Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of al lhze)t/m-.lgf5e *k,po w wvi 2u.i-muminum? See the periodic table or Ap o)i5/ ,lmzpeki2tvmhwu g*l -f.ew. -pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that cz. q u*-siocch8x,2zxould be exploited to make a thermometei.ucq z*co-8zh 2 sx,xr.

Which is larger, 1 C d t/nb3qs2o76mxc ; 3t-xadngf76 rt b$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but Byv kb7) 8lbc1 sncnv.t,(9txk is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say ab1x)st n l7bk 8tvy.c(9nb,v kcout the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of fr* gtu 9nh;uq2lsxlru ::1* jiron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of :j*lxr: usr9gl*hutq 1u2f; nthe curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficieli s ))2prm,k lekc+ s)qz:qi2nt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a s:7ir lve f.yj./fbagdxsn,eo9*4 1z diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The g/io4 1sfldbe* v 9,ayf s.n7j re.z:xbimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often3zj3xm*mudcu )pvn28 have a section in the shape of a Ud z83xc2m 3p )um*juvn. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flsax/+)eg:;j qll n6 weoats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass th) lmwm*:;lvrn 1d,gc pox0pn:ermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury in):m c,pmnlrlvxd n o*pgw1;0 :itially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidlyw+39vyo i9ww y than ad+y w3vwwoy 99ijacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient d 5pmnifv88d :1v+v xuof linear expansion is much smaller than that xv 1 5m8dv p8n:id+uvffor ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate atjsq156cbe /q )kbu kw* 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom andkwrg4 .eu)2b n top to bulge so badly the can will ng)2uer b 4.wknot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (sar 4: lk(rg;1 ony+7nrj5mre psy, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of moler5 +eklpnon7jry1; ( r:4msrg cules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spher.0by y t6/wuhc 3hgs13gjkl x*e submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased frk6.1 gs u0 b3gy j/wyhtx3*hclom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic620uu vz mmq:r i17qyt theory and the relation between av0 qm q6:ir17vzu 2ymuterage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gayj8u8 v a6dl ms6ktznr7*5o4qa-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rykupj;qn5n0m u w5 4n;5-clfb atio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to t 1vf.bf x-u1odlsh1i -he minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fif- x v1fuh 1.l-odfbs1ith what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly tha27l1zdalfzokfg8s6s12muje q y, r 07n water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propertilrfa 2kug1 zjz2fm8 ysqe 7l1 ,06osd7es of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the 6cynfsg ,gz 5mk;a2x5yep 0-s same temperature a;g-g6sz02e ps ny5mk5xyfc, .

Is it possible to boil water kk+l eu 5ypq u+c5w/1iepjp2l1 /w 5wbat room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same d1j 27 qoj h(7e/o*frgc7 ndkkbut the humidity is different. Whikj*e o2k1(jrgdq7hc7o7/ nd fch is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to openff)+5jsvnpkydag3 6 4wg pg) 2 the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engiayp5kg p62ggfn fs +34d) jwv)ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a ipygu5iq9+9 v little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there p. u6lqsi2 o0xw) s8jmtdw.ac 2 c1bw6in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number oucfx 9zd.su3wk *lb8wx:j5 ,af atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the8:s jb, u5 9wlazxdk 3ux.*fwc same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 689f5h3ae gk9d i°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?5 edgi3hf 99ka   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded18o6xb4uveo *plr,kk are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol coh3h 86k+ u; dhsfttox;lumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.of8 k6dxh+;htsu h3t;0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slab+*xdj1 qawh t9s 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–2i+/5;h(t a/p zp wfnuq9) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes bufai 5 h pwz;/+/qtnp(etween July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger tg*r.2wmgz 6 z/cu 0zxihan the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.8xw c*20r .zmgz6z /giu69 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 +kzyzoh5) 0t e$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wildprkb/kq715 ovb+s k9l be its change in volume if it is heated fb s k+ro/q7v1k b95kdprom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL ookl2:(p.bq :gy q:sa:zx r ma6f water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 2073gdrk w ( exq*7/-u ypyo2dgj $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 tnnjrtg16 h09ts 0)d no* yfo n8)ci/3gve:wh$^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can -l.rit2 (omb0a pc0pe expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coeffptb(lp o0rcae02i-m .icient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density s,sm/sh3b 3wv$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffie5 cxvso, f-v :m-/vxs vs.o)ecient of linear expanm,-evx )s o/evfcs-ov.: sx 5vsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, p5:6 kiv xj2, mb(qnnb$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock ixu+/us 4*isgmq -d -uos made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17q+ dsigu 4s- xm/u-u*o $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercuryra 8jpv/iv6no(4e ;k n thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a v8v(4pjv r6eoi k;n/naolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0ckcyh,v .*tg p8r0w*0p qvw f.q*j:rz.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocitwtrw .pgyh.** v0c*8v0qcr j :fp,qkzy $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when atewtd,04)ypso4 7 qqc f 15°C. How much stress is required to kewqt d4y),4 oc0eq7fps ep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sikb7,0 d wt 3ljlg,g;lectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atkeskp y2kn ro/4,c1l( 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaturedk6 jgz1 t.x:ml(z )2b,v*vfhe ae1ul )rj9ils on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what t1pm+g/imt(g bemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abou(yxvkz 4:ps+t b25rg ot 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion enginx2uu16sc (1jq rn0zwke, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature ofx 1kr(0cs1wu 2jnu6zq about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyge:nsv l4xgy2a- n at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2rva(kun/sp+6z-vb ul bmw309(3 d aqu 1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP0l*uc h 9xzyva6q9kv6 contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 19 t-kw2x5- rasnk+qlt0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.j yr)ticv )+*p0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?jipvc+ tr y))*   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 l8tv am.9 g(tys.4*m uc.plme kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air o77;ydumrc rp707lo i inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outso y7opmd77uc; rl0ri 7ide. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air aaidx9v7*nu h1f wqfnd-;a l:7t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at-*uxz f(lmxg( 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloonuy+e -odd;d+ 2gr 9ttun0rwi 0 escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /k 7tvyhu9u)n / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moleculesf5b apf7:dfcw/uc: wk 90,zku ?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (s+n i6cwrwwp2z+11 u ma) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumbv begdo 3f,4o.)4 -,tzndngne 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules o;fd cl/q wyr/lj zev4;/:,ai if air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assu/ v d;zir,/yw cea:liq;/l4 fjme the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationgxwsa339 h xca 71zy7nal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STwy a sgh73c1z937 nxxaP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heleo ovtj suw7f+,s0 idmc14f 19ium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abovtdsm401fcjefs1i o+ ,w9u7out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperaturj0cw - ane+pn:e isp+n n:a-ewj0 c increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2,n:ayqtpvv c xfxg,e g8 :2 77rbend7;0 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate thf8:e yvcva2rd pn:,x0;xqe7 tbg n77ge rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mol bbbhr5j1 2r:jecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by(7 gj0p a*tb70w*r1vzylu mqw what fact lt *amb7*wzv10y 7 0gwur(qjpor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a wkl+ .el.fh mqye+;v 2gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture do :*nvi 7nw(uof two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to td ni7:(*uovwnhe inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nith;h* y msnm8f w u/ q-yjpo-zen6yi,8,rogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at;ltzbh3.u j 4hv9s eb7 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mole2 nn0xbtv2q87 jyskx* /i ho8grvv*2b cules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass 9+-)coqo lyw gis 89 u in a living cel-g 9c)ql w+ooyl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gan:9 q zq,yd9zus can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumh:pl wytfcjg+h;3 rd 09u+e ,uyi.v 6h, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases:p1w i88l d e4 i tx;.djgd:lstx*fc/l can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure gkovv z)u:5bk i0y o,4is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) o0y5 b:)v,u4vok ig kz90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day j3mb/ h5jl0xg when the temperx3jhm0 jb/ g5lature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a placux fynh9mh : ,-lnr6v)e where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountaieg:-zj,1ab sf/ p ko,cns is 0.72 atm, estimate g,ka ,/oc:bpfs j-ez1the temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water i/klf:/ bym *jo;a b9tzs 530 Pa and the mtbjy/bk: oal*z /;f9relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature 8xs l5 -uwn1evis 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate prf+c9 /1kblbdsp;b8pa essure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling ap;cl/+ asfb9bdk b8p1t a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of laiifo73,6,z 1 pslkavolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its de)+bne a i(jmquuz30s( w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to h w- gv-j6v0w k)f u3 3u3bk+*do1i hhfhsv3tediffuse a distance of *h ubikhf6k ud33 tfv-0ws-)e 3jv1vhoghw3 +15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tinub 1rro+yy7c+y tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-secti+ 1 ury7obr+cyonal area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bee ;4ztgbv,ezjb5fm )/wn calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at g((8vyyp7 rvtie7u1f 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much errok5y-yi qm sj/s/ )ewud7: yt6vr will be made in a recipe calling fysy i:/ukdjye7-/t)wm6qv5 s or 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a hvs ):-fy2 pbt,ke,brhelium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure ha v,pbh)eyf,2sbk: t-rs decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculerj +jq u5a8af*regqnb4.puc6u ))uy5s in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 4gq8c+n.f5uuep jb qaurr* 6uya5j)) 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of8n3,csj03os: afi0qx b nej) h matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques ifyg+de/p-zi9gm0 6quzhu 6lh wo,v.( s abo/,y eugfhh0gd-lo.wuiz m9zpq 6 + v6(ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fuf j5o+9l tlv6f-h)c ov*8dp ewll capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs ph*w +t6o895vf cloed-fv l j)expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters 8b)ci/c(aa cij5 ,fvrEarth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of aaa5/ijv8b icfc( c, )r space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from p z/tx2u0y1y:.cfegswhku/4n6 b(w n 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume grg+ovtcu 4 1;of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the sur2cllg0pmx 9(v face of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules l9p( lmx20c gvin the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculesm 0 (fmnw.mpl2 contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hoan+fo) ar *.rpspital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constantn )ra .pa+f*ro at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercuryiyu7ej:zs n l. 2g5k+:i fklt,je3jn9 at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline jk tuu862t8hysvsv -/at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s (:7/dpowzkf)ak m/c09bq v dyequator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 25d)klvy yk1x+ 0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length sta3/-wk9viuxl36i ngqxr k7 i .fbwt(7d ndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 8(nwm j(njn )g20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eaj/cbrqb(wb vi ;oi.(4h 95enj rth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrownhv41f.l yplx b.f: yo( vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.01phofy.fyl:.x( lbv 4 60 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a deptq2m.oc7 ybf n,f( diu5 (6evebh of 14.0 m in a lake. Assumeu (ob7fe5bd cm, eq nyfv(.26i the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following tw bxwpcb11lw g0z,b: 9bo days: :w b 1bl b9b0x1cgpz,w
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the de-sad/jqwz/ k 1nsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 21q a zks//dj-w000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law po b:c xc:)-sjto show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the copbxc)c :- sjo:efficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars tu,.w c-,p wprpo prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at cp,r , wpu.pw-20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg