Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periob7erq 9w6cc6wx9h 69 0 zadsdudic table or Ae6b7u9q9 66dsc 09hzxwwr ad cppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be explo2( jl3hdylyv- ited to make a thermometh(yv- yd lj3l2er.

Which is larger, 1 C r-xp1gm 88r ztaunr(- $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equiliby3du/ /nzi-d*ywy 1twrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures o1dt/yi dn*uy- w zy/w3f A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alvgh1188k4x0q;i f 5c fby zzkyuminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside o1f5v h4;8gik xq0ckby8fzz y1 f the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffici u;3lxe zn1(br0p..3z8pus i sd3trmvent of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermosta8lz2 m)-q/9s pvc 10tasuq pojt used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this devicetvs2jc p/ 81m9 qs-oqu0z pl)a controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often hav0dda5 . les .:l+dvwvfe a section in the shape of wfdvd+5a0d l: ls e..va U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mu:ic-esk :7r71pocb y ercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed inqmb,bvi -wo 5g5lr (-l a hot tub of water, the -g-mlw,vro5 b5bi lq (mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heatu5t x0v glhtti 06g/7ped or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. g v0i5ut6t0lx 7g/htp Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coqhu rh..t-(v4+g5nxjc gwz; szx ; /haefficient of linear expansion is much smaller thha ;;( uxhvng-q xz/.zwg+4jh. s5rc tan that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock,i op5 p,3hc*us accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda witc+u( 35r)n tzb eoz:tll cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happenetuez on+ (3tz)5btcr:d?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say) sv.j eq yy/cl.8onso3o2pj (, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of moleculeso e8 j ny2 )l(3jvs.psco/qy.o when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or dngp tw-99rf;0py i;zzecrease if the temperature is increaseg; 09pp rty9zwf-zni ;d from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law followsv cd644. lz bkmx0 f4eea8/cte from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolt alzfx4/6.804 4k ceedbemvc ute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s l4 wj7kw cn x9wc;-vs9taw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ep4biwsxz 197b arth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refersvjjlz 5-aqg q q1-.5pl3x+tup to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The esqjq35l1v+lzja xpp5tg.qu- - cape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What c);fo0g0idz * o0lgn3cazap.y an you infe0n pgl0ay)0zdgco 3 fio*za.;r about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day i a)y .rcwa-a6tsvt )1cs far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tem-.6yav)racw)t1 a c stperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room tempefw mvz qj.r hoqdx)k;4a)z.3(rature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same butr))gg bt7aw ta7(py+o mb4cv+ the humidity is different. Which is more db p4 bgg+vyrct)mt7) +7w(o aaense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of c 0)hb4jmpgs/un:,rq an overheated automobile engine.n bsc ,gh0jru:mpq/4)

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the w88 zfdy 2y+bi/ga l7pointer (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny?*fw9:p3jenh/7lzi4 ua qx0u ofh5+dk    $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold r6t4ij5a7v1wx3iy6pc zy q e (ping compare to the number in a silver ring of thep5 6y4(6 ae1qt3iicyz p jwv7x same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What ov5.wbe ,qn z:(3w1 zfk au*cjis this on the Celsius scale? wn(c, w5*b: .zvuafzo1je3 qk   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest kx(il:f1 u-dn temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has leb / -e6qrykhy1ngth 11.82 cm at 0.1 kyhr-beyq/60 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built +qy rx1i)dabpi 6,045a gkx:sol(f ekof slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wnsd0hvi te 41.rought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 i4thsv1.nd 0e $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet ho 4s+ :zhw7i.nxip*ypl le are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diams:.ly zx n7ipiw4+*pheter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water alx,5(tdymuxw,6 6tr.dtj0cu .d0g w,r mx,q rt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change 2cpxfmewf /l9:lf15 uin volume if it is heated l e2ffw91cf :xm5/uplfrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wat9 styzzu4ptpvt xb:,b 0tg/6,kq y +a7er at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watera9si kq 2. u9 w6gbysw11j1igx at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring m;4sxs sc, .:5roag7m:firjrt36hbl pm3 dll)ade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow ves;gq0sc kq0naq)hdu 2;sel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coeffg00nq;k ;c d2)uasq qhicient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the deq:ccoy8a fa9 ;nsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lin.,ajrh)jlvm*q6r pp1xw0l6 84pw pvib(uh :x ear expax 6,aumvqbr4 w0* wlhrp:)p p6 1(hj.ivjl8x pnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic 1zjoys1 iu.b3solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfec1fx woez3,)bn t time at 1 on3e fb)z,wx17 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insi)f/y/ 2gm/rf+xrr)tnc4u cg ode diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a n)fog / xr+fc/uc/m tyr) 2rg4volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindricali/ua 9g:)js qafh*3at wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its u 9:j hs 3*ag)qaait/faxle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the c:mhz eac3gxih ;c+7 0g u;uz*desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperat:gcgeu0x+z3ih*c7ahz cum; ; ure increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041c/ m5k u6pogj /e0zduqy(a 2e1$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm yjtp3ce p3j1 mr77v9 qat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatureuj ga6cs 0aq wq;igz.9c .+b2ys on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temper9phf,b hl6y ,qature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior oft*4naoljr -wyh+.iawy7+ dvr7 /)f0u/ w peqk the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustio*uv6fx fk;7 de6- aiopn engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of aboupx af*; 67 ued-o6ikfvt 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP h0 g8ku )bf u7yz0gh+susing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 k5i eikv(g+9p14qfqg8bwho 0 tg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen p7 (m/sak 6pkm($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1ly 4a1j 9nfdjxy39 rz-0pn/xs0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L contain/yqk)ao(3kg al;f2l zer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K ya/k2 fo(l)la ;kg3zq?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 ken3so 7hh e7:7uiqj6ag of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by hea 6o0 z,d 0wkrb1r;ddylting the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppos0k rbdoydl ;w,61d0z re the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air z.dsdr;2bvf k jx* y5vt+mj 44at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 180rka1y/w vh cz2/s wl-.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon esorhi us c4+so2t(n6g-l dx3p) capes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule s1+nedl * fq2a4: 7p4wigjcfwo- z3hys / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in fn t5cwf 6z0;e2hl mcyzc0 y ub*d+w-*1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles1f)x i.thk /uunf-2dx ,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 4ae3k* vzrwd. 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eaifb+suv-,rr w *djf) +ch 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmospju*+ -fs,)+wfivrdr bhere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an om ,zex*m 39.g,j atseabi5kj*xygen molecule at STmg s k*e5 jt,. miz,a*xab39jeP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperaagtp+srsi/e5 1e l.;p ture of about 600/. ;+tplga p5se r1eis0 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mavkvd .db7zh 0 e:j48folecules increase if the temperature is increased v8 j04.ev:bakz hfd7dfrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the fol4;guz:hq gln ,lowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, q: ; glu4,hzgn3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gassi)cffrh gd82gpdr d0s7:v+, at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubllvjh8rvqc-3q pq) p(;ed while its volume is held constant, by what faccqpq-v;plhq vj) 3r(8 tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is gje8-kux ;v6f9q / tu u/tfiyj5iven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture ob 6+yn3 hpcrc*)4yoi-jdvg.jf two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal d +r3o *y-c.gycnjiv4p6bh) jto the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculesxrq:kwj5ku9vba* ks637gmda o4 3 y2q contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed og 1 ;kx+ey) ao hyerj,.wpx59of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules.agcxh q5d(ov*2 k( ws at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u x:8uk yed st08in a livi y8ue 80tx:kdsng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a a*jlk/w61 fk zgas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniqu. fi(-d(ioxaf9q-c um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phas ftwfxm*two,(z7 vf)a gedw;s 3i 6p7gt 5::tbes can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the* dnmi5 /vfyf;t sa+s( pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)s;f y fadst/ivm5+ n(* 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (appr6 oel1e0l gxbb;a)r5hoximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2e 1o6l5r )lb;0be hxga5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressur;* h-iqnlp2oy q (cq6mj1fjwo3k vx37e at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure zgo+ tws3g* i6at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whic3wgsg +*to 6zih water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial p vf/tq.1/p dpo1xw,a tressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humi/axqpv/1t1opf.t d w, dity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is ttcrbwdr 8(rmy52l6 2 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pre*- lx)bbe t(rrssure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperaturxrbbl( )e t-*re of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumap9 wb 5byg g*sv-(php0.lm 2le 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of p .tz7b1w m2,v* rm.pbtat-av5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for /48bgmd dr4 eqh32n(n ok(pxra glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanc4gh / eq4 dkn( drorp(xn2bm38e of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface ogh)-r w;w-u.ar( xvd kv*cxa6f insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectk. x;vcru v)g6d-* axrww-(ahional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measurxjv c 7633yikne has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 6v18p*vzi ,rrzix9 7hkm8mre 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How m 8 *mrn cza/6dllxeu4*ofqb,; uch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the l68oqfb r;md/*u4a*,nlz xcecup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aft9;wz,t j;(qq-xs kzle er many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreasezl; wk(q;qt,zjxe- s9 d to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widt1 +ken7l rz w-8fnt+dzh 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperat7zw8 t + kn-er+nfldz1ure is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the d9/v*eesi, sgj: 8pau aensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum t2,js *-nj. dc2escufaechniques is abouc df-csnj*us22, ea .jt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs wzbugn,*9vc.xfk8 :edk .9f cto full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surfdc9fk :f k*,ub.8w 9cex.gvznace, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere ai fh28r(tgc.bcp y6:h/mg vx.t a speed of .cxbh( 2htypf m:.6rgi/v gc8about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incb dyv3di 4*-su/yl a;ahoj:g )q0bw9hreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o 3l)xc-qdnnv/ c v td7mw6-n-lf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estzx5u65 neqhp ,ag lg4wt8q(.simate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmolhxg p6tns.z855u qa,qg4 w(esphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained ig .:b0 6y5 pu. ,gonpdfn tor,rv,qb1yn a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in aj dgiri;kv,zi bwe9t hs5*ihr 8:23+ x hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow reih:;g+d235 r hk*zvrb i t,8iwx9ji sate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of dx;kj. 1 tvid wl-1wu0liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a 02wv3ie.e zkst 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator ar ohtem 5;l3j(g3h6 hqt 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tight6e fb bl.h8n aq8s94vuly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, :ecwc*)7xmjn adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1tn((ytw :c+.hg cvvt295 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from- q;e 9in,q)cco7 pta4;gko wn the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls z qk7./c5 bgt 23x/inld t4wsuthrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming t/l 2 b3ngs tqciz k/.dw547txuhey have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of /;6k8y3cqq i /hcvrly air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperaturyr y8 6qk /viclhq3;c/e is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor kmo 2c) 0t:khhpressure in the air on the following two days: h kok:2h)t 0mc
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent d -e,7 /m 0gph swdcbeel819konifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in thee-gc8e1 w ksnp 07omdh/e9bl, Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal ga;:ox -darhqt+ s at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expa +t;:dqo-h axrnsion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify tb u4n5t tg n019iu1nyf+olz x:-cmx;pheir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house xbn09:1g51muy;tl4cn+up ftzo x -ni (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg