Which has more atoms: 1 kg e-.zp 3 iph0fp,llyjd (*dh4 )dc2n abof iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or l*4 .a)dpp2pb 3hleyd-,(jfizchd0n Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be e z*nva-7mk vz(zw.; 1ws:yqk1swmuf/ xploited to make a thermometeka n.mzsf:1k*7v/;qm (v wwy1sw zu z-r.

Which is larger, 1 C90rbenjt4 du zapdl*0b s*1 u/ $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal ve i:gg3 kiy5 +oyvgfiaq1ec 1 p09/,eequilibrium with system C, what can you say about :vy yiii5qg3 ae,1+c o/ vfpegk19g e0the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists u ..b5gmkee:o:6ayfiof aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When hee k.:o ya5g.b6mie f:uated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineqx9v+zw kf w;a q/.uf0 a(xme,ar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a f5mv +sy2r54ubdf+1d n cgbfm7urnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when5m s72v+rbbc mgny 1fd4fu5d+ it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape+1q(sgb8 omf j of a U. Whyb(o8s+ jg 1fmq?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead fi/on/. cxm )kg6aov5lloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placen owxacn:+ m.*d in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises nw.oa*n +m:cx. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it9iosmk c . y7fw83pq6fz; zq8f is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts 6y7 offpzscw. fiz98qmk;3 q8. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of l0p mqk ae38p2*fz4ttpinear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the 2q0k4f*a 83tzept pm pincreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clozs1wm d.vz)5 c:o2-w+wdll h tck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly 5wn2 ybm3xuyzt i ;ase6+o(i 5/chh v2the can will niywtmcza525h+be hv3o(6 n;xyis2u / ot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), itq0 v+5do7vaoh s temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Eh0 oqvv+ 7do5axplain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or dec rsye ng :6n-s:cvf 6aa5,cw4frease if th- 56:: esvagafn fyr ncsw46,ce temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kina4 u d8dvqgu/4etic theory and the relation between average kinetic energ8 4vd4q au/udgy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic9)oddkihcjf1f39 fn72 s qr7v theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atm(2qmdtrh0 6ch;cb q f1hm50rn osphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have tf( )ubmjz g/ .ktfy0mwc91e: do leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explm k m90./fdu:t(f zg 1b)cjewyain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water atyjkob7l.p)fx ac ),kfno)u ;8 room temperature. What can you infer about the mole )yfojf))ln aup.cx ;k7,o8kbcular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is5m - i++mm mwq4npws9s far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same m4-mwq++m9sms wip5n temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20ahdhb qv91;g 0 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity cli v3kj/b.amani40q9ikz *- is different. Which is morvn-kizka.j4 ci3q /l*9b am0 ie dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerousrd 7i1fk5x*r4)cezhun( qxz; to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine. uqk4ch 5;7rif nx)(zzex*1dr

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winte( 7lb,l k x9qu:vjgkj4r (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thti n(c5tlc e9,ere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the4um7f -lg pch osegp281/;eym number in a silver ring of the 2 efg1mh/yo748u;sg p cp eml-same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whal+go zfm9l c n5ba308yt is this on the Celsius scale?b fag y+93mczn5 08llo   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures * bk5vbzqbyq,/xiocpc -i01.a zs;g -recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol cg1h9en8 w 4-kh -uru5km)b hgyolumn has length 11.82 cm at 0. hmybn -hw rkg)u41he-58uk9g0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 k bm lwvi1;r(cio2)a7$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately4bv1k o )xxu9n8:fyse 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature ofv)k8n s1 xfoxu:yb9e4 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the kim dcptl9 l,k d71a3x9)dpk z2z 0p-erivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter kcd9z0kxi - dp3tl )1pplk ,d7ma2e9 zat 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 xe 1swrzf)5 i zk)zp;6$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chazbg1c9cl3t7c *ub: b xnge in volume if it is heated from 3b7 cctc1b*lu9:xg 3z b0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled y1b iq cg+.1,:l4uzxami 4 p4 bw(k; vr:xiusdto the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50ni9 k(8j dvb.kvfxh67 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 8 cfa-a u1dk/a$^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained inlb c8;uf)(4ufd/zu5 w.j wes d a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion wb)uf slufd8 u;5z c/ (d.4wje is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the d zz*m 2ap6l9lrensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coef6rxj4k( a)bfc ficient of linear expaf 6(jr )c4xbaknsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid tm4my; j g94c+3tdlit, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps per:hpf v fn,/1k;gzfn. u(g d,arfect time at 17;z.hfnar1,f:/d,vp kf g un(g $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm.(esv8,o s c/ u*k9izmnctn2h3 The bulb has a i/ec8t,z u2vns s(km c*93noh volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatink qn+qs83i g58l8pqwn+c w*ukg about its axle on frictionless beapwlw +nnq8sg35q8 c kk8 *iu+qrings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when autwe3vzvzo-n6t - stj( 27qq 2t 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this lengtseo2-q2 tj73v6 qwz vtz-ut (nh if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectiou9b ss+o4o ptki-n9.udlwz3 b0z4o9d nal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2*rsnmv(p *b/8 pu rt;u0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelv p0y 49osxu tqx5xc9 2w)5kb3;ftyvlpin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sjlkx 4j+coo+8n sl7iw)i .8jzcale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inter8*g1v/dz 3cp z stys0r.ua- 4 jr,zcycior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temp/r t- x3oge9nr ; glc,j8gems) (cznb,erature of aboug3,c lc(nbgr9g tmrs-ee8 )n/,jxoz; t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of huuzgwg5-36fq; 3fq.xjsm u9oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 n.7 dg7we:psfz* 9od5p bb4s rkg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 hu 7ey9i k:k77rtb+tdkg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is hp(:z c qrh4;lx(qju5wrc2 2 bat 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon ga/7(aqfzpi)s1.xmx8f v ipu*bs at 385 p1 p)/f xqfzbu78iimsav(*x. K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofkoekbv)1w( f(ti/a v, $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon ac.a:f ,(sk3yvrg3me o thieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dak., vf m3ret3s gy:o(ense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air mphx9 5jb tza*f +3cz2at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at sxx/lg92s(t z 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level akdtb4 o ;siqdu* 37ej0nd 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mohbn px fi650.vs 6*uhxlecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are thkyt+im xmq:5r 3dd8 z)ere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, lk) t:f*twheiy j.+*q    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 1knlg+kd)*p8 fiy/ c,g- dw kh5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of ab n4j shk. .)/,tkdakair are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.4nsthj,a ./bkk da k.)]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of a5c. (uoib2tlqn oxygen molecule at STP? 2(tlqu.o bc5i    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near toe 3+mm lh3iy3he surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 Kh3m3 yloi3m+e.    m/s

  By what factor will the rx)*)alvqii *rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature iq)) ivalr*xi*s increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have theccal:t-x9 6zx9r /h tr following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and/ r:c-cx9at9xrht lz6 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in ym9ek2a0k x7pa gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its voe98 wrbb(q /us7nljd6lume is held constant, by what factor d8 r69/(ejnbdwubql7 soes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spe:d+ dq5llygl3hnt c dww)1+r9ed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rat5civrw7obv6pddh 9u 2 y8;m:tio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular mv:8rm52 vuy 7w9;6hd cpbdo itasses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an j8z)lvlg )l9:anu7ai 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molec.;*vq* a,mpxwc o wah9ule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweeni z p+v ,*ubbb:hkwk53 nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u l7u- 0ggln j tbo9h77tin a living cell an l7hg97 ol t7t0ubjg-t 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cftfoe nb53hdwa5** ey29 f3d wan be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur(o m f3(u72:d heyuxfranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can 8 ty9fa tzie,fe- *kn3$CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when thf07n pb2;i0ew4 y9 tpizuuzb 12porj 0e pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) utj1fi; b2o 0 pryppz0z9u7 n0i4wb 2e90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approk4;bo.3 ewef6d y eieal( 5j-cximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperaturf;eya3e.4 56oibce-edjk lw (e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where5 uslia, 3un7wm(8kkn water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.7 j+ovmi.e3 *,ddqrvg /2 atm, estimate jm i+*q/evrv .d,d3 gothe temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pres z*ok 5 h)lkkls c)wdk0uj1).nsure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humo)l*ln1skdk.c j5 zwk0 uk))h idity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day whpwg gbi.4*6bben the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insi1o7p+ qhpxzq b/lz 0c0de a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at q z10olc0php+zx7b q/ a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v7hh-w cike0-lolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointi n)z hcev7z1e18 /ump of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–dp+l; u( dj+4 te7gbcp4) to diffuse a distance of 1+ep gdcl4dt up(jb; 7+5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tinyn) qq ;p2llx8dgxr9.r tubes called tracheae. An average tranrp qx8lqx.d);lr2g 9chea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at0 idq5/v)i :i7a 8x-nszkysam 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meo3sia r/( c+ulasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal rot 95b 4-kh5 i5eycwmqeom temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the wat9w5 qcee i4-5h ykm5bter and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm.gkji a6m; yrb-i/(.kd After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge press;gka/k b-j.6diyrm( i ure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of ayjry 1;54zsfo6 ks co)ir molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 co6 y1;fkj4so)sz5y rm. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mad r/xoou +impc xhkugkas2 9c*49e(9be , (4vwtter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tecknc6ben)v2, om*de h 9hniques is about mo h2 9enkd,*b6venc) $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 3cxj y efcnd.w3hu17pwhq1:p zj6 -0g L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he qufucp13dz.13wg:qhw j- n j70 py c6hexickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at av1k y1tlqxj y(s:y i/5gk9ip6 speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen ask1i6p5sx/g ly1: jyv (k9qiyt a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increascqc nyrw7w4k /esf;-l .q2g8 bed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77w 7dc2 1pybil*h u y;uu)pkqi ,5-5zglkvt+n(0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, es(;2y* pr lhvlrtimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s a ry;2llphr(* vtmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 737s7w ,4 cyjw.ru+4 ,adihwukss b /mc.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitd5txk8j4*y 3 kkacdt: al has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cyliy8kdd:54 k* kcj3att xnder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats ide0n*7d4mgtq n a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinwif+h( wq3 yi4e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fi fq, aym(9)sm/r0efco y; zf/7 /vgsrbt snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glas k)nqb f(upssj8:u+k (s jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, 7 at:s9my 8a)yh;tvhtadopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm 7/ m9ujt1s f ssm.8dfpat 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from1)lsd 4lfa--n4 a ruiy the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity b0eqz65 *sbn bqcvdg,zh5i fl+1v w2jy ;m;- sby tennis balls thrown vertically upward at itgi-5 nvjw ,zef 2q6bbl+ vz;d ;q1bscs0m*h5 y. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-i 8egl; b7t/i0f 2mctz8utc,lq 44jua diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in abf et ut;0i7lcj8 tu8mza2i44lc/ q,g lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor prhl9 *cch/c ar4essure in the air on the following two days: ar c *lchch/49
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron attmi lzi.wb/,4 STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth whe4mtz bi/ liw,.re the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to shomxqfy;h 11 mu:w that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume e1:xqyumh1m ;f xpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constan- mbnbid4,+s hpdk9,ktly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cs-b+np db ,kh4d,m 9kiellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg