Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table h6l-(gbk0lzi v q/1sh or Ap zvsli hl-/qkb0(1g6 hpendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploj pw x-1mb-+m55trl mjn3rp( lited to make a thermometerwp5r3l- nl5 b-mp j1+mmjx(tr.

Which is larger, 1 C ; q eca;j9rto/gc xkulh11i1l.+dc5 i$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriu*vcq-0u- xad sm with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibriu-qds x*-cvu0am with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consist0que* bumh14ys of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which mq1*uhbe 4myu0 etal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linearu1k uqit,u *q, expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostfo4nev+ (:*d cuy+bcg at used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bondbe4f(o*y:v ucc+gn+ d ed together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends oftenc lv0-dgw.n7r have a section in the shape of a 7-.c d n0rglvwU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury syq; ljx v0)02aj;qb eat 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass d1cx ls8h 2zdcg/sg ,zba4/ 6a8 svok-thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Expl/cc6s as ,zz24sl ggakb8 x8 /ddh1-ovain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rap2ypjzvjm:.k8t g+ 1 /( ugrakdidly than 8tpu/v j(g. k: ayr2d g1+mkjzadjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass i :anv8/ lw h r2(wr(v.a3hlmhfs that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than thaa (.llw( vv83nhr2fahm:rw h/t for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accn s m)n 42 3b*e/0oqwygqa6khrurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cag kvpd +*g1iw-use its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has hapwpg 1di- k*gv+pened?

When a gas is rapidly comprpp6 i+z d2)ozhwj- 1thessed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic t 6pwtdhz +)1ijohzp-2heory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water inc l,mp5 gwy4.kc q+7 z,jy+zejgrease or decrease if the temperature ig,k+ yj 7ycj g5,mq+4p zze.wls increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic t sjojqpq22 p( m817loeheory and the relation between average kinetic 281(pqjp2 lm j esoq7oenergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s lawwsz2c2pvgs5 p*;v 4 rt/ 0xvm3a nok;j follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Ear,pv8 b;g.m yhjb ro*b/th’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to th3t5) klu 2pt9ly7b8h 8p fzwtxe minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for thel t z) 7h8kwbltx52ufty8p 3p9 Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quicklye6j2rgp31,ys muq xb)6xq0vn nx4xw( than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to thexnpjx(e2)q 0u vn6mxy s3w1g6 r4, qbx other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry dacwfvy63 7:wh 6k1yscuy at the sahc1: wyfyc uw3v6ks76 me temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (g kpbpio:9 *7y20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is thepq he,moqjz-j9v)4 p t c kbbh)26j4x1 same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid aj4v1po-jjxhmh9tb 4 c2 )bq 6 z,pke)qir at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open t wi7j)gzs8wgqn4 u ;tm4m6d+hhe radiator cap of an overheated automobile engine + id4w hmgnm s4zt)w7;gqu8j6.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little whiobtnyorw; /9/0v+ivp te cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4- ya*.(stzjl ujul (9z6;/scbqheynk(;4a i*zgram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comparem7 :ur tooupbbl8 r8*y q9f,hv :)4dgw to the number in a silver ring of the same r*:l4o )87 hpfg9w u,brovbmt:duqy8mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is4jbb:+ 3slp ds often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?+bl:j s 4bds3p   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowestxy(;:y x ao.2khe+o az temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11xkfh/ n08ldai64 h6di 0 qrzn4.82 cm at 0.idi4 l0nhaq8n f0 h4r6/ dx6kz0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builn0q*q 8gsl, jst of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall.p wuby) s52/djrvw;h3 Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of s wh)uy 5bj;pdr/w3v2 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thanfw qeu /-sg1/f the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 1gu/sfe/q - fw$^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 nk:1 1 di;lwr4q *wogb$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in kkr wm.24;17taru tvl diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 3 a ttwkk;u.4r mlv721r0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wiw .aa ba7qtq5e-b5s)rth 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 -khuf i6vw5o4 cb (sj84;xosk $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is sp /+edop4s(q qd74kr(.poii to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessa/ wnp ba0nz-(bbl.yvj1r p:sr6.x:nel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion jn(b: -bl/v01 aznwpy .apnrb xs6.r:is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in thv1-m8cs jqg/le density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengt.d1jg/7 , tnuv)y3vvoav- ugo h l and width w has coefficient of linear expavv-.) uond ,juvgo y7v/t3 g1ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic 3obnp*4z ubuz3yz yltu21e *tn0 f/s-solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfecldwrl)cbo+*(h5aj+qrz c. 4tt time at 17*crr co.z(ld+lt h4)b +jwa5q $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer7e de ih30m9zy5z p2ro has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume h 7mre9o3z 2izy50p deof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41o -);mnnovn9g .df+c p m is rotating about its axle on ;d .+m9onfnvo- )cgpnfrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lenu7s+izdd u( h v4 (muim.j+p*fgth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at u*+7ud jfs(d i.4(zpm u+mhivthis length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam4ioo)3 ex0 eyb of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cmmr .im n: rz,uqpp qoo+69o3(iham+5m at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale: cn5 1df m+djdpb;314tj xubn -ck(f/.l vr3ug
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperat g5-twkqb; -val w+6hjure on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the8-hs-bmh-0 .dr ofgo h interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure t: sq40c 8oqyz,q:9j8ozbflzand a temperature o,ly9:fq 88tj:zc ob 4qzozs0q f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using th4 nyps h si997kkmmvqsy905hlp0u9)he ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21. quqsg:x:*;ly , h(;cz771xrhvn c jij6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg;n7cwhfiu0(n 4g y /kq of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0zj k-a -9;iksy0el aup7 k(0eb$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure qim)u o2fx mz11)1 4mokz ec;ninside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?qxkom;1 izo fmu)cm1e zn24)1   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgtlkkjhn3stvfa , :,suyy 0 st( +tj-+; of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air ins7e ajr. h9-(y7cdqwneide the balloon, which mae n.eq77r hd(c9 jay-wkes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with aib+4 j6b svdvk2r at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1 oh0s, n3r2lj-m- 0ezzmp* iro8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 272 6 gw)at-q/,( zbyg t(w)kpennkjhh0.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mole32 jn3l;b)njuom i a4lcules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water8toq00-ie/mv aa 4 2jo+ypx bp are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, : qw.a): 9dpebb;mcgk    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumeb6w,tyz5: z gc 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0w2vpfu +jc q:dc,ig22-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo to+:fjgc,2 wiu v22cpdqok. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average z3e;i tay2as/ translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? z styie/ 23a;a   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms nearyjozo5 :/edx2c1 z;rwn . ci2r the surface of the Sun at a temperature of ayxoz 2cnec:2 dzj5;o/.1iwrrbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the r f2 jckpw*g4io,m.64o+vzop dd- rw0 qs4+mptms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased frrpf4ozgqv*wws4c4 o 0pkjo. +2 t-mm,id+6 pdom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of pyr.m 3a85 z0uzjk3vzexm+v * km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, +z5xerz*80uvzk m p.j33m y av1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gani6s6y*cbq(pn)evof9ki8 cw2;nn n -5l+pjb s at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant t6/*s5h cs1xltkd ns*, by what factor dot hl6s*t/xkcns s1*d5es $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecuen7mc cr4mj g 3qk +g5(hm;(ygles in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixta0qrv,2* co8pc/ bpstf 1nn2zure of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of tspzbqa 1cf 0nop,crv*2 /28ntheir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8+e g.i-n )g oa.qi.psi.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 xl;nvh;dd.)iq-p bo 24e uxq 4$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STPl:3eaha- nf(gwil a) ka.gn5-8.ui6wzy-fza ?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecula/i3z riz f,4h1s,8 *jcbqb owdr mass is 89 u in a living cell a c rw bjh,q,4i*1z bo8siz/f3dt 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written/i)nh w8ffy;h 6jrp.n P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur rkh *as2+(.pho/hdhz anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr0rw,tl84l 965 eket(aiw blo aessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm a4s;n5 kq/ yo(u sbis2lnd the temperature is (a)( synk2q4uls 5isbo/; 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the h k 2)a,fkyca(ebvd9m 0umidity is 50% on a day when the temperatuade mc, y0vkk2 (9fb)are is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a uuz g0)m 6vi/splace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a ./oy kpaei 6w9particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which6ki/9 op.yewa water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the parti-xqh tyyssme4/ l1fu9)l w2*yal pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity isqy1yf / - yw tul)92slmsh4x*e 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on/z/ wgtdwo4qw: h ,ylmg8n; -ah* ,thf a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressurg)ym5 p(xcf0a e inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at )ayg (0xc5fmpa temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a ro)fr a f9*1:+flkgu pvlom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dep/ des+w(dq)p95p hnt w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a ip3vvl :.mmrmhrl745w sr t9*glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanceh 4 i9r :ml5.v*rw lm7tmspvr3 of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes czu9u9 ab* vnwjb,u; /ealled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has croab,j zu;w* uuvb e/9n9ss-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has b6n k6b 70rtey1 psiq2peen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has khz(z, 9gj.zz3r.don;rv: f mbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error h:xxn ixlql3mmm rd(y;/+6v )will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80:x +r3y mldqxv;6n/)lh i(mm x$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helid9 jh4y:jat nub)y),hv/5phx um gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up495y bnu, v :tjj)d/) yhhxahp, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wercwc:9vwo4 ( idth 3.1 m, andr:ew4(w ccv 9o height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dp,v *5tc2ymwf w:z-c9 co9pmaensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available varb -i6q5s+c4lhzh ;-efq q0 gxcuum techniques is about rsz4h+xqe;-0 blcqhi5fqg-6 $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity o sir, /kht-d+kf 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advissrdkhk i- ,/+table?    L

  A space vehicle returning from th(5qce6k cq n25c03/j vakr 7udl6mel le Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentryc5 ve(/q c6j a0e26klul7lmr3cqk 5dn.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incre.m0 .s1.zrsnstx 6c xbased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volumesf5)uq(gd+u f4l b/gx of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure a 9(3+utqc msh o::q5zv)-um e ohf.haqt the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosph.fa3umeus()zqoqt h:h5 v9+oh :q-cmere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained 3 n*(lamkg2+xdn mn+ ,o2tf5r2iku je in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder ofof .7z3jvbc m7asm )2m oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and jsvb) .7zmm7m 2 3acof at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl f 2odmhs6e(y+ip1o;2 xtj bn/of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atp icvio;)5:qqdu nv (, 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s 3hvfe/.f9 m x1fo9xx bequator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tight j 4k5qrv4y1pj q .9ig.yhfq6ely onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted 8+ysfaj/trg) a5nhy b )b6 h8s-q dd6iin the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure ofrr po2.re9 qps3-so o( 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ea:akc acjl2h1 9rth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against.c iq/bt2q(ht gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming i .q2tb(tc q/hthey have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble ofuque1 -ynelu s1l u/*9g7*env air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the-snuee/u1 g1lvu*79uq enl * y air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: xp m,h dn6m1x8,t56 twqb1g)9wbrfle )e5m f,h m6bt6w19,lr 1xpnq t wb8dxg
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in tw hsu(oa+kzb w73 (ve;he density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid v3a bkw(ow7seh;z (+udeep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at cmv)-oqs4c*r a1tw jp- onstant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansios a jvcp-1qtrm)o -w*4n is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify tsp+aa9(g1qr*z b*injj 3 lsa:heir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If tia+ *a(js31 p:rzjab9sg n* lqhe cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg