Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? Se itvz m:334me84e4ya(x b 4jkhqd9xmbe the periodic table or Appendix B(x8qm 4km dteb bie9y43h:jmzx4v43 a .

Name several properties of materials m6mxh 59yygxe1 0ye +athat could be exploited to make a thermomety6e9 y5ymx+axe0m hg 1er.

Which is larger, 1 C:gah2)v6 zyw1qw r6mtb6 ra0e $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equili)z jbmz +v+5jkbrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium j+b5)mvzj z+k with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists oemc+y;d t r4u.f aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tae .cy ;rm+4udtble 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficie )8qlnvl.+ tq-kt .sfknt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used toi5tzz0; hn*6 xn5kyka control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel c *yaxkki5nz ;0n5hzt6ontaining liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section inu:ua-vkc o. r-w51 raf the shape of rf1 5cvuo:arwuka -.- a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flo; rvr1zyo*8u gs/ u)gkats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass th5t0 4k2:6nmmnysad fj ermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descen0 nm:a 4fmt ndj5s2y6kds a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heate n ct-dfj(s.mfhk1 ev71jw 3;fd or cooled more rapidly than adjacent partsetk-n.7v;h 3w mdcff(fj11sj. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that k)ic4 bm443vhwsp7n o its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the inc4)n474ps3 cvwmoh ikbreased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clc+e:o8jqw7 tl7 mjy,n2t d3leock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and tg)9 ypy+r7fdi6 7 ;bozax3jnkop to bulge so badly the can will not 7yfaob6d ;39jz p7kxignry) + stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pisto - 5eg pw2)bn0d(qjanzn), its temperature increases. When a gas expands abzwqa0d) p2 (njg-5ne gainst a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water1k6p04 mflrgi (mko.l increase or decrease6 l 0m1(.pgorkik4 flm if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lawh+b-c8qp9clkg. * wcp follows from kinetic theory and the relation betwe.c8ql *-pckbh +wc9gp en average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kine0ajw ocbj5s fz2 9v42ptic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, thv csh3bte3ex1n1( s-a.ls n :ye ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the o.ezbi n.zdwa8pe48)Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practozde)za.p88 be.in 4 wically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates miqt..)e9tv29c jitvj1kme byk: l/ c3ore quickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?1 mb.jvq :kcyet )c93./te v92li kjti

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hok mhks67x)9ro t dry day at the same tempe6h ok97 rsmkx)rature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temqe , y01xui-r1izzc;n9f0k skperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity wphxcysufysa z0o. (; 82 g9f*is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the samess98.f z2*cw; f( o0xpyugyha T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the rad 0kko0p3erd. ;j 8yavyiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.jy0ya ;p3 ore 0dk8vk.

Why does exhaled air apwi(. 69ofmac6kow)b ipear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper phbt -6 vj;(hreenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the nez/n ;8 xp zgk(m)zm2rumber in a silver ring of the same nz/);gr zpk2em(zm8xmass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often vg (8x0pou, djtaken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?x0p8gv(do ,uj   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recordedq 5+/nsffmi 7m are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengttw-dqvrp 6 q u/xe)0nzi t;c*1h 11.82 cm at 0.00z 6)i1nq recvx dw;qp*u-tt/ $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long iu938tng 4tlj /fjw .f(20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fiuf5 pd zfvim)sot 727ze2,v.wg. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Janupfwt d 25v)zzm7vsoeuf,27. iary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets t*-9v1n1azzk-i npb5)x xi k uihat are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry5i zv9- zxa1nx1bik*-n up )ki ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at b1-z0cw8 1pdlye fbvquo;27x4 x-gce4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if) t-v4pmvqc7 c32i,gynsa2y r it is heated frv-acg 4y72imyn)v2,rp q3c tsom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim whrk*)q8j .3mo, p:exzymd,alith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that ;sm p/. w;pnqs p*pdsj; ,n)v ptm4hd555.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placedx(fu+m+-e dkn in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so itd qelsohn l7 5i88kw)+ can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective kei n5s)lqhw+ d887ol coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the ch; ;rr8ig9eivuange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has5-s kc.o.v t,i *pot6bz)swnvq6r vy0 coefficient of linear expansiop,66ss.iwc-y qn0k t) *5rvt .vozv bon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropicaksi -,wm / mo7kvi-v2 solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfecty9vd /8 d4mixo+kw1 : p3ukwfs time at 17 iwyv8:4 1kdm+/ oskx pdf9uw3 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometery(s1/+ pz fipvomo i0. has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volumo0fi z vpsom(+1p/y. ie of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheedp*nwriw0v 0ux8j :d( *yut4yl of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on friction0(t:xy0ypnj**wuwd4 id u8v rless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stres +ivj4 lu gb0zi6i5fmcomh 96:s is required to keep it ih9i4z uv 6+g:i0om ljbcfm56at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional ardm5cm;kg3 ,htvq*) /e p q5rfcea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 201: ys-3 ioigix$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tepfx 5 -s6 *6yxs.drkhbmperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?a u0oppucdi( l1)t*)g    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are absalaga e9y kwz) 1c8*e3 v3w3bout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosphr-:cgcaq0+x6r nk3uh; mdt2f eric pressure and a temperature o0u qrch6 3-+ fgkr;mcdt:a2n xf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP us4hltwh ug:9y y.v p9.jing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg0 b1g-tdw*.m4nfwa io of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nic2sd oe95so -76jyizotrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0v42;ms 6ovk ct$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argonf26c3 wy8 iiwu gas at iwuw 2 8iycf63385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kwic-wux(y)4 d*sa.7n e*w (dl-ic jzrg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its 4 z +/q5 imwsxrj-b-af+ 3msmmbuoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon isws+ /+-4mbqa mmixm5fjr-3 zs 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air;of v)u5 f*wef at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.06j tbv- gmu)k5f q6exzs91x, w $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 l(5gk3 p9,8vasg gve6ds)eyy $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molc xgc5wwgokex 370c6lq /z.)a ecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules? euexfn53sc6 kr z6*e l.a yq07   mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles(6flv 0 ;rngwk,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumbg.wn f ,.6 t9e;uktdwe 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many mole*6.vl wl9dypcy,xl8f ) aml-xcules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the lm. v68lxd yf w,9)aly pl*x-clast breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy36w*rzgh3 rko v+c q4h of an oxygen molecule at STP? rh+4qogk3*z6v w3rhc   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near q (i0po zb;;qxt7e..2pfcyx ethe surface of the Sun at a temperature of xc72ey0 bizpqox( pfe; q.t;. about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms spk n2 a:d r)f(ri9i q2k.ly0afpeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased f 0y(2prr li2.dak:nfqa 9kf i)rom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in ksfto- /va:gik9u8z)y..n6 r w-ead /p(mkxrunits of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0,s)y oukam.k 9 wtz /(xfvnr:d. 8g-api6-/rke 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules inr(dvkqi) j6 t(ze 37sp a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volumcpf qk34ll 6jpjb n)v+ q:*3zne is held constant, by what facto:l)zfv36+ bpnk pc3qq *ljjn 4r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules obi;pmy/tt 3vbvb td0wc5+gd7 :7zc:in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of.w:)khfv*0rbt1cd ph c8f4t f two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse rf bp*cd804.khcft :vt f1 w)hratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of + c0y. kget/phnitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molec+;nnm 8yeidi86rm;wj ule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average )75gmu s41 kw-wew6oopz/f gwczt ,7ndistance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular massz xpp-/)y ey.e is 89 u in a living cel)-.epeyzyxp/ l at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =l1 gx/wdza ,bs):bp5bo-j /zw-nxj)g $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, ;39rfiuug7xqrw90b qw;ch h; $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wtxc2t4j f9g6gj 8p2yb pxue/6hat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temp+px7y1( r k2pmccggr5j9fhyhx6 k3j* erature is (a) 90 2*5ym gp7h 1xg(pfrx cjrhy6c9j k3k+$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximate7rofb4 bp9oa qythb ,10 c2op4ly) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperaturerbtab0fbo o2oh4p7 p y,c419 q is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 as pxhwu;n8 y99cd8tt. bp8h 9$^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estims(d,6 gqwbq7 ,pl5yc.ztr *hmate the temperature at which water boilsgt z5lcd7yhq m6 qp,s(* br.w,. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa as7bx 9i 1i12l ucw l8+ lzhlhxe0/,fiend the relative humicxh0z+1efwi ,lb8 e7l ii/h2 1l usl9xdity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 2h qv m2k(0k:ai)ckjsuva z5k:ymr 3/ 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker 4csi: i,ru jh)tim4o(6bvy 4nif the water is boiling at a temperat4 juc6m:4nhi,r4)y(tb sivoiure of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rw tm7zefif 6 xxnc-q.x0736layt3kj9 oom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p xj4av3d/56fihfsz ,xoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffusz viu- e* zoty3o4u8:re a distance of 1vi zt3y ou8zr*4o-:ue5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the sup(x*3 58 f2 tzlsuywvny ;)s6l8sb kohrface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long a*; vo)y86s pklf5y(n2 su3l8z xh twsbnd has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bee 6zw9a5ximy9u6-)m5oq nloh(cxl*b jn calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measur:/b0 l o7j9y pqcj3wpqe has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated atuwt39ecaq edg9tl 5s0-(tmw- normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, ateqgt( w a 5ldu0c9s w-temt-93 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder ifxc-wz0 byt6n/ na5/s s initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased ya/6n0x b cw5 n-/fztsto 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1*4 qeokz,50x rylkwu.3cf t +v m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature iw,y +k54*u0fq rc.lx 3votez ks 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matte +- f/4hbf,msjmzjx8p40 chirr is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum t)sy84 gapwfn r2or7 a6echniques is abou87a)4 wnpysaf26 rgo rt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m belowvmx0x , om9vhrd6*qpe) p0 v.c the surface, to what volume would his lungs0 evmv *p69,qxp) xor.vdc0hm expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of;jye)k.3 jow-;b s8 )mwersxt about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) strirsx 3k yew-e);sbwjto)8;.mjking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incnpf;;oucu.w 8s (e.fu :ag4uireased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume kzf*.4plvd( rjzv5vm; (sdm; of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value 2w;:jn*rt ad(u rklji .l 7v5yof atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the 7 k;2n:r(irav.5ll u*jw tyjdEarth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed o5-bw y)x :ix f-p(92to mcwbog4lgxf5 f nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in dg v xb(okd0vquohr,e9gf63jq 33w89 a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measurehxj8rd,qov(3vqo3e 3ufd690 bk w g9g d at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid )qb l;bqk0 6d 5x 03pxs0a*pj gco3rmemercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolk+t kgpj:+0vx f1pl 5mine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugn6h3j e5cnj(4haln7 f-xf i 0fly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2a+l ec 0bqpohdthey.. cyav;0)0y 4p,0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, a 2bggo, j 5ewzi+ct+1ddopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a m.3kqct7lrnj p+vu 7 .pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth ku5 *c(w2r4nzg5r e*s, arm0/byc jkw fcwr;.is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity br s b+n)ph)iz/y tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assu+)zsr p bn)/ihming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphericun-4p (jrumggb*n34q al) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is n m*gu j-n r43qp(g4buthe bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the .*s5pvfvw)k v following two days: ) *sfvp5w. vkv
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and whe7 (u0rvn3j4 hmlxfry6-k 8zd nn it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tempnr dx4zl7fv0 jh38 ruk-n( 6myerature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fogwt m)e9: j-dvkmhx0c8bo.+k r an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal tmw)boemkd-c+.kv0 8:xh t g 9jo $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars t )qd.go tji -t*je2r;co prevent rot and milde2cr.d-e;o) *qgjtijt w. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg