Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See9 )yoin 7mxt7pzw55vq the periodic table or Ap9iwpzm5 o5tvx) n 7q7ypendix B.

Name several propertiekm(kok,xg6c (s of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometekgko c6(k,xm (r.

Which is larger, 1 C p p yk*1yeow -0.1px +eubjj6e$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium withmw dnw*(y /muzl ;q)npi:7 u5k system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatk/z nlnw:m( 7 yqu i*d;)5mwpuures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip opd3,9edexp)7xb 7pof: g/zlof iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside9be, fxoopz)7ddp7xpg/el3 : of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear ex na ;onftad)2oql0l,o/me1 k,pansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a si)i.ea ,crks36w m m fzg/jb,v2mple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electri/gvk j,e ws)i m.rzfa3 ,m26bccity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often*dvqy -50o r4dy+xb wpc:(i jc have a section in the shape of a U. 45b dj-q+ xvryocc i0y( wpd:*Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead tpc1bx6:zpalr*5r; x floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in :kz0my5gtm hm u,t iabhux:*.0gfe+:a hot tub of water, the mer , b+mtm .yzf*th:umkgahe: 05:0i guxcury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may a0ym76 ;ofy 9lcw*zjz break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Ex*fol6 9czaz;7myjw0 y plain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expans8te /ixy0hpte+r;vv 09j*g.ce t8bvk ion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex. 9+jv8tp h *ie;e.k0eyc / gt 0tvbxr8v

Will a grandfather clock, accuratca0 ok66uzca 12c*dbzwy/;ifq:gg) m/c o (fi e at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top 2h80 wcr p*6*c/ gh-zro tekifto bulge so badly the can will not st6wrhft *8/p*-c2 kiocez0 grhand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushi-rqt/cu9 w 6:oisqnc2 ng down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particulars tc oqn:uic2/6w-q9 r noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerau(3 xu z(5 5c:ypg;a9qz ceji- ,oderged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from zg;ao pj3u crdz(qe5c(u ey,9x:a i5- 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law bpip hz8 1q-ge2:e:zd follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolut-z:q8ihzee2 dp 1b:gpe temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic th.1opiiwm b8 ,ueory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thju; a*shw,1 epjeq9 8ee ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the mixna e4)gsl.cs3j5ath. (-rw qt,b ws- nimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocityat-ber (t w4s wqa.3gns )h .l,5cxs-j for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature/56c :+b,jpqqqy wf yw. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the o: q/jqy,6p5w+ wcfyqb ther?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable thddn 8le (hd ql39r;ad;(x/d wian a hot dry day at the same temperat(e ndd(/ rawl d9;qx 8dl3;dihure.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempi55 (n-yl,(.2tnxu am vvjqay erature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air :rrj4h44nc su2 axt5zltt) n6 temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry airx244suj htrrl) 5c :znt4 tna6 or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cb ij slowj3afi-1.86 tsc c1t/ap of an overheated automobile ei/ssc-l6 83ftoiabcjj1 wt. 1ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a xa1+h3dzvn pdszs:l0-7ne m7 little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in ky.t 5r( (ukjqkk(qm 2a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numberhj)( 2b (k,sfqyh cfu9 in a silver rin2ksy9 h ,j(c(fuh) bqfg of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken toh g*a+p6 skup/wy5j9 o be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?u6g ya hw *+spko/95pj   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13tvafm6mh 6ff;/8zg4nbain ih- ,e, ,u6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol con :c0o5spl:x rg 1(asalumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.pocs1:(:saa xnr0g 5l0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 whe24**gco8 samtwuxu.ixjj342 0 nb m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apprhzo8c ))d 7rhrkj2h /loximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 2oc)zhkr7 r8/jhdl h)25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are tge eh n6( 2,ebwa8)tsugwy,3often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the te )6 at g8(u wbg,hs,eey3n2whole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water aj1*kpwlr+8fd t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chaf/v a72(msus a1gv7i mnge in volume if it i avis2um a1/f7(7s gmvs heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wb3 dlfhjwh f)5 m,7q40vox b09;v*dihlr6uhtith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5kn.5. *b4c xpwz ojv3i8bm53o4ja ouq5.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to d42t0 t0tcgwfbe placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained io5/3q s;o : vyg u*q xuyez.1azs/jd;ln a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction on o ejsxgq/yz:ayz;u dq3. ;sulov1/*5ly, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i pfi;x8s ttvx*:* znx0n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coe,oy : 11snas;l)m fumdd2t7 dzfficient of linear exd)ym21dlz snt1s u:, d;m7oafpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotroymm49vb;)nm -w 5)0 dyq dk8n7dfnsmupic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time+c)rfv l8)swz at 1s f8w) z+)lrvc7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140ljtt+hret0a h (xo).6 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 el htr 6+.a)j0(t xoth$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatin5z 1o( )b;d/j5eh 2sg1axifamydl5pgg about its axle on frictionless bearings wita5(od1y1 sgjf/ e2xb 5g;lmpz)d iah 5h angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whmr40zy nllu (xs(lk91w pq4k+en at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at thx wp+4k4sq(ll rul9z01ymk(nis length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-s(et)rd1+x hv0 d7hhnbectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameterj/ f;h0f)ca 7/lb)dk3hod2x jxd1 lqc 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvi 0 ): gmk4vm4gv+vcy*ao; vdign scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sclexlm;7+ynd( *a vm*lale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior omkq1z:/,ia/ u(jq rea vxs.2v f the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatu njn+qs ako9im( ;o ,yu38jyg.re of a ,+jj y(;3inq9.s o unkym8ogabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at0nf im-klgm9 fff*z9g 0o x*x( STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containszct lp7.3se72 -bgs it 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitjh z-cy 92re3xrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is ax.ro c zclwu3mit 9 9/o)l/z+xt 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas alwvp:kt//rsy)e**v e- o;u mst 385 Kumeo k*w se/ -)t*rlypv/ ;s:v?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ob afk3, ii9w.mf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves it-yf ly .;p8v0goxpv/ rs buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less densey./p;pxvroy lf-g8v0 than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aib i/1q7oxw gj6;7okw h (;q beewi/x+kr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen e ;xpvr :fmc7tk3//rbat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a v5x6u+df0q cf child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecul z t3hct5,v2k qm0w/mres / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 4gq+f54zhnt2+ s 2rcsl u mg:x1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moleb:kyc7) fc:wtag 7(oj*qj - ons,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.u-1 o n9nd5ns vm q;(xtdtb;-l1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleclg1shh wj 19a7ules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and o1l9w7s h 1hajgf constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the avera*p wxjoyl 720arr76c3 g9x2rt 0ejlb4z vu4q fge translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPqoz7btuxj*60 w e3rv 2 94r g420rycl ax7jlpf?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of thcj u t 2f( wm24c.m2skj/d+yvue Sun at a temperature of abt2u2 vujjk+yf.c4 d(2s mw/mcout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase +, ijsose-8 xgif the temperature is increased from 08xejg-iso ,+ s $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speedj uvyg5 ,7ypb9y df1z2s, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speeyp ub9 1vz7j5yd2fg,y d. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atghe+/ zs :i;yk 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is diz4o5eecw qd/n. zn l w9i17xw+1w/y joubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor do71y+jwzwie .l q4 n9x1 iw d//ec5nwozes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculk 6dai)b:3. i,sdsr cs: (xazm-sh9saes in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of nv3g )d (k6f.pb7n7mpf 3xggwtwo gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses vgnx fb7g nk)(d.p763wm3gfp.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contaibj f9x2j*3dw dned in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an ox *voz1f mf+xz3o(02o:bjka r(nh,qpbygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculk+.u94*bl * uootzgrl wv a;/gahl -)des at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u imrj0bm900 fcb n a living 0j90fbmbmr0 ccell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P g(x1l6b17s*w smjs0wn+w e yk= $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urfvq2s h5p2wg l)-0bgxanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prexhm:lpl+2l 5 ep xb3-lssure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and 49c hb fqqr0k o0*c3bhp.x7ohthe temperature is (a) h9xc*7pho30qfoh. r4 bq c0kb90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity 4nzu9vzd m2) 3zwnszb+. abq4is 50% on a day when the temperaturbq 4m24bavz )z.nsnzz d+9wu 3e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wate dz2bn;c9t)h wr boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the moumzbqb sr4hho5,vi850 ntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which watvb5 5hb0,sm84 zqhrioer boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day wh5v+bgynz) ub6q v 1cp mo3x 2;khfz89gen the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidit; 93z8xqm1nfg vobcv52ygub) p+kz6hy is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when th7ti /4jrye+mp 5z2 ljoe temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilinu,9n:i qhjod *g at a temperatu uhdjn:*q,io9re of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumooeoe2;0-nku1* il hye 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p183cng1vg yipoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a gl9;nf1,f agd rjycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15f rfa91nj;g,d $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny:9.8lhr pdewr2*dzu47su xr p tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectiona9*eprhsu 2:dl wrr.u 4pz 8x7dl area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measu/sqsrnc:(s+ kvqin xe17 xc gu *87.arre has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure*z 86mj fmms5a has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperat erza.1e9 *prxg:h d.pure. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cohpze 1*e9r.r a.:dg xpol water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After mand /cdqzb *,o3fy balloons have been bzf,c3q bd/*o dlown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wz; edzel6c-3 q *1 n7oewiol5eidth 3.1 m, and he 17cw lnd*oqz6e l-3i;e5e zoeight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter isd)05hbc+ rb:qw7 8hrdj5hkm j about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure g y3yp dil1-xz5t6is /attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abouyyd6-1 g3z5sxl pit/it $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full u u3tah gxno+z: 7j4j:capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expju37u : x:znjho4t ag+and if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the wkv: hj p8bj41;u4msm Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does u sw j:pm ;44v8mjbh1kvaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ide9/ y6sw 1cuvapr1sz 7ual gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m7xnic70i/dldbwd 3s8 l2c 8nb)wb)vn $^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the su i(e-j;pl j i8,ymw ces*ml9,e 2di8ryrface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Ear,r8c-e;,9y e *id yl8(s 2jil mmejiwpth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms spee e fkx.3.u7wwld of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = vl h4 mv-dza)w ,+3zjm2000 psi (1 h)ma,jvzw l mvzd4-3+3,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a)jcr 9xr*p6:z(psng eoa: r247amybt bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolins7g+np /x yyws.:yt.,7b khgte at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snug9 kcfx,) x nse0kvid50ly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass uiodh i +m1g-. .n 8j6.cdvaifjar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standar u/7qjd s(ox0m*lq 0- 8fap;jj;mjmx/ xwey;rd, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charg jf9cxeb2*i t.i *jsi-ed, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth r7*c)y ipz r+ 6 bxh0yiv(zp6wis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended aga .(wsi* lv, cb;wxmi3k-hak )pinst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are (v. l m*wsbx,;piiwh- k3akc)thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble*l; c v+i(lxnu* vq vqa8bbj:. of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. As(q*bb:8 il*;v cj lnvqv.uxa +sume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the fo(zd5oyq apedg0 d r*;+llowing two days: d*q+dg(p0e; a zdyr o5
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percentx-4p dbc5twp5paj *ss+ fh:u6 difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in tt4bdpwh-+ f ups*56:psajc5x he Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idealun)7m)9exkrij se1z) gas at constant pressure, the cojz9)umreeikx) s n) 17efficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellar0/rgj7o f m3dqs to prevent rot and mildew. q3of07m dgrj/If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg