Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table t1-cr lf1c oni i+gl5.or Appendi 5 i.folg+r-ni1ctl1cx B.

Name several properties of materials that could se:pjjk o v* 1rso(vb*gc;l49 be exploited to make a thermometecv:j* 4v(s*o9jrek;1p olbg sr.

Which is larger, 1 C gy n8(h7fse9q $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equicw/f)/y79 laz ,3i 3dpysj ws.m*qtfolibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say ab*w 7i .mdazy/,f 9)f/sjsqpwc33oyl tout the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alum c wexif,,r8y2na* uc7inum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of th fa,uce r iyn8,2xc7*we curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansione-uydt)zfx)n 8 j):,wd 5le ksnk*+yb $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to con3 dl u;3 8(ouyzop5nqotrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. uzl 3nq(8o5 do3o;y puExplain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in thez um k:tz0p5(ca-lr g- shape of a U. k zt-zau-m0p(lc5gr:Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lee5/qxm s mek1 hp6zk+qb2c7,wad floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a /1yj 5y 8jo0p odcgt 0b3b*ahshot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explai5ojgo0d81*ybby / h p3jact0sn.

A glass container may break if one part owibz+o-n+hl p4y:5n wf it is heated or cooled more rapidly thy+5b+-wzlhnn4w p o: ian adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansionzyr - w0ho/vc- is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1/zhvy 0o-r-wc). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate atc w5 ivtqor0 ,r;aqo- 6j((xfn 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will caus43d38epaaecsk um;ygu +u 8e4e its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will no c3gy3aukam4de e puu4e ;+s88t stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly comp/0xd gx+u + ogmaf/g;vressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in partxgmu0a o+ ;+gf v/d/gxicular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphercg kdqyqis 4v4n/ :*b8e submerged in water increase or decrease if the bqys4qc/gk:d *ni8 v4temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory am9uetc0dpv+9 k .i fe-nd the relation between average kineticume- ecf .v kpidt9+90 energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gaiq-az+a+py3r*k a3o iy-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eatq cs l. c4t.6uxcg;6grth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spe(lp5q05(w+p 5tb3qcj 6c*ume vaow qked an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Meuq0cw m(qka+* 5(pc6 jw3opt lbqv55oon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates mor/8p3y c(t4peo9 lq ygle quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer a89tp (/lpqey 3ylo g4cbout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid pzx748d.34ahx; 1l;llwgqgzy u c9lv day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaq41wy a g 4d 7pxl;.3u8xv9cl;gh lzlzture.

Is it possible to boil waaold k6 306mgater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperaturet)pg2zl7yz d/ is the same but the humidity is different. Whic/tzglz) d yp27h is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerousw kq64d, pk u*zj9j9zf to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile en99qjjkf*6,pkwuzz d 4 gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–2u/zb.hyrt1x5 0a kx4n1(eoty 8)?

  How many atoms are there: 2gvfwq)8yph6mz ooo) a263wn ,sy kr in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in ai(1kvw (3kec1n 4p5h z wpc9ho 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a sicpp w13khh5ce(ozvwk i4( 1n 9lver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thik(r8eao1wug6 s on the Celsius scale? ru(g 68kewoa1   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temp zc3ha+/2wqk ueratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, theut. mbos v6./uqa1z3 skk qt.9 alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.01tkauv3b z um6q9.skq/o.. ts $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lo9cefgvzrj 5a p:v 5.(avv :ci5ng (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrougctg9c g0( /pdrj :y2lwht iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temp0tw9ryp :gccl(2jg d/erature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often us*5c. 0 ywvi2aqztqix2ed and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter i2.t xc2i5 yqaz iv0w*qs to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at al p*ztgit 3+ 0o4*myqzww 9j94 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volu8 pugu4hc l;0ome if it is heau hloc; p8gu04ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the(lf4 m7ytk6 yq brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at p)yk g7vqmu*( 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of c72u(mwq r11 *kt+1 fpo-gy4qr ntkkv iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nabsv,x)4 -5qko ( nfx*vlmkz*brrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficiq ksmfn5xlv*b4-*k(b) x,z ovent of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thmxozq9at 5)2(1px0a3f jxg le2yz bh9e density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and 8ldd -f;d2m+ ifudd2 bwidth w has coefficient of linear expani m;dfdd ud-2b8d 2+flsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic s.jp /ud; qn)bwg3*ikmolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect tim sg d(jcdz*9+fl ikum/k e-yesi 4d2-9e at 1-u+299mg ed y-kdd*z/ksii4 (elfj cs7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The b3 z gp ij9si8jx9 ,i/fh,4cyzyulb has a volume oy/z8ypfi,xsh j3zc 4igj 9,i9f 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical i)w a uauj692g,;gjdkwheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axlw6ug2 9j)jaid, agu;ke on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when atelg .k6;yllcy4pn-; r 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases t r;4nk.ycel- l yg6lp;o 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 12 a7glpo 1vx4mr qqr70.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2f8 yl2wncdc hik719x(0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin ss+6 ehbeo 3) -nkau xcarn+y8/cale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit slrh//viy,c l+cale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the p g*tzsxkx( u62-dmlx :6sidj, 9c7qw interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air auyq5;wfk1iyaz33sg)t -d xw /t atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2)/yqyz1w35a kwxt-;f3gs u di0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of n7wf:r)z) kv,irx7tayz) /on oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen+7t0jrriq zs8vt n3;o ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitro+kt8*i*kndit. qs 5 jmm t90y rxrpq+,gen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is 1cfe*h p8wf;y:k( kk5xkuh ,i: l pes0at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container hol s ylmf+ 0+maeiy*.o1nding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 31smiy nmy0 .+f+oela*85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 6j sg9uwz .7 p1bss5yi ;;vxjskg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloo u8*ukjre. m)qdivq .3n, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume k*mqu 8jivd) ur3q.e.of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with afljmqxw;nl 6pv 3ux,*2:n+ 6ajdvp/xir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at z/4xtg,wgog7zq3.ac1 s h c .b18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ball oo5bla))son6s; lsy* oon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculesu8+yjcyh75tm / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are t 4k *xk r.2cv*tbo45lf 0bjofvhere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molestmk*1 t7rfzzt+ cso3v hss7-1,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.k zokpb.ri fz*y:-0.qzo 0 5 92sfljeu1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thao3 aax)aq3f6z t were also ina3zaq xa6o3f) the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ener e8 ( ju6,d)-9hdbaott+bdd kxgy of an oxygen molecule at STPbutk( dad96+b- xeo 8t)jd,hd?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the v2n0dus v n,0esurface of the Sun at a temperaturenv,dve 02u0 ns of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rm+yaj8v0 (2s fw(r/j4p hxvg yms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is incre(f8y 4ys v0r(h2g+mw/vpjjxaased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, p7zwdwn-9gd78 o ai-kr: x/cl4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 87w l8rzdwk-opcx-:i9ag d/n7. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mol w2j(vspaifz qi9uv5y0ct, pw1.5 *zwecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is he,38 6dy6ks 2zpauhyw ssk7dd,ld constant, by what factor dad3,dwyy6pszsh6s kk 8d ,u72oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed ofu d)b( 56t7u(it x+mhhhktwmld6cr*8 molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the 1ak,e.wt1pyssame temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of thta pk1sew.,y1 eir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of atl *mxnm wdfw:jn f3///1f5d nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms9:,nr -t4eog f8 v,hc3ezka1zgd s y.k speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moo1czs. 4f5ta;(;z noxzpc 1te1fu b*51o vg hslecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular ma or/ky*r jadu246kj+9lai:jy-bri: qss is 89 u in a livi r42qk9jyuardablo: ij:yj* /-r +6king cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure Pnjqro1 kbq1x pd u)o4df 4.phrp(17d) of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,+j fzi, b,p1kw $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pha- daa :f3wj56/sy;q*jjf fbwkses can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempe q oksa*bs j;uh8;-x9zrature is (a) 90 ; k j*shxu9oba8s q-z;$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50 (th.h mz6cx--x-u +/kwps gyf% on a day when the tht .z-6sg+xfxkhp( c/m -yu -wemperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wat 4:e7;g ;/ck z4a kqsurk d(apbod3sl.er boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mzqr fm2*or xotx2p964+ kmc bq5s/*bvountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water 9*xtqkbbsoo z2 x r6+*4rpcfm2/5v qmboils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the pa4 *hp+ zjr*ykartial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humid+**a jhzyrk4 pity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day w v19 3/elk0y1rbie dtc o/kvz/hen the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure i-dvjdr8c20z. fp ux6d nside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperdj6 zf-ddp.0x c28vu rature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room o xvopuln))/*a8k9ngg(y0j e tf volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its d0w45z qnj7su w rq(jis;er* 4xew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to ubw+u+4 3rstrdiffuse a distance of 15 u34rt bwsu++r $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tgnasotro5;1g2 o6 n..0xdddriny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-;nx.1 sa56 d2o.tgdogrnr0d o sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at i 3mntkacci1ky 2-8xep*ko 3, 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bee o0u 72 x *f(ju,ncdloly.9qlfn calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much c + (yy(jwi8/bitc,wg error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 b/t,8wyi(gi yc +jw (cmL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder ix art:bju97ks557 woz s initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blow:a t95zs jbwr7u7 xk5on up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number j : q*pi.tk x:vnpy.,tof air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temper :yv.tjq: piktpn*,x. ature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about d9jvhk) y+ pg+vod8bk kr.:h;one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availa lw+,1 mer)n1cwabh 0able vacuum techniques is abo1r bnw,1 ahc0 l+mwae)ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L wpsova4 06-n jqhen 10 m below the sua - v6spo4j0nqrface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere atjuyrgiqq nma. g,oj,5 ;d45t6 a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and thistuqj56iy,;djnogqm5 r 4 .a,g is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased cew bi/m )q 2.f8xkbbg3ii; r*,hzp6ffrom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumez/ptyz .p/72 rbqmr9 q of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Epua6)ey*k 6 8qxqwr7 narth, estimate the total numb6*enp 6r7 )a8uq kqyxwer of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a+s,tp kse5hof ,azo: 7 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge 3nr9sl wtwdrb )9gf. 9)j96dt rp8voh(o cvr6 pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cbsv 8(frc9oo9vwr) wt.9 nr3 h9td66l j) dprgylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl on6b4f :-yofq yf liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a* .k9vrrp;ro9oqj 5dut 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator anofj, )f6v y k:kj)trln: aen07dr75:e: b ohst 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass javv j,qytq x-4/r at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adp 46t3ydwod slh7bwf;x9 ;yg*opted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm l av50 3ocias5at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earez+elr uo;yiqk+*w22 y+4m ay k:el +tth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gra9swx*wyo(84m nvp u.x vity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.(nv84u.w9ys o pmx x*w060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spn,zl:y 7n6duj f 3.phv w1im9wherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume th,n.:i7nhf1 wvz9pwy6 m jdu3l e temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in t7e tj i(/qhoo;he air on the following two days: o 7i(;q/ejtoh
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differ,2ezfcc4 (kikence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid dek42e( cif,ck zep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressurvsuzt,m98ht8 w 5kl;i e, the coefficient of 898uvk tzlt;ishm ,5wvolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to preven5 eby e,62juhgt rot and gh ue5b ,e62jymildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg