Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg.6t7d lsqgk-r of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendixs-k dt.g 7qrl6 B.

Name several properti.www gtmu(v00qp) w pd;(x.km es of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.0t m)qgxkwmvp . .(0p;wu(dww

Which is larger, 1 C9bfwa(-armm* ezl bm 7v*m7q 9 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but n ln+c1jt dc.-B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, ad-.n1+jc tnlc nd C?

A flat bimetallic strip py6djq f5 gxe 1534t7jqzg,wv consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] v1gy6z5p7jwj f txe4q3qd,5g Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linea9k 7edg)1 bjjfr expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furna-ieb+zayfvk:2m, +h zce (o+2,f zh km v-zeby:+air other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the sha2 0d+x( ljd-od:ocp *l7+ s4wrmwabxlpe of a U. Whdxo*rod-d4 w7 pl0c( 2ls+j+abml :xwy?

A flat, uniform cylinde7( 30wz6tiycez(jmq w e ;u9qqr of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed 7,z ,64fcko tcrfzp w1;g6qxx:ly jb ;in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially desc6: oqft 7jw1gb ;,xf6crx 4zzyp; ,lkcends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of j:z gh6p0c:;5mz us c,nwiw/sit is heated or cooled more rapidly than:zw/0 gcz h ,npm:c5sswu6;i j adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glabw8as5.widlik f ,qa d2/smu -+.ggrwh9.*kiss is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller thgbkagwm* ldf i,ws9 . a5.- /k28dqrii su+w.han that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, 7fmq 5pgml* o)accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so z/:d y2d4gyd pbadly the can will not stand up. Wh:d2zpdyyg d4/ at has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pisjxa,r7 -f )b ny0u j73,mgtojston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, ityj7fg ub) mnjsojx7,t0a -3,r cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sp1iq4gve7 wpx +ug:6nnhere submerged in water increase or decrenx ieg:+pw1v64 u g7qnase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinqko(hk /25rex qch30d2w7yo ta.jk; metic theory and the relation between average kinetic eytq h0e5 ck2/(j237kqmw. odha;o k rxnergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussaa5ut69y)h *n0bp dki(p 0 cuvtc’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosph+46pjlgxxfr ,e vi1bc,8l;e kere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an,lm :m shsxbns.:i;)q object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for ts i;bqls)::, hmnsmx.he Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room te*bxi(bni .k 3k l7)i)0jcysgqmperature. What can you infer abo*k)i7l.3ky0 xgs(jq ib) ibcnut the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry daybs(1* qi,f0, svpaxlw at the sameb0al* qivsf,(x1, wsp temperature.

Is it possible to boil l3bho +aca1.j3, ;)tyrny laiwater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tcn bm44eam2d-k -gj ,r(i6huo emperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at thegbou 6-j4 (dhi-mmn,ak2r c4 e same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open ijf gl: l32r j64xz5 gdpzqw,+the radiator cap of an overheated automobile ljlqd6gi34+ p gf,w zxj2 :5zrengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?6k+ /,jj ok08lm1nyo i2dqs fd

  How many atoms are t x0z w3z5wd:jfhere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms qa+ 9o+:yl.or,gla/8yv frf sacc 1; ain a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the samg:,1aoa9v;yl/s +oraff q+yr 8c cla.e mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Cels ba q4ot,.xg r43cwkx+ius scale?a kb+3wtcx4rqx4,o.g   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatubso -yfr5 7,exg n*fh9res recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, l7*( xm,q gjzmn62nriqj)2oqthe alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.nj2 )iom6,x7 2lqqzq(j* rngm 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway if8h ( g(:x 9jvflzgzr3)hw*nys built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wr3yxhj8*l*b vaought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and bvaj3l* h*y 8xJanuary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, r+rr-eiq: mm1fi :5tqaps c4t g1n,;w bivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed qsqnamif5+t;mi-1 wcetg p,4 b:1 r:r in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a(kzsgsb qy1l 2,)r; ort 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its ch01h)c 4lu bhrcvqv (k;+er7mf ange in volume if it is hearvckl1 4e+7hcqf bu;h)v (r0m ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wit: emfa.: eae) vfcfx3u*s4e o4h 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of-lxjqto+gs 19t8-e-sd h ubh0 7cv2fh water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made ozthq;58tmal (it 5f-k f iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exp-a88 n2l unsnzfrc9d 1and in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is appd-s8f nzl9an 8uc 1n2rroximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densith7.lz.nt4gol0apg 4a y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear-g u,yk1 yvvhe-6tmz: expansion-z1,: kgvy te-y6umhv $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotjy49eqr7p) h cropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and k/ skw18qyuw a6eeps perfect time at 1w ks8q/6 wa1yu7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermome1 i;jxyup) 9xmter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumujx9i;m 1) pyxe of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about i rudp;gkaxtjb.m(5*wy ;4 akxhp ,6a6ts axle on frictionless beabp hgyx(k*xa;w aa ,k.64dju 5t6rpm;rings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length 2ntofriywr), o29dh qs8 99jh when at 15°C. How much stress is required to r qw, f8h2dtjry9s2 ih)n9o9o keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross 4ra7lka6jq(:q+ axy c-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134f8bn,ll53 ,*l* 0ms osv wy)8uiqrrmk .122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: q zt bx67rk,4 tlh0eee s:2la6
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on w j a:yvq;n6; (ghnca*the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the int30qm)7)fsp ni. o zxkaerior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pril d :wn26z b )sb9; bbfwu-m0/2zsdgmessure and a temperature o6li b w02/bmsdzn;ws- :mb2bzgu9f)df about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the iddeb o wm4x8/7c13am+ uwwt3c keal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contadtch: avj:2aj m59aih2 .8a frins 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP conta-t k0mlvq/ u d8tne218yxv z9rins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas i-v3op fgz f5 wunpo52y*j7p( vs at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.( .i/ig7h*7*fllz,dlxyk,zxmfc h ;h0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at z. h,7;*i7g hiz flx/kh *yxl,cmlfd(385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k-l1n gf/sxya q+6oa tw.5q qn2g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating erh(5 1)a1a)am qlxe:w yo6al the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume1qwa6el l am a(1 :y)ah)oerx5 of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 4nr. kwm*2cdo oei06v$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.,vy-nc hs8 qqlii;z;/0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at : xno8 amn,m; 4jzrg2xsea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /omto3l2arq po,99 fd- $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are i u5)) fn, oof1ex8trr/ 7zfpyc c.zr)there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number o .l pffc j+pvd9m +c9s5szy48u(ljcl1f (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5+ej 58)yon6g /yzm v:fulebz ..1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath yb m8rs p:zj7*ug swo)2( uihq6ou inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo qwzmp:ih (s )862sjruo7 gub *took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationalmn6 r. eydn5ok sm1p z4q22m6b kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP2ebry1npmz. dk2s6mn 6m oq45?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliu-l1p w2 (gcycim atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature g12clp(wiyc- of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incrsfr 9vcv; agehs4 a)*e0u6za(ease if the temperature is increas0ef4 9v*6(aharsgsu; cevz)a ed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units89*p:svexe awh+j a8a of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rs8hw8*9p: xjeaaa +ev ms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molekrxh7lv;z .gz+ - san1cules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is d6mj4+xgkm w8 voubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does m8+ g6vkjw x4m$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules i uro.pvfq in,j1rt,lh/9b oa.7y8v r 2n a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixtum+2bepb (+,isd2m+sliu.hd zre of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is ei+se2u+.l,himdd( zp2b bm +squal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a6d vdwt 5nyhy,3m r* ;9oo)svin 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule vf o:,xrr r102yqs 53nl ;/shwyozpq:at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distanc mt fi9+ov8 lqb7plon yj6-y((e between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass * joo7b4hy0ld is 89 u in a livin* yhl074o dojbg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wiot8, tqz gh3sw-k3 /aritten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,ilyc00;)u,vvv m dsg5o kr+s6 $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whau zhus:;,old6 t phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when73av sgn:7 x2 j)sgvdt the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 3 :tsggx277vdvj nsa) $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when theb)qnjwaqr 0/ 4 temper wnj4 0rq)qba/ature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a a3i5 tmbh+j ,upum:,iplace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountainn0qk.6kcf* i bz4sw3j v6k ca7s is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperat76ji nkkzsf46wacq3. kb0c*v ure at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a de6z6v7im -7ppnjp wg 3wjy;n 9ay when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and th967vwyj jmi;pe6 37wzn p-ngpe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temiqc1/ bwx 6,etperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water4sl:kee da8qsv 9 0f4i is boiling at a temper i led80k ss49:4fvqaeature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of voluelu r y+w d8dh1/egja 7h/+w3dme 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pointnjp) sz5xhvnc08t :8d of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule fzps)7ub,r3*pi 3zl m (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disr)subm*, z pf3l3zpi7tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the scg/ .x,(o w taxfgvtf+7lhh77 urface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about hox/ gxc (7vl7afg hw7,tf. +t2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hh90sz bl;tq: fas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape fb 0xv)l f b7pn1*ra,s;rl9gj measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatureww-,70nal jme. How much error 70n,-majw lew will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balutf7upf3 +q9h*ptm8e l9f3 +pttqhu m* 8ufp7eoons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room e 7a urm-:-*ebyxu,eg of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatureex bmg7u ,y*er--:aeu is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is ks/w(h w-gh ew0 0a*j.7 wpebxabout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vaccey7jky0 x xd,0g70 sxuum techniques is about edy00,7y0s xgxj xc7k $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 m6 mu,p 5b5tusq6 8mpyL when 10 m below the s6q 5usy58btp,m mup 6murface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere um* z.f25oa; hsfxjrey4 ;ob2at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a brigzaoy 2es o;xf.4* mjbu5hf2r;ht blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gc)zfa m le;-lxso sz2**mcp,+ as is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofyx2cf z+.pe1f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfacep z03z/ yl,f 1q08k3uytr;c9o virxbd of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. icy803xb r1fvr z 9l03zdq; /pyu,tok   $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules con,k+zlr , j:uonwi:1f ntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in k./nl 2 m lg:au3mv2lvmze). -q tvr0ra hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,/v.)m03n mla kvl ur qmgvrl2t.:2e-z800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of /l4z uccbzipoj1-t9id8r0 5 mliquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinttd( 1v gw)s6d alw-y7e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroun,kk-utr3c jpsh/7 k -cd the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontossyd;(l)z i-vqv)s cp c,ni7 ( a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in)ccvmb,2y-dj20r ,xp f hll6x the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fu6b( ug :wj5 nva, bqopbh-3is-lly charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is/y2lpo cwu5 h/)+ywdc $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tenniskv jhp2;cwzgzgt(.k7j um0 *7 balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kk (*cp0k7g;gwzt7 z2j m uh.vjg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases s:wof heqg46d2e f)opeahrl,c/c,-/bz 0 pr:a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is cons )-p,,zro:ql/o pas:cf462wg h /erbhf 0ceedtant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water am 82go8 ctro427pb q,cofzcsl 0ec-4y0tt;j vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: cz2;so240 ym jtgr8lccco8aqo0 btepf,4-t7
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in thej2cwex;oq7 h;ett+q tj q6x 7. density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deex .;ct7qeqhj x2w;ot +j76q tep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at con-h2j 5ntpvm8istant pressure, the8jvhnt pi5m-2 coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars0kk rrd kb*l-q:(r/hu to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (r0hlk b u:q*dk-(r/k rkept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg