Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See tdcmfn 42rh 7+whe periodic table or Appen 4cn7wr2mf +hddix B.

Name several propert7dh t0 0of+laa0r,x7ic) pllf rdhi8 6ies of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.cd l070rfpdfho67ai0ih 8rllx, a+) t

Which is larger, 1 C,l2 g -0c:rfdl bcj*fd $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal ekrlbap1,8 u+j 3q+qusr6n.gh ) oamj 9quilibrium witjn)l ra9.pkq8a,3r+q s+6 uo hbjgmu1h system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consistsuag,- 0jak o+s of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] gk u0j,+ oaas-Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansvf0mp2zacp r50:aff 0ion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control azept p)4 a)riuz)b 1d. furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts el) 4udbzpiap tr.)e 1)zectricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a se-yyt.om(izi (cu1d;bfk; bd6 ction in the shape of a ut- im;cb.zdikb1dfyy( ;o6(U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats inbi z2.ya+9-vo wp l,hgm:1-h2v le vtg mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a h qc : *xpyjgok+.nw72wot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit andj 2 . oxwpqng7kyc+*w: then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part ou. m(lq3:9 dq6 dpyvabf it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacenvp:um d3y69b.(qd l aqt parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficipri):as e w r,p*;p(urctzm /m/ vdo77ent of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Py ic7,*vu ms p7/r/mp )(daezwop:r;trrex.

Will a grandfather clocnpke 2cv 5ssi/ps*b; uur4z,s3oa * .ek, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wil ic,t 6r;nkogvq00.v -rjdrer6g),lkb 4:u v ol cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not sta6 g:cbov,g)rkn v0r-qv0ejo; .rl ud,kt4i r6nd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushinxmeob ,*t b 04)e;6-jnyjfrgxg down a piston), its temperatur)eg6m * -f4bxr,yeb;tj0 xnoj e increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumi-zd*5gc-r+zbd cb 9s bi)veer6a7hn3 num sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if t*ze7n6b9) egrbzdi5ac3 r- dc +h-vbs he temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fra/. hoqs* c)shom kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature./soh).h *sqac

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinc ,q+ +ibkbn2letic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospza d.0dmzj,x1ncc l;p +ot7l5here, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the mini2-ly uemd 7ug)mum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moomg e-ydul u)72n is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperatue ge5; glrz7i.re. What can you infer about the molecular properties e 7rgg5lez;.iof one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day+ohft*) emgt.: h3 scd is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same sf* +e)dm:hh. cottg3temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tet6b2bo,(abx gom 6t) fmperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity xmcn-.ho/v /4 rs u 7 pj/;enqcg9t)dwis different. Which is more gnw;7en rd us 4pct/oxm)-/q9. hj/cvdense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap off)a 2 8b;esnqt an overheated automobile engine.bfte2s;na8 q)

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig.fnei jub-t6206 jm7 fe 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in af7 p1f0-y(tsh lncpl b 6j-r1q 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gramrn-597pnu ylp j6c,xv gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass,6v7 p9p-5x jnycrnul ?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this *k1 whs;.ryc*six/ cx on the Celsius scale?kxy /hc*1* ;c. swrsix   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperanr .7 ga-dl1ustures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colup 8yxquta(n 1cwcque/ty /:36c -w b-gmn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0uun8(x ac /qc/w3cy ebt qgt1:6-p -yw $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 j5ep*6mo/gyja 2b.j6d-apuwss+ 1jr m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximate*a;ba lr r)7mgly 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of )rrl;7 *bagam 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger j8d .g*99x sgpvu 9gkmthan the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. Apkdus9gg8m v. xj *99g steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atqk8f5t uhc hj0qw1s) 2 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diame .cdw(8 g19irysd4ruq8fxl o+ter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from1+ 8uw8dor4 (q xsflgdc.y9ir 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim witcdam8y-m; hp4dryv.gm s :t i2c;;qu2h 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waterr yu jfgl2z*7(yna. a7 at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rinc1ob;nsk3 qs zr p,4c*g made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in mx;*gm pszm6 s1q, +peessentially oneq;mxm6gm* z+ 1speps, direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chx lyx0r70rpct-/ pu q6 mtmwo37k6h;jange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lp +swyz v.,l:o;ge )ewength l and width w has coefficient of linear exp wy:+.w),;el govpes zansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isos c.hv0qcqd6 kra3w9 zf.c y(08zgy+utropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect ti vkn47p n0cp+-pana6b 1gx a3wme at 17 6p gx3wcp-banpavk 7 n4 1n0+a$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diametvw;-3/ypdw y k4(vf vqer of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume ovvv(py;y /w kwfd-4q 3f 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical c nsglgq-7b)9 wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular-glgs c9b)7n q velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is re-zrd c)qm+ +(pniw lopo+241xz mxo4xquired to keep it at this length if toi(nm1o+ -zowrp+xl x2q+pz4 d x4)m che temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.040*6khiq7 9e tjzqwi8e 1$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 up1qcu d ;-9eyhcc9m1cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on ;brxt)r g6uo 5the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale61wlh7 undj +ctlz8m(?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in p8pkcgib f*8(i,r nn4the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a-3gjs99 tov,;9 jeqzfinf8do u)8 ddc temperature of s oo-zcd,9jq;9f )d g3i etj8du 9v8fnabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas a5ml/8zm:t;-30u y gi2)exp yc):am wcb yybh law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitro kawjdex ;o*s 6x, zm,o3e9x,4ho3 jklgen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18n82ytky:v ck93 w+e+h6(yx:kz edt kn.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is atl x:m h1q9deqdg xkfv ;58sv+j(z+e4e 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insidhmd 2.k /cter:q)r q2oe a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3/ hr.r2do2 ):ekqtqmc85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofm 2o-o86ljjhw $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves i)1ax0+hkbwt (nqn/qo 4.i)9m eyhmp its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which ma+a )( 0yb .kniqtopeim9n1hwx 4) mq/hkes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air ate km plj.8c (wu0r9.ec 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18) gvvltln8w/ i ,8bja2.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloo3ce lwm7:jsm ; a+lumhb(3(uhn escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculesic9z7e(8g vpy / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are o+v;63:a mvwp ejtzs /there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number bmco rsy9,s -l.jo uni3dv3(+of (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1m7uax xq )7tc2:s3q cd$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were*zzh(x,z o v3u also hzzov3z*,ux( in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energ x0-uckc. ;urfy of an oxygen molecule at ST0. c- ;kuucrfxP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium rdiiv m(-fe;*atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 60 ;rif*ived-m( 00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increastm.hhbq;tafj x f.eub25e6-nx-lq1 0e if the temperature is increase tnfq-;-h6e0 xutjbe1hlx. m. qa 5b2fd from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following sp*go)e us90wwfjg4,35smn69 tnh rq ofeeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4,oo s f5qr4nt,ug0w9ms f69wgj3hn) *e 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gasadvi b kkf ,z5k: -z(0 er*rncc,y9t2d at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas f( o4qrnf,e:kx5g(0i qosj;q 6*rh sgis doubled while its volume is held constant, by what f x4egqq(ko h ,n fsfr6j *sq;50g(or:iactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules+pmf f6oaee/ . in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperlb g w/s1lv/hxc de,c4.2/ vqhature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to tc/dv /cvhs,l b1gq 2x.4ehw/lhe inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of um:ts- hmp3o d:n1w3ynitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed ouvzttait4/,rd2z f3 9 f an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculecorprg 96 +y3mk ci54ps at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molectmz r8)mb2g (qular mass is 89 u in a living c 2g)tb8mm (rzqell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be u 8ob(7gc1zllsj( yi2 z(kl6hwritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran2i* 7cex,wf rji7uz ;hium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressu) qs.dpeok:c (re, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperat ihs;6s.8qk rtj 8.dbnure is (a) ;. b8di k.r8t6nhsjq s90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50%/ wrlz96ji wza9zt2 k6 he1d/y on a day when the temperajdz 19tael /wh9irwzk2/z 66y ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whp c13ab4edes 7ere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.h ngh lck:t69072 atm, estimate the temper:tkc0 6lhgn9h ature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is -p(lv63zyjaj8aidc))lrr8ux /zw c 5530 Pa and-)zja w6l(58vpalx zu 3i rc/)j dcy8r the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempe)l8 gw)j6ad- k+81aog koq d/fhy+qdnrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water e ;b13wpjtxz *vg8u6z is boiling vw zxt3ejz*1 6 8;pgubat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roog )d vfnj.cc-a-- u1h1jrrlaccd 6w7;m of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point y ;fai ne) olnb-3pxn2q.e 1; x4jgdk;of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycino84 5o t lpi5qb1afjc;e molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 5o4ac5tl pi 8 1;fbjqo$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects g ,o/b8kq 6volto the interior through tiny tubes called tro 6,q 8k/govlbacheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measu* xb12z7pp2g ph(8lmu3x o 8qba+bi+urfrp;dre has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape gab45q tads/2n6u i s,s3+s bymeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much erroqy-6jzug ,-bmr will y g--mjbu,6zqbe made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylip9 ap rn ywwp98w3su22nder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreasn2y83 uppra 2s9w9ww ped to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculesilch p2r7a 657phqiy ) in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temp7ciyhi hrp2)6 7plq5aerature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about.0hytk 5nvp (y one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum u9,mw* -rt( he6kbr3u m vd+gttechniques is abodbr, umgwke-6mt vr (hu 93+*tut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10yd-14o;a-o ivysd s3,dbd9ny m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this a d1dod s9yosy i-- by4;n3v,addvisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at 23 2 cyzmcec8aa speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it doeszyc 2me8 2cca3 vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal ga;um lm qjh11v/s is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of ca:rm i2 xej89770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressurekztp)dap3. o8 at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of pt3)do a.8pzkair molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containbp/b0 y 0hzt* 8hfdix8b1hepnchn7(2ed in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitaldw1.6xi6qg m5dkru z 6ho-/ zl has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will t6 zgr h-1.6duzldxw6ik o/q5mhe cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowfu5r6tyc jxuc1.fyc /ut a) w706jk(vl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at r-l 2grjpz/ ( ,8;jywfspdh 2+lx 6mvy0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25;n:qn tv7wx 2r$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws ti e -uhwy5o5b*lojbewu71c 8 i4ghtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length sta r*xgjr( fh a,pb1pj2m 18 pn5o-v,bzindard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a qpcv17l*4vvpr dvd wx 6eq)ko03f 4qxdzp38 *pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eaus+a,1vt+ b:dx1 jpsb 01m bvmrth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended as qywfbs2o:)sgv )(n ;gainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastf)b;sv (yso2gw): qn sically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.d+ p5rd4.r bgo00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. As d5 pob.+g4rdrsume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two*+e my qzgser 2osn l1310f.pg days: pzsm3y*g 1 f2eq 1re0. nls+go
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it ir2jc; rxe)v o,o.7w/ ceq u6ims a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatur /)mrcer,v6xw7 ;e.uoc2q ojie is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal g5k-:fznv2w.mxey(w0d s k6 sa as at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansionsne(6 dw-sxk 5m:wy v.a02fkz is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.