Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the pecws-p.51) xg 0y pwqzfriodic table or Appenc0xw1-p pq w)sfg5zy.dix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited tyerul+(* v )+8tx-u pejht0jmo make a thermomete ltv emx-0t+ rju*j y8u+h)p(er.

Which is larger, 1 C ezz/1xe,d- nh$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B civn.e)-ev bvq9a ywv/e.u5 8is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say abouv ci59-. v/be)va.nquv8e yw et the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stritw( *czeg/(lmfj-x,o0 n yn d0p consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curv(xet-z* dn 0ywoc m,(f/ln0gje? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expsku avi342bv2 ansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple/ wpm3sefarvvl:us 1y f )l/wtrvl)r.d9: 2 n4 thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switc1 3r/4 d lm l:v)er:/lfuvvy sswrpnwa9 2tf).h is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that ayhjey9lx,kfdg .( sqnk7np(z6 *po9,re fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wh.phnzys y,(g(lopfxek7j dnk9q9,*6y?

A flat, uniform cylinde+rr6n39eznt0sb pt1r r of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of waterlbad xc,f4jm9-ii1 z3 , the mercury initially descends b -1,4di3fm9 zca xlija bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part *t1tc71kkr4h xnx le- of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adj4hn711rx-ec lk* txtkacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that it g97w+ybz :6j mwsep:7st v2yvs coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–+ 9yeb7sv:jys:gpv72z m 6w wt1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 p-l 9/zvcq x+6rah/8mqk+oh i $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom iezd ax;m+1 bppl,* l0and top to bulge so badly the can will no;0m,p l+daz p1b* xliet stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston) jqggldh;33gz+f7 : uq, its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in tem:73 lq j3dugg;hqfgz+perature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submergef r 8fb46tpvvj/f,h/b d in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 2,bf r6f vf8jpb4vh //t0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lajm.7 zc+ u zr+2:t+ou rro:klfw follows from kinetic theory and the relation betwe2 zzj++mc:tf+: rk rulro.u7oen average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussr4 i8 fdm9bhs6ac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in theyd9b+ pz26wz fuxq5 /n Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mustfji/9 ;mhhm z* have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocii/jh m9 z;h*fmty for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Ws;+yd8nov y4fzx. 0thlr3x g9dg y3x .6-s zjehat can you infer abo;jy 9-drx ys0dgxh3z3x 84 e.yzgt +nl6f .svout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far mo1feuxfu f-4 x * dxs)/+y p2xhk;j5cwlre uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatuyl+f;p-hus15xwd)kf xex 2 f4ucj*/xre.

Is it possible to boil water at room te4v ,lse ,m783sdjl dwcmperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but 3iscizbi oh8-j/- r ,rthe humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the samijr-s3i-ic/hb r8zo ,e T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerwv :zrmqi.3 kd0 0ba,aous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginewba,:0md0k3 zra.qv i.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little wh lh;u7qx;k;-a9i(rxyr ep5h qite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pen ldengdf :g/ovf s4; gcbqcx)8 0e2*m)ny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number i4u43kylh- enca,rzt1 lw f)k/ n a sk /ka3 yueh1,zcwnlfl t44-) rilver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale (v*l:h9 du,p psyo+tc?,cvt+:9(dppo h *syul   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest andmwi* couri0duff(:nv+, t ; fr65kuw: lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0:y u naeqb;8u0. uq0 uyn:b;a8e0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of 7ly lp *0zfu /st7v.reh9b/oc slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron apr jushq,y*p/o-r e i,v3l5s3a proximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature o3ra -5ph/e *l,s3usqvri yo,jf 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oftelmmk,+bsh (j p4g 23lyn used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.84mm(pbh, k 2g+ysj l3l71 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ajk* tkeaan5 m70** cn ,)bsx +atjjm:et 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its c:b4 ds,bm: glttf*f( f9 zcsz3hange in volume if it is heated from 309sbfzfbcst 4z:lm t,*3:d fg( $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the b5 o cxlw8 1bq4ri-pid2rim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water ath93d8seb j+36xjcs+oz ,qsqr 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in amtm 49x(kqs w) ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, (ui36moae 6tl narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal toeai66l3t(u m o the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density4hgwydr7 ivr)f3 gq 2 ugh.o/3nijn0 . $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficien-k(eh35y tkz9s (ih77zqu rkr t of linear exprt7 u(3r-5h ih qe9( 7zyzskkkansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic /dwb m :0lcg2r21jveh solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps p pede5gva.)kw 15g:( c srwc,uerfect time at 1( v:gw 1cs,euwpae d.)55rgk c7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury tk. y uie22ic7rw0rqh, hermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of hwiu.2,kq y2 ric70er0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is3rr1gx)s iw w) rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angul1 rg)s)iw3rwxar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. H6 ehu xmb,1zia5y5 2zwow much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35h5yau6bzz2i5x 1 e ,mw $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0 /))ntht vdf ll.5cd(t.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameterh/ic1 8o w.xzq 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kby:qs2 3 ngp8xelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatuaz 8d2kvlu * a;+,6l6)ariu xh c)yeurre on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures isiljk: jd9vl6m rcz3* : 6 w8fb3iu:oin the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperaturs otkmbc43a9a7f8 pz5e of about 2t 8bpm397 cf4a oza5sk0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP ux eh/dov ;f9f 5un*u-. ybj*tssing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containy. vz(du+bi )t.ue 5kfs 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cond k qql9kca)))v1;ye;p+dre i tains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is t80vkgd6(nbg b dgtbnl/0 ,t1 at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.qf0 n.vck i0j60 kg of argon gas at 385 K?kj 0v fn.6q0ci   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of gu h)+ izd17tk$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buop z41zt9o/k 5d*-dwnx9u (kc tn pux:nyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vo9o4x(upz*kcd19 nxt:u 5nz w/k-tnpd lume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 157 baca fe5a9i,:fuc)*bz (lgr $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at fka+o 9ppbxqd.dr -hqc47ag)) *sk .y18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea levejw3vy sqpv3,5 9w;cpw v),n,ny2 nzrul and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of1, p,mjbz a9zi molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules? h. .xa +bkvbq6lrp,l u2upg 37   mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of +zyjkk+.w1i r(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumhw*v 05tog7 ((hky ;fwhnbdp xr6 j0p,e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air vg of9gd) 15 u7dz lsf.c218kab* 6w/hfajuveare in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that weref1ufa9j*f7ugbg5)elhsc/akd 62v zv w8d o.1 also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy ofesq p) .d0og9a an oxygen molecule at STP.9p0odse a )gq?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at + *o, nffw7(vb: 0oovxkpv yz8a temperature of av7 fbzn:w 8oxy o+*,(p 0fkvvobout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mo*d*i3vksgo+x*;a ws rlecules increase if the temperature is increased wvx*a3 g* ri+d*so k;sfrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of k9fjibh+ut 3l sx6 x-e6m/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calu hs+ix9e 6 3bl6-jtxfculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at nvry:.t(bi ;km 29psd20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume +u z7 uvo+1df7g5 0egu-irxy ris held constant, by what fa7ze0u1-oy+xru7rdgf gi +u5vctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of m5uk(k 5 rq3yk 5u 2vh du-kt.4mrqwie4olecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture o8q(nor7 vy g3v/r ey7tf two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is ernvoy7y /7g3 t(rqv8equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containe e peunz)dcq i9wr h57(yp3/t8d in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed o3lz0;iqj/dlwbh 3d1of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between - 7l+rf, duxdr4hck4 hnitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amsl ++1m,8*h5bkuzu.aed p dgzg(yuz2ino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living ce p.zh 2 *kd(5e bg+uudg1u,zya8s+lz mll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wr )z 5glh6oc(psitten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,bae3v xg z-iy35rm0 y7 $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressu/uzs f qs/n(u3hcwz) 8re, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which pha.ei0k+xls+ n0g6g,t3llu qz sse when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9s0nik0xg,g+qzlslu et6 3. +l 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew pointpl 8 ox0*sp53 ,u4cx.dx sm8lkhpmn1 g (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tp* sp,md4cm kxuxl5p8x .g108sn3ohl emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at al2boe9z+bi+ o +qk;nn place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 a2 ofhixxh3(z5tkt ,3h tm, estimate the temperature at which t(xh 2xf h,33tzkoi5 hwater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a dng ecr ni;l/*-db0d(x xb0 ,:(- qkkomobq0bnay when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative b: nrkqoqc(o-b0xe-kd0n,x;b(gn *db i0l/m humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day whe1)7u z xcm.gis)ze s-krfb p/tgtk 1/tss85c)n the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boil1:j + kumxeuqd1jpv57ing at a temperature of 12m17v 5uk:up x+j1jedq 0 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room ofq0 ;mc 6 xbej2zpw4 0z-g3swbi2kvnt- volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d,sht+xypm wif 7(045 ykj/i eyew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a gly4qj,q g2, nglycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distg,j4q l,y2qn gance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny hgb rz2u4 mdy9z:u*d5 3b0yhn tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional a5h urb4 zd 3z0:m2yungyhb9d*rea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meayr:wa1n8gv3 574b .rb dj eflgsure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure lfv)1z;*qbi phas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roomq6lw() m0 lwge*umee x;)dz9 hpdf7. k temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the wd wz le0kp;6gx7m* ))9fqmeed(.lhw uater and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cyli kou ) )8w0rcb 10tfwrq9/tvoqnder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has d 1)qb /9rtroqk0ocfw8u0vw)t ecreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1qgj mt(bei i3n) q/qawxeb* 3s4tb5*2 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is ()*w i/ aq gmq2q5 tb3sntjexbb*e3 4i22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density.df+pa 4o 9pdn(cm rt* of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tn 1+ ldr6wq:ib22z boiechniques is about2rdio:b +2qb6 wnizl1 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity 4fhbp j.et3f)1w ,mpu*w8tqyof 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs )e q* .ffb utpj4y3t,wp8m1hw expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed d32na+/ lhlrhof about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what ld/l2h r a3+nhtemperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is inh rx930f.um*:zuhljtlb e e48creased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of w7mki+:nm /rg 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric prerkcdi, ;qkud55u+m6dssure at the surface of the Earth, estimate u um6d;c,k +q5r5dikd the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules co3vjcwyh: (, vdntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder op,c;jtg 5l7g vm7-ob ff oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the 5 v7pf,lgcgbo -tj7m ;flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats ih ac2,77f igdh5w olk k6/crl7n a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolineb3rs0f0iu+c b:w5a fe at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arounomjdi,o+94te d the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glatfe5- v(4la yqhq-ikn/ 6/ rllss jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted ihum:63hpmdj ) 3nfw i,n the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, ha4 c9 juui p3(eqb517qiq waj8rs a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thtsv82o9heo),n cn e(xe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity bkhvd,t v/ a4t4vs+ 81ro w7iqc d+hl4gy tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must reboundq r18oi+4/c47w ddslaht 4htgv +vvk, from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubcb bf.*b o(-yi(v oem1o-df3x ble of air from a depth .ifo(3d( bcy ome-bx 1bvf*-oof 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in ku6 dfbee atauvms hh(4 + uki; t3j4+)s8,z;gthe air on the following two days: +k8 jsdehmf+ u4(;,tu; gkiezbu6 a4tv)3sah
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron*+m434y fk la yl+wsgw at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the4+4wlaym3ykg+ *w sf l Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal fg/w 2 kfg/jl;lw5efdh ,, c.qgas at constant pressure, the coeffic gfelf;/wfc,d hw 2g lj./kq,5ient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people cons+ y;jp t-m;rxltantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept r-;t xl jpm+y;at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg