Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See ti :4 zmh(xm+ 9x(wejvy;vzg2dhe periodic table or Appendix B.y+(gvwjdh zz m29x4 ve:m ;i(x

Name several properties of materials that could be explobd y)/ s0,v0r*gnjcprited to make a thermometr cb)n0rg/0jdy ,*pvser.

Which is larger, 1 C )p46r swxc30sj -u enf$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equxz)k mz74ux)qoj8i, s6idcw* ili qsj 64,)kx*8c7 )ui zzdxiwmobrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Whuwzgqb4wt( 5og,k i.7 en heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: Segwuzw5t4 7.(i ,g qobke Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion 7uj-c n+rrd clkiy,91 $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used tn,8dd9h4;po un0jpoyc kt 6f8g:r xo 5o control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electridx0hfp;nd68po9yug 4c r5:j ,kono t8 city when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends oftenj*yllz;e ,efv4*k8d e have a section in the shape of a U.*8efkj; ly4*leed zv, Why?

A flat, uniform cylinj7x z0r-h; ouoder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of watehf mg*n.h/jh 9 l afi)jl+6ph-r, the mercury initially desa)nl.jlm -/j hif*phh +hg 6f9cends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may bre e w:;ciketpr1om :nuz.964 ckak if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. m1 ren.::9 up4o6w;ckt ikzce Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass b qa2s0k:.sk2 uh/cgrfv;x/a is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass/a:b kkrh;ss x/c2qva 20gf .u (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloxd6,oirn v8- tck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bu.e;kl1f r:hnxvo* 9wglge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened? w.o*;:xr1genhkf9l v

When a gas is rapidly compresse5ni.8;bio fytd (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperatur58yb .ifin ot;e increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water el*bb5rt 0si(o 7v; fvincrease or decrease if the temperature is increased from 20 bv bofts5v( e7rli *;0$^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory angr 1czim7g 4nu xm(.4)s;ef.rfm9l trd the relation between averagm9t; rg(4me4 nfzrx lim.)r. cfs1u7 ge kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.k))rrqc ;xi ;z3 ( qj(iqfvhj7

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmos2a (+ y )m*8rlp fhxyln98fwf3 zag6zf.wa1mbphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must/ 7z;bryo b,q: 3xdv4sreob e4 have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-;or ,/r7o4 z3beyxbv :4qbe sdfifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly thaw,9kvj y1zz;,+ wmme1,x ksa vn water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relativ +1 1,xm9e zzwjkvsm ;k,ayvw,e to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is42co:rcbay2j far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tey:22 rbc 4caojmperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room-sj gc.h/j7m 09zxsxy temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temprt-5w1ncvt)ju -n 9rs erature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air asu1wrnrcn5j)t t-9 -v t the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous tmcas::),x g yt4vqfml/*ld1oo open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engt)1ocyg:m* qvl x ,lda:/f s4mine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28w u sw,o(kv xoveq k9b:+8/f8c)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.46shot1l6r8ybv7, f am -gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5- 5my132f:nzn2k mbwjgc8wx2 f gram gold ring compare to the number in a kmfc2n 2 ygn5m3w zwfj1x2b: 8silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taellr/e0t f(twi e;6n 9ken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?t; 9/(wn rletelf6i 0e   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest anddk gi2 rb3oe0: lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lcbddji(gy .v/g 7/*z kq8uu,il- e: zcength 11.82 cm at 0.0 gzjdz 7cg*:k,ye8u b/ui (.li/q v cd-$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m pl2y:ggll30m qsvq94 long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatbgod aj m963v8,/crdpely 300 m tall. Estimate how much jd 96 rgaob3p,/dvm8cits height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet holiib btejx:/e1by* v, 9e are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diamet:,9*ibeb1ix/ tyj eb ver is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water as.*qa+d ;kn3z jmih b2t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diametz5w; ;/gm ngu92rszv 1j6cqxier. What will be its change in volume if it is hea6njc/1muqr;i5g9 z sw2;zg x vted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wac(7w nsz vm/m i8e,z8nter at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of 966flxn3hs q2iz hjqqs.n5b,water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in af88gix4felgno4 9zu5wi p y01 ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel s shk-0qm,2m, ier2ac xrg:rw+o it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficientm,igk:ws20ra r ex,r2c m- q+h of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the ch9r6q rlmbo o0wglt) 54ange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear rljd:8 eb ,q ktd*e-g7expanse8 d k,ge* j7rt-:blqdion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropg ytyb18 ngb*9ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is mad b(gglfq.2 m-qe of brass and keeps perfect time at 172m( l-.gqfgb q $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. Theof.h smo;u/ilbb0/b7pkr 7(f bulb hasl /h7 o/(pifb70;mr kfo.bubs a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating klq:v .zh m jpl4ap+ jgb-.(q dpb0*+habout its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velo 4j.dph:l pgmpbqvl+q-z0ja( .*+ bhkcity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15e9u,ow ae wy(1 8ak3ne°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the oa(waekywe9,3ue1n8 temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steep u0ivi mss -wy9+9)uyl I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter tj6h51n w yvi7134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperer,8fc2 lz:ls3n end1iaq 4 ,latures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on5a7a v9xe(w vn the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are aboutb:lzir m/nf(kq9b cy .- vh97r 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion ekx4y.3oxphecau0rm p h:3j 6w )k:27*ortxhrngine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of:4 ejp6r2y*.px arx uhm3o7rt)ocx 3k0 hk:hw about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usipnj 5f,za dmg )+l3r/ed6*ybmng the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2ax7vxr7i n.91jhp aq3e;hgy .1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP coyvy5 / d-eksi7ntains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1ufrgv n) j bm.u6fspq;7w 10yn;emp+fa9 l)s00.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inj9kij .te3h4a2e 0sksside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?iaee.jh03kk4jst 29 s   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofezzttz /2mb vq .3+ws1 buv0w; $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its div*w:pk8o* :gi:sq bih*-( cue +yim buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volumew: m:cs*vgeqiiou8y h* d+(i*ik- :bp of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit 2z5),azsx,1tlbb x8a nu0dervjs 3)ih air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ahqzt w4r;(ti i3)s5n94cxrr q t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ball)f7tulp k3w,uoon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / l,ga; v8 2wlob.fd- ;vyu 1dgh$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How man;(lrojz0rex /m3 eo7jy molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a)df;h r6u.fnyo: pcixu jt70*+ moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1n5az5u p6djz5 $ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air arvm2oub29o 4 wle in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is a 49wlu2 bvo2ombout 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average gt. l-e kpj1,b4 3mspztranslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP s.p1 m3pzb ,-4gekltj?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed ;j5/;j.zqvd gi- 2p ep pkn*bhof helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 605 g;p *ved;hnz/q j pb.jp2-ki00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed dn vpv+yova *,)crcj/qk. 9 :pof gas molecules increase if the temperature is increp /9n: d.v+yq,rcov)c pjak v*ased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given xod:w o0p6fit7 3fyq(in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculaof(x oqd fyw63ip70:t te the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mol uttgk ,7gu:q* 6(jtovecules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whilb9 -stzy t2hf(b )a6qg0fi7ace its volume is held constant, by what factor dcf2a bash9- 0iqfty 6g7zt()b oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is gi o( x9p.afy+gaven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixteh1x4u *24yy fyo0 dneure of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is eqhfex2 yndy04o4y*ue 1ual to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrokfe m4.w .,,tgk cng4xgen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spj ewcso f )i7/zuso z-r,ke0q;3,wv ,feed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwfx0wb)a ck)e e+-l3 sxeen nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whos:c2 iu gn)em 2u*hiaxi7bn :v7e molecular mass is 89 u in a living c u2 guh)bv2m nic x7::nai*ie7ell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be *5ileoxld4;en73d5wep 6 ok h written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumbtz35efk5u xn x x42r6, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whac0qd *bi*rcn/ f r9kr sv.b;;rt phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when t/g3u vkor *z4l6t 6 u+9hlzyxl32edtvhe pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) t9gx 6u43lvh *z 2dezoku+rl/6 vt3yl 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the xc(tj88io* ra temperature oxt acj i*r88(is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a placu n.y,5 1hsgtie where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular plac so s18r7lzt) ft8vta-e in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whito -a ) f7lvt1tzssr88ch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day u3e6q;9d 6nvg pmtz-bwhen the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is6-m 3 gvupq6t9 z;ebdn 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water onfz wfc 5,hj4igq8+o0g a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is bf ::dfn2p(zuxg u(do7 oilind ::(ugf (u 2zopnfdx7g at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v(v7ndeswfe7)ln ,j 389r ew jfolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5/ q5 o+xfks 1k,q*12zlapoib c $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to dizg .gcy 6pu(6ug:w 04sow,p cmffuse a distance(:. p4zs c6o6gcw wpg0uu,gym of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tug) o0v g/gjy-dbes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm - dgj0ogy)/vglong and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated je fd2dfga6ip)b5 u-63smar k(6oal .at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedzibhz ka o0j4;d9dg8 + at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibratedbv74- y+7unxdvj h.ud at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup a 7+nx4bhuj7vddu vy-. re hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially6l - (*phciawqi2a v5a 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the c2qaiw-ac*6a (lv ip5hylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width / *e5p fn-pixo3.1 m, and height 2.5 mo/xie* p5 fp-n. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abou11o;1d(hrteixls 54iw; jqz p t one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the be zmbao* 9 *zt9mq;+bz oatpa5:st available vacuum techniques is aboutza;*btao:q5oazb p+m* z9m9t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 1 , j4fxni;d1pmi.r+m u0 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisfrju mix,4nmi1; p.+dable?    L

  A space vehicle returnwmp8iu2plv ( 5ing from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assuvp5p2ui (w l8mme nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an fsxr6a 54x4 qfideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77g4; q,q -t*f1yo nqzs7hl l)hw0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pdy wiyvbp1q 8ss*s5-ef;wzap6-5 8 rxressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate tha8y;w 5br8zv6* iqx1ew ysp5-s-fspde total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.xne j( 22q3cgu6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi .o59e) c(soe5 xkwy75 lw+6nya kvxxb (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, 5ys5ovebn7 xaw(wx y.9kk)o6l+ x ec5is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury z z .8* 6jperbgjjij3f5hr;7unjx i,c; a4l7eat 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atbf,k(*k up0ih 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eart0woqld:z5ifv l.4idy(x-v (g h’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jaxe) ,n/yo5:j2gc kda kr at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopt* ghjq0o zj76ved in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm aa;5u g)t 0rrv/ybnh8f t 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from /w57gwbw 8hybli- a2n 2wbo0kw av6m /the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by ten78p9n 7 6lc1juh2iub9i su+ jwqyetp6b0a8rc nis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming the+uq a72iccb8 9lj61eniubhj s6u t0yr7 w p9p8y have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a d mitlfk+ /8- dna3lwp(epth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a penf m38+ka/-dliptwl( rfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follon7eub p(+qm fr)a skd 0/1(wekwing two days: (k 0dpqwm+ak)n(/1rsue b ef7
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when ifetn ,gx a)1t-mkszt (4ct 5q.t is a solid deegatx,kfs .c1tnm(4 qz)t5e t-p in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressq(l7sriw 1h5q e +oe7qure, the coefficient osre1h5wlq+ (o e7q7qif volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify theil g xw/1m/0gnxysu.m*r cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the celgx1mnum0s .ylg /*wx/ lar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg