Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alumiedjnw*r px9 uh(y1/d0 ,dvtki +ku37lnum? See the periodic table or Appendix B/u+* rdku(yvdi03 n7w kjthx91de, pl.

Name several properties of mad 4+tol89 .f eiii)x1pakuxf-terials that could be exploited to make a thermometei fk8pf4+doa ul.i9 1xxie t-)r.

Which is larger, 1 C /:b:vzl/ h *wp ,qeta03jbzwg$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal e :8ms f-(+nk0latgxgequilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with +:lk fex8(0atmsng-g system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iro*xby oomx:fx ,q7v,+ fn. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [+ yf b,xqxm,o of*v7x:Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeh)jw+0 b rt2 ixxhm;p+ :*zkvffficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostatd2)hxt y+e q 7znevwo36ct7ms (9qjr7 used to control a furnace (or otheq79 ot7zj3et6n(7y2q)d +xscv whmrer heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section inn7r vv x,dtp. 3uwf,c5 the shape of a Urvd 5v.cp,3 ,twufx7 n. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of l55fguzsr* t(m. ns (heead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass y c76e wbx+e/ ki4;durthermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initiallybkdx/ ;yi 67r4u+cew e descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more r4jx(v4m a9ka vapidly than adjacentak 4vm9 xj(a4v parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficiejzp on ;ht;r./nt of linear expansion is much smaller than no. z jhp/r;t;that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratq/qlbj fp60+ xe at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly e )9legs wl5-8/dmpv fthe can will not stand 8pds g-l/9ew v5me)lf up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down r m(81fuf hbs2fj6b kofd:/o-a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theoom8/r6b (fk ujosff-f 2h1d:bry, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged id7.ajn vh)ia :n water increase or decrease if the temp hdj:7aa)i.n verature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatp79gx5: yviua . gmhd1ion between average kinetic energy an7giux. y9hmdp1 a 5vg:d the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows4wqbhuvy t75q/n mya9y ;io:8 from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in to e 2ngorqp8b;1r2 /eahe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers ;+ln (nunt rmmdy70n.m -/i;lwh6bdito the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphl7rh/tn b ;(d.i ;mlw+nnu60mdiyn-mere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly tha,w;h u45e f ;,vios(pkrxio0in water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular prois0,ruo;ekh,wi o(p5vf4x;i perties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry j1.ol6,7 ali(hc i(9a trxrcxday at the same tc67rljcal(a.xo1 ir h xt( 9i,emperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room xl 1vucg :k0qu;h /srr4n6:)y5 h wvzjtemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humia uf l;7386alvaj xhz*g3wa,u dity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid 6*gzl;u8fjhv3 aaw,aux a7l3air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated autosbt v a)zc8 :0saml +o92vutt6mobile engic6ou2ta zsvt tsb :98)v +m0lane.

Why does exhaled air appear as a litsv * jp:u/2uoz4eyly/ tle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there .pbb) pd5,ig.ybced- ; f8rad in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring ceiu.mz a. 0e: z)u. pnt(24meu z.8 rdvllec7dompare to the number in a silver ring ofev4 l(p: 7auiludenmu. 08z2m)ze. .zer d.t c the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What i*+hxu kdos s/5:j /tcgs this on the Celsius scale? /5gtu*h/xs jsco:kd+   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136 v ;9he qmuq6.x$^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lee ;9go f+fw(ize 09zujb(wo3lngth 11.82 cm at 0.09l (9(i ozjw;+ bfu30 wofegez $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built ofsp:d,ohm/ gfc:vm31n 7fve- m slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrow31.*ch2iksf 2 vnnw gught iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how*1 kngsf2 wvh n2.3iwc much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets vewbd- w;y/n 9that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1wd/n; v9 y-ebw.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at fqh8u5ce s y.+4ob*hsxn i13db2f*vb4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in obm)os.jo-(0gi q8* q51 vojyfrm5 jqdiameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heqbov0j(sqy oi1oj)m q moj. r fg-5*85ated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to ,e0kb9 vgw hh)the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 tx (4dzbhg* y73ciznqx 0l5f ($^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in aze0 pkgp,* 7rr ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containe(08cwwh0a0 jdb owd:vd in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that0 w0(v:ow8dcw hjbad0 the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change ij j2wwx0qpc - k6/.mktn the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l 6 rebyi 4i, qqd yahulo5do)t0-;)qy 2and width w has coefficient of linear expansilr y yh6q )a ed;d)u,y5qb-i2io4 qot0on $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic ss2 geqzmb, 1k wwers-3+cf6: qolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfa.ebz)a5/ry oj m hldhb83pxkn;65u :kther clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 u3p ak;lzx5eyj.6rok h:b 5)/8d hbmn $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0;d7j d mityq+pa/) b(j.140 mm. The bulb has a volume ofiydj/bp; a t)(d7qmj+ 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrbf2loj 6nwsc6m) ;ck58qx bs 4ical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionx4s;28l so5 b6kmqj )fwc6cb nless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is req17ia , 4h mjor0x:8 wq.w5ydz7dxg xvauired to keep it at this length if th gdi ao,wz5hyxxj .7q0wr : 1xa7v8dm4e temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectio8bg ;y fordvxh(m ;fah,;krq6* 1q5, kshxi3rnal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20n kec7eu0-a/i $^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following te.3f*;puedzsa mperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what t:2weyd1qw/ wrh- (pafemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inte89ry, s) 6jsyqlbm+ 1vz(wq szrior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressur:uo 9 .pps r)jzl8baw5e and a temperature of abozpr5 ojla:.8 9bu ws)put 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideatu. tj6 0tea5pl gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen e 1 tmg+9xc:fv($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitro0 dzdrc5wc 3d-)indo, f.)vpw gen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliumgby y.gmd+kq8( s5hy 3 gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at yme m0j-dyq;0 / v,:cx9m fni-vs zye5385 Kymfjsy :,v0vy-em 9 c05mqe-zi; x/dn ?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of 3xhbjc9de ibj53xl:7$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achie; rvrd-9do4qyves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, whi 4qor vdd9;yr-ch makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1.ztbn 0ot5i:v 5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atve3kx9s9e-x e- 7 a7omlzu;yn 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand avnrr y8nt0o*p92n nsm80h v6mt sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculbqw-3ch fqaxw3.8khp;d f c64es / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecce b4r(ytdo 9p:,5aoaules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of s* 6k/bn/n*xo oz+rbr(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume z3y8 zqcs0myvae6v4 1)(m ora*pg c1u 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale thd qi(zc/ .gt5km-5(g ocs/ hykat were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphe5(.ykhc g//sk-z tmodg c5 iq(re is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy o3gc- wcjkfaa qv5y -wh**9;m cf an oxygen molecule at STP? aca *f vqk5-- ccwwj gm;y93h*   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms n+omfl. m,e.q gmpkhnb 6b/.0oear the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 60l ...0 /hmme6qo+omfnbk,pb g00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if ttlu7;p gpkn)7+ga7nt he temperature is inc+ ;777 uggt)kaltpnpnreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follows 4v2dznv08 vuing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4,04s8d nuv vzv2 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecul4r3s9vbhz c/e y. gnj4es in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled8eq, r9co w,-hd; c uxsg5lb2f while its volume is held constant, by what fau98frc 2,s 5 ;od-gc,ew hlqxbctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given 8fw hw pzga :k;27m*uwby $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixturodu2iqz27(p sov 4e d-l xb3 1spi6qsfc-j7,de of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roo 7i-c-b3ofxqqpu1sspi2vdjl 476 o , dds(z 2ets of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an.hnas1 ) oq7u6m 9ulxq 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms i: j qykj:l,;gk9g6elspeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleclno 34/c(p: 7b;0xvo :fhhxxri nk+kdules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whj8q1 v k7ylnu0ose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 30vq87l kjy1un 7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cazp/h3h62 lio7+zx qx-jnb+cw+i :si jn be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urmh,,alr kq55danium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressuq/ u49juj(hi iv4ev l/ec7bq: re, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pres7b/n hd5ay z /7igaz.-j tugn:sure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) g:a. taz5/n7hgjb/n-zi yd u790 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approsnxb)6e f4 .mrximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the tempera.)4nsefxm6b r ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a pla ol ,edohn fc4yi663(ece where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is ta ngae11-jpotoq s7p( i1(/bjsl7ov+ :eb 0t 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils.t1it:/b(ge1lpopj7t enao-7qa 0ssj +(bv 1o $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of waterw6 zj:wee5;c h is 530 Pa and the relative humidity ijezwe 5cwh 6;:s 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wat:bo:anbp1j;by,etj n 7 g06 zter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a 0..g8iaxt 95l x j(wrcqe. wsgpressure cooker if the water is boiline.iq(x gt.wx.lsaj905wc rg 8g at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a ro1zlsxg 9jf-0 0rwbz:c):9q5cljq j yeom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew jcab. les*/)j point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (seeqad/8ztwtnh v:0at/nv. 2t0 l0w yg5 s Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance ofw0gla.8 / wth szv0/:ydv2n 0tn5tat q 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the sur3gaj(ti(+/us0x rptaface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional aa(t jgu /a0(xp3+s tirrea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 208,sr o:yr,au zd.t 2db$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measwkfd,t ,ma69 eure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calib7oz6sk77zw d. m1du vqrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cupwk1zd s 7 qd7.7zvumo6 are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in aot17yw8jr 2mg)ij 8k t helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Whatgmjorjwt 1 8)8it 2ky7 fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 7gis e5ej(x 1r5l)mni;5bdwg6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatu ix) idegberg551( j5mw;nls7re is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atkmv ocirl.2 hj48.d*zom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable xzrro , ,1m m(ed:ud-lusing the best available vacuum techniques is about m, (mr-:ue 1o r,zlddx$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fillsa;cvi-w(i ,j,-u itv+bp* xzj his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the sjapv,v* +ti-ixz;jw cb, - (uiurface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning ijz5:t 9md1bm5qv w.ofrom the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space ve iwt v9mm.15j:d5zob qhicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is i rro:9 k -ptblbnx8xfy(:o5 u*ncreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77wht y:k9*m -ok0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure8.k cr h(dj7yq at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the q(k7h .jdyrc8Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contautbwv-m.9 kp p:+rpxdkc6r;5 c v- mq/ined in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gaugeyg5xtpu 39p43 llu do; pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/mi pxol l49t;gu3dyup53n. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats u-90xna k 5juvyh x9h6a/(u hkin a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli)n:cb2 - z/ 1rz hi,kflczva-nne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s e4e8:t rs,xj8 nylw/nzfe(.qk quator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gl dft/qx +v,bz5ass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, arjkcfj1 -2+ a/q4twjen v.l*sa 9hbn2 dopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has ahr fmr99;qd2m pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from t mjn- * w2mlbz6qgaa)0*7:aa5pq rpguhe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid i8y:9mq1w lhq is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis ball8w:1hqlqm9i y s per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cmmgbbj, t2/v+ e-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble wb/tg2 j+ ,bvmehen it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air 3(3 ecnd xrb4 +uigzuwp6u12oon the following two days: o 33p2 grxd4zcu(w1+n uebiu6
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density ofvdl,fdo-lzs 1a w 9k:( iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where w zl1:-s(,avk ldd9ofthe temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law tob;:w(3fvq d6o-nk lma show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coeffici( 6mbqwnfd3va-o;l :kent of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.