Which has more atoms: 1 kg of -sa;8rny -g gpiron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Apsan y;pg-8r g-pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that m+xa9 ltw6ex5could be exploited to make a thermometel+m6ex axwt 95r.

Which is larger, 1 Czr 5 i-anx8 bmw/r68j*) jufjn $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal eq:ww:a /avoo,ei hd/;nuilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, andd:via;o, aowe w/h/:n C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When hejy4l 4 jqk32ww3+up01d h ttrtated, the4l0w1 yt2 dpt kuj3rw 3hjq4+t strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expaeozbi /cd ohq4e :c -qit*/s d,g,f4;gnsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple th(1bz2l -mzqau;wlt, q ermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury thatzlu aq2blt q(zm-w1 ;, conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in zwea*dc8qct 9rf*1:ysoh)hlva8 q46 the shape of a U. Whw6l 8c98e*h4 :yc) atqsvdr1z* aqfohy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead fq)qsg ppz 26q nv2 /oy.l(bkl41vx+ggloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placetrdpv e72u5 smbwk*: x153g ted in a hot tub of water, the mercury in5 ewb2v3gepxtsm 517u k r:t*ditially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if;wk3ulb5t/z j one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Etzl uw3 ;/jbk5xplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex7gb.ruw ,7s5 rjnm:e o l;0sij glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why t,ljuos5 wing;jsemb77: .rr 0his gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, a8y e,bfa2 l1jx v(jt1;;gxmxoccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the cu9;u(vvv( anrw5p xx7tu(-ae an will no( xu(uu5ew v;- pan7t(vrvxa9t stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pi7odzkze u( s-116xcusston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these chano u7 xcu6d z1s-z1sek(ges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrr6jpnub+,, wb7 zud 3imq(o+ iease if the temperature is incuuzb q,+d i +i6j3nbp mo,w(r7reased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows frrol)j*z 7qf- 9zsli+ 0l.qqyuom kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tempel)*l q-qiy+jo9q 70fzzl sr.u rature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows froxyny pk/a, uzeow-42 cn/4 z+em kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospherjq9hu r3o3gdema/a :z)0t jn,e, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the E- bs6 grjj-f+9 e6cu fvzjln9s7-lm ,/2tilklarth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth g6 jzlmlfut iejsk cv97 9+ /6sl-jrf,2lb- n-due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. 4+/,mdab1 l4;9kn+oo wyrp/xcmj ijk What can you infer about the molecular propertiesx bd1+c9+;4o mo/k y/m4jn jwa krlip, of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more txf4.rfxt w 92uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same.tf4tw9x xrf2 temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at 2v .th:n89heutzp9oz room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperatf32:ytvv+ya)t8t sc w ure is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, thetf 8 wacts)+3y:v2tvy dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerou,djxg *lmo4 .zs to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile4 gm,*jz.odxl engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little wata 75 (vp-rcw2g 6mh9k g:dwnls7 ov/hite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3(k6j+r fo k(v5popfgp a6tr 5s8t3uh+.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comparf8,j l 1d4)dugjnhyp: j65fjfe to the number in a silv gn86 fpu5)jdjfl hj4f,1yd:jer ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is r*5yds;s.z v xmw7lf;qq;j)r (w lv:aoften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?w)q v sm lldr;vx*wfj :.7;qr;za(5y s   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempertb8xij9-n 7pjlg n8/ zatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.829u8 8v u4uc ++kio 7ayyvbuwd/ cm at 0.0 y98b78 aoc4+kuu+vd /iuv uyw$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is bui)e3i iu rx-ph*f3o a9-gwrnq4 lt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroug:4v xwwkag(-zbb9 jytd3h-1 fht iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its hj1-bwz3bvt49 agwf k -(y hxd:eight changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole aa2l8uim)j7sn re often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 nj)ma7s8 l2iucm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water . 1 7yo8c*zqpuj.)e4jnum etzat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diam/ .1pjuq0/tva pmz+m zeter. What will be its change in volume if it is.u pq+v z0//zm1 tpjam heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brkiel3eog3 a00b ;vd) pim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waterq 4v+tfgea4vw, w;,9rsxcml 7 at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of ironm2 ;h xouc*s; ev:ipm). At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so jr cjr-q z:u,3 iof76v co1 hpbxk06cie/ 4z;cit can expand in essentially one direction only, show that thc6j:pcro0ci4,vef xuz ;br6z1/oj 7ckiq3 -he effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i dpmavj+zm.rjyn)k /v01 1m4 in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and afylj -++qg.fgn 1x(r e oz,8twidth w has coefficient of linear expan.foltj qr+ (+xngz8a1fe,-gysion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropicm 2elr 8 c(l1+w5bbpvoh o59cn solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is mp 1/z d(wm+,qqz/ollfade of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 /q( lzl 1qm+/ podzfw,$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has ax0 n0ajp)wtxx ; +pk; ebkpy96n inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.aewx 9j0p6;;k p0)y xxtn+b kp255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheelyx d-kyy lh9b uu7w(imws9* 44 of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictiohs l4*49 yx 7 m(wk-wudu9yiybnless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°Cc,qiw89qbkb :nh :+7dw-3+ n qhemx7lt6wy mm . How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the+hqi-9e7t , nhqqbn83 7l ckdm:xm+ ymww wb6: temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal ste 427yive2clb04hs9 cm vj t,ucel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1221gthi4nw6sl 1rdpl9:7z v q/g cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempwclgx*u r:)rmb/knu i 5d0,ic6 7erq+eratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the 83pm*9q toprlfz1+ fk Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abn/ne)9y fef) uy*8vk eqzp.b e-w0 yg/out 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric preo;brs6n4x9io ssure and a temperature of ai6s; n9 xor4obbout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of ox43fz uxk dtp(syl6u4 +ygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrog 3wk.j8 e,sbb4zl.gq men ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen.rrs6qj* ykz :j s88yn ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1h:c n+2cvqe- 2q:gnkg0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container 5ewfs(at+umvzqt 43 4n 2,najholding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3 v twafjtan+s44z3nqeum 2,5(85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg oh- r63j5ufqxuo0-dv u n7u p3uf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant l5,xkb66qqasr jy pc:u7b w l5tfxt4ww vj+).3ift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air ow6xw,vqs t7 63b jay tp. +k55brjwcuq4x:f l)utside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1b327le9g6 8tbgn hobw 5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at8bh0:h +t kdpa 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level an.aj2xto(imgs lxlh+*o l d43.d 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molp18o l ,vch 6snsxy:w/ecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moleculj9axr sv 4rb sx/z,8(qes?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of3b0,+g5ihk/bguhh9ih i ni c- (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumed v)7h7/5hpdq t a)cnq 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eaih-y7v3xdq s, a+i+icch 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath x+diiay hi-vqcs+7 3 ,Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetih5re3:i)l8 lh5l3 bzly hcp2p c energy of an oxygen molecule at STl 2 r3)l3hyllhp: ebh55c8ipzP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the sutnvya o )gpv6+/h v4-wrface of the Sun at a temperature of avpw6 /g4-hon)+ atyvvbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increa fpv)9p+:ctm ;dzb ag4se if the temperature is incr;zgv4 +a ):9bc mfppdteased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 43ybj) wt2iqgfhm xd(ls/q 5; ., 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7,;y s/m3gfw i.qb 5dtjq2h()l x and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gasvlznj*og 3d,o wwq1l ih+ t7c0/x7.yy at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubleptixcv m/z *,k3:rk.5adx* rad while its volume is held constant, by what factor do:xc zirkm* 5ax3.,pktr*dv/ a es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spee0 zgr3/p*a srmd of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio ma2 c6yavns(cza688wof their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular mas 2(avc m8wy6sa nc6az8ses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containecmqj:f o+wu*+ d in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxym3+yq jv++s+ twi,tf6m z3jqjgen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance be-iaa g:)gie6s m nmv++tween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed 4v m.cqg 1dgwzhi:qgdat 8i ns4;.-n+of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livinwdd qs 1mg8q:izt;- .i.4gv+ha4 n ncgg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P xu4zm8s)for + = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium) yqf sc: 9cilb,5t(jt3v 0qcc, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in9j(tg06wb p 2/ mxwuu p-tncp7 what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pf1i goz+t yhh(8j30 gxressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 3 gzg0yh h1 jto8fi+x($^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humiditso1cyqx*q / gnz 4 nq:+1ve5fpy is 50% on a day when the temqnn yp1x41f :oqg*5cvs/z+eqperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a plac khy2gopm m6 39ba;cu-e where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a part6 kg9.ppu5y hv4-zyljicular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water bop l5kzyj9 uv y-4gp.6hils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day rb 3hhk48lsrjvh pz- nmu396 0when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? h-4 n8 p hmsbhrzvu6jr90lk33 $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tdr/nvw8x2xe r9v 9 ;ic)cq2 tmemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boi0:c 4rbp72 nln (psfdvling at a temperature of 120 72 srpnfvbc( ndl 0p:4$^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vo n+tqub7rdtoyq/r,06e9 l- melume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 vziwkh:. o 7r*$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to difff)1xa g+l2dv yuse a distance of ax1+2 ylf d)gv15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of i (j.o+.55lfwi/pk ududontb 5nsects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long andjnod o+5tkp.w/5(u l.d ui5bf has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has be*vr ran97r+z plq( :qren calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been call/iu76eqtlc,be w a )3ibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated amw fiot+a ov:w0av w6a i295o-t normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool o-w6m +0fviw aiat92o5a vo :wwater, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28ju) .e8 qkr6 0c(lnaha atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction ok jc(8lh.r6 eq0anu )af the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengthx/ e6sxqjhd, h9z;)z -ktx(zf 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperk ds -hz;fxetq zzx(h9/)6jx,ature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about nlqaoi z-9l tv)7q hbj0;-ty(one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure 68xincfy 9-*grclb q ,attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboutx ,r*-q96bg fcy8cinl $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when2keo1gyy nb/ / 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he gyo /ke /n12byquickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon y4uj5l wzs:;r.1 dure enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle mus1lrw.uy;4r5 :ud ejszt be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incr o ni wk71v1gt78tdm*jeased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o(y xtqp x5j.qh-fit09f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estima yvgn 7am *5r+l0 3w9q eqw3hamsnlr1:te the total number of air molecules in t3nvs+yagna 9qw *5wrle 7 qlrh:1m0m3 he Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed o u3kj9i,om mjf uz28n-f nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen u:ey m 1 bypeilkxbr /5,-x3il3sed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) bek x5m,yib/i -31r: elx3ply and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercuryh)z 6lub a9wq7 at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol9cnj ss m gvkf8-*afhc 1x*y+;ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit sn,2gfedy 0uwn5;sjlb 9ugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jarw: 41rh /jrec( tr 4-tuimkfo+ln(+yp at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in tx9k2ry8esgd36 upwhrn1p -j - he 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm wn )xsza;v-ghnps 8 :(at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth4ahw vd2u; b8n is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gra9 8ugd2al+dwe vity by tennis balls thrown vertically8e da9w2l+gud upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherir fnpg(o185ts cal) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constantf8o t5pns1g r( at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapomr t4*q )ck04ro ajvp;r pressure in the air on the following two days: rcr m p*a0jk4tov)q4;
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in6bzsrw pk2c/d;g*mu+ups: 0 s nff6)d the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where thegsm0;6p +ns:)cuz p d6*/wd2u bfskfr temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show thd h t 6kgcafuj qa*9xw6-3-3)8sm,jp8 awlpsgat, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal w6gpu9)3s, ajx * 8h-twsakpqd-3lafjc6 m8g to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dezlf *il zl(:a n+)3evnty24sphumidify their cellars to prevent rot andn yf*(2iapel)z+nl3:v 4l stz mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg