Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the 7d wagrtp )l8zq/ed, s il))/nf3oxc2periodic table or Appen)rwg)iq f/72l, dea x8 3 )plt/zconsddix B.

Name several properties of materials thvs)i+ p)usd)gp41 zvq at could be exploited to make a thermometpus)+)zvqp sgvd ) 41ier.

Which is larger, 1 Cga9bxxp ck -*) $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is n w+uifwc90ro 4arxd09ot in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperor 00+wcw9uxidr fa 94atures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Wi gj.+fepcq8t1 7mr+chen heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of gp+cm1ji+ q8.ct r f7ethe curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linearoi rn7)zm- wn23gaw( t expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple qxv; : j4ejns:r4 gc;nthermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.qne gsxj;4j ;4cnvr::

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape qp+lf8y rv0h 0g .; 7.pfobvxmof a0y8g.pf 7v0h vfr o+xb.lqm;p U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of qi9 .yvlh1pt. lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed ixj ,8j1-ki su:ac/d ysnw3; jyn a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then /d-xy jw;8y1 :snc au j,3skijrises. Explain.

A glass container may break if onv:3 gh,at9qzt e part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than ad,tgz h:a9 v3qtjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue htk3/*s1 o mb/gu6kaedb8 )/iel2 wp1c(ur fr of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Exr(6pestk)28l1ea3bd /wm/ kf u1 /rghou bi*cplain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20fqn209gtel k* $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can8tz3xz-dxx6f kci 6 2m will not sc6mf i3x- zk62xxd8tztand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed q.3u:b y jyxdbdl+g q8:6oiu5 (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain 6xd::8dbq.y 5 buujo gl3q+yithese changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged ray;ww /yvc ;2in water increase or decreas/v2c a y;;rywwe if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic thewv 2827tke* gh cfum.eory and the relation between average kinetwf ge m.u2kvc7* 8h2etic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law x6q. b hzzm2xdjk:x7s o+ie9 ju8:9 0pgjpe/ifollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of b 15qe4moe3gv pjt j:9$N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spdhr0q7+j kyc-b1vrv 3 gw-o1 xeed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmos701 rqk+vh -db y3wor -c1gxjvphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quu3q 4u o2s5)d0( ijhvr1- zxxynrb6fkickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer abou oxbd 1v2u3-y)sz(r nruj i40 5x6khqft the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is fahfculm 1 iwaqwm9412 m4e,b.zr more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the su42w.hmw 1,9fc 4 ea1q mimlbzame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water*-om oa0:oztq at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but t*f1gklv 2qm1mrp9j h-- ab:qrhe humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid airg*j1k 9fv 12mqbrm laq:prh-- at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of anmvfu ei 4y/1e: overheated automobile ieuv4 f1m /ey:engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cp:r e85 jli3.s ):zhzttc6ix yloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in,g zm91 csso3t a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the nz3tcn 9/h iu0humber in a 3tnh z90cih/u silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thisj6)l ,7+et vqabrp(pt on the Celsius scale?t+j p ),6t(qr7vae lbp   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded arenaloc 7rj6tfj f/y5(*5 hmi v. 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm o)ptf84 /oh jfdf f6/nat 0.0f/dtp6fn o/ofj h48f) $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slab y4.l yo4ct3zks 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m z7vmhz 7lvz,4 tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Ja zzzmvv,7 h47lnuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, r/qc1 q2ujg in8ivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rigiqq2/1ucn j8 vet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water xoiq* tk /0pd-at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.xb2wd)/(+y 5mqqa w pw75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it i5w)d/q aw+yqwmb(2x ps heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 10w7uspwja ) vklvmh/05 w j5fv9,8m3do 0.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waterm067n(je5j ktx u; frr at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. Atpvxyw.b85)o j 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow f 20.1ejajpis vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately eqep10 jafsj2.iual to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitm42gn r*z* rcz2 hdyq+y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w iarj)*c xjmu3x, :h j e7fn96cy-irw.has coefficient of linear expansihm njw76.ax ui ej*y:3,rf)r -ccixj 9on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrope3d jf; m3 * cxu)3eq1is,nyhgic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfzo4bt1v x-6uhqy3 8wtect time at 17 4q-yutbthxv38 woz1 6$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 e8 5c b5(bbwibud no l)f7.ihx )s0qe(ael.0i mm. The bulb has a vc uo q8ab7i()b w0efi).l.eni h05be (5blxdsolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel ofa,89k 0dfe j8ofli,fy ro/e5 w ,qxvj/ radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearing o,8rxe,d,fyow0/jfefj a5 l /i89kv qs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Hzk06v2 c)zgutow much stress is required to keep it at this length if theu k0c) vz26gzt temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041ep*zj 0v 5ohfz7w(rx:a*5 0fg*zz mdywgf0o4 $m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20mu+x3u6ijkx 8$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperaetlz 8p8 -l.eztures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the *(lc/ h q4p20ast )rno,nwjsaFahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earmj2j1ax5 qy9 19rsiqhth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature kaa:k iail h bc*5o,*4of about:,ah*il4bcka k 5i*oa 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at dckaec7(5y.z.jke8 (nqtn6 q/w l0nmSTP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains(gom /x)fv+ oy 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitr; w4xfm,kh1e7ggj- sf/j aqg,ogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas issrbg,y 6)e dx;upph2ll j7l-( at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inst8;i,mwifg; bide a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38 ;m;i8bfig ,wt5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 1anhu3au l n/lpp m+59 av0tp8kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift b7qy( j1) hhszpy heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside.z(j) yp hshq71 Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atl6l k*0k3s vj:/ wqxxg 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1e w)-+t z0-oh*robtag8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20 u(bgchk*j00g ;nxy43a6e l7t as3kgg .0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecx8 f)tn +p tc06dlfa(aules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L:y4w 92 onfhnx? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofgmnxu gjn*et: 1o b wa37z3wc 4658kha (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5p8 s irm2e;;rue1; uuu:3ukfh.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that weq;ywp-e(1wfv re also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assumewv;f q-yp w(1e the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecun+;jqhj w7 4sqx b:4dd r1e5mwle at STP?: d4 bwxdqrj h7eswjm4; q5n1+    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun a7gale0u1- o bm4pt aw(t a temperature of abo0otabm a4ewp 1 -7gl(uut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas m bo, *ra4sqr1 fn-)uvcolecules increase if the temperature is incu)r qob,ar* c-nsf 14vreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following skg1+*v bam(zx6yjt 0 epeeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calc yev 1am(xt6bz0k *jg+ulate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas a vis b:ux0 9w0ve/3s9nc;o wdtmhxw:4t 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gapf0 09lmbt+igs is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fa gmf+0il0 b9tpctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is gick;xmp(xg2-0qz /skgu54 pbmven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at t-tpi+jmhnlk*7 m w26rhe same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of theim*n-m +p6i2rh lw 7kjtr molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitroge /2rpaw e4c (wvmvt9e70nl+mazl. ow9n molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 xon r ho,,,sib ,fco9)$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STn*x2b xcortdn-- zw:4eunk6p h6q+g -P?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed o4jj(r+ a 2svuzf an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell jajuv+r s 4(z2at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas coax0lhrr .r::+y* uh crv za+6an be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium6y ag2u 05mpho., xmdz, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases ccyv u5 )*w mp*/7gv7ehcj2ifk an $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when2(yw qh/pzqdh : eiy,9 the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90/2 hy:dqp(h9 i ywq,ez $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximgml8bay (aumz,f.;r+ ately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2m,.8luyaar+f (m;bgz 5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whhv 1r)fr0ff7 -8ww3j ztfd.dfere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particul0x bp+6 -btckmar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temtx m p6+0k-bbcperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a*nz16bi 3y/h afsv 4awv pu;4m day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative huuws f*v6/ba 3 hinv441ympa;zmidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pr:/et yyx3;fer ih*n.g essure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximsz2 el.v3q9qd4( dyig ate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperq9.ivd (z3y eqd2s4 lgature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volu:ll9hhr(g g 3fme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point z)r6s fvx m)b:onh hwl66 us,,of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycin km:xi) t ix.-1heq(boe molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distan. 1t(qbmx xhi )k-o:eice of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tub- epgh.*v3u0lbj)fk40lr yrnes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and ypunrl-b3vr f0 .legkj) 40 *hhas cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been qa5kfwa3r) .*;wdvb1gsh 4 gl calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mvjf00x jg2y. qeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How m3 ka8yovgc49 )d;ilvgnqxc) u e( 8rz(uch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, atx 4 cy vn9ra)g8vcl(z;eduig )q8 ko3( 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium w 6mnfmu-(n4fgow/f5zq2 e (sgas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been (wunn f(q2szo6 5f mgme/fw- 4blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widthi v)61ynl-q0-nus +pbbw; di, uhl:by 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tem1bu - slybld0p6y,iunih: wv- )n;bq+perature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one a ;h:tx 1l w2zkonv8)uitom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the be)oinckl(eb 0e16.q aqi5hjj7st available vacuum techniques is abo 6jq ihi5ojl1 .ba)ck(qe0ne7ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L wh:uslzq 8pa- kx7w 6he8r6cd4 hen 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this 48:uke-q6hrh6acd7 p 8sxwzl advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of uf*(fr(so0k v t.z*ry about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blazsk*f zf*ry 0 u(t(ovr.e upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incretka,kb,;nwyt* )qpd rv +2w74 wqiv4oased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77boqvi968. +tkci6- w u4r ozxg0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estima f9i8.0q2z ffcje w+tgte the total number of air f82fcj g90 ziewt.fq +molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain-yjrl 091kxpnub -f8hed in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (j, cdm, py /;9q.g ryg/qwc-sz13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric p,/cg;y,j-gz .wq/m c9pds qyr ressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at /rr .tplr n scbksv6y)7l73-p 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a9fzf ,tfz0g+/czsmr c-(cs)kt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at37 fu5h zmado. 9(lgqe 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glas n;a cl +g5,a(ap9mspts jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1p (mgmcp1. gs/-gl:s+p m.gmf8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure oft2t(* jae: wtq 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ea2qnm;r( ;3l n4-s njkzz4-pptn ta iy8rth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against 4vi *xdw(xqtv;/pv; ggravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 1 gtvx;4xv d/(pqiw*; v2m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air frp*:h js* 6dckdom a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperaturkd*dsj c hp*:6e is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total a1eizhfh:0 j ybzt7q1nmax z/ )q9 8j0water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: az7 hj ) /q aejzfm x81qtbi10hz9:n0y
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP0pzr*ai,j 3 bz, and when it is a solid deep bj0, pi rz*z3ain the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at cons96yqoo5h,lfmpcvk4 s; : th; jtant pressure, the pmhhf,: 5o 6vjsol kqty4;9c;coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumi ol f4x-./,kz *rjynsbdify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew.,r*x.osb -k fjn/ylz4 If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg