Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of a2v5)lkxewf2 rluminum? See the periodic table or Appendixkfe5 wrx )2lv2 B.

Name several properties of materials p pf/dh6 -,adr7h wm:bthat could be exploited to make a thermometer.p fahbdr7d6w,:m -h /p

Which is larger, 1 C koe g 00dfo/etm3uu++$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with systl/2n / ibob3j. po1e)orn6fhmem B, but B is not in thermal equiobnnmpol j26i .o)/fh3b/er1 librium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whcbxhw3b+grj5 q)fu f62zp2hz7l/( kaobs 3q *en heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curhp2bb 3ajhw( fs of)bkgq*cz56xl 3 72+/zuqrve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeff 2ir rm9akcxw/,e, a.picient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram o,:t ej 5pqkh6-y.b zfwf a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two str.z :h e,5k6tpq fbywj-ips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often havej/;nb:j t e3hw a section in the shape of :/j 3t; hbwjena U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury .0yh.w*pjciquv6w+ e at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermi laqh y34*qy6 :.uarqometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and thenhq*qi l3a yru.6 4:yaq rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooledyzvm wk/ :9yx8 more rapidly than adjacent y mz y/9x8wv:kparts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that itfj dxdxk8 /g6 rir)m0)e7td)rs coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordiir m rtxf68x0 /d)gkdr7d)e j)nary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurp2 g7;wdqoqb7 ate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to buln.amth 9hz )3o gmz/l ( 3wu/z)nx.zugge so badly the can will notx9 o)tl()3 a.hg 3hm/ wuuzngmnz/. zz stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidlyom;*q kpi+);u0qz0 q :wkoseu aj*jlmc.*ba9 compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas;)zijc qs+euaqk9;l:j o0* pmquwm0*ka* b o. expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphe(3ox gvkndj,-ji,no3 re submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increas3 k,ogo i(xvjn 3,jdn-ed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Chayg q49 t+m;gh :tz2nhag5fc4srles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperaturtc+hf9ang z4sg g:5ty4 q 2mh;e.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic thjzo0ltu1b m38 jgd6y 3eory.

As you go higher in txdi,z/ge.7vl.ae26fa .r.lobzq l g1 he Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to tti;vy* ucq26 nhe minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain whyc*; n iuyvq6t2 the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at rooo)1w8u:zo y3kgeik*367hph i;2bw w+ kp zjd pm temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propegb wzdpze;w h+ k*3:ikoy2wjk hu3p6i87po 1) rties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far mor(e9yw9y t7 g*d;f ns,px*t hfz 5dz+cre uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tew nyz g*h r+d,9*s5fc;7txfed yp(z9tmperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature vgi )jae+l63u(20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sam;dc6 jz+;vdgh e but the humidity is different. Whizdh6c;j +g;vd ch is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radi; j ul4l c(2f;h sst-goueqw0ldn1p*:ator cap of an overheated automobile engine. hldce1 u:w pt;g04(lsnf-qul j2*s; o

Why does exhaled air app )zub/7/ bhvmyear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.7(r kbjq4 bzz47ye oy7 t*xc)b4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atomsh t+x b3cvz5u,6.2qtni29 cy* hc mcxv in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring v5u b *9 ch2mq2ncx ti 6.ychvcx,z3t+of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius kf,e5g zh- h.jscale?. 5e- zfhhgk,j   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13hgbs 7.1j zy/z6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol va+1l+mpv yq (ba+zd) column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0m+1l+ bzp(q+a vd)yav $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bufqg0h 695 bry9sdl xo3ilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron app 0nbuvt3d7: tv1 ,zl3rdpgq*troximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averagl7ttr*n du q3bt3:v1dg,vp 0ze temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are ofte60i,xkbtbr7 un used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter 7kb txb60ri,u is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 46, ngz (mj1,:tj *0djoly rjxp $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change ig3,vb )bm d8 l5:thplin volume if it i8b , h)gvtil5bp3ml: ds heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 10x) u-t8,k* nswss5thp 6ja:cp0.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 b35+u);fvxyh)u ya q zmL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to igk:4y ouufm :1;gm(fbe placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essenprppdk5l76 o( woo k+4tially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of voll 4or(p 75p+6pkowdko ume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in q40itktp v2 9g9 ebu a/n8gh1k:dbxk.dv:r g+the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length 9.r,mnjn1 elyl and width w has coefficient of linear expansr .1lnj, 9emnyion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic+ mzfwuhe(qp1 2:po8 jsou9+j solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock im w 9qqhl05v9nlbi 1f,s made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 qlvqwh,9 0mlb5 nf9 1i$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140/sz0i; 4uzuu,xkm;vhyoztec- /;) hi mm. The bulb has a voluv,h e) z ;xm u4 z;shcityz/k;o-/0iuume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminwfre e-dg( e1*um cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with an egf-1(r we*edgular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How p6 baz6wg1lq) x.. r7tr-wzuv much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature i.wtgqr7x6. w-6 rbz luz1vap)ncreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.ci ( ))l3h,h3miu mbcf041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1 qc . t:px39qrjv2wq)j22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scalu w2io 6xg)/p kf7p s-h s9+cxk5)gywme:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what templyw*qp/s6x4 gb 48ze0;e nrjierature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in thhylho;+jup 4f/5r r-o( r.tlue interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure)y iujt3: k, )gt)gd4bvdexf/ and a temperature of ab)ktxiub 3:dgft ), )j/ygvd4e out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the 1q*xpgd;g9nc8i c 1 hc4ifj - bs5aw,iideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nio,6 esgac6- n:f ha 41(mkonwj +j(swxtrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP f medg003bv r:q8k2itcontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0xf +illl:ux20 b2/vk e$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a ly/ s1g+ hg +yf2dvja .zr)s0o35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385ylass 0gdf j2v zr/+1)g+.ohy K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 ku0n9q30f2zwahxng 3r g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves i/lw25qd-xaer qej +3 bts buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than tbxe+l wj- rq 2/a53dqehe air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atn u )v:g dcv*nepx.8d0 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at s16x */. dbn-nhv9x nnoj)fcv18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s h( 4ty5obz b*q4zb 8d .su4kmo, g8crizand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules ,d fc )/hzf2ybq:na3f/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecuz9 x5ows qtnot/ te/vr lp96.dgu* ,8ples?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moahc9 nyq(*7ix les,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5 l z52cqwd0zr ,/88 rwo6cx2buqi*xc a.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0 4ua ;wpewoue5q-f.a qt4u4 r/-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant den4.;oqu ewt-a w /fpqru4eu4a 5sity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translat.n lwr9r- sjmm u4e .e2p+u4kpyb-b m:ional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STbes j4w-: pur- k4 p.e9mmmnr+2lu.b yP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the s ub+pz0mx)umf7mb/ 1 burface of the Sun at a temperature of ab0ubzf mpbmm1b7 u)x /+out 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rmdo u tv4w0 7ov*xaj(-a(gdss7s speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increas7 0t-dso(aso7vdw*(v ju4 ga xed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units ow;joxil+ :un9bv,.;j5 ; lukbst 3vq qf km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate qbu. vn9v,3+iu lq;k xb: l w;ojj5ts;the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules)vop+ auv5co 6 in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its vo9uru m7u iaf :vqa5wh0c65z (ylume is held constant, by what factor doezv5c u u7(:ywq au6h5ri9f0ams $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is b kw*xp m-c714dsr9p3dlf : bmgiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of th6s:md/: x(c ppt7lu now ma/ej 64h-ckeir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular massestu /mwp- clxa:4j6(khnmds6 7/ :coe p.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleo.a1 ,ppddzn5 vl9/ c tsb,6vncules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moletpg16a l+ osll((j)f truccb.p;i7y: cule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distanc6yl/qi4wm eb :w6a.ev e between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 jd70j fjl0tz: u in a living cell at 37 j lzt07jj:0 fd$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writtenv3vd5y6 2rz l6 ngr0xgnq+n o9 P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniuuf2 t njn7fy:uxnw:9)m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pre8 ivk595c4-1 ykpku2ocsu kvqssure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature if,+6 3go):d9 d)bmpgwxu wjs ks (a) 90 b 9x)g6 s3:wo,jdm dk) wgf+up$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if 0axm8 gabz 7z)the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature zz8)7ga0 axb mis 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water -pv*fs 0h d:ua t)gqt*boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estt0e,ydal et)5 imate the temperature at which water b5tt,e 0)del ayoils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa a;3:pmf ;ucf cynd the relatim c;;cyu3fp: fve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempqy67n glbojag :i) .o-erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the watecbyh89 /du*u er is boiling at a temhye/c ub8*u 9dperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volu ;boki/ (wnts:ok/ 4jjme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dei ; hphpdw4id s1l)2k4w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time neyl)ahn8( jvxgmc /sdsf-,;/q eded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanl,c /a(s8ysdvgf / nj-mh)x;qce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior tj3k.nq s8*zij hrough tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectiq*n j.8zkij 3sonal area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibr6k a (rzc;.fkt9mm e*xated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meamqu pr hck:*k -hw-cb 7; obht7e2.c(ssure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How p* 36a+una9qhmqdv1h.p8bu/ rhcyc4 much error will be made in a r8p1ah dc 3u9*bpnhvmy46/ qaurh q c+.ecipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After. a)q0in,, 5d)lzoe keylwt4b,mb3kz many balloons have been blown up, th),)dall5ztb4 i30,kez koy q,n.wm e be gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air muxv9 8szzhh:* olecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume uxz8 hhsvz9*:the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom perc .nj+ kkyec b/5el/)8anob/z $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum technsqt db-g:w7 rud*) duf;9k9tyb n s8:giques is abou* 9dg bq7r:)wttky8 dg n-9uu:;fbdsst $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs toljx jj. p;z y40f8wxzg:*ld6x full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to th46zl pjw;l0.jxx xjgf8 :*dzye surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed o+. amf*umiu: bf about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle muumi *m+bu fa.:st be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is3/2yliczhn72-y k o ugaz2 ca) increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume , sck1z8w(pz-mp8 usnof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of thciae 8-*n:izh e Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth8cie: h-* niza’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecu 8rkbrrsba7/*+a h )cules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitara,l 2d+ d(p;7wkqa1lhzrq( bl has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) anw1lqqp(za;b(d alk r 7,d+h r2d at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in abrlt3txr83 ;rhnacu:-h6 g/a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli5ctts( jejhdl8: (aj7ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly fw : ur; z7uo3s2njctc6(9mwfmt- *aw around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glais) u8.b ;lfehss jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 18m d*r.tos pox*pg3 :n7$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 a04ik,8m n - kezi3ohdbtm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartw. 4n , ipc1pzugkl2k6bej6 (fh is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balea+ y/t7u fiu/og*nn1 ls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennisu1af io*ennut y/+/g7 balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) p4 vu7i lf4m14, xlgzz*,)pmf(tuy gsbubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?zugm4,,p( glzmx 7ils *ufvtp)y41 f4    cm

  Calculate the total water vab iccajymp 13)i7 l; 1 mxt.8*u.mklvapor pressure in the air on the following two days: ta )l18i;mcby..i1kx 7mapm j*ulc3v
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differen5- j x)zy*zxdivj l+(sce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the d)x z*x(ysjl+ -5v zijtemperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal ;m2kw w5u3px vgas at constant pressure, th3 k5xvmw w2up;e coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars tongbgf l*0ao8dbfy2 4tk/* w;5 xtzbb5 prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 2w 2bbt a8t55*yfdb;k0gxg*z/ob lnf4 0$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg