Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic t8 gbwbunw0/b h6b.im4able or Appendix B w0i/8 b6 g4hbbb.muwn.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited jc5ki :q,*d rato make a thermometer*d, kqjcr:5 ia.

Which is larger, 1 C 695lkz e*zp8x hpz;uj$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with syste b-sm 6qf+sn/sm B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B,+sqmf -6ss /nb and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. 3 l9;cyo, ona-is8bpgWhen heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hintboo s,ily-9 ;8gac np3: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansio h*.7y)6 z)nzszwlm gxn $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to co5 7og 4r+yfbhkntrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electrih fk+o5br7y g4city when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a secq91d jhjxy83: l m(gig3v,hcztion in the shape of a Udg:8y9v3,g1 j 3x hliq chmz(j. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead f/dbo *m8ickgxo*c5fhd8 *j/iloats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub oskp+gt0 4 ps;y(j5gk kf water, the mercury initially desckg( 04tk;k y+5pjgp ssends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rdje 8h3uzy 5tvp m/+i/am) ab3j/r(b capidly than8/ uihzpab(j3y /md35j/a+r ebv)c tm adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of 5 aenr7w1m2x tlinear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (mt71anex r2w 5Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cqwq 4mkw28*2tbe tr e3jxt1i ck (y30wlock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will caused +a8lpic 8q:v its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can wildv8apc+ i 8:lql not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a a3u9sd7/ : +ofhln ifkpiston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noti lf 39fdihk o7+san/:ung what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increr ukfcj)u0-1jsnf+ + xase or decrease if the temr1fx+nk+j csj0f)-u u perature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words howzsg-cc-8wrd ;t8c7obs(e 1e k Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between averagogwr zc-cd8 c8b-ekt1s; e 7s(e kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fu .k i4ze+:bww)kr4 euollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio ow qj4o/q kcw;4xd3s+wpe6 ,2 -vo)s cz qij-odf $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have h exhs;.d7y2l8k06/ tyjvdl-c pnol 7to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain whypn8xyjl0 / lc6oht h-;2vlkdyd7e. s7 the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you inga jpcs7*- eh.w9g+dtfer about the molecular h 7jed9tcs agp+g.*-wproperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfor lt*eu58 p7 sx:-lugpetable than a hot dry day at the same temperature.8s*x5 - 7ll:ugeu ppet

Is it possible to boil water 2w u9)xkm;h gvat room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sqb y2rw o99uc)9af+ tyame but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air atub9oyaqwt +r) c9f9y2 the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhe j2 kxpgv3;d.vated automobilexg2d;pv3v k.j engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in yu uh.*mzwx88g+qx,f c2 t i-fthe winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-t4jlo5 3u q(mngram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number eynzn +3 m0 jj9yiv6o,in a silver r960yvminz ny 3 +eoj,jing of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What1u,*u2e-qn ei c ;rekpy6kvh4id8qm o/k t q62 is this on the Celsius scale?*2m18pkkerheqdu c2 t/qu k4ii 6;nqo -6ev,y   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded 9bai zpqjxybj*)18. zare 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-gla9fn0xk xn4-pass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 k na40pxf n9x-$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of y:1 5nvgk 5kfhykx,9r3by0zyv.w vm-slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–pw rcaet y;j *bc q)a:y,8-jf029) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperat tqw cpaaf e)8;bj*,-cryy j:0ure of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thjb ylygfol 6gv jmgi;*e/ 7k;7 2:vqm 6)itp-aat are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be *jtgfkq)l2ggip:by6;/7ae mvm- yl7jv ; o i6 placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 ck+v6k0hc8 l8xyp .bd$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter9sppd2 nivg23 el:v6r. What will be its change in volume if it is h2s 63igvle pn2r 9pdv:eated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 35uu*p8g(3 no 3erhqnmx; o;a2r0.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of waz 0n4/rjnm3 eeter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is tod:i ,id )zyk;a be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel s uk6i2 ;d(gzsgo it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to d6u2;z siggk (the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chanmlhwe,cn((ck *v ,vqb 3 zeu ,ise+-4bsok90 ege in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w haso3l:9rbl6o bp; ,jez j coefficient of linear expansio6p3lob b,zo jl9;jr e:n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic e9zxiy4:5 wldsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made ag/ zpth(wbr:9r 1eu 5of brass and keeps perfect time at 1(: 1w/5a ebhr9zr uptg7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermomu-; uyq+ x(az,yfnia-eter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0 faiyxz;- +q-u(a uy,n.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius ; gwmqy3v46sz 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocyw4s; qmgv 36zity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. Ho.yp7jqgs 7c qt o:7;lyw much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature inyqgsj.7 c :q7ty7l ;pocreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cros nkhubs *uw88ies e/2 s*x..mjg m:j:ps-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 h99xofe su-zh+*)g0dzjb4-tl w r*kw cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:b64 xppem md(+
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the7 r*g,kwnc i r/oa-i5i Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sundno*nns/l+l /zz1 q:n are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine,t;*)was2.yia doti v1 air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of abaawtvt sd;i )2i.y*o1out 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxyi oq/e4ryb 0,bia:lz-oj2 yk6gen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen fg 2rj-v dn x6b;vser+ps-8b)($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of +7 .x+ybmvrhqh cl9-snitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliurd+zlgk7sqa*4gg z8 *.(nfz qm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container d 0g(*)hjm * jzbdctp4i.20y sptm8e vholding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 j*che*z is tmyjp8tb)(p 42mg00dvd . K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of p* wx.kga c:0p$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloof2v2 na9f,ug rn, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 ng 9uf2,r avf2$m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a9g/j -cj )nydf2(ue 2vhswwe5 t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen 0cxm6pce i2p w,eiwdh74)sy ,u clx 63at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level a1 taiyg11 fzieqhhq)7.z .lw:nd 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / v 7sh3e ;lj+/fuktmogm;95 7gzit7ae$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water a.3v3 yahyhk,ore there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number o7ontuk8b,k5 a5c5qquukha -((uf lyl: 7x1 uff (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5... fsp swasu6c/b2mu 21$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of ain,6 ; wwkrac+ qsgbih;b+p2;j6;eatmr are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [H sw;,g;tnwq+a6h +i ebj kbr;c a2pm6;int: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinac r;q*6 qhpw.etic energy of an oxygen molecule at STPa w;qrh. q6p*c?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed o :uz h*.swzpo5g9f allw3 0z3nf helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about f3:anw3gszl5* .9zlh pzu 0o w6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increa qr +9ykh):znk k(z(vfse if the temperature is inc:nz+yv)kk rq(( zk9 hfreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2- u202x0bgsb uz/cck e, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 2esc0 u2 -c0kgux/zbb7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of mole 3m-8bxfd wj5ocules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whil kjzgn3,p2 mf-e its volume is held constant, by what facp gnkm,2-fz j3tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is ;b,x4ob5 xt 9ig) zymcgiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratn*,-or0cr n4qym:+h m p ytd0sio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio4tn :q+* 0c nmo rmy,0ph-yrds of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain;2k 6+hyrus oied in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molec4)imiooslh- fc7xc +;ule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculesgh/3,3qqoko c at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms u 7wem +m9f;9 j,*irxh6fncpq8uo*mh speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living u7corh h9pmi,nw uq+x 69;fjfem8 *m*cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P r 8+ptsn;.hn.seph( gof a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumgye/ ai8acjcxzd vglhy):e 4(zf 4-)1, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whatg;c )0)owvjgl(3(d tjylb (iv phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature :oo.(8h2 waopqood2s /mu 9afa. vv v2is (a) 9o2qh o2(/ ua9m.v2foo.sw8o avpvda :0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxgxm-3b2u0s dad no-n b n(d:d4imately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature isd(m0 b2-3o : sdn db4nu-xgadn 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place bhs0/) cs+y dxblu l)-where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, e6zu2e t2 flh,lp:um w(stimate the temperature at which wate p(:2m2u l elfzh,tu6wr boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the p;fxl.4xge *fqslw2+c artial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rf4.x2ecqx f ls*;gwl+elative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperal *i00.rkxkc jture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is bo6sc1auch /q7 h1x821xsimd ik iling xxic1u1/hc k 7s2q am1dsi68hat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumer )w/mk5af)mfl ze ,y; 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poitzz 9./fcin8q pkoaabt, ;y/ 2nt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (seeyab(tt.;rq;;67x b6bwv zwp d Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15bqd ax6y(wpb;z6;7r;ttvb.w $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to yv(uw4vp qskx,,y(g q1 me9a2 the interior through tiny tubes called t9vw1ea4xq(psq, yg,2k vumy(racheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated a7nh*tap8ot ;(ovv gn- t 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibr3 :1ghb j.dkjp: +bf 5zlrge0cated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much u+wc m1 zt+f *abc+s7rerror will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the wa1as + +wb*m+tuczc 7rfter and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylint+k + q3da)idider is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains iq)ki td +d3ai+n the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 mwv xt2b b2-47sxp gq3/x5 iyme, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is q miv3p2bw/by2sx txe- x4 75g22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density ;sd2t0e)-e1 sb t4ed h5egweu of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vazvr9 ,;y6:ipmqdkn)h4k 0mq scuum techniques is abophrn yz4k6,ism0 v:d9;k)qmqut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of -s xl;-+fyx if5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is t xiy-ff s;xl+-his advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed5 o tv)wl;2al*. vuuxt of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high tem)tlvlutuow 5.v ax *;2perature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal g ege g1ypi)prn9/er7 /as is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 10amiy u 1icd:n5zx5a770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the sur x5b4b gjimhjn2jr427*u:yfyface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air m jh2bx *2ygm:4jjr nyi7 u5f4bolecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogesgukcg ebx, v.i p)ye9-.pa- 5n molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen ush)h- tdqpl; /ded in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 tqhl ;d)d /hp-kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a j()e3m lm,w.ve(d w lsbowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0 u.2qcn/otoa /)sn qp -m,pj,m2* buwb$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equati/ lufmo5l 9z)or at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a g0-ed-ndyonq *lass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted y q9 wua,5 cvem p4 9:k676gdz.qqcwdmin the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully char dp 0ov+lq/j8uq6if.z ged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from amy4 0glxyxmc7u+1p2 the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by te(z 51j5tu hfzp 6wpt6u/q 9bofnnis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown 5q (pzj5uztw9/o6f p6tfuhb1 at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3oo *8q5n7r k91guwrefenx-1 p.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m n-11e 9xg *kr8frpeu7wqn oo 5in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followayv5mz4kw7 y9 9rpc2 iing two days: 4 v9wi7 y5r kpczy2m9a
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent :+d) ylon)jxydifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperaturel xo) y+jdyn:) is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pq:)3unf i vbz:ressure, theb3uvn)fzq: :i coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidwx r:pe(4n 25h;dxzv mify their cellars to prevent rot and mrpxmzxd;v(nh 2 4w: e5ildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg