Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See t3qq2wysm:0 k;yk e5) ploccm,he periodic table or Aq woymlep2:sk ,c05)yc m;3qk ppendix B.

Name several properties of maaeic,mz5vv pze3 . tdrc).c+(terials that could be exploited to make a thermometecd,m 3p(a .c5+zz.)rtveivecr.

Which is larger, 1 C cy3va m;e )wx0${}^{\circ }$ or 1 F ${}^{\circ }$?

If system A is in thermal equixedr2(9k7ni y librium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperreyn k729(ixdatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of gbof4e r k276iiron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will fir2 egbok7 64be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\mathrm{\Delta }$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\mathrm{\Delta }$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient-xhn xzc7:v .w of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?{)}^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat u7poj 8cjxhfb(878banq7y p1ao 3o 6etsed to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bondqx8 a3y (ob78ohf j78c teb7 pjp61aoned together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sectjq/cu3t y w*+xion in the shape of a U.c+x*/3jqtwuy Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercu. rvkz. ztpdui6pyv7:4 j64nqry at 0 ${}^{\circ }$ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass tgg95ewd;tzxio c y a4-f.4y:z3f/-b z 2rgayfhermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descendodx zbc2:. 4y/argwzi- 4zyae;-gf 5 f39yftgs a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break zyymgf:w,u h:r2e4y8 if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than a48umr2wy:y e,yg z:hf djacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex gl3jgcr /subm 2+ass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1 mjsu+3grc2b/). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acc*sh m7:r,gszuh1fwk.fpu: t hgl 3 i*1urate at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 ${}^{\circ }$ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly trhf j1 6x9b *1trlr5hzhe can will not stand up. What hasrf bt5lh rh1r*9z61j x happened?

When a gas is rapidly compress :vdlkp c:g7h07rgszz0ha 6d 2ed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in tempksl2 zdvhah00r6 gg:77dp :czerature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on ankmbq4 ka500ro aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the tempera0 5kab ork4mq0ture is increased from 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C to 40 ${}^{\circ }$ C?

Explain in words how Charles’sy)vq4xcc(: rq1yip ; y- b.fuz law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperav.qi p c fxy rbycz4-yq;u1):(ture.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from l.7 j.y-s2;f m,tapg4xc psy rkinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphewil oo dcb ;/l mqe4+)vvwb2,,re, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an obji02 vwyz,d()x k79y i:itql csect must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Expla0z()vw7 x ci,y: t2ky9idql siin why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at 1f ,u75u6 *e.brqz ynwt*j/s 4nsrreeroom temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to f,/ 6 ruqjtu*s5.n* zser b7y1enew4rthe other?

Explain why a hot humid dayejf:k,w zf c+v /tp(9w is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the 9,c(j kftp/wzw :f ev+same temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatuwc+dj.,jfyrfsje +,1 re (20 ${}^{\circ }$ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is theg/;p5mnraf6bx.+oq n same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Exombxn a/;r6n+p. q5 fgplain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overhe1v4zmjeec*yf r. uy2ggu, )) qated automobile engi vqu)c*rg42j emey1uy,)f.zg ne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the 3 um,)qd2ye1h *eqeupwinter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-dtec t b8*.1;qvcm c/j4 uc wgltzz;:-gram copper penny?   $\times {10}^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number i ,wj o v(wh9de(fm+m9pn a silver ri (+( 9wme9ovj,fpmwhdng of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What isfmh(up3 w3wt u6u1yh-(nebq 0 this on the Celsius scale?6fb q-un3ehww 10u( 3(ym utph   ${}^{\circ }$ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 ${}^{\circ }$ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    ${}^{\circ }$ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatur i6py(0gv +-ne.tw o-mznm4lq es recorded are 136 ${}^{\circ }$F in the Libyan desert and -129 ${}^{\circ }$F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    ${}^{\circ }$ C
low =    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  (a) 15 ${}^{\circ }$ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    ${}^{\circ }$ F
(b) 15 ${}^{\circ }$ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   ${}^{\circ }$ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alc;gfr*9 nii *dd8:efhp ohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 f r*ne;fp di: g*9ihd8${}^{\circ }$ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    ${}^{\circ }$ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m longn;*; nvqb72v q4nkzsu (20 ${}^{\circ }$ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 ${}^{\circ }$ C to +50 ${}^{\circ }$ C?    m

  Super Inva${}^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$\times {10}^{-6}$(C?)${}^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $\times {10}^{-6}$ m    $\times {10}^{-4}$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iy3l(t4 mn ,:kcv1vanr ron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of rat4 :mvk,1ylcnv( 3 n2 ${}^{\circ }$ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger kn+a8 8+ kvlspthan the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel r8+kpvsl ka8n+ivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  The density of water tr:1*molvgty9a( u8 fp9k-ad at 4 ${}^{\circ }$ C is $1\times {10}^{3}kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 ${}^{\circ }$ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be i,cae m.l0hwhi e; i9lx*-pj0ets change in volume if it is hea.0hie0ja9e wmx*l-,hep l; icted from 30 ${}^{\circ }$ C to 200 ${}^{\circ }$ C?    $\times {10}^{-2}c{m}^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wuznbg-p 4b 8yrw3 9hh5u6z8mlith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0${}^{\circ }$ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water7zjw).px8 q yk at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 ${}^{\circ }$ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $\times {10}^{-5}$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of i xkk,+scc0 peyo t6./zgjrv:) ron. At 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    ${}^{\circ }$ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    ${}^{\circ }$ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expandkmsm3lhc7 *1ak bwv*1b/z4tn6x ax*i7ed m; d in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volumbd sdhvem*lx4wzc t *k1mm76/xnk aa; 1b3*7ie expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the dezen wkx6:0f9rk,r j/ snsity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\mathrm{\Delta }$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\mathrm{\Delta }$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 ${}^{\circ }$ C to -40 ${}^{\circ }$ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengt nxh2*s+fz q,ri1 jz jq1d6qi.h l and width w has coefficient of linear expansioh qs jri i,q2n*fdz.zjx1+16q n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\mathrm{\Delta }$T is $\mathrm{\Delta }$A = 2$\alpha lw$$\mathrm{\Delta }$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidi-wxfbvqt-/nehks;6+sjsyh7c3fw7 2 5o ;s a, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfe1q(7hfd/fk uw ct time at 17 u( d k17f/whfq${}^{\circ }$ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 ${}^{\circ }$ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an s ; w6nsd3hr7cinside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.2556cs dh7s; wnr3 $c{m}^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 ${}^{\circ }$ C to 33.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0. ;s9ms* itba)en85;vqr:egq c 41 m is rotating about its axle on fricti;eti*m q5cr9snv:b; eg )saq8onless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C to 75.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired le2z6u8/dlm u,v1i+ guygd/ c fp- tehu1ngth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature incr1/p8ui u gdt y,d+6 uz uh-m2ve/1flcgeases to 35 ${}^{\circ }$ C?    $\times {10}^7$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steezrs q)4 s+tq6jl I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30${}^{\circ }$ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 ${}^{\circ }$ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20a-b/x0 onezu5 *gqpu;6brem( ${}^{\circ }$ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20${}^{\circ }$ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   ${}^{\circ }$ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20${}^{\circ }$ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on je(b51:hb+ ewx 0w/qm yl 1plhthe Kelvin scale:
(a) 86${}^{\circ }$ C,    K
(b) 78${}^{\circ }$F,    K
(c) -100${}^{\circ }$C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459${}^{\circ }$F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit fkiu 9.s4 qrki8r) 08tl9rld5qj1 p fqscale?    ${}^{\circ }$ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of thep5ojwgzcv8i1 s e)5d* Earth and Sun are about 4000${}^{\circ }$ C and $\times {10}^6$ ${}^{\circ }$ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $\times {10}^6$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change ${}^{\circ }$ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0${}^{\circ }$ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmosb)k)az c+hve y0al.. kd,wjy)pheric pressure and a temperature ocjdak ) ,0ay.ez+.bwv)h y)lkf about 20${}^{\circ }$C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal ga 5v4gx+ -9 +btg*a gi.axqvxd u3:sccms law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitruq 2fghast/ o/du+/6rogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $C{O}_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contao(i8qkt /pr7 u (j.gvz or5*ihins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $\times {10}^5$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliuuy;2c-jitc 5z kw.v,pm gas is at 10.0${}^{\circ }$C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L v-b6r .ytgq0p container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 ry6.bq g0t-vpK?   $\times {10}^8$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0ubi y 9i/6z8-s/2u-xryck rcg kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the ag07ku tw:3zr 7a jzv+tir inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the aiz70+ jk: avrzutt 7g3wr outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 ${}^{\circ }$ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    ${}^{\circ }$ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at * uapdj (1vp,,.nrg/s-wvb.z5pic n;7znkdg15 ${}^{\circ }$ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 ${}^{\circ }$ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atbn bw frla*aq: s,6*ov,7q rr6 18.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s ha;1(ns, ejg uai cnju4eq5i+vcc;9 tp4nd at sea level and 20.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculd4 726 xvvf)g ka-l( z:qgosyn (k*gssoz6d)d es / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $\times {10}^{25}$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 Lidbx2r;qbuohf*06 ytuk : ltc4(15 ky? How many molecules?    mol    $\times {10}^{25}$ molecules

  Estimate the number usn l)m0 bo2i1of (a) moles,    $\times {10}^{22}$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $\times {10}^{46}$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumesddvg fu6-s+w +28gsh 5.1$\times {10}^{-2}{m}^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 ${}^{\circ }$ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breaqg:l *j.bsywg1am2 ( c/moahh 0o(s+ath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about a((hq o*0l/ c a.o2 wsm+1bjhag smyg:10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average transfwx32cy pg0bv/(loht )wr9c9 lational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? w0( w/9x23lbtorg) pyhcv fc9   $\times {10}^{-21}$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C?   $\times {10}^3$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms neaivko of ra.wm3ae; jf)e:;v,2r the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 60;j w ovf,m .) :eirva2feak;o300 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatureplb1s 3e* mdl c+n/-sk is increased frosns mkl3l-ced p/ *b+1m 0 ${}^{\circ }$ C to 100 ${}^{\circ }$ C?   

  A gas is at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: dxc bf+9z.z3s-ut3he 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms s.fet+ 39hdxz-b3csz upeed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gaswkh ,uar c3,3i at 20.0 ${}^{\circ }$ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held cf3ovq6 b;ym-7r lg :alonstant, by what factor df mgl;a:qo67 -byr lv3oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in(/fu6pqt gef) k+ 6old a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $$\begin{gathered} \sqrt{3P \\ rho} \end{gathered}$$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gasesjng d,:b; 4xac at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds4d,xbcg j;n:a is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained ini j)cy.: me-nnjp;j:2c6 ukp+3rigkb an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moucm5d/m u* c+yy1/dut lecule at 0 ${}^{\circ }$ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average disti1 ,dgg2xy*;r y ,uguaance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $\times {10}^{-9}$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose moleculvh .p h+mk+;m(e9n/ht(csqq dar mass is 89 u in a living cell (k +dvqhe9+hc(n .;h/m smptqat 37 ${}^{\circ }$ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 ${}^{\circ }$ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P ofi.hgjtw u:34avn4yk(fqe0a 2 a gas can be written P = $\frac{(}{1})(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uw+ 4ec m83ziyqranium, ${}^{235}$U and ${}^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF${}_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric presqn+im9xo7 g8 x8 fg2apsure, in what phases can $C{O}_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $C{O}_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is n7h b+g,f3y99e w3) eogwsk jw(a) 9eo9hw gbf7, w3)y+en93skjwg0 ${}^{\circ }$ C, (b) -20 ${}^{\circ }$ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a )si)mamuaq .4m) bio; day when the temperaturqmoma));s ia i.umb )4e is 25 ${}^{\circ }$ C?$\approx$    ${}^{\circ }$ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where ;-; /hp1a0ndap ycqjiwater boils at 90 ${}^{\circ }$ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particu f1g:4y hebef1q24x3idcj+ky lar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boiq y4x cb 1e:if4 f2ehdjy31+kgls. $\approx$ =    ${}^{\circ }$ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pre *cu vesdqrgvi(1,6s- ssure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity ci1 d,(*sr- ug qvsev6is 40%? $\approx$ =    ${}^{\circ }$ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 /t,eay:w(c2os- vvdfyf ,nh +${}^{\circ }$ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a prev;lpzgc04jo gk0 ;h0w ssure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempcgohg;p w0v 0j4kl0z; erature of 120 ${}^{\circ }$ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 ${}^{\circ }$ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rjj(zc 11z8jv1xf, ccm6ode eq n,h(oo qh365 woom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 ${}^{\circ }$ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewa*z enza0.: ci point of 5 ${}^{\circ }$ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) ppguv0 ls rc*xcr +/b.yt0 -oxp0i. 2dto diffuse a disbis 0v0c+xl.d-py /pgt ox c2rrpu.0*tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20${}^{\circ }$ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $\times {10}^{-5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior h2/ a7vsaeff z3)m8il through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long an/2seh)87aafz lf iv3m d has cross-sectional area of $2\times {10}^{-9}{m}^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20${}^{\circ }$ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $\times {10}^{-11}$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $1\times {10}^{-5}{m}^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated 5m1 9yf vqq7qfat 20${}^{\circ }$C. At 34${}^{\circ }$C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $\times {10}^{-4}$ %

  A precise steel tape me , i01cqmnrvyhe j3nv :l*pt)*asure has been calibrated at 20${}^{\circ }$C. At 34${}^{\circ }$C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $\times {10}^{-4}$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much e)zerk.i2o 1d4t* pfhv d5 wt4zrror will be made inott i d* )e4v42. dzh1pfzwr5k a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80${}^{\circ }$C, instead of at 20${}^{\circ }$C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml