Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alumip26kko (t( ehknum? See the periodic table or A k (h(k2k6tpoeppendix B.

Name several propertie-st w p(qb0yt eq.6h8hs of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometeqshyph-e8 6b.w0 tqt( r.

Which is larger, 1 C t*g 9migd 8*pt 2mpmdbj)z4/hb 4jf0y$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal e thep*,y s bq2;sl5rp:quilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilih,;s5 seyrp*tqb p l2:brium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. W k tsn3+z dvvl9x0n-f-fum59 :tu3t 5jxed;yz hen heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be ont3 s;zvv0 md3j5t+u9nz-fylxtnukd-5x 9fe : the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansionw+ac 0k1t5 y8wurkr;i $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat use 55uaj8lxhbn 4ntlr 3d-a4p+pd to control a furnace (or other heating or coolingt34jnp8 dbn 4rlpl auxa-55h+ system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape ofqz +8 ch6:lsxgnsl9 s( a U. Why?hsgz+ll(nsx 869: qsc

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mer*vh -cups 8+wscury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-i)(dez aw,xlu :t+ev3pwwm) rd+tdbz,+:nf) hn-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descen,): ,+rb)v wxzeal :fdn +ttd)dh w pe3+z(muwds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapp xo hb)895kuz9m)ce pidly than adjacent pa mx59uez98h)bopc )kp rts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its cos/73v/p9ac jpg0ro xi0fpv 0 fefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives3vxg0pj fc/pps09 of70v/ri a rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accu5)c1dzp w* fz4b8 ixjfrate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom andrhw ed4- vpd.df ::u5 efm32zy top to bulge so badly the can will not stand 3ywpu rmd-d2eh e v.f f:d:54zup. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressdw 3zayhd ,3qg2cow 0m16 za8zed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these chan 3dczz,2 w 6gamywqd81h3oz0ages in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum yfs/za 5f dks8fcm;,,sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is iskz cmffs5 ;y,f/8,a dncreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows fromj as6 im8(a q+m;f;kmy kinetic theory and the relation between avafj8my akm6i q;+;sm(erage kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-hzg s.xr 72cr7Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in th1 uwcpu5 d0ou*e Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the m6d9ubc6a/ .mi thr3 iginimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain w6bg6d ct/i3 aiumh r9.hy the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water-s:-b kt lxm(e/)m /dsyifc3n at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular prksil3md fnx:) (/sbeym-tc-/operties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far :gqdr;9 gkb,u more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temgqd kg:r9;, ubperature.

Is it possible to boil water aps 3wogjvl*k :7v+(gbt room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whenx//tt 9kmwg s 8uq)-in the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Et gnw/ku-/x tsmi89) qxplain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap.gda7 z5qqyg gaak62 1 of an overheated automobile e daq zy7qg2aag k.1g65ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a li z04fm,(sjwcgn bdv,*ttle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penhhdq 7):.mxee7 q xpuy)e3*qh ny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbt3jq)- lk p2mcer in a silver ring of the lq 3pk-jcm2t )same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is oh2d ;p vfz72d*ty4fid ften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?fdd; izt42 2f7yp*hvd   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recor; *w*kmw7tzlz; y:przded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column.s.n8u9tnhw g ks(zy, has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 .hyu8zg ,s k n(tn.ws9$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m lonus8r /yaf(hs4g-oa jx. 4h4qjg (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m lar .69pmj4y es ,i.qgtall. Estimate how much igrejq4yl,ms .6ai.9pts height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thu3w m 0a-4t8 g djg)rsrtab.a,an the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.8rd-gtwj ) 4utraa,am.30gbs 869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at rs7vcdej6wz9 9l6bdr n)n8/ s 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume in*. 3)hj5l37mnvr qir4 au1keql 7hhif it is heated fq5q)1a*k j7hih imrr lnh3unv43el7.rom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1n 9z c0qwk6 8c5mj33,mozlwt1e wel/f00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 co,:: p2/4z myhu pdhb$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At c(sn t(mqr6,4h:wst8w.bxyr20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow ;t5bvb;z/ba3 u ngax, vessel so it can expand in essentially one ditv5g;nb x uaza3/; ,bbrection only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thx )ajy 6bd(b1ji x;vc+/zkrh1e density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w h3fj,*f/69mwyspbq mo as coefficient of linear expansionpmj69qm3yfow bs*f , / $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropicuk6y.t-0gfjfez *cwd 9gld 42 solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect xbj(ect1 b3)(ixr h,q time at 17 qj 1tx( (xrbh,b ic3)e$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an i un 7:dt;e+tk3ciq5h e /yj)iinside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0tte /+qyud:i)35k hii7;e jc n.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating abom .a tbt-9yu - o);yhk3ncq9ouut its axle on frictionoob .h-3y)qu;a n ky9-c ttu9mless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C 3ct c o79qxkq. gh6- +apt;kuu9tw9pw. How much stress is required tokx uko3p .-t 9p6;qtw9g+caq7w9ctuh keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cr:e: em 90pr6ga g0plrkoss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.nf3xa /r 9ayanz x/( 6xkmy2;j122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin -ou4k(5r ,mqay vbd2fscale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scbi9n6g htvt uz+s5l+ 8ale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about /q9lr)bikxff tp;5 )j 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combust7; mmer pa:cs;vd+x muks5 *2:vrlj 1cion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of aboumcu;jx;slm k7 : mrvrd+sv*5: a2ec 1pt 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densityja05g*hvliye ju y 7o.ilm ;(4 of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitro;:t w wl6(l1emij*snsgen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg ofrz pq+ n .8m4jn7hqhi+ nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10 y)yp7a2*jqj (bw dw+swcyf7bqpm8 2 8.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 1)e4h9j2t rbe-zq) und 05.0 kg of argon gas at d9)u-4 eb t2n h)rqezj385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k8i9k57wv e t7ifv-je kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant l 4u w:2n-thhfvg 0hw8ywhm j31ift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than th-2vuww y1f hh8gwjm3h 0tn:h4e air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atquzhbcd .i+y5;cw3h 2 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen avaw7;aim tjp y40u8t) 7iud: ct 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 jieitqt4u1+3 v3 8swu hzr;1w $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of msfr 2l 0vq j/:ee d:nk)bj4j7molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are th0 5bc i w :zsg msepo:s8pap;)lt07rn (ej3y:sere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, m .t-)7c3bcz(rvucc;3lmmd ,r k*lmd    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume x0q s+ly-h021aqxlqwq vt 52l5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breah12y 3n.kw+d+ uwbx ootasp45th you inhale that were also in the last breat+ udhosby+op n5atww2. x31k 4h Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molevnp 8la 4;l8uu s*yzuiu3l49dcule at STP?;u pl zv8dul4u48si3uay9l n*    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface oiitw 3p 6sbk8 (quy-w;5h3 akef the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 ek3 h8 tpwq;a3u( 6ik5b i-wsyK.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecu h g*d34-+7wotl f1iydakoa lx. 3qau9les increase if the temperature is inl -d3lwo uhq*y4a+dfxio1k7 a9t3 g.acreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in rb k/f+law p0mae4.k: units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 74 fp0/. webalk ar:+km, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molescpg k/7 5x(y7xngyk7cules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is di*6 j2rm93dipat y rm*r5q ce5oubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does 26r5a3q5epy*idt j*r9icm mr $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spe4m 6.adz1j 9.lo/vuzijnmwz / /h lw/ced of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at 8r*x5.icz nd8r xd2 kmthe same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio oid 58dr8nxm c2 .xz*rkf the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in am*m ;ytpn5o5 4a8 k,qjrwygxu b gud4ds6(2* sn 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms.n4cd 1kfkgui xahr/73bp*8 k e2 f)lj speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen z :hn.3z1te)n w1i*rhe 7hqlz molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an aminehp78xcw/ /gw3( i wq1u5nb quo acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 37q1(5bgwhei /pwqx7 ncuu/w8 3 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of 25yvq/sx:xl3cw k + ),ocy:vutvvi-ba gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniuvssaz k5.a8j/fm na,) m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phas snbo 2s)cu98/4rq8okfr we)v es can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the presmzfqjhd f me.n;q- l(5zb52u9sure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 909 fzh f2qmq. 5bnjd e(u-;lmz5 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when 8 , hzcgsv;rav/(,qcd the temperature is g8qv,czh/vrc;a s (d,25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place w7gjt 2tm( :8kz domuwskw962 fhere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 6c. zey 1eh/8nuqt47mwr2uv tatm, estimate the temperatuv1nwe/6ttez84 2u ucmqyr7. hre at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of vmpm,z u ;o8)tx9 cpe)g)rpo+u9s h:owater is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%peo: ,ou;gr) 8+z9v pu) sxto9pmh cm)? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tejyfeu-z fp4 s*/j4kj2mperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure suvo-qv 8y7cb0q 5:p0 dug 4vainside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperayp bcq48v :a0udus70 v- vq5goture of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumeo05,m, +pwq swdruwu*/vj4 x6gk 1lrz 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poidcjvger.)-e c -*8 rjf3utm 6znt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (,3mt. v;o,baqnj;e vasee Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15tem, n; ;b ova3qjva., $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interioiiynq9ap5 k)z.i ;: okr through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectiopykiiai; o. 5nk z9)q:nal area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has +dm3kt1.jrmjyj2 166ybij mv been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure pk;9 ygy4h+sx+2r ghchas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibratedvznm(,qcjcr 3ds i)27 at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe callv,3cmi s7dzr q )2(ncjing for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is iniz +la;kg)(v*tl+b s5z *hsvahtially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gast5svk)l++ *shh*; zbl(g a vaz remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air bf-qduty*)k.il:0dnmolecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and t -fq. di*:ul0byndk )height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one ato:s 9i e -/ ei(tq,puukhz 1olfp*s)al4m per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum technif-g0xc)n 5atssc*p9 mci(6 b dques is about p ma0ct gss9xd (*bc5)fnc- i6$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the s;- 3i2p bqhqkgr yfwk1iu766wurface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the gqhy 3;ik7ru 6kf1b-w6qipw2 surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a s)au8;jjjpyxu81 8 rq2ci9qxbpeed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose qx1pcx28rya8bj i9)u 8 ;jjquof a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas irg7,6xf f aguv82c pd*s increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofwv8zl sw wqrp9lc:+az 3lw 9)/ 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmo.mgp+ u/ntw 8ospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number8 ./wtu mpno+g of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained i:9rygwt1z i: qn a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gaugeb8y k8fvp )4rl)ypde. pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constanly8e) y .pbdr)fpvk84 t at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquz*2bbhi6cada 9s84rr 0gq,k z5ib5raid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol1c4w9vg 0a ) j/gjqutlq bb(l:ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snp6 6xokv0,4* egyt/r:jgmm(ej;zpdsugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glasszwv,wbt b(ed q 1v.dagdlr8 50)q7md8 jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoc5 jmxab,/nz310mbxtw .( utkpted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hasyfc;wv3b: w5x-44dp dq z 2w+f bs;vxu a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed froyp-p6k -ms4* u4u nyxl*oa *ia fr(,jsm the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertub:y/+rqqx+a;ge1:8r wer fu ically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebouy+/w:frb +u;q :ga eerr81ux qnd from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-sd/p/ ywzci5l-0n1 tkcm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves a0sl p-zdnk/ 51i/ctyws a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follo ajo6nvi (8ew -c +m66wxywz5qwing two days: 68 zjn6wwiqy w6m v+a-o5e(xc
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent diffep p28btb,xaw 9rence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solitb,pxp 98a2w bd deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law topvu3d sp8v kf3u3w(la 1u;09do(gc az show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is3a fu9;(ouw v(3c zsv0aupd dg3klp18 equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to preventrd(7kyr+et ox 1g ,ke0 rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (k,7e t01e okr(k+rxg ydept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg