The process shown on the T-V graph ifsh0e-a em 6 zp(.,wyls an

  In an isothermal process, there is no change* (vhw)p y6tbg in

  When the first law ofu 5 2qsr-1-dxcdb cds) thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volul6iy3tvo ,q)j me with no change in its temperature. This , l)yi6tq3o vjprocess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally fpvu,g, 5vp7bm2 ayfecl /4+fsrom 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gasa2e,5sc+/muvpvgy4 ,f l p7bf ?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume durinneu u7;.i ) +; letm8or7swlqrg an isothermal procesu 8u77 i.ll toemr) ser;+wnq;s. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothe2mm7i:twa, t mrmally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. : iamwm7 m2,tt Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in au tpu)+(;f9fqods ) /has/iznn isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat withsf nihz/doqa); (u )9pst/+f u its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodo;g lu5 rfue1qc;55m xynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volum xe* ml0lrc s(:(-pnqfe during an adiabatic process. The final pressure of the gaf0qxcl*n:re -sp(ml ( s

  Consider two cylinders of gas)bj9 vco;5lui identical in all respects except that one contains )9olbuvi 5jc ;$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical iccd 0v(q4fy6cnh 1; run all respects except that one contains vyu0(6dnrhc;cqf4 1 c$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV d1zy8b(hvv+*7ahdol f,z/wb miagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there in ;wo zv42een .qrx./v6( ycqrs no change in

  When the first law of b og643fez;y kujh-p :1wsi-m thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expandbe6b 02n**dqvu8njfol yq ((brpcq9+ at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This process isynuv 2 *o8bq+(db6b qnjerlp9fq (*0c

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to arg bsb;d 5;bh- i4*omomfm0yhgq.*s* sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a resrmdg; h5;4iqb*y-mb f * *oh0osbsgm.ult, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram is u+ 3ao0a *qpkt1l9 vuz

  In an isochoric process, there is no chang epw4oy4df ,,ie in

  When the first law of thermodynam -a66scxwp5u uics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand0qt2 so9r/b ef as heat energy is added to it. This/ro02e9sbt f q process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas atoin9 -)jhx9my e) ct8d constant volume. As a result, the internal eny cihm nxjet )89)d-9oergy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamicsvvc- urq,4 p-uv wj.x0.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to4 /2jqm plczs2q ; /eemvx).td a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservj n,o4a((gbkyoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics acco(w)ft (ccc 9ngrding to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illus 7go jb+1m)vsstrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine opej )smvb+ s7go1rating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat e(m:u b)-eklfyr 72xjj ngine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink mun1 xpq//x e)bmgemy 27st be1ybxmp /e)g2/ 7nmqex

  A Carnot cycle consis ,; )-yl)qcfm3 fsoivtgt3:eq ts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the wb41 2d cf- 3 2w(co5 mlgq1/jb.jpk kti2atiwsecond law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerab+bsim lj..x0f q.6ou tor is defined as the ratio o bo0u .l..bqfxsm6+jif

  The coefficient of performa z,:c4rg7yedkxp7hsn ) y(z x6nce (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of th5 dcjwojc4t x 52)py+x jfz*.ye water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that e fujv-i*m6d+o 12cdj may occur within an isolated system, which one of the 2dv1e jc +jd*iu-6om fchoices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermods9w)5 hiv fc.tynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us 2de +opx0x;nom90f zn, ohss;to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J 32)fcgah cf *d+c2kueof heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in internal energdkhf2 +a2 *u3cf c)cegy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removw 5p6(r jb:ygbed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the procesj: 5grbb6y (pws?

  The work done on an ideal gas s9nt lgdi9 g8fg0 +9:llrdqhx(ystem in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change iix8qlglfrddh n g999 :tlg (+0n internal energy?

  200 J of work is done 0v0 8xo srts:-2yofn9s fa u8d k(j/gjin compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in int afsj80-x: 2t/f9ks8s(u jny orvg0o dernal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an6+e i/5 w8 vs7g*n2hcujighyi aj6)wk adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in inthauk8wgy 6iw7e)gi h5 2cj nv+*i/js6ernal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a sys y),,vfu;c qppbcn+y( tem decreases by 50 J. What is the work yq;fyp)c ,vb( u+cnp, done?

  In an isochoric process, the 1l yk),a/m+dds tr5sj internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exchang, krdt+jsy /)ms5al 1de?

  A certain amount of ams1 f+tg f1eo/luts2- monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. Tofsf2 u1m1-+t sel/g this feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy ioyt zwv)))w ; 1mh/vjvkvq7 6ns removed from it. How many moles of gas are in thezw w;vm1/o7nhqvk))j) t6v vy sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kgdf:,cjf-y* ya of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loseb l*dorcxl pwa,:-f8+s 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficiefclbx8:p o-r*w , l+dancy?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 7a ef*8:xe* (tgrrrvrJ of heat per cycle. How much work does it performerxt(r:a*rvg ef8*7r in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and aok se-kqzm* u0il3-8receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each cu8eza3kq *-ml0os ki- ycle?

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  A heat engine absorbs ,hkg l:ojxp 3i3w5bh. 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each cyp:w.xhj,53og lb ikh3cle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal ofttohs f4+)c 5um 7l:mr heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each cyc+ chumt)sf r 57t:4lmole.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followin-bsgac8,l /za g characteristics: combustion chamb8-ala/ cz,bsger temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far hd4goixv 7fk; 5jrw5o +as the following characteristics: combustion cham7 vf+dij or45g5k oxw;ber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficiento:k2s+sv m7abbt b k,6;v)kqk engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber te)2bqm,vkbb+vats : k7 k;6oksmperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant gener v4 hbkn hjw4 q8av8g(,2 +yaa.l(htwnates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric du.. ;7.3 0g gpft2*dhoc-ssi qzwaespower. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric mwknc2)e *q.f power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates between k8 zb xzzh1uib ,01yfb:a/e8 q$450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum t)+6d2g httos qheoretical efficiency possible for an engine operating between t2g6d)o+ hsqt$100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is thek3lyi4b8fri o 1 j+zs9 temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperai+b oir j4k1f 38lyz9sture of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating u-yrd+ qp (bhea+(o9hbetween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat frd:u cgz+3wd f1rjn+(mom the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects+md zrgd jw (cu3+n:f1 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removesplb,ui r65t97)lnth g hi( v8v heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is th 9n6tpgrhu i 8li,lb v7)h(5vte coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of r96gr ngu4o7 sheat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is requireg46s7g urro n9d in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice melt (m9w hsr)*j5kksvo+ucp -1ps at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropy i +a- xvodl97hs.s 3vq:4b.hn7 ehyq fvs

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoeuq3r mnz.nm 5/s an isothermal expansion and its entropy changm5m z un.3rqn/es by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at pewz0td jj/i(dxf )jwn6+ w;o m535oj$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.