Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of ;v 7q/ ezkf+v(h4yz okaluminum? See the periodic table or Apv ;k(o fy7ez/+hvk4qzpendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could begz oz4vrc:)j 8a)31wxr :dqhl exploited to make a thermometlo w3ag hq4r:xz1r :8cz)jdv)er.

Which is larger, 1 C 2kcroggb4w;3 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syss+w (utqqb0 c1ada-m3 * gy)hdtem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, g1* dh(mq q+s)uya-tc03a dwband C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of al- o4uz-c3cej r-vrv .muminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal wil-4 mv-creuo-3rvj c z.l be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficioz j 30:yme8csent of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (oss+b1oijrs0:aw dn99gy. o. kr other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device+0so1or.gs y w9kb.jaisd9 n : controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sectioj svag h(qe*7vlfam7; l q/ yca89+f.dn in the shape of a Uqe;8d hlgvqca+a7 m f*/ljy9f7.a(vs. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flzge0i2ygny ( i :bxgw ./yk(ct:7to ;ioats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water-ukjjymerp 7f279qy oj,f 9l1dm5e(e , the mercury initial917mpo reef jyk,e jd(5qlmu2fy9-j7 ly descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part o 9t4:9fujpfl wf it is heated or cooled more rapidly thw9f :t49fjulpan adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion rsiv(i:zp5 ( wis much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to twspz:ir 5(i(vhe increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, 1my3 456vkr91 r/ wwgyt7/b vjd:gksf 0gxzajaccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and topcq7o0v)3fbq)w, z ldu jx5 a3a to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Waq7c3 3xz)qbl owf uda,5j)v0hat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston) 0 h+fyt:zcloh0;* our, its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it coolfr0*u hoto;y:czh+0ls. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrd-dl (2cqtk ycm.rwt3d-i*y +)wwy zg4b78ps ease if the temperature is incre(l r tww 7ygqp 8)ktmd3.z*idcy+w2-bcy- sd 4ased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law folloa/hapr9x8fg(j37qx 9m yim q3ws from kinetic theory and the relation between amrg38fy7 jmq(a9/x i39qp xhaverage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kgaq 0 k)i,9upjt-q3f kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio aki ; 3vtd o.y52zezio.p7/xtlweb/) of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for thee:xqiyt f+*ou 68g v+i m)l./3qs grrx Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has prac ef6y:+g)lux8q gq3orst +/xi mri* v.tically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at rc/q)xspq)o 8e oom temperature. What can you infsx)pcq oq)e/ 8er about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at thl qi0q,g muv):jb9n) v 7cs3mfe same temperatu qq c:vgml, mni3 0bj9fs7))uvre.

Is it possible to boil(n6t* 06j6(ifuyjc)xrv(jhq nn .qob water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is thgobqli --dm b0kvu;olg+,sh /,a* di7e same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T*,-o;voqi l,/uhb gabid7gk- s mld0+? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap oircm bl434m /k. whp.af an overheated automobile eng.h.m krw 4 a3im/4pbcline.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloxo nf)z;v87kuk8c(q f(6jbxcud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper qpxh3+rcq+ yzsx7 b,5 u8wp(s penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atom02z oh98 xaqfbs in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?hza0 qxb8fo 29$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whaylp2vq1 j z.g8t is this on the Celsius scale?g2yz1p.8 l qvj   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowe0dn6),a 5rboaa 6abe nst temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-gla 3flj.2kp82qg sdsp34t;) cl 2skvywrss thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0223lgs2)qj8k;ls4 w r c.kfvd yp3 pst $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m longzxrn - a.9n+:gydfit 4 (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroughw ji9 uw0z4.rct iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Janur.j i zu0wwc49ary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are z4ng9 oh u06 rwvwrv46often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in h46w4u g06r vnv9wzor the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 7 z g2/+nh3darxvc: qv3l(6p 5pdbvhu4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its 8zle p6cwmolad j2 z6ll4*g/6 change in volume if it is heated fr46/la d m*ol j8zlczwepl6 g62om 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.:ij3gb uf* )ipwn3x )f0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water ath;gy4 3n.sq5 gbk ;cyh 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring m6i upl 52gk(,bbjuj* eade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essent io*/o7 dw;rfegfpaed;/; kd 4ially one dirfefr7i;d*a;odk4;e d p wog// ection only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density (;zu9d+tn rsy$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and t;5lmi7i40mrgf-:lz4n bope width w has coefficient of linear expansion;rzi:m tpb of l04-ilng5e47m $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid;xqlp,m- 1ku/kpp7 am *i p.gs, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps +f;zsz3u1g 4 an5widc perfect time at 1wz 1cz+;d43 usi a5fng7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bui06 6udp q)h ie 4y1u5l:hulcix;qa d.lb has a6xc ui5ield yh:0u 6hqd4ul)q1; a.ip volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is t*cikr, 7:g+ pqvg/oxrotating about itstgrxo/i:,cv+*kg7 qp axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is req(h)x2gvm yzp s8rg rg4/qw+8ez4 wh5ouired to keep it at this length /e8hog5y)4shzgw8vmq rr 4+2wz (xgpif the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crojc;d wb(db;n/ss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2ti3s0,f(7oo ou)kdn w0gvb0jwj0( zd0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the K9tbp yr54 -d8) qesxteelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatuj9 ihp qs u, vt,. 3boi1+rb3uy*dhcz7re on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interioy,mzgmv5 u9 r4.t, rdor of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a *tb4agb4dto)uq,zq .5h i,vv temperature b 4ht54 vb*zd u,ovq a).iqg,tof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of o aq,ptm k h/udd7 )kd+grrt.78xygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6rn/+rph o4sz h s9)j/h kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg bagu 8 99wv:dk p*0gplof nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gasw2wiu5yj+ yq) is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container ha59g/ gsh1 xy5yg8gc uolding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kyx/ggghy ag81s 5u59c ?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o+7dl9ti *bk(w*o e jnlf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoya3:o)f,* mnn1ih fhwkj 9x ug*h.y2xodnt lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppdf)x 29o mh:,xf3.huyhi1 w k**jgnno ose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 ..2i v+.rdnyfmo )w8 izbda(d$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 /,uxk- qcb x5labmb:: e;.aq1o3 zvrf $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20k4fgz xho, h-6i 8h:op.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o 1v5x/bztqex4f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in vf3fd5 ft6l2f1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of ey o; ; xzjswp ct+a0mm*8mc;ov y:78k(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5 v lwrl523yly13xwlp7 .1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are-iobmp4c eqpm;rv) )) in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is ); bcoep i-r)4mmqvp) about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at qrpgghb p;z6;g3;1 be STPg;;;g er bqhpg316pzb?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms stkulh f/4b;l/nqmj+y d(b1 6near the surface of the Sun at a temperat;/ hbb qj/(ml1+4f sdtlu6kynure of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increalna +t 4eiu0gc ep( .0vy3*rxise if the temperature is increased frn*ux.y0ri ia4gvep 3 t+l0( ceom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, ys jbuwq33y *50, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed.*3 5ws jb3quyy $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules qibd1 /teg90p in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its vovs ) o:s*bjov*lume is held constant, by what factor doesvos ** js:b)ov $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given b m:ne+nsw-/cw-j iqnp s 4g2*ry $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of xli;ke wf9ff2) xmk+w r2a9k t6:ljf:two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to thewfimak lr):ft+eklj :f22fx;9 9wxk 6 inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.tw0 ;9-o.lej n cth esy9fq7*d5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an o8hfceq 7hl.6rn ,puuv / 3y-svxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrog:tm*r:;3neewc9c xs6eaz y * ien molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u /uro k 2i; q(xe(0inyjin a living cell at 37 oj;/ eynqur0( 2iix (k$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure 8va*za(v chflkq p o 6/hm;6r3P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,x0vxgikr c)/ u h0dsm 7/,wm/a $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases w*tmo/i*vzqh. f sv aw( 39o0pcan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (az)9pnrj iw+g4 ) 9jg )ir9np+ 4wz0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when 6oczjso 54/bhthe temperature ishbjoo4 c5z/6 s 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressu qq ;tgo:v8q f,ukg*i5re at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0r2i4vjiv lm6a zlyj89 9g11tj.72 atm, estimate the tt9ljl1i j6vrmy2i va 1z 948gjemperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of wateimbf+ i4fk+(br is 530 Pa and ++bbkifm(4fi the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pryuqt22q x3+ vc)yr(ul(cp:j /z )couiessure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is bn1 hor0p79:i -t/1xhtfvow o 4p wzre*oiling at a temperature of 120 oio4: 7fp1 tz-er 1rhnwohtv9w /p*0x $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 684;pf s vp5hkh*3b+7qdyb)pearv3 - cl0$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po(kqzb bj:j3c7int of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuseugti4 lv;ye /1p69 9 6ulesjwz a distap1;vl ez l4ig 6su99tey/ 6uwjnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface nl7o.sw(b+rdx1h r-b of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-secxbh+rn7wr1( slo db- .tional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrz9.pul.wr7yjde: sr* ih m ;/nated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measc,b ;t whvaf *8/0g-hfnrf y5sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at nor1ay/icvw0lli wl0;1k;k+ mdd :fs ao2mal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calloa0 i;i/;lk s1 02mv1+:lakcw lf dwdying for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftt: a mo+adr4z/er many balloons have been blown4do+zt/ ma :ra up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculeetjdvsu8t4f vo*,1i pcsa7*3/it ( sas in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and heis*t u3tf7j*1o/,e (vda4sipiasvc8tght 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matterth v1g;,vee5om-m3r t is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacur7 k2zv t61gtg,mz:vkuwn 8o:um techniques is about kzw:u zv1vkr26nogtm7 8:g,t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 oh/ 1dz:q(e5un)k a+ ;lbrevlm below the surface, to wn/:q1zul;)v5 lrbed h(ek+o a hat volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moong 65xzyp 6rg28o8norq enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it285 y 6qr ogxogz8r6np does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110 p mo;on70of6t7:s zaq$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume 3;jau9lgq+-afujqz 2y(o7d la tn,h4 of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, esti;wde 2xo jtou14 c9uq8mate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere. quto4;1w uoejc 298dx    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conta7,l:yy bdoxd0u1y2 o4i 3mdnqztn( r2ined in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder e x f88ekb;7:tod yfq0of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How longfbe0o e:yqd;8xtk87f will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0cj 0cpbv/,ybk ih8 a+; t4kdh;,h/rw1w*arbu$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolineyysq 0 t)jnol75zt dru 9,t1e9 at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eart1 b(.qvatkd,,g*b eg6,6 m z;uwhcexuh’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighs 9le+zkn51) u bo6rrhtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted - 6t ppfcuv.v vr8e72v1 xqekgx/.7 rlin the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressurxi6-ne o(hr w7o fwv,.e of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earyc( i (5jg7nyjth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agail(n1o sjk/q e4nst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound sk1j/ 4q(lnoefrom the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diw fh3(ub7.pd7t4 7 bodp9gnooameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it redou h go4bp7d9p7w tbf.on3(7aches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure insor chy:p5* lga 1sm5- the air on the following two days: s15* lprshgyc -m5ao:
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of ironf- vc2orhrzu+l, lf7*z+ +m iy at STP, and when it is a solid derr z,ym+-c+hv f2luo*l+fzi7 ep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law t5 8,r6: y,clmw eyo7irxqc.c*c(m p vio show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the 6pr(7vq5mi* ,c:yr e ,xcoycci .8mw lcoefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehhki/;a0y7fahl5k/q w* w si /uumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept7hs / *hilifka5/kq w/yu0aw; at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg