Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Se0po9/. af cm ptj40ylie the periodic table or pcy m a0po ftl/4i9j0.Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to mazdiv :98-cqccv. 1jhzke a thermomete- h:8v19c i.vczc zqjdr.

Which is larger, 1 C-/lm :p;zmlxh $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal ce;j;t*2wn- wxbwx j/a0:t lr equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of ;l xx wwc*bj:rn/ 0w a;tjte-2A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alum;p tcn(8q hw2hinum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will(2 8h;cwpthnq be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expans t2kxjutct2 xx1)5zu7lbe;p5 cu 9,uzion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple w,athc69 p1 qvthermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different t,aqc v9thwp61 emperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixelh4;gyf, jdhd(6bv w7d at the ends often have a section in the shape of wd4;7jvy g bhf(6 h,lda U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury atke 67y(j/ohp c 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glasz+1w5 )jztripp2- cwds thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descejw-z)+ wpripdz2t c 15nds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heatedwmqep *)r2fvau-xg- 24jj) u )wmjkg 4 or cooled more rapidly tvfxquj22a - g4 *)jw)m4m epu-wgk)rjhan adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass ipdgbq 0wpn-xt5g n/-7s that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex. / pt q-nd-g0b g5nwx7p

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 8-skpg* pv+1 ge sfjt:$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bo hd z2n(zm-:l2 cvrfn.ttom and top to bulge so badly the can wz2vhrzlf 2(c-:n.n md ill not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a )*/y zx e0k6p su/vtj:axn2cfpiston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting whasxkynte* cf/j p:avx/2 uz60)t happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged inhkpkrp8i6i/ wy. : ue*rrs *ohy- f0e) water increase or decrease if the temper wk h.8 yorihskr6efp -e)*:yu*0/ pirature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law followw+du:a /gzbp/)n zz ,gs from kinetic theory and the relation betweeaz zngg +b):d/uz/wp ,n average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theoryc-ivuhvb/ id/2d qq :(z ig;+u.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosl xq;3hmv1 d2m i9j0h .s(yflcphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object muemz-s*k :-e hhst have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to ehmh kzs-e*-: the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whatbkawu,tv/w ( , s8bz mc w66kbhfgj348 can you infer about the molecular properties oc wb8 4wa8 wmjkvubfh6k,t/, sg3zb6(f one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hljp 4ltrb ;f(7ot dry day at the same tejl(bl p rt74;fmperature.

Is it possible to bod*zomk*mwr 6 c+ai(; ;ddfcwm. -di ,xil water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the 7epgc5nx3p8;cmt*hg )io))awa * nuw air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, thatgc xnm3)o5;p acw8)*pn 7ewgih *u)e dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous k )xth7l;c5ih to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.);tkc5h li x7h

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter pmjlm klm93/:(Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pennys dypk gzav8 8-(-md,u?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in w,*pwz76v 39np dhj69e xzjha6g7apxa 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver riavj7pph zzxdj,p9whn3766 6 9gex* wa ng of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to b ns.yxp7qkx 28h-pf w4e 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?n87qx.y-2ksfpwxp4h    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and f 8k dzxg xrtck3 i, *qy51v9x-rwe2g-lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, 6: /+o5zff ncw9op: ovjuqh5h wk p+q(the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0ohjk: +w655nof: c (quqv9 +/hwpzpfo $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lo:8u;mnvyhtw. og/ -;v hc8oh ung (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatel5w+ jn+3x b(2jk8bsgl*dkbhbej93d q y 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and+k*3bnb x3e k+wbjl58bq 92d( dgjsjh January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often uf s 3y;t1x;xcised and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is p3i x1f ;cx;stylaced in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water/o wabh17j tyokx1d 34q1f oplg *(g0m at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diak+ 3f05ra*mvmfatsc/- l sx*,p vg9etmeter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30 s9f 0*k-,c am5aptgrs fvx+mle v/t*3$^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.a(h8vjyb/pb c1;vm wrukeh 5ul- o.,v uga8,,0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55um: b0zs q+d jdq62njloj)f+/.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring1 nemfnp2yfw4* fqgb (,zif53 made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vesso .r a-u4o t:m,umju(mel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefa utuumomo .j- (4r,:mficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changejx2v4k vj5s*zz wk3y,mw/( dw in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lebusl9))rq 2lu4kz pr*ngth l and width w has coefficient of linear expansir ) s*lblupr 4kqz2)9uon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, ry;:nb h pjthc(v:s* 8 vksy/wk*9 ek6$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of o(vhxi (*idz(brass and keeps perfect time at 17iiz *( (dvoxh( $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insid715b fshf0cuiv o 8hb2e diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.28 vs hubc1ff72 b05ohi55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel osbx 0 (dc96fcjf radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on9j dc 6sxcf(b0 frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much - yw- bmdm55banf3:dl3 b4ngi i:8zthstress is required to keep it at -5-:5ahw bznb4: bdmg mf3d8li nt3i ythis length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam +.fvhq kuiz9c*p + b4fof cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2-d1 mxsnpecddv v9-f 070i u+u0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: k , ,jh9*k59xr(yjbj dn:uyir6uu 2di
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fa/+d 9r 18-pvbps-jq3vmo rnprggj0o5hrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thekcfzx5 *p9f9h kl ea nw/;*;ig Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatugy /,(sudpza6nw- kon/kir bi;av2,9re of aboutba-g/ or2yi k/d6; v sup9i( nwk,an,z 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usizu7txius(s)q j,bkp1)o a 89 rng the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 m8)t :y27lj1 j cfbhcckg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containsfx(gp7/c7 cn0lfvk/imi 0 ;ob 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is lzd;dvec f;c1)w z(t8at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insx s6r8n:xize 0)p 7sdoide a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3856 n) pozixes078dxrs: K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k hvtlh4am1u *,g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air in/zolre)5q) ogside the balloon, which makes it less dense t grloq)z5)/oe han the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with amuh+j2)ucg3air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 xr* ,oj7ccyp0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hay/5g d :iecjfh,6pnv2nd at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of/cp5 1dy7*zigt,d(+j9hes i:wp8dmf jdca -a molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there i .n sppum(bee(xe8sy1k;im - ,n 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (3ppsl )b*ma8 ua) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumegluq)p 1:nt mx:iw0)b 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2. 3t+w j3qe4bdf0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere w3e34fj b t+dqis about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energg6 p4:fr)nzw:jh pt o,1et 5g,8zkra iy of an oxygen molecule at STP8pg41a 5i),er6z gko,:nf :pzjw rhtt?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfacm2.ijmh6;7qf ) u bzlfe of the Sun at a temperature ol6bfh jm;.i)2mu7qzff about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms(kaulmf*ue 8e5k) 6af speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from6kua)5 m8( faf kuele* 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followin-/j48hjsp,aat fr :4; miibeng speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4,;-tbij r:jf,nas 48 pe4iham/ 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.cp8tf5,x f :10hsrzk8 4zzute0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whila-z1p/7l4 bm8wm a h84saloj; 4i dynhe its volume is held constant, by what factoa-lh;8oj pbywsm844 dn1/lh 4aa m7zi r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed ofof)k , ftl/anyv5;amq1hp5i/ molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at t hq.9whqbt 5,yhe same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molec5.bh,wq9thq yular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen ddhj( 4xp7 bu0molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms sp5g93ubp,6mt bldc34w 0omidi eed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen +i99; q-zcn 0awimrl tmolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u v*upw* p4zri -ny.)uprap01l in a living cell pyu. prr4-z)pv *upw il0*1naat 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =t)c;o-t(n 8s;w xea w*6i fhrd $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraesb(o69e7 egx 7y2 ndknium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phas92* z6uc yrhusv y;)q7bi.quces can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phemq 7t y/pbfrp/ 3g-b)ase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 fqgtmpp7ey )/-b b/r3 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% (/k n mjfbqs*1r8o:7rmvyp2 zon a day when the temperature is 25 bs yzomf (j812 /rnv:pm*kr 7q$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watedrb1vs+d; +ca r boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a l5 xmh4 gnvbb06vo2* 7gmyh5aparticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimatem64no 7y5b5balh 0gg *vv2mxh the temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperaturh8 qb3 q i1n0,gzk6ku0llb2gz e on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative h hi b0qkllqz 63uzgkng,10b28umidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial prezt2r) b+l 6,r-p trzz(co v5gjssure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if thrxv c 7f)v98ihe water is boiling at hficvx)8v7r 9 a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volu;mphka+d(ru4k r-1 z1xzxhg-qz6 9z fme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of fu+mygrqmc b:9qysug8ma.g s,:nfm f;7:3 w 35 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13l (y qi.,mwl*u0zu oz 2mrig;wml6x2 9–4) to diffuse a distanuu ,9gzill;rwyz.m2 2m6 *wimoq (0 xlce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insec:5iv 1q -zexz5em phn0ts to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average traxe-e p05vq h5: mzin1zchea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure ha m4x*atm w34rbs been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hlp-ssya 8zz ,5as been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. Howmd /7 0lylm2bh much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water anmb/ d072 mhylld the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initi/5ha) yg1nrrp ally 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remainargn h1)y/p r5s in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number x *tgfpvpc .+3of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatfg*vx p3 +.cpture is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density +9:ycdpo+w gv7igpqst n03.k of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techni8py.xe+7 oijblz .y 7nques is aboutypxi7+.z8y.e o7l b jn $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L k5ty pe;dyhs7e6,lc :i wl3a/when 10 m below the surface, to what ;:,7 3ktl cale/ pehws6y5iydvolume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the5knn x5dgc3hj. sc,r8wjys7 7/ pjfyl :t8k5p Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle mus strfcjn p:gd75j ,xcykl3sk.n wph5/75yj8 8 t be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incra ef7gyz sx8t8.jltg709 6uqqeased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770, y/3ubn -aavx0(tp atm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface v o 409m-xudytof the Earth, estimate the total number of ai4ov-90yd xu mtr molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained inkl/g;s8e sn 31 n+blyi a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gau*d z)eghkcb4 ,ge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow 4c) kd*b,egzhrate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats imbkc.4 piz e e,0h8/ l1ecur7vqo9v(dn a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline83yy,* kib pdz at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at m ux8, *zt0bd40aqcw4 iv.seb25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar a;py h/ u8nlf0ft 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 18 j0s:u3ym-6m)fgnq : x t5bmlg$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chaw hl1(cy*qf*ig df; 4jrged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from th*; mlxw(c9xxu e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended aginff2 )a.t2twa1x-u) ,qs 0 seqx)osyainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis -o0),wyex sf)q1 s.n)2atfi s at2uqxballs per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble owy w n*2rs2kt(f air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behkr22n(s*y ww taves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressuryf gd-cmp;5 *xe in the air on the following two days: *xdgp-5cyfm ;
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differekcjr4,l0y5 vqnce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep i jqkv4 5y,rlc0n the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at coa *+ ec udewa;j+hyql-t0p+9lnstant pressure, the coefficient of volum- tp;e0 +ulaq e+lh9 c*ydjw+ae expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people conskzy)ok*j;w/prj45)hh 2 z tx ctantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a h/ckh*tz 4)yjz hor2j5xpwk) ;ouse (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg