Which has more atoms: 1 kg of irokwgnn;f.. py3 n or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or A.gwkn; y3fnp.ppendix B.

Name several properties of materie8 ok9se 6njezedtcj )zw tc ;,potn).hw 75(0als that could be exploited to make a thermometereewn tnt0(ez) wo,p)dk 5zet 76hjo c 9j;c.8s.

Which is larger, 1 Cb:tb; univte1eq2 21e $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equijup2) a0r6 pqblibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say aq u2 6p0brj)apbout the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron./i /o .lf tssvmxgc, zmt+/-l6 When heated, the strip wilstxvmglf / zi.t,+/ o-6/cmsl l bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansioar2a: i ldnje:b:4n c+0.idwmn $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a si, *9q2jjv:j;xirr.5 ri l d) v( eq;2lqpqyylwmple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set v y:jqj2r,)(9*y5l qer 2plqqdrlvxi.w ; ji;at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the s akbyay3q 1-k og*kdpx/i(1 t7hape of(xg*171aqda /iky- obkk t y3p a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of l2g;bk6nvv 2r wfmn 5 yz4/ret5ead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub o,npdogd(,(8dty/- o oec bdwbfh(g 67f water, the mercury initially ddpw(,6nohegt 7od 8 (gcy db,/of(b-descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coo; krqf k5(wt1dtcpt()led more rapidly than adjacent parts t)5 tkckf(pqwr 1;dt(. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lin1+zyn92;f sk y.bfi 4ofxmj.kear expansion is much smaller thbi.9f 4sfky 2fz .om1+njy; kxan that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clockhw 23hc2(4z bj cjaq+g, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda willl d)1xz7yzs :7u8 tfnh cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up lh77ny:d z8tzfu)s1x. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its j bg 56;t)yd5dkinkqy ab 0h79temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when td y7dn 9bbjq;t5 y5k6a)g0 hkihey strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere su3rpu:j9wq8v hqswlj-33fg s+ormk . -bmerged in water increase or decrease if the tempera:+r- jqsw g. qspj-wk3ohrl 3v983u fmture is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rq 0b wqrxf w9 p4j9(gs6ma;8s:)eao)sejqx+xelation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperjxg q q8a9 r+jex0;bs)msfp4ew ow(s:9a )q6x ature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic thee5ifjg) m a0(iory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atcvlye; t 7r txy, ;hh)xlgz)*h9sbk06mosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimuh9:gg7 zt .fkdm speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmospherdk zf97h.gtg :e.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can yo,bmc2yc* 3,hopgu k-wu infer about the molecu,32cyc -,kpuw g*ob hmlar properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid dav tb)ie 50zr9r/r9/k(labgza y is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperivabz )gr9 trela/ /r0z(5 9bkature.

Is it possible to boilva;, -znj s kg/;c)xux water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is thevs*z dk bp, 9lhx:tm*8mmi2o1 same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the hmz**x8sdv,2 i91b :t mkphm olumid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dange fpw;cj,x6tj:rous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginc,;jpf 6twj:xe.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wintoxq o/z(z,3n viq u./ler (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3kshiu. z/:4 2ade)i xg5wnr ,r.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in 88) yd1ch+lypzy lv8wa silver rinvhwcp ) 1ly+8z yly8d8g of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken tnxep4(k q;g 8 3viuyw9ji y51jo be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?3jv4j e8 y9yxpqi1uw n5ki(g ;   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest(unt0 xzx)3rebfk f(( temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at gr9f1 q3er8p e0.09gfe8rrq3e p 1 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m :* d qdae8r,k91ioeys b2hlg ,long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29u dre3p.):w hjlzdqi6,upd :bnqm4 - 8) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Es:d.hpjq di6 -)qr m4,:pze buw3nldu8timate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often:a.4qzwl0:5rs-ijbv: k hip 0k1mp/)ol nrk e used and the rivet is cooled (usually ini 4mo0w.0khq5l/a1 rkjpvi)kepz-:b:n:l rs dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water)za bi4pi/kv:0h/s(v( x(imj-tb d ca at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volupfk q* j,wyc+rbo;uy35tc; oz)00ye wme if it is heated ; 0 j;y r5,qoezoctpy +bwykuf *)0w3cfrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled tkde.3gmsg20 em.je4 d f:;c(zmw bts9o the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.wxjvt5- l a1q+50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a rinmb61za ;dbw hgq df93w*e 4ds,g made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a lone.k+:k cs g+(8tyqa,gll2 nnc g, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient ofk:g a+,+q lg(2ectn8n lysck . volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the deko4h)fh8l8 qg)oux y*(rb;f z nsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coc8sl n +iuo).p4/u:ac dzvh h:efficient of linear expansions dh.ai+vc4p :/ nlocuu8):hz $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotro ykv18ygx8 ,zypic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock icllu dy5bu 4:afid( 9*s made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17dal95iudyf( c 4*l bu: $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer j8q. tbg)9qev4l 2z3 su,y hlfhas an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb h 3 9ytfveu g)bh,8ls.4j2 qzlqas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindriw7s nu:,gq 0bqcal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionles :uws,7qq0n gbs bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stresjzj/rrnvo76 htn36 5as is required to keep it at this length if the temperature in 7ja v53zn6j/hrot nr6creases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0aq7 ;8dvq k0ra-4u jwk.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at sg kr:ppukj589t ** .n *hxpbu20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on th8 78ou4:. ihitsf +bwuhedb;zth n(n/e Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on blon pz06tcz3/e :o)w;9,u4bqx 1fdnm o xz7wthe Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inte ;(,qxkq a i9fbpco4a6ee8 gz:aso22drior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric prj4y8p-b zue )ahwhf6bw7;3slu bm.9dessure and a temperature of about 2u mb .hh74efbw3adzb8;sl)6j-w yu p90$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas lan0:q,(srw:soaruf4za - tj n )w.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2blwtg+m a5m:4f l9yqm ;ta9v,1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cbsqz yt+49xr 5ontains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10f tbq awfqbfe 8 b1;kqtnz940-w,oc1-.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105+vfr+4(c/ 5q tny 7u mzaplv*e.0 kg of argon gas at 3c f *vnpa7y v +u5m(+ezl4q/rt85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o.px)wt z(lnb8y 6j t+of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating theh6qx l)dzgrod u l,.+0 air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsxugh0l,d. o)d6zr q +lide. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15(7yuch s*hbg+ a sk8 r/sorl): $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18u4af (fa+c+ub.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a :xj;za1psy0r5t a ; fvchild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of v zs:bc0h;v+g molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mcze: zjuov b6l3i -j sl6(6ai*olecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of -xshkv/oir9 /aq*g 4 ndz8t+zx8k 4ov (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.tj b zxs0al-.+7qd f9b1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are 7+zefsod ugu-. c-b)min each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in thbeug+)7s-c-mfdzu . oe last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kineti a1w0v,fptvc5j )3gqd )c cx0ac energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? qctxavj) p )03w0cc d5a v,fg1   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of hely tw +); 3si*xc9xbrmdx6(khe ium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 bx+xry6hk3mitdx(ce9s w) ; *K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms s wpgoh398f3q4 w do+arpeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased f3 o8q49+ dhgrwfaw3oprom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, gibdl3. 4;uxkls8l c/olven in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. losx84u; 3dlll./ kcbCalculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculesba 0 y:p.wb3wx in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constan4nfiejv8a 5-fgmf f2o*:.movt, by what factor doesag2f4.o *8:e ojvv-f mf nimf5 $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas i1u8f pcn *n95 iw6nvbzs given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same 5lnz6-t xp2b mm 9z4mytemperature, the ratio of their rms stm6 -xnl49yz pbmz5m 2peeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained inxk i 4gs5 zt2.:-,7vt eo n8bod;fkjmo an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygenttkmhppaj;f 2a0o5-t kv 9h3; molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nit w 1tmr52.uuyw-t9tf qrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whor/8v-vv9ozu rb suf0+se molecular mass is 89 u in a living 0r vs fou-zvb/98+vrucell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can betf(/0u /v2bk snzw xl1 written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumhup6ggv(w gefaj,7y13p .w 9m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cans5; ipz m2awh ),7/9m: cxk lwogv1kes $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tempera78p wjpp6n )hq/n6/ jx llqf4hture is (a) jpx/ jf4) 7 66n/8lwhpqhnplq90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when 1+ jejf8g7dg ju) ig6ithe temperature ieif8ijd1 7g ju6) +gjgs 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at cj:giw3d at1rr1w)f-:g z 5qe90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure 3p kldfks + m) hsb.2.50qxzuyat a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boilsq)d. + k.f5s2b xzpku 3ymhls0. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water irj5k0 ,*t ktlxc-hieno* d37g s 530 Pa and the relativ 5-dkrtj h0x kcte o3,*glni*7e humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressurekv+1 +nq.m fu*0qo(5jd w ()vauopgnz of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a press(g:u okv,r.g.d eq+ xfure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature(qor g+:,f .kd vu.gxe of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rn; r+ :f1z0 jths snbvf*dz07oqux x6-oom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point:yp pcz j8jm -yy2f)+kuq2d ;f9x* xji of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Tamey 1zu .fd/*nble 13–4) to diffuse a distancyd *unfm/e1. ze of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes2fj-ky:5vuu,gkgq 1f f4su i- called tracheae. An a - kivf-k1ujug2yqu f4,f:g s5verage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape me : 15fgyq/d)+lnv mtoniltkb3vz; w58asure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calu +)23mu+ .daekehr wwibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrxuee dj.6-iy 1:k ffa-ated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL ofde1:-fjek -.yafx 6iu cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm 1q; c zchw(oar*uff-y7p v4j1. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the orivh 4; (z* w7q1rf-1uyfpjccaoginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengtk cbhw./sv7ol*9 ) dcgh 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. odv*hsw9 /g c7)c. kblAssume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of me. fm ii wijocc/w016;atter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availabl+4hejtp*8x u9kn7no le vacuum techniques is about 8eul*t+ 7pknh 4xo 9jn$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L whenfwj z1xx 0ibq/y ,0hf) 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is thif xiz1q fx 00b)/whj,ys advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moo-. ls kcwgk)5dn enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Moks g w-.lc)kd5lecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fromc 5ikvz 5p/fz;x :q*nn 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m c bqc ,k8ghz(vzt f1u+k7al:9$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, esti,0x8upcqehhw h)( l )bma, xlhcbh8q( ph) 0w)eute the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained iia)1lb eab2-ot+5 l x/ykndz/n a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital2 w( .udr9lw6ljtu j:tpe,2zv has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressur2tjuwvt2r zul9(wje6d l ,p:.e, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0mguba9sy; xw2 ) l7sv0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolineoh9ibgumb2 bl h*,a 5v4c e5k: at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were teq z*zd e-o+z2r*6 anno fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tigvpm; ; y7;*0 n(or3wnz mwpzrehtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 18h)-*hthtbw ec+3o u n4$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, 4hltn 3 om:8qxc9k-9da lwpk5 has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth ixshfen,4pb49xrys;8 s 1 biy+s $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is mxgl*-i+7( tdti6c1jkl m q.v7owp.hsuspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many .pimk6+ixq ldgt (wom- j71*7lt v ch.tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a4rfbb64o--,yv n 2gkv0x uq uj depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the a0bj-vbkr,42 oxy q - u46gfnuvir behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure inf9f qnhvcr0wj 8m (5;x the air on the following two days: w85fjq ;m vhnfrx0(c9
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differencr:gy1gd+:fllt k+c6 c e in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth wc t cgr+:kdl1g f+yl6:here the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant1,1jjy nz( (xe-(jdck m xdm8y pressure, tx1d1mx( (e c-8nj,zjydy(kmj he coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.