Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the perwx;bw c w3)v7kiodic table or)3 kv; c7bxwww Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make atixv7bp3 6)-r2mrhso xi *h+ m thermometerxo * )h ph7+ -mrxvmb3i6s2irt.

Which is larger, 1 Ciu/5tvdt:gp)6f .d by $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium withl;b 4x w- vw7c7k:jrcm system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium-wc7:7r kxcb w4jvml ; with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to ad( y7sjcy (vwg (/bs-y:pn+sq 3xm g6c strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tabls mwsy+6ysdbn:(cj-3xg/cp yv7 q(g (e 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient;ag +,alms+j y of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple therp9vb)/5kf;uinu1v o kmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel contaiok51b 9fv/ pk)uvu;inning liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the endsl(f8wy ndeo 0a.r5qe7 often have a section in the shape of a U. Whwde 8r(.n0o75fe qa lyy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floajc :q;bp2nv7vj0rk 85 btsgq)ts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placedwx,f 3ix8ax6c in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and t6w8x,i3caf xx hen rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cou;p g.cxsv+:rwh vv.o 7)c5v ooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. u.w .hv;c+ 7ovvs 5prcvo:)gxExplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is thatwxjjv k (b /sqj :c y* ;c+t0;1eef2njrarl,;t its coefficient of linear expansion v,;kj1f(tcjt jre/:j c * ;eb0x+ryn;aw2 lsqis much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,5w-qibv(t+ mf accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause itm 2g:xpfic+f/1by9r fj,v6jqs bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will no mg:j b+,x1y2prffqj9 6iv/f ct stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly 8 z )f. 5cbc4pxbpet7qcompressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in tempc5 b.cx 4e8)t7fbpzpqerature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wa5)sdnfk c;zj, ter increase or decrease if the temperature is increased dzj 5k;s f),cnfrom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charlesd6b5t5 v5x seh’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kineti65dt5shvb x5ec energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how n:n bqsh;v0xsn(k;y( Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’se j,53m)i qqor atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must haven)om pf /lvi0o+57( du trxr,t to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon ir),(5vm0t/ uoip7tfxln + odr s about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than wate/f-d p/j (0v ya9gbhlwr at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the opvf0jlgb/had/(9 -y w ther?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dr0* u oiz5zf-o . m39kk5fushrpy day at the samehu 3ikork -09pofsf 5m *uzz.5 temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room teeqvm :0eoe -)kg; 9lvja 1/cgtmperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity cl* d /qjsp6f;is different. Which ids/c f6lj;* pqs more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is danger(cmrod q ,,u:* /xzlocous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine c*lmzoxurcd o/,(q:, .

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whitywr/ g jtjzo-d(yf0n;a.l68 vfa.:xz e cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coa5 2z h-z nzvfi63f,repper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gra:5f9,qt2p pd iat51gxvrs3i4ly0 fk z m gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring o2vy49 xti35 1g05plf p:aiqkrs f,dtzf the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is ofte69z* 1z rziujp:aor/e/lh ;gbn taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?u *b:zpl1rzi ogha z;/re96/j   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest t2ik jtj/ )zk e5kqh1h.emperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 daxlh*e b:vknw. g 46:1s7 ngjcm at 0.n4*.jk: e whsagv 71lb 6dn:xg0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20g)nadf vw 3h d*n67fcz5 mp*m3 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrouqvyi7t5p): 8)p pm 5j;is obwr7cpnq -ght iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average tempet)y) v;qjs7prmp w5pin5i:b78ocpq -rature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are :(frblxbu jcz)zif(52+0 zk6o f jn ,blarger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hocbz f , (2)zxzkl5jo6 jnf :+r(uifbb0le. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 f .t(2; 9sv0ek a ybzt:*cyae0uwlmo7 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Wozy0,ktg 3w8 rhat will be its change in volume if it is go3wyz0, k8tr heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of watzl np4odk7 c)p13e9hper at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55. vp1h rhvih;s20-o3cn 50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed uvot7mz4ljv:ab 4,s : in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it ck:1e :cqaocj; an expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately eqo;e:cq: 1jc akual to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the deq1zf9mxgx g-,v b)t3 fnsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coeffi r di3ygoq8e 0t7,t7thcient of linear expansit d roh3ye08gq7ti,t7 on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrv sju( d:9ftm0+bl c6owdqg17opic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps pq 0ix64r/wqupwk -u1w*kow r+erfect time at 17 4 wr k6kqr1* u0iupqw+x-ow/w$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside 4a oys(e * sa0fms 8-u0ewgu1sdiameter of 0.140 mm. The bulbo8sg f4ym (s-e1sa0*w 0useau has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of rnal,4h6 yrqj71fzcu,k g2. gradius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angulaqg7r16r4nuzhf2a, gkc ylj.,r velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length why. 9xa bpds9awz01hy)en at 15°C. How much stress is required to keepphdb9.a)z 9yy1s wx a0 it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectrv/3 zusnwo: 5ional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2yw vcd74dm:qm-8o hqm0- :exf0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvi, w4el fv5rt:a/g58hqxu*ow gn scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sca64rxekb8wb0hx / r zw8le?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in thzf +rwvdqg/ (t19ue -be interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pres.(k0 jj faxx;g cg5v*wsure and a temperature of about 2vc0k*x(gx aj5f wj;. g0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at lu6:hfs9: 8n-)*m kldlhlv zjSTP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of d za6fph0w9*o8y69 t po jjca*nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of niq6cuwojn: md 8n+/t; mtrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is 1xaou(p9eyl5u8 /y8yukb g ) 4b-ckafat 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon galhw.ql jfy,j 51j;a: gc5z 5lws at l5lj 51 ;wwhy:ajzgfcqlj. ,5385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0)j fr2icb6p s2 kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside t;xg 3sg8e ty vjv+jrf2ir c681he balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the v8r j1 vscv 82irtf6xy;geg3j+olume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with l zw* )k q y )flw p*+g/ohcn3btt8ygv:1t3-ftair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18. b ;(il;miq0ejf7ikw +0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s syi, gir7au r-z:bc9* hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecu)g1t /nb4rsx h8 s6.5i tidci6j)nb nxles / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules? ise6r7zyx71 r m wj/u9   mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,sy u- nz3nmd.i5 4qh,n    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume e 3jsl r0/p i:4xh7r fmuj.f7q5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you ed*i wb z+s h)i)h0c/sinhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmospher*/hscb+zw0d i ish)e )e is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kiae46t/x3cj;z) /sao i 2p aloqnetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPs2)36aa c iq ;oo 4pjeztx//al?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms spett :mk8c386ic:ohkw ;ry6bkb r8 ktg0ed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abougkwbbrtc;6ky h k: 08r m6cit883o tk:t 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules 4zla4e0vwf w* u*dxwws+gu(9 increase if the temperature is increased from 0 suwuv4awxefg wwzl9 40 *(+d*$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2,h,i7jhfz: n/ gm rop3/ 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate ormz3jih 7f/g nh/p:, the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculebnrayu9;+ xi29m/o hvs in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constqp8 tz qn*(-8 ayy)my:(muftyr 2m6yhant, by what factor does yrpqn 86y(yt)-z( uymq2 fha8mt:m *y$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gasc7crkny+wea)e.; v 4 gqk2,dub) a 0pk is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperagu j9;-1kvu xc +gxbb8ture, the ratio of their rms speeds -9kc8b guj;x1v gux+bis equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed dx l1ok)jj bi)4o4k;ox0z br;of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molg6fx* dc+w-mq ecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STcmvl45 )yg qk)P?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whosev p/qj.bn5d0 4ok,nj g molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell .gj/nvk o,q d0pnbj54at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P oo6m fqtvh4z:0xz,n-sf a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ura 5j e8dqnfmk8vil12 p 3j/cp8vnium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whp ed7bi/0k.nwji)nl i6eu,b, at phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and thew1 f xau76z,km5mzh f3 temperature is (a) 9z5u7h3 mxzw ,1af 6kfm0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humiditzi:ci 1)6oydq /nfvp ,y is 50% on a day when the tempi /6yzd 1opcvqn: fi,)erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure y w j.sanz93ckl/-n.pat a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mount:j2c y2fstfb ;ains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils. 2jtbfy s: cf;2$\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water mq81ie vqii7 .is 530 Pa and the relative q mii8viq17.e humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperj/u6j;lrb8z56avu fb ature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximy,l hqn )mj7o4ate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilingql jy)4,7ohnm at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room o6l*d s m:ogw7 km2qfl2f volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ok.qbp5a o /w2mf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tut7hbim 0 xf if2)b,i-able 13–4) to diffuse a dif m ,buxith7f2-) ii0bstance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior througj 0mo 5woj.toc9/gq 5fq6ba*kl6 exk 4h tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional ar qqb k.l*/06tooofkawcg46xe 595 jm jea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibw mz d0/ ghx:;pih;-fz,uwhg +rated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at qd:1 yxejn,i vna 9ope4(*6uc20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup erzuf/6cd*2s8e; v h qu6u1p pwas calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be m1e* dz6u6u2f/evuc pq h;r8s pade in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Afb ,t6 bq1xkc/rter many balloons have been blown ucrt6/1kbx qb, p, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculesjvvjb 5 it(d83 in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heighjt(dv8i jv 3b5t 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one a0x.c(9wmb2ee d(viwr.at ka3tom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availabbmcp b8*h215qwk2wp2b0ckg w le vacuum techniques is aboutwb 1 0hcp bkmwk2bp8w*q 2g25c $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below tm;zb sas0f1/1j/v*kpv k .ypdhe surface, to what volume would his lunmvs1b1*kz;k d p vs0f.py a//jgs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moa u.b9ly;t j(ton enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize,a;tytl9(.bju and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an idi0zw3:rx be26hb r) bxhxk:jyd*1 mv;eal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of y+*h-zjuhvjlr8cu;ri7; f 4b 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimuwumej- k,54 ejb5jk;ate the total nu ujjew; 4,kbumekj5-5mber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitr nb,9z8tx- t40swihlj.bq5 q nogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi y d v0xak8*depmhb6+ 7vchg :9(13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rathv 6dk8eg0ax*ydhmbc7+ : p9 ve, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats inagb 1 xh6vf.;plgi:c5 a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a-wrwz2e*44. n fv;;3lwvugve4 gtn n ot 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s4wli*3f, rzxm: q tnr4 equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2ki.ri 1n82 rvxof1,e k0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in mf-ysz,:w .klthe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure,wmpo0e3 v ,dr flq)7if eui 8;n*9jjk of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth isxztf15l 7 ;li/s4,je nqdxhr9 $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against grav4x wj ql s6,zwsy ,.0q9x/mhctity by tennis balls thrown verticallyxjs/ .9m0s4zwc ,qtqw6y,xlh upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-dian-6* (fjw- o*cilhc fhmeter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves f*wlhcc( -*h6nf-i ojas a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapxfc ): mlqzei96j70np or pressure in the air on the following two days: )zj7n:e60x m9pfi lq c
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it +ewxwfh7 n6r;f vt3+obv1 i( cis a solid deep in the Earth where the temperatu6+v1b;+c3ev( t inww x off7rhre is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas 4cakhi3*i ;jev ux; 9w doe,4ylaw to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume exx ec,4j d;v iy;aw4kuhe*o3i 9pansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantlytapu2u/jq8fh7xdj*9 4dsuy22 ms( d d dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a hu / dx(*u7d 8sfjdypq 2a4u9 22tmdjshouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg