Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the p+zme qr+bkrg4)))+u qgc 4l; okb y*mzeriodic table or Append+ cm k+gb4qygm;e4r* o k))rulbz) +qzix B.

Name several propertieo5.jxu8 mmt bwx bp5*8s of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomete5m8bw t m.x5bxp 8juo*r.

Which is larger, 1 C /*ci.g-seqt nupf/b ua(4n a.zk3+ov$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equil4rbk0y 46/vz mnhl:ly ibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say aboum6yl bykl:v rzhn40 4/t the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of a;9swqq1r.m(1 fr atbt kq+ g6vluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heats( 1 ;ab6gfq rq9r.mt+t1qvwked, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of line-dy0 28ngqztu9h0 nq9llj,e rar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermoy ycgi5p/tv0mtj k kt50 41)jgstat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel cog0t/yt 4ct m kj5jk)5gvpiy01ntaining liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sed0rvwuf- pmy) 0m50ni ction in the shape of a U. Why? )d0 5 -f0y0pvmruwmni

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead float ,mncohr,qm8mr(i(8x) (vylrs in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placedsx3 ge 4p)dt qit78rp0l u/t1p in a hot tub of water, the mercury0ieup/pq) tr74s1tg 8xldtp 3 initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may b8vh7yae1fkvta4 4b 6(v soyl4reak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent part 8h(b47oyyl4 vavkesa fvt 416s. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrmg 1;ax lfnca)n3g.s2ex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex. lcgn1.3 aan;m s2f)xg

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2 xh)kpj-k6cy+0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda w1 yvihjmu(9,h ill cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happe9vh, h1juyi m(ned?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing1i1z ne.te/ huk8e.p 6dtl- kv down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules knh u6ez1 tkd8v.tie/l1.p-ewhen they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sfqubr6wj kfa 8v pur-:ui,2(n;48vhi phere submerged in water increase or decrease ivf:rn; ij,kfh6 rwp4 q2ua8(8u uvi-bf the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how, - ptc.sz3yodr6 q7wb Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy aoz t3,.ypwr bq 7c6sd-nd the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kik,/i/-f wv zhdnetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eartuiuw66p a6r ux rl39o7h’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed 2mjtg 5h kmneqk -4k)/an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one)2 hk4mnm-k/ te5gkq j-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more q xsk kk6vxb+:a 92kgu7uickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer x2sv9 k+u6:b7 xkkkagabout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far mo *om/i*2)p,j f:fj cf evdau(cre uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sa:pc,j 2/mue)af* d* fif o(cjvme temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temper x+jbakxswzy9 t(9)t /ature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but t1,jma8 kpw tx6he humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the6xpa 1j t8kwm, same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobil 6bwlc/3,ak oegk*m mio 802wme bm2ae8lw,mck*/6w 0ogkm3 ioengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13;:w8 u(ao0klkj i7, shox;dpv–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grl0: jes,t -rciam copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in.mhxts9rh pdd (u/) j: a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mah(rputd .dsx /j9 h):mss?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken y:g 12:8 1q pufkndgopto be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?op n:uk 1ggq:fyd8p12    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recor9-lj:1u jeiw.f z,li eded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has 93wjig 9dhnq4length 11.82 cm at 0.0 qj3hn9 9iwg4d $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long tbz9. qx 6dfdf3dcvcp+5/ 3c g(20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wzml;:o u3* .+*dswez2vxr jdyh0c sr8rought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (aver+sl2ox :vzwdmh.r8 cs*3*0yzju;ed rage temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than uh(v+u ;4iv5jjyc 0hrthe rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry icc v(uhyhu; r+54vij0 je) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atlqiikk 0x++ifj/x+0v 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wix cmjf/,+xcvob c3n/a2sy2 )wll be its change in volume if it is /x v 3s +nyj/ox,2fcbwca2cm)heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350c5k: c tou4+( he5ilnr.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50b 2b*g 7j*vnfee q3trrqt*4m7 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in jxp9xd ,ncr7 1 wj(n cgy-ijasn+:j52a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a wgy7rbk,sh8 4long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of7g4b8r ywh ,ks volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in)l-*x4c (iuh9 szd:gwmp:ays the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefa.v (e 3ut3r-sgs/ba0 xsvne+;7osvcficient of linear expansioeva;r3 a-tbsu 03vs(.cs e+x/vs gon7 n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic +,en ubh y;6nxsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandn6iwd 88 eo8tzfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 8t8 izn6w e8do$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an kof:/ /)r b/rgms cpo 4ydts:(inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2/brs gky :)p/ o:m(tsfdo4c/r55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating82n;-7; ls 7h hrxb(dsadb vwv about its axle on friction2vdxbh(wrd;8a 7hvnl s-;s7 b less bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lengths 32j-vmvbo7n5l3vey6k 3/kyjj izsmay4 , ;u when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases5 kz-jmy3mynu ;2l/ ijkva46b3joe 7v sy 3,vs to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional areal dj.(mbb7;hm 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122o ;*5xs4hebcy cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scalnrwop(g ;h2;de:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scalegj. r.nte/ds9?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the i1-q(t gkvhm j:nterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustr9* 9bj tgm9mcp jr ,bwa:t)9sion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about b9j9 :mm pbrs9t, gwrc ja*9t)20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of ou1fk2e qnix4h0u r1nl +l x4j3xygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitroge (s yxek utz*n+z*1k9jn ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5erxe;g pc6qkbpo9(j . uw/ 1h6jfg3 p 6m9suw- kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is ajj:j aeu-.-ec t 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg o; y:efqyv(-ii f argon gas at 385 Kie i:- (yv;qfy?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg oc1 ,nbp;dk 4v vpxziy*,5f(j pf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air r4txpe(39 n:hr;m)5q2 ezmdvt4 cfh dinside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloor3m hhde xn;p4rdcv95m:4 qt)z f(e t2n is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with15y1opd /*jtzuk /hh q air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at av,fjr xv8mq *:3xa ug4t t+7j18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.w00 u nuo7xyt.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number -p6ymq6v uea0of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there0gzlhy.6 ounnwc /57q(c4 ns x in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molec6vx(,) (wd kzf m bno30q8rtgs,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1nwlawf*aw hdn z(q2 ;8psn9i /09knb,$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale t, myj-yi)fx.xhat were also in the last breath Galileo -i xxf,my)jy. took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic enezr;, qip-u et:rgy of an oxygen molecule at STP?e u-iq;zprt,:    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heli y2zru.*p 4dkaj-di1jum atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K..dai1z *kdjrj4puy- 2    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tej w/1sjs94r2ywn0 e .1ntpd jtmperature is increa.t/21p 4y 0 1jdswjnesj9trn wsed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given ust39r*n - l(i4xpoys/c/tld2ewk8 b in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, a/bew-d( n*3 8ot2ys t r lul/4kspix9cnd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at d1 4s dkhe1lx kfx83+w20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant,ka536dmh pd/ m by what fah3d/p5m amdk6ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed ofbfr21p8;hqp e molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, th8q5qt5 lfw9e*z /5h4e cnoc.al*kyeye ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular m*.f qze ky5qa8 *e c /4l9hc55nwelytoasses.

  What is the rms speexmu*pemr i(7+ d of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at:qjtlese o0h;y7cv2 w ;e-3 rp 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules js 11ek /cfij4 5x)qwcat STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose :w n uwt1-ldi*molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37 *-wun d:lwt1 i$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of al1x;i6tsq w.i gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, ay7b3 p(a u n11ek0nll$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phaqh*f lsy7hzh ,qkp:i-;f 8g+vses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tem0u(w,ry vq .ru(yjb k6perature is (a) 9(u r(qy v 0.bkr,uwy6j0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if thekvabq7yz d 5s3262;h1xhw - i0qf gtms humidity is 50% on a day when the ts igx2;s23qfb0a1td z6 -5mhvwykq h7 emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 m1)ehc02 ao xetg+(e el7jmn q5aya53$^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure aqsr u r/k)s,yn8z0gukf5/c. ot a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperaturr8/5,.gf q )kncuzyoks 0r/use at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature q .-jeoh r)q f2y+dzn0,afbn9on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative h,yofnn.fea9q b2zd- h r)q+j0 umidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatuo5s,*f/; wtvq x0 voijre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pre:go 5s)q hbf/z4cld.k/o -nap ssure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature o-ob hdgnf a/ok l.5 s:/pz)c4qf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roomsoh6 pdg0s.c-*9i xo y of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi:ql 80ljrug* vu . hiqs95ce69bpzjk,nt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diff.ibq7e5 d4psmuse a distance o bmi pd4.eq57sf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to thelp iz4r52lb:1 bbfu s9 interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average tracb2rbs:5p4zl1 f b9uilhea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measunf3cm*ux,w3*d x2 wt z0*vdkp b)e. wjre has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrath c(k7w zc0 a(xpgt7 s+fl4:gwzi3( pred at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much errorp*)t)rbtgg8 8 a9iq yj will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of coolgr8ait))9j* qbpg 8ty water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cyli9ygmazb4e pjrez 5y5h +yx/ 6,nder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remay54bzyagm hp ,9yre e5/+xj6zins in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, a/hhbrfz**qz70h+v8c o+ kfyy ; rgas)nd height 2.5 m. Assum+*hr/bhgzof cqy 7 8*;vh)sy0akrf +ze the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the denm9ywcltjs(; bx 4s-dw,c4snkr8o f1( sity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tec+lx9z w2bpzjwl -/ :myhniques is abouzj2p l9:yb/w+mzwxl- t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lu4rzkw r8p:i.lr auez7 6: 6xgqngs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Isx er8:grwzr:zq6 pl au.64i k7 this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returng0mk/j )tcf 9ling from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) strijt)9 lfkc 0gm/king the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fromfy 5bx jylbl6k w)88 /vf+je1n 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o r 4;mneba-9ok+ze.yrf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estima l5:jaczpwj 4,te the total number ofza5lj c4,jwp: air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules con -intqf /w/9qme+q6p, c-)tgly3dlabtained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 ps of)rsbq,q:0mj dn :g:i (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measurd 0frqn):om,sqb::jged at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury 5v9brcf;sas(c; bck ;g9htb( at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolv(jc2grn2ei 0d9pkvzqza 9)vws09*cine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were toshe. t17cpr w* fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at vrej9w /xm:m720$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the )hd z;xs ,il( z:mc ,lk;w(yyl18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm aoqo:81u az4tt t 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thevw,(-dj he zv* Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is swq.:3tmp-ia fslr i3:uspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg anwa3mq:t. ip: r l3-sfid are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from2q4j:p us k0)mnbc i y0lfm*x53jsxf5 a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the tempexjsq0 2p* l:f my5 b3m0fk4jis5)cnuxrature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure cd2i/wl.r/39d .bdrh f4 kldhin the air on the following two days: wdrbl/hf.d29h4l i kd. / cr3d
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent diffeh)klq+vebgia nv ) 5n-5). dtdrence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep i adl vq)n.b-tvi)hk)d55en g+n the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to: td: c3vjqc9d show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of :d9qv d:t cj3cvolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars ty5; r z8m5phfho prevent rot and mip55rhmy h8 fz;ldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg