Which has more atoms: 1 kg of i2 fre6y7 9fts ht,o /dx4j t6h48abvjfron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix,f dj/8oy fetftax4 v9 rj2h7bst646h B.

Name several properties of materials that could bd. hy:7 ku qvo e+g,j6xi;)ahl:bm0ufe exploited to make a thermomete7,6egh hu vqfa:. i)d0yloum ;kbx: +jr.

Which is larger, 1 C p bs:nsm1 ae:s,,x r3my82 fdm$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrip ugx2t(d u5.qum with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say aboup.x u5tu 2(gqdt the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumia f:aer;1dfbm5l 21k cnum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint:a f1m 1bre25ka;cldf: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expan4tezx:xt i 6z+sion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diag5g2l flrx- wiwf * lg2+fe:u4zram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The wwf5f rig4+luz-l 2*x2efl :gbimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the enfqm,18i(e vqqe u*/ec ds often have a section in the shape of a U. Wh/q1cqv f(e*im 8 eqe,uy?

A flat, uniform cylinder o lu1,ifwp08fl;buo r 6f lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water,ms dr nz qh1a)klcfq(t 4,3(x) the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. t a nhf)q,s31 z(cxdk( mq)r4lExplain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heateubi x.ao -7+ t,njvv+sd or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exo,v +7j -.iubtvas x+nplain.

The principal virtue ox*gn o kgkuw 9qeu) 5./s1k4buf Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain ku4kn.*kbex q )1 gougw5u9s/why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate e mujap yqmn1xg;,/(c p45s1j at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so w /exe ecj- fricq m*njd+c1+8 8u5)gjbadly the can will not stand up. What has ha+req8 ci*-x mc)je /jgn1u df 5w8jec+ppened?

When a gas is rapidly codv5 ,cydteno 9113ks empressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theondye1,3 1os cv5tkde 9ry, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere p /zd)f1o6 g-g,s1, m rbfgkylsubmerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increasedf zb/o6-r,p )g1lgf sk mgd1y, from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theorya:9dbso3 c0 xb and the relation between average kinetic energy and thes: cb3dbxo90a absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s 6hne-nab8d n9law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, th3*gd m,2ctinu5k2/nf4 nql p8znb b6 j 9ay3wme ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eart:amp9:7/n; b m gfkoocepu*v4h refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leaveukep;f o7::vmp/c gb m4na*9o the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature.eoe0-(*xjzz6t 6gw;h -0 .dxzndpkbc What can you infer about the molecular properties of one eew cxgnd0*kp (z6o--;xj tbzzd.6h0 relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a ho2i 0zfwq k8x,n 5t3qypt dry day at the samk0y8wqf 5z2 tp,3nx iqe temperature.

Is it possible to boil wat k.qsky sor; 2+:(dorwer at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whenugn,d-bdl *n+ the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more de+b dnd lg,-nu*nse, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the *gt: 9hug zt m+*o1ujnn-dl r(radiator cap of an overheated automobile engi+j(g tnlhom* -znugt1:dur 9*ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in thu8l1lah.yf -qe)o d (z+jpk9 ge winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in (wfftm2 0kd b0a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a*0g ur ;;k/ldsvyxbf7 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the /usy07*;v; gdkf blrxsame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often take;k ( cnutj8qa 8cpk;/rn to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?k;8 crpk 8(/cqt;anuj    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest ter6 g /3htpniy,mperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alwtwu: i1xx +*ocohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0xu+iw*1xo w:t $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of )95m l96zjbm ry ule;dslabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought ironpfn,m1;tckq rcb ( ya; u,o35a approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Janum3fo ,tc1ay; rb, ak; pn5cq(uary (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than tesu4s2v/ mp(e7; bmdngjo82 vhe rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a m/d7e2nssmbj( v;8e4vp go2 uhole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4x3 ej,e a+wzc7 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in vo p at,rt7/iw-llume if it ir p/l,7 wti-ats heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filmickzq/uk;bob8 h go+; q0d (/led to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 m qf8.jvnb+gonkb gba0*1o3w-ac (r l,L of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed ;ak55jfob*pmff i(aud8 .o zoqt6 )z*in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can .7,wy fukjy5wexpand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to yw.7jw5fy u ,kthe coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thezh/cx ed i p7 v)jw0le7g9 lz1fa56ut; density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengthv+2c,o q ocr2s1bn /uv l and width w has coefficient of linear expsu r+,c oc o1vnqv/b22ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soli 6xkmm usiukjdag 0v*20 d99x.d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass annr:kp6hqd6+.3rlq a dd keeps perfect time at 17pdl6 krd 3qrq+n .6:ah $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter ofb:gmd9)n. e) a o1y;*hei oknf 0.140 mm. The bulb kio1 oe ; hf e):aybn).g*mdn9has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.4 c12ougd- n 0dv.scdz11 m is rotating about its nc 1zocud.01v2d-gsd axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 1q: om:7 8.3iwprkyi *fghz l3;y jqh(y2g4 fua5°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this8*4j7 y: q ohiw3.lqy3 mgr:iph(u ff;zayk2g length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of,:ox 9t 0kq4:n*uzeium av ,ki cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm atef(+3eei9lbts i g0* k 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kbytu.v/4wo l, xy8p 0xelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit sc1y)hk s9-q xcg bnu;+r2t rgz,a1d w avm2t;9sale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in t/v5 w ckvjk0h8he interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combus,6n)*: wryrfqf 0ifwt tion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of f wr6f* y:qni,t0f)rwabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densitr3 t.8d(in a3tz*jmf2liqh5auo-.yf y of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containlev2-ff;b/ f1r.uehhhc2z )xx1ew 2ks 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen8) b .quib-nas ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0yn3vn:u v4rff n w:3u,$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L c2hd1k1rr *d6 j (n 1;ra;o1yzuiqe nr g2l3inaontainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 (; h*1k1nz geor2ly1adrq irrna i62jd13 u; nK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.04p 5l qupm1 g.el8.jhk kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by hearn2mv+ 6oz n ;-/t.zccshdqwqy4l ,s3ting the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloonvr yswn lon;3q.z chs6tq /m+dz 24c-, is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled wit9+*xb g ddrz4ch air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at t j/4qg) kzpla4 cuwhc-:1js+ 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20h *,b+o ajo a b0ukio6-9vl3rb.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number0z;hfs k o:4efm/ 5jy.kb s6vu of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moleculelmr )vd6,u) ma1l3uhps?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number *l(:vq yu:r(l*aa wi yof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5ntun ( :)056hpyzi6dna ( h esvt.xr)q.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0- m+mo5t/has m 7ixf0x*L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is aboumtm*s7i+m0 f5xaxh /ot 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic ,5d gxdkf wm79energy of an oxygen molecule at ST 75gfkd9,x dwmP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of *o ( ithl:vq,nhelium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of a tvho,:(nlqi* bout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecu 1ffa4u( c80k-n.e:baur)fje nc x1nrles increase if the temperature isrrnan 4cf8).neu ck-0x(a j1 efb1f :u increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follo5y sg d5c om-d)fy.zh*6j:s inwing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speedd yfn5g 5oz-:s)j6icsdm . *hy. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a yni9l*c r0v ,tglv92m gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volum4zx y( j onj3 givm5:c74q;rsye is held constant, by what fan:4c ;r sox45y j73ji(zvyqmg ctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed ofaq5*nxpu;2n b molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture ofgbs)0ft0d. a0 zx.y it two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of t zy0d.x0i s)t b0g.atfhe square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contaiz re+ q3c+dor t(hk1e:ned in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule aoj+9qh4h n8x: utot0vtwm yl 6l;.4 gvt 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitroge(pfjnuk ;u3mz/l3epc icom) 7o 71fs-n molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed ofx.z9v (kga1 1jjkey; dw2citeezo1:+ an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell gz1(9aix tzy k;j:ejd.voee +kc1w 12at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written 4rtixu0t*0vb P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniug ku5w .b4knvog4;n0cm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure h1y9k 75 * jpg,bboru1z.mxfo, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature 1 ke 4foxh+2ofis (a) 90 f14ke hofx2o+ $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a daybrk v1.cga.k* when the temperature is 25crg.v*.bakk1 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressojo6/ 3xg3uky ure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estima.j 6z7o47ju gafjiyhic.b:f8 te the temperature at which watcg a7 hi:.4.i7fobjfyzj 6 8juer boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pr(pyd)ik3i,dwdd :r 0k(azg:z essure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity3pg wy(ak:)didi kd0(r:zz d , is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of w*tvr b6a.k y3odt05orw3c*v vater on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water i q oli0nd5)+uvs boilingdq0i lun5ov) + at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room+w6 m6 )i+zqr)(lkic jz9gr im of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ofcmej. 4(ef7mm),ji zx 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time need/*-2wh 5qjio x a-: ycjc3zblred for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15c*:jj la5xw- qo3h-byzcir/ 2 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects twp dp 12fu r*gc4w0q*a-w, vcbo the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long*cguw-dq0rb1 *w2 f,ppv 4acw and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrrv )e p;( vprn80nj., wqnfc,wated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20xf9 l3zn4 l ,):obmteq$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempeig vpj8rf:2tj ;k1jzvc s 0.h/6gr rs1rature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water,j;gcf12ig/ 68: ssh p rv rrjvk.1j0zt if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initial:vlx k-dz5no,ly 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fractzdv5:n kxol,-ion of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widtfro wr+ .(nnnjjq+i t*v85i+ mh 3.1 m, andtf5*nonrinw+vj8i(jrmq + + . height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abo:ep,z p,5nj gz: lhker5n1kh7ut one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techh4;hl 8t5jat6 k-ejv9wxu v.g t(gp/oniques is abo/ v6x4jaj-thkep .tw8t9v(ho ug;gl5ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hixr1yk8f;un ,hs lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lfxh, kn8ury ;1ungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed ofg fqto5ho +3/rf yogn63 htn3( about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the n thn353hr(g3nfo t+gy6o /oq fose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incr afo2 - s+*xe/hd7if6dneucpb0 4viu)eased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume e8hsnl4.top d dyk8*f .b; tx9of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, 9, 9gsjq oaqdzi.y8y *estimate the total number a9,ziq y*d8y.s g 9qjoof air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.7 (5ncnvk /ozb6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygejpb6y oxuo/9nvb- hhq;g.6 ) x2gqcu.n used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric press-nbo 2. y/h6. cqgbgu hoxv9pq6;j xu)ure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merc9d8z 65 rfwtviury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline q 7eod0o(5 xvn(awn +bat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eoqs)d;/ r9yx whv2yd6arth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a/o ;4e6 e qf4twf2tskfacz6 s7 glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, ado7,rkqy68(q;z cso b+riod0 mtpted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully 65ihb h,:kzi 2md b6wzl.a1ih charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartu) ;eeibd t*nfjv4+)igv r7m. h is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is i:x4 gxdul c*3suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How manyg:xxl 3c iu4*d tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releasesx f+o6het,qw va4x+x . a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a laka vt6q,x +wo4xxe+.fh e. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure i4fa/a9yf 2 zdln the air on the following two days: 2dl4 ayz9 ffa/
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at S u qlf;werrlalj )v87z;e- 8 hc;e-5vyTP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earj); l8 f-vh;zuv 8ywal eeqc lrr;e75-th where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to sho3hy nd,s)6td1pg lw5 9pv)cca w that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume )ph ,c935p dgvsdw)al61n tycexpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot r4q4pf ybd*gr;., xkzand mildew. If the cellar qbx,zrp* ;gy.rk4f 4 din a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg