Which has more atoms: 1 s7q sup9;z)p 7 b.wf*xrx6v wtkg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table ox*spvuzxpw.) r 796b7ws ;qtfr Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be z::3sva 9gr)gol7ou f exploited to make a thermometer. o u)z 97fl3ao:vrsgg:

Which is larger, 1 Coz p6oz2,o-i qb7bn5v $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium withvy.x/u srpwpx. xj7p+ .k(da, system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium vdup.,pk(w.ax7j/x.+xrs p y with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron.is7q /m6/ gesx When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curvegs x/q/6m7i es? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficienbrgu 89nr 2p:st of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to controlz27c v*dv3 k+i0hii:-r szhzf a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallics 0ridi3h +f7*v2zhiz kcvz-: strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the * 9edf e/uve)x-om+mashape ofv+ema/9 dxm*-f) ueeo a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0 yu- 30xdpwzij 5a1fe/ $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of watexvwf.y)iw( zqj8ge1 )xyr.:l r, the mercury initially descends a bit and then ywlr8fgz( 1:.ixq.we y)vx j)rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if on1mx ttefj i 8l5w;w1q)e part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly thl 8j xm);w15tqfw1etian adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of waxs1(rm8 -x(j.xj s zlinear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the injjs 1.(w-ra8x xz(sxmcreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate a6(f2yy uj -8ycu tte.yt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bu mtopt-8n1gfgz0.;lkkzu6) oyt7) iglge so badly the can will not stand up. ti-g;0gngflouozpk 1 ) t8.6yzt)km 7What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temper329 py3(,hj jbf 8b0 hh9cna3rvjkggfature increases. When a gas expacrhygb0 j92na9v8fkj3 f3hh,p (j b3g nds against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forcbnz.rfgu4 3/o5qdt(k e on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperaz/dknu.obqf (t54 g3rture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic ed*+sxfh 4hj ad5e-3rtheory and the relation between average kinetic energy and th- 4sej +hdd*x farhe53e absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law ;)3uvkr on9 lzslthqi;2/qq4 follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmp0m3 lpk.idgc.kk )bk008e blosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speedaq-+9.vg5leeph5 dg gk r cqb,)b:d)v an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velderk.d-ea5gp gqgl qh9) ,v:cb+v5b)ocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more qu wyv9ta.2wv ;bickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer aboutv;wbw.yv t 2a9 the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable (:gp c0 gl(dysthan a hot dry day at the same temperatu: 0(cgg(dpysl re.

Is it possible to boil water at rool en+u( 3nte(sm temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempex wdg8f svf-ub.- o2 wj xjjy7f77.1svrature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the.71vfsvbfxd- wyfo s-87 2 .ujwg jj7x same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated aup:d3b;vanpz. t )5fuwtomobile bvp; uf3z.tn)p:5daw engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fin03 ;fc8b usovg. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copt61)uso5 0)niwj ubi nper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a1 v9cwlo,; 6sg eto80i sre)p z-g4unk silver ring ove;9osigt1-rceu48 6z)oglsn 0 kp,wf the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often tk4/0r/aj cq fymb+jb7aken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?q7 y0m cbkr4//bj+j fa   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorys i,xfv3x)fe/ o r 78/usd1h,qabpx2ded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm an5v fgp).df5c t 0.np5 fg5c dv.f)0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lon5 +*-5z+ n9 ibj:hbzknqvifsjp0d: mbg (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apprr. un;8xj1ln noximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) an.xlnn1r8 ; nujd January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fithx1 2f9w/w:/m2 pwejrqko7 mb , rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) befo 2r1/ fk:mh 2eqxwwbwpo97m/jre it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a8nodes5 1s( pdt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamete,wpqs-6 b pg2ohka/)anr 7e y6r. What will be its change in volume if it is heated fro-6 pyweq67p/bk) rn sh,2o aagm 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the b hrf))yh-roczf0 o iu/;9juy, lmxd2)rim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2 bl 8cdk 7j2 kluhxq-w58g2:tz0 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made ofpy(3ag mxj9b4 8cqq *yb4dc:d iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a longbpb l59m11 xrg, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approxp9 l g5m11xrbbimately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the 8quexj.rbup zda/j hhwe,cl z v6- ih+y);3, *density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and widtuh( mzxce+dy1r3. w,bl/ xz.th w has coefficient of linear explu3he,x/+w(z zb xmyc dr1t. .ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropibz8jsg (w lng/sbp 75.tkat*+c solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made ox0/w1 ke ose5my* yay oh,6eo4f brass and keeps perfect time at 17 wohooe 0y 4ase5,m*e6yk1/x y $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercur8wna uj4) ysa/y thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumeuya)js8 4n/aw of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating ab2-9j*rv 6wawt7(wlzdip b kk.og j 5e2out its axle on frictionless bearingsrl ow2a.2 w6(* 9bp jvkde7-j ziw5tkg with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desf, yq.dvui3zp7 ;ixk 9ired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature incr3; p,i.v7u9kfxyq id zeases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam 6qli 0*xd*i+s,w l;vjzg - flaof cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cfbv6 -atyoc99 m at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the ot.hst,zf np2k m45o.lp8e4l Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sczz c;p8h385xhsad68 6q6ih2v snco hn ale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun arq2u/vy4ps vh 1e about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustio9 mi5zwuoetn 2o zy+5,n engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of+o2ozuwey 9t5,im5n z about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gaf 3(dg+sf i(i( lah.dj,prx8z s law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg o(8q 4lol3yuok f nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nilh c4qp 4 9e4yilq,sup8h2nd 2trogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium na.wyc9*uf h0gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35r8-1 1 nxe5ubfyr+ k2wzrg3qg.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3 -8q2re5yfgruz+r n1gbkwx1385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of e9:z o5yduvm )eo4cy+ $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buo -i2q5a cdc0dwa)kmk/x)2ot ayant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which maa5cc tmd))k-a2a 2 0k oqw/xidkes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with d1; 4kmucy*r8;yt qvfdr e5p9air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.k jg r 61q)ud*)b;oxti0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes :,0 vu:h(usz7w j d8 fym-zsbta child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of maa 1 3cnbm.r6jolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?bvl kpy2,bwk9j7 :pc,    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,mbox9pxmk5 n y,y/p)-    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.o)-jhdd 2j9n zyxw5x* 1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that noy2gc4j 24/s6xjcg0jtkp v qs95xj 0+r) gfywere also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant densg5qg4k pc rj04 6n)j9cj2yojssx20 /x vftyg+ity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average t,*a q0*gs *q b,qgnu3q*+jkqr9daee p ranslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STdg**p3e9sq 0g*rjkq q ,b *+ qana,uqeP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heli ibm.bu- 50e 8:cqn/qfbu1w (wwa cw9jum atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6 ew jnm9b/uqw w cbq1b5i.a80f-(wu:c000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temjvjvr;;8 o e hr8)00k-q ncpoyperature is incre rojy; hpocvk0qvn8j0e;- )8rased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 9 ctvl ydpv w cm3j ve9en4:-6pw+(v(f6, 0, 4, 1, wcn6e (9+4ev p(twdjf-m clv39v:vpy8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gpq el-(z.6b(wbqszv9 z4y by *9fig 4yas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled1l8mx:6bf ql y while its volume is held constant, by what factorm1fl : lq8yx6b does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is f/ 9w eb3qkv67sj5kvi given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatmer a(/ wf)qf2 qr8p)dure, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots qa)e / q8(2mrffdwp) rof their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained i8 3xrsf88z+d, ,qzov zfdod,sn an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxy9kou fy7fjhkylpbu f49r 0kf5g4 v6/ 7gen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP9jw9fk / yvum+?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino; e+ok5xhh 1homf7 f6e acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cm6h 7fo+exhekho; 1f5ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = iir9;98:l-tviiftl4 , e zji l$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,y/wum3: mwy b gbuff+o07g4,m6r/*m h 6kpybo $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can wg1g6,n zk:j)iks3q w-ji( lj5lmgbh 33 dsk,$CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperas ti8ekye ga,8( 2-sd./vq twlture is (a) 90s8tve iq-/y,2awk(g el td.8s $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a dayzf iy3t2r 9+zy when the te+tzrfy2 3y9iz mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a placeud53y7ix 5je:tby y+ 5 sw;wdk where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a pa,d2j) ur n+fk cll;)werticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the te,rkwu l) d)2+lfe;cjnmperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperaturz p,si3.pu kx.t:i*b be on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? x3kus,b ptb.:.i*ip z$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatu;4cl;aka (b*n y2jzg4 ixhze/re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boili5e)o hdjp/o.hng at a tejdh e5./ )pohomperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room f3tu f;gt0 -muo/t) ocof volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point dl)8jrfn 85jt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glyc p2.r-ae6yodyine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a die2ao 6ryy-dp .stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from ;n:oy1hof-6zr- k ii fthe surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachfoii;-k1h:o6z - frnyea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure h ew- -un6,yskoh :pqg, 4lb;bjni7d4bas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure ha:q-fm-- a8,jsh ptrz2d f9y zxs been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tev:na azt .7;i xf3(cyuu 7 pr.xpv8qp-mperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are-t iyvn; u3 f7:..z xaapx8ru cqvp(p7 hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially6ycoz :4x a;nio im8r4 28 atm. After many balloons have 4xo:6i y4 m c;ioz8anrbeen blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, a 1j1aav9h8lhncq7 vg5nd height 2.5 m. Asv 5l 8avn7ch1h1gj9 aqsume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of m a;8k6g: pjgbjatter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attain3hv*j ykt q8/oable using the best available vacuum techniques is about/j *qyhtv 3o8k $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 qze:o0p*hz)h 00nuq1 rhupw q 4we74qL when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would 0pu 004qq: *nh4phzhqewzu r )qewo 17his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moo t xqtor-s6s2:n enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitroges r2xo-t6 t:sqn) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal p a nbgo8uj51mzzo-/5gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7 bg2,0r (3d(,rkuas dp ysxnj/70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of 2 q1sf/mt1gj*1qvzyo dr3*vqthe Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules iym gf2q rdq1/ ts3ov11zjv**qn the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contaig9 ow.p.+y sxylm we9 o0tx*j0n7nbo(ned in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital h mf)bzi;601me fvzrd4as gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constaermzzmdf)bi1 ; 6vf40nt at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid)7yl v 8vd25t eizszu/ mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 6fb,2rql7tfk 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were*lt4nf0hm9;ap vamhgf *ic/ - to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass )l6. h2dusd)jmpqy+qrqjy;z vo49+bjar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptey w saw;*2nubqd8y2q) d in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1f pq ond/ m3ian y) (wut)(-6ippv0b0o95 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from t3udk y7t; f:9pe*ovrlhe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended4.t)dif u:bp g :p /ykea7fjqh793yzq against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown ud ap t3zbg:7 )yyf 9jp/ekf.47:qqihat 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3. c pf81e5xsi2u6 qnzb:gy9s6 v00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble whe p1:qbcy5z 62uesfs vngi9 6x8n it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two d:ea 4el vd8zi0s c0,ddays: ie0sd,e8:0dl c vdz4a
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dggix,0-k ou9density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid de,udg9ok-i 0 gxep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at coa i m bgb,u:7+f+ofd7r:znl/wnstant pressure, the coeffg+ d: uib7ofnrf:+ /7mwl baz,icient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify tha ma d28i(zbe7eir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (abdma7i 8 2(ezkept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg