Which has more atoms: 1 kg oe9kyt6o7fxy 20j e ;rdf iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or f7r ot09;e2dj yyek6 xAppendix B.

Name several properties v 3 +l8gx5xyn-wr 0 fib45wlmok/2ng (xfolz6of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometery5f xlgvz m 0xrw4gnonlw -l6/ (8 fxkb3i25+o.

Which is larger, 1 Chq y.)z0l3 y afy8vyl1 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thez43s mjo)wyx y3*v hm2rmal equilibrium withyw 3m mvshxo y2z3*4)j system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted;7azag)fyv n819e rzv to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend.fy1v9 vng78;a)azez r Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear e5nbcn 3*d)d q)n a oa lb98+wmolllr1.xpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to contropom ro/:,-pie l a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). T:p-emi,o r /ophe bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that:2cscr ht w5dtx)pfw8;+y4 fy are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of ctsr5t+2 x: wdfy4y; )hwc8pfa U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats 11oj mnzy p y/ri-3,7oyfhnx 9in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of watec;/otgdbf-uu w9 sm6 ,r, the mercury initially descends a bit and then ris 6-gdu,9smbuo/w t; fces. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled mof z-zte68cd tx.yy l+1re rapidly than adjacent parts. Explai1-.czl6xt etyyd f8z +n.

The principal virtue ofurcw8 ;9bsk 9h Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased kw 9 hr;usc8b9heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cyn1rdx; *y9aeqrw e264 .vwbhlock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cauk1f tel 66(g 593g iurz0ltetmse its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not standt0ueikz9(r3 51ll6egfmg t t6 up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing dow2*f 01qf c-fwk-ype eaudm( 9wn a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the mome 2kfdayce0(e-fu1fpqw -w9 *m ntum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sif7x+bh 0 /eia:)ejk cphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is f0eii/xak)e+7 :bhcjincreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Char 3depxx1 h;q hhr/r6+5olta)lles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic enr;)edltaph5h1xhrl 6 o+3q/x ergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words howezsl6 + ne,zz/a q7 tu9e.jxfzogf;0. Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rat/hqptw dx1e 7w6s0pm 8io of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speedm mvk a8e1e8,w an object must have to leave the Earth and never retura8vee1w, 8mkm n. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more vddg2f 2k/gwbfn-p9 hu( p8m, quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular h/ v-m 2 u8pbng9,fpkwd 2(gdfproperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hotrd, *+;rydcj r(caxs7 dry day at the sa,d*s7(jracrxd ;r y+c me temperature.

Is it possible to boil water0rm p09 odvis9 at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is ;2wu r-shnqg n):pxzq uru5j/1 tn2(t different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at ther s2xrw2/nqtt nn-1( ;u5ujug:hzq p) same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to 8 (h3ky;lncyb open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.8hy nblc k(3;y

Why does exhaled air a;o*j djnp,7 lappear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coptyv*cz/)3 capper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in 53hm / rhl1i/sz t5 o3nwa9r8z wwp/vgy31jgta 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the s hr g3l3/t wv a/r w/5jnyiw15g198ot3zh zspmame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be0 s r;(uuoli4q 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? ol(0 qu;4suri   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest-h d;pnmk x5f- temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82s,6q*xjzhpqt7 2 j,t m cm at 0.0,2q6jjh *7tm ,ztxpqs $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built ijy wb/.xby16ga/q-dof slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is bua)/i,p8,on zsmqkb, oilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperaturbqkip n/)z,smo ,a o8,e of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are largee) u0ml.gqib2r than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter i 2ueb lq)m0.igs to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4r9 iuh kjip6+,c/z ta9c7w.jo $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75uea-uitgnd*:/1q7 gn;nh3 -p xm b3 pd cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from ggn; tmud-dpb u-7*q13ae3/ xphn ni: 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0*(n4aw jhrbwy ;n bk,,$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of j/xmr,a hj0)vpzqia,vxa:* ,water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to b*xa fbn ql+1f z ,k/vfr,,kx+re placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel sonqvd 6vxzw6197 xcz7lk)oh+tz p8.5qn sjcs3 it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective cq1vj.hz z7ks w6 n856)cxl3 xnscpq+ vo9t7zdoefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density,:2xfn8ki smv*/c 1k iwgxhk9 $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear ghp1 33rm cw9zex3cmwg9rh1p3 zpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic /0cl t(;xxh ;sub hl,gsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brassas /d(rm.s(zv and keeps perfect time at 17 sa(dm(srvz./ $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter offmhswu*n /3fbbw a;8lm; buiw8())fn 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volm*(wfn b8umbff ai hubs;w) w3 /;8nl)ume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wh6ltjaf3suj7 ft;kml8w4, 1awt.)ur bp+t qb 4eel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictkj + 3a1 pt;us,tb74fmla). wftjlb6 8wt4 urqionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress isxj6il m,eef-5e ,tjx)tnyj3 xh2y(o4 required to keep it at this length if the temperature inctxe,3ejmeyfn5(j6yjxoh 2 , - 4tl)ixreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam omc )g rrf fzpw3m0.-h8f cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmu2h clfmit9 ,-;ac zre;g28w/ bd;zvo at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperc)f2i v;,t;sk :8disiy ru:se atures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenh9c- 6bxex1mavl8) ld,5e dgdaa z;j+d eit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the in :ph4hfli i,1u2ue a*iterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatur x wh8p64ta8u/kbypocre+ ) m,e of about 20e8 tma ), x+ puhrpw6ykc4/bo8$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density/ :ivm615wsscdib0zr of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains.834,m1lieg lglw+y k0v2yf/azaafn 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP couxkjhk y/+asxz 6r6* -ntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.bd+ ts9 7mtmy,fzp8 ar13xr-t0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insidct 8m cuf9)i:ve a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385u fc tcm:vi9)8 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg op*pu0rovqar 7 0zx+ :):nhouof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating fd ox0e033b xqthe air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense t0q3bxf 3 eo0dxhan the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a/a*b: 3f-q 0ynethvcit 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ah2m c;xom6p2qx gy.w 8vc:y )nt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea lev9-m)w. a6qavxpr/v m bel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecu,idl t;5(0+1ivk yxrltid ij)6j5t ly les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How ax+c*z;d 2qhq ro34qwxv j 9r;many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number qvo ( to):3gdit/4pghof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1tdtb05uwck6: y6ok +oxw nu81q81l gx$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale txk.o ;u ou9z0lh6cj43p sdm6that were also in the last breath Galileo xom06j4k;ducup s .hzo 36t 9ltook. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translat8f4teapp+r mc fr m,047ozg8aional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? mcfaf+p 8rp84mta07 o ,r4 gez   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms ne7ksqu-1ow-m nar the surface of the Sun at a tempera7k u1 swqon-m-ture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increasefl3 )y phjo:yg 0kz09re a,.g)mg/l5 gu7gwk z if the temperature is incr)h mr lpwggj yy: gg 5/9kzok00ga3ul ,e)z7f.eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given j8 eym( *jhvl:in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculy ljj: *mh8(evate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules incylo*h qiq;w- c+/sy ) a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constanta*w6nmr0cbnz; v-z u /, by what factor6bczman0nv ur-;/z *w does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givqphuyu5o x+ tw;g5b 5n-hpgk1+l) mt)en by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at 9.g4 juu(;ef)e w8 hlyfz5kqdthe same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecularfelg 4fy.;uqd)9z5uh8 j(wke masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in anpg49a8auy rsppp)/q2 rt 0r,r 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moa)of v7 lh9,j bm8 fo9rxe0j y8k).zyxlecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance i7su5/mqx*u t8s6rded8 5qvf between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mfi/6 il0vy7q1tffv2g ass is 89 u in a living cell at 36ivq1 g07 fi/v fyl2tf7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can beh;ngrp ea4smhc lr*z,32r , 8e written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium;8pao5yc*ra(o mfzk5 , $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases can i9o2,ivg tg3a,r s o6x$CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperatur1amtwih8u*1gnqt n0m: 4hr f( e is (a) 90 tq:0 wnn hi mg(t8m ufa1rh41*$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humbpc:vn4 )b tkgs8f6u .idity is 50% on a day when the temperaturgsc6u.bbvk8p f )nt :4e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressuf/f9ovf*l4. 6hy 1cezxwgm 6 g1zl//q ota dr)re at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the*gf0 zcu+dp (q mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperatu+z pgqdc 0uf*(re at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day2i650cubvg k ep +. t3muwi n4fze+-bc when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa an +bzg kcf .u-e5wte 60un+b32icv i4mpd the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 ,hyrjz99tji) $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure coopdx/7)w 9 x bp *gr fk,(zu1jpji7d;zonk 0(qcker if the water is boiling at a temz7 fjq kr bd/wx1 guk 7,)xpi*odnz;p09j(c(pperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680 9eg8;cb jg ufo;idbwj5 pg87)$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew9 *jhixiy+qfpd /:ciz el.0,u point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse at vv(yujmu1 s q1b*c925j-z *voijkb, distanv (cv-*1 yzqjstji vuu 9bmbo,*5jk21ce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tx6h4t.;j gbf lkggu6j peqcv584)z9u iny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and hgg.e 6u4zuc pjlg;9b vx)j8 6h4k5fqtas cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrat:kk - picq:*ou t9v bbdzd,o/(ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been6 8+g mcjvm q12xzp8lz calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calitkmad, untpnv5 .j; )e5fi.7p brated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and t5ae7 tpfpd5.. n)m j t,kiunv;he cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Ag6ad-kdr* ( 5 kfrx6nxfter many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure hdg6 x5frxknk (d-6ra*as decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number v x.9ytw;hz6spey3 j5 of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tj y.6psv3wet 9h yz;5xemperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter 6(m (gu: g2.dxm:xvpfi r r35h1nnsyo is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum technique 6m.q(hday*i 60zb gj4e9apkvs is abouahj6z4 9yp0(*d vqkmebi .g a6t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capac4vawk2m 7 vhc)ity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs e a4v2)vmk hcw7xpand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle return zl,72p5x cfafing from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this a5f pz,2 fl7cxspeed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an/ 5 sxgikp3j,h ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of h v:8qfxgi6*f5ki)*lkq kyy-9v*j dr 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, e t,br(;+t,on ikknh*u stimate the total number of kto;bru ,(hkn , *+intair molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in wpa8kctfy,.- a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pit0o+c wng bi.rm ;14u/7vxejressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K Hoeix. +7i 1rm/wcvgu 0b4;ot jnw long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in anece y: .58 y+dof8b1hwty4gs bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atx*x8wx9u o k9gim,64u; luje k2eyw( d 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around b cix 8y)0r:.hpf c)lwthe Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2 wp:5 x u4ff8ax(ijh/t4pzg 5f0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stamhf/d s-py8 2kmn+u 5ondard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 a zu67n dny4,nh 3uka 5p.lb2ittm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ear4vj1z b2h az ,a9vh)5zovk+ nith is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity b3 3 x vtvo5gmcn(7tca3y tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown a tgn v3vomx3acc753 (tt 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.0; yjl(39x fvto0-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when ittv 9xf(3;yjlo reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in t(p0. b8p-fm fwq i0tsx(6sivlhe air on the following two days: 08 s( pf(tifi w-mpqx0 v6slb.
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in gp7xs q-(io pb(lva/. the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Eart(7 -p(v.bil xps a/gqoh where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas luftz-3n n ni 0599y/e (kjmuumaw to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal 5n09tn(y/kim uznm ue- f9j3uto $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people const60zfr:h4j:*bve fzo 8r fmb7 iantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If thevbif08*bh f6mzro r fz:e4:7 j cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg