Which has more atoms: 1 /tqa*7 e eir7x6 yqidd6svoc/-hc q-+kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Append7d r/x7cih/- caqy6-o +6i tsevqe*qdix B.

Name several properties of materials that cc 3u)*kmm zsdd3b-n6:jbl;* uuy on2x ould be exploited to make a thermometd ou 2s6cj-*n l3bub3)y*muxdn; k:zmer.

Which is larger, 1 C m- ea9k 7lxqp)$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system oc9kgc4wpcx 0x:8k8)y bo zl*qb*q4emf q0 f: B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with systezlfb)qk c xmkbp 9 o0: qec:4 g8*xowq*480cfym C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Wa62v ora)1b(ipfqt /w hen heated, the strip will bend. Which metal pb/aa()r2v 16 qwoti fwill be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expan. fx+q3r:1q sy.wzf0x2jk.a4 mzar xosion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simmio-o c66 +1gzekmq d39n1qxrple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explaiqnm oxg6iz1qkcmr-9 +d1eo3 6 n how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the -.iy2fwr syx) shape of a yx-wrsy.2fi) U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinde 2nrdtak2rj;72 l;2a( eds mmpr of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-inc2n4bm.mqarejmr/ctnc, 1b k0jl0- 9 -glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and1cc4qkjetnb-n/c9b2 m0r rm l j am,0. then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if )z1ezj/)c hljone part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts.h1jlz/z) ec )j Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear dw0 f+an7fxw1 expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to tf71awx n 0d+wfhe increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, a+3qq:k ;no mfxnskc -.ccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly 4 , (lpswa2+vin;rcvd the can will notcav+s d rv(n;i42,pl w stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistocr2v 8qwn6/1 kj2(m row(woc-ete-jeh rc*u:n), its temperature increases. When a gas ex-rc21e q2c(eoc6w*j8kwroet-vj/ urnh w m(:pands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant forcem.i/yy4e(m +r 4sp ij5)enxws on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the te rijs+iy(4 w)e m5yp.xm/s4enmperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law29nw+m2 /i2gpbub jji follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kineti+pnbu2 mjg9 b2/ji wi2c energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how:uf1y4ld blb : dzwp4* Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphewpfg.)(gy evv, mnx(;v -r: e3db b2shre, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mu) wgj jwsyo9) 3+jzle: b*i0xcst have to leave the Earth and never return. Th0 esi3w+xw) y)o*b9z :jgjl cje escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you1zri;utfgvn,,z7hf nl t:tlnt3 c: 5- infer about the molecular properties of uvtfg;nt zt: l h71izcr:-l,53,tn nfone relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than dlj g o.f+:rfgm)vf74 mza+n+ a hot dry day at the same temperature n:mg oz7al ffrj+d+f.+v4mg).

Is it possible to boil water at room trg33amd pneps 3r; -0mf62df oemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air lb...w(/h )ejewht zy temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid ai. .eyh( )zj/wh w.eltbr at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automob*l/q lhs3b cq+c+ +qorile engin c*3 oq+rlcbql+h +/qse.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little w+aaqwysk uw8ktg02 3)hite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppe20hby*g u 2x-e/ clp3ku (wrcur penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-grad/7vkzsv7 0shm gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same m zss /kv7vhd07ass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to b0o9uqi) u ,rnre 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?) rqionru09 u,   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 136nnj o25n *b1z)zat. cg $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has l--t gf8xic)sa ength 11.82 cm at 0.8-iscxta -) gf0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is buil-w9 )ld mfat+pt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built loe-2:xy5zqsptttk ;; em;; dof wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate tm;;okx y;ps5z2:-d qlt; teehow much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oftenh:1ic eoa zr*4 zql2f+ used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in e2zhl:fzr4 1i+aqc*o diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterj8d20 c)ejn 38y q/4j ytg ll wr.vvpda5m(m)f at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in vol*nk -cygnw2eb9 m7.rf:fk w6b ume if it is heam* crnk:e 6fnb9kwyf7 gb2w -.ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 35se sjtb+(:3:zugc-s ks9iqa.m 9kr 2f0.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mv h(cxe,ft( (x 1 ap 2kzsx9vdc1i+n.dL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be s),1xi1ny ediahxnv1 i 1q 74cplaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained i0mk, 363jxisjxrm uj.n a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately i3k6xmmxuj,s.jj r 30equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the : bnmh0e-;vs-pixn)m*+ jy pcdensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficienw)yr4u,k b-qft of linear expansio4)bf,ywqr k -un $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, v/ 3a d)ix8mjx$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at fn3 /k* on4u14r mrkcb17 cu/o n km4bf14knr*3 r$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter o4whfa5 s0-arm f 0.140 mm. The bulb 4m-aw5rfhas0 has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindtwhlkxa ds qf,*d;c 4ume43,:rical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on fri 4kmc,3 a,*uqh ;f:l es4wdxtdctionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired l(l/x id)iiopc3jwj,2l0(zv me-hiq( ength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 ,-iezvjm w02lhi(i)/di qp(x coj3(l$^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area dd p 8w cr8 wz))qfuk9-zx -adxxq+)y)0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13m1vged*.9( l j-cx hqo4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on thendn ummi 8;e*hwm5.,(s ca s3e Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fav1-0:x fyc md6a8 chfxhrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the intecygbh1*/: s*fo cbe- wjr;5cyrior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospvy .x6sqz*j 1xue ru)/heric pressure and a temperature of ay/z xs6xv*1). ruejqu bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas lawm m+ dd( x*(k,7hr2dr htlssyt5iu. t*.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitro3hv pd xv p1bakp6t+q vah*55-gen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitr6)x.d4 90oyn crabur fg3o/xwogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1cxp+18h /pv mdz ws4i;0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressuren1+rzm(c0:5uv1jk xe a8z3mr ayee9 s inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K1zmraujme(a3v8:ex y5 0sk reczn1 +9 ?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg azjiq)naqvg -,m)cq/f g/:ausp10a6 of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buop6a:sehxf)j:yiq-nt r1x)l :/j+ p z nyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense t:qlx )/j )s trn::y pjfa1n-+zi xep6hhan the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 2fb mvtmg ds)n:t wsx4p9-6v-$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen b5j;,f8 jafwb0z w n5ptp ,+bz4z6d msat 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sijs3ddfu 1;1 yea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /q1 w azgsrn*.poou +* 6jn.gin2yq3y1 $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L* a3m2 4gutcgg? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole2+mwd2s mqi+ es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumekyt d3na8 2o yilpa 1+,x bcgq0d)xw-7 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air arez zygc pn5d; 2ptn/(q.eja9y, in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in thte2 .cz9n aj;(, gpn 5yd/yzqpe last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at S9upg/j)v0gc1mmeqv ( TP?pc/u)10v j mme(9q gvg    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of zt4cznw pl; 4i fz1 7e t5cg.rtlv2,t2helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperaturevt4let2 zl.g2zcp i c4,; z51tf7wntr of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms (g*xl yf n.v5ispeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased f*glnx5 i vyf(.rom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units+6soi ghp/ k+d2( goiv of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms sp2+ovigsk+gp o6(/d hieed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at0cy tx54nq) ha(d xwe0t;evr : 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while itsazkh)bg e 6pb;ejw2 :2 volume is held constant, by what fa2 bzkewbp:) ehg2; 6ajctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed c ,rhlbce0el2a;v8qt;3. bx gof molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gz0(owid pee:- ases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rodw:e i(0p-ezoots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in aaza ,8jpt ,g,mn 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule a * crqeejo/, bk )mqk4un(35wit 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen k3f 0dvnro(5emolecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moler7b- ;h, i)n ae)acpaosqnx3.z7jx12qo. aspcular mass is 89 u in a liqb re7cp7.sophs a 3zqi 2a;)n-x1a.a)jn, oxving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu6(sgoj w 27olqre P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniumplx 3zik:oo)x x8).ef, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phaspvf .*h 73-q; csvxk-sw gt)mjes can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phas ilm :)i-ql4zd)k/min e when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 mzin-)4:iq)kllim/ d$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day wh*yty *uzvl*y9o y5j oa7jbt3 *en the temperature iso5**yvb*jy*9luj7oy ta3z y t 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where w 5r1hbv. p4m*egocum9ater boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estim;jt djh(3yxma)/yui1v;ele . ate the temperature at which water b)y;l;t ua.e /3hd ijmvj1 (xeyoils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure o0l73dxczo fn-p, cc,kf water is 530 Pa and the relative hu7c nfx 30cl z-cokdp,,midity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when t2g3vgzf4rc 2 ehe temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside 0f 8 4yel( voldndd p9or81-:vn-llgg a pressure cooker if the water is boiling evlo og:d rf nddl81g l9y(nlv04 -p-8at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room 7(me :e78 l;epdz:j :wbmsm nn3os(3ppxd5w bof volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew r-k ffc ,tmq a3p03sz-*vk0.61xo 9hypuymlapoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a div )-nonekf /3csk nh,-stance n3o)/vsnh-,kfc- nke of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny txk4rz+mek3,nulks:m s28 5f fubes called tracheae. An average tum +2s e4kk 3slr5:nx8kff,z mrachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atahj0d4 pai y*- 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibra:;qtng 8wpliz5i9i kp d:0y 5zted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roomi9xx4 z); pfir temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe cx)rix9 f4zpi; alling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gt: +z 7r9aypjkas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas rrz 9k7 :+tpayjemains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number offxq);mro:5 mgtj (e 6x air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height jm5x meq;rg tf o)(x:62.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mat86fli,b+: f nr1onz jater is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainab7g-xe qs g(b(gle using the best available vacuum techniques is abougxg-(eq7 gs (bt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fe.w0r ktu-bip,8 s3e qull capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to whqe0,k3tisre pb-u. 8wat volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon entecoxf f7-x;* y)io4ogy w 1o2v+dcia w)rs Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking t ixid; y))1w2cgwc 7ovao4fo+*o-fxyhe nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gaq jvqf+ch(((z -a(sm g;5tudm s is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7 v7bkt1 4f /dd,wbkbw*rtf1g50 ksk v670m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheri,23p,sx l5aj(t uo epx/xpu.yc pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in t,ptl3sj.,x pu pexu2ox5 y( a/he Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained invqk 1znhr(:ep bk;jarm(cc8*o 5ne): a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge :gr t*y k pdeip/(,bo05 ur3b4(4njenfax6kqpressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long willtked(/3 4*06fra 4nb,5x ru:bjpioepn (yq kg the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0znfj ecludn-pib9 q* m**x/50$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ahy/qt(zb - :q1,ese 97fn xitkt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fitl vdo: 7h 6et y8xn+ qc7(ktzb2zosz2( snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighc4m iw./ak rp8p j ,w-+:-yx 1tlwpa pvzc6m*xtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in xbtfhv72m0f 81 we3anthe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at -d7t2 qtmgq hnjsysuc2lq 0. c(*k,9 l20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is*1bhr;w7j+ c nhm je4vl(7tty $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended n5xo7t*uidfvg6 ,/q d against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are throwd67t /gnd*o 5fvux iq,n at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releasej- m50jci am9js a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when05 jaj-m9m jic it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total watu8sb-x y e/c2ner vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: -b/8 eucs2 ynx
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differe 56 q(hmm7zchawa ;8gwnce in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid de8 ;hc( h7w5maaqm 6gzwep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at consta; cszd-44.1hpaqx0n0y/5eiddwib 7t n( hclc nt pressure, the coeffin4qc;l 4cz7bnt0 c hd.ih /-x ep(1sdd ia50wycient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidifpm s -f*3c.fgw--7b xxns7vv ky their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar ivc7wb g3-fnmk -p.7x *svfs- xn a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg