c4,.oo ui 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from v su9 jqs,)+z8 ;fcymrthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thh-o-/twkzua5ffqdarcr-:(a0 * kw . srown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assus-0 -tk( 5ud*krwaa:frqoa/ fw c. zh-ming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sp 3bvyhr oan-ob+fc -..herical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the 3obhvo - yab-+.rcn.fsurface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air c p0u :9bv14np ia-yczon the following two days: v914p c b c:yp-z0inua
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, zwvyn7 y3f(p; and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the t;vy3pyfwz(7 n emperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, cgyy/(j.f ,6 e+ igfadfor an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of v ayef.dycg(ji+ ,gf 6/olume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.