Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of/xj5rccoc8-ew+ 8o am aluminum? See the periodic table or Appenrcc 5ow8 +/ -ox8majecdix B.

Name several properties of materials that o /hlx5/vll(kcould be exploited to make a thermometellx 5(vlh/ /okr.

Which is larger, 1 Cfk 6uww; k (bwd9ex99a $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermq )twcir3 p7z.;3t uioal equilibrium with system C, wh .)p3rt7;qiiwz t3cuo at can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of a 7 5st3ogls*cvluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal s5*3t gcl7voswill be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficie6z)f zi;cxocqm a+g,9 nt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diawmoe 5k u(rjh86u(:qg gram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain hjqrw56mhu( eguo :k8(ow this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at .n;pis4* jnrz1zif 7lthe ends often have a section in the shape of a U. nr4sjf7 z;il.p1* iznWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercuad*; ro*zmun5elyr).mb u5+ cry at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first pl 5b g lcrozhv)j2;/w25i8xesuaced in a hot tub of water, the mercuje5oubhgrw xc ;/2sizl 2v5) 8ry initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heate,s9e)jp ;e lv,qcuhzk 9iy v:3d or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pay),ie q ,p9vs;uckl3v9ez: hjrts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffiw ofth(k,0lj1 m/uo1 acient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Py(k,a0uo 1/1 htljofmw rex.

Will a grandfather cloe2x7-z4csh08qvbwx: i l bv4qck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda willb */pk winp zj6e14fo) cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has hap4 *pon16fz jipb/kew) pened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its;jr3sjg x .,xg zcim,3 temperature increases. When a gas expands against a pi z s3g,r3m.xjj;c,gxiston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminurh4d (cl8 h x90 zsmg(vxf4lq,n6,zhpm sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the teml pdh 8( lvxh0s49n, (hm x64q,rcfzgzperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the reln(*zf,bzs 7a lation between average kinetic z a7l(zf*snb ,energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay )s:e98wghg -1a l4n u(q86a;dij qhe x3nlhgw-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio ofz *(r/n8hzol fk( rqzp;7j(tt $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimu9c;5jxtv ,n5z;hyr ktm speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never ret;c y;tvj9,rhz 5 tn5kxurn. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at r7:t9kmu ;kg zboom temperature. What can you infer a9k 7u:bkzm;g tbout the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than ase/ 4 w)dnwl9z hot dry day at the same temperatu/sn4 )wdz9w lere.

Is it possible to boil water at room tih8a( why qwfvv72(3jfe (c3bemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the samej)+ 6 s(:mhnx(opu:vjwesl, j but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry lsj+:s(ejo ( m,)6vwujx hn:pair or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap oxwy/hz.h-/t of an overheated automobile engit y.zx/h-ho/ wne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–2f//) lvzpv9g 0wmw/eo 8)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copers uh+1fb5-+buu -p.xc/ nkhper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the nuz0krs)di 5r ra;qs pj(p 3 20r2hhoem 89dls5cmber in a silve9q 0jo sz0sprdrehsh 2ka;d)2p c l5(5 3mi8rrr ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this oni :,)w,akzltf the Celsius scale?wik ft,:z )la,   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempe hpqbss6 id ars3ft.458 w;q*6gbdih;ratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 1gl7lyg kj240m*a9mcp fb;)hv1.82 cm at 0.0 lp9;)al vk7f m2c 40*yghb jgm$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway ism5i0l+lk )r m)5 q/shp9j vupx8c(wsg built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 1tl:1hk-)4gfdmpt4 uh3–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height chankf1-lh4 tdm g4h u)t:pges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rq3iwd0)x - 0vkrcdk 7hivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hol0dqrkk7dcv )h-3 wx0i e. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water u,c-o+ ca2wfp7xfl :gzn.u3zat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm pj:4bz 8dtu t l/tx:8t/ehb/p jhm*6din diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated tp/hbpdl4 e ub mh*t xdz :t:/j86tj/8from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fillera ss(73cn+es e a3pe wa2.v9cd to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 5 :fb-cov7gvr*5.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to bq ;wx5lbn dv l-2dqz5.e placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand 3au*op 1ggp7)6m clqpin essentially one direction only, sc*aogpg 7q mp6l3 )1puhow that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in th)ly -dc.bbz3me density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width 6zdta6 yc ba0-w has coefficient of linear expansiocty b-a6az60dn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isot-1h:6foha vv rropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keepst 2dx x42tef5k7bqxh , perfect time at 1 t2xhf24xktb7 5eqd, x7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The vh2.7;a.s v ds-ziuh dbulb has a volume of 0.25s.h hzas-;u. dvv2 d7i5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating ab)l:az*c0pjvkwr w3;k out its axle on frictionless bearings with angulk0w )p*lc3va;:rzkj w ar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requcb6)ep w;s;yn u41 mfsired to keep it at this length if the temperatur;s me;1n c p)us6wyf4be increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.00 ho sk/4,y3t8ip/qjl et6xx v41$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 13bfb;.d b y rzh,bc;+d04.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin uf ewh67to (j5scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperg3ax,/hexi178d.to3ioq x ahature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 40) omisk giisqb*1 1ycm3*hco*cv;/0c00$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and v u03+3j5gosr etl 1twa temperature of abo g51u3twjvr l t3soe0+ut 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen atzp ktpgw, b1..da 8p;5e snf3v STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitpa48 lep. z5hfrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitroge)7ic (ngd2how)kttiw.9 o+g :oj(bl en ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gasp7,bxdvp g); :vbgh)0y 5/ .ifnhjz nf is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105rt 4mdqwysw gba2s5 jyz *+rz.ug .6-4.0 kg of argon gas at 385 s6+zur*.syq aj5t- wy44 g w.2mrgzbdK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kgx/2n4qn;8t2ogb44fg h qvcfq of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating thp76: lsz 7nkq)+ nf x6sb3clyve air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of fb3n)yssxz kc6nv:l+6l 7q p7a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atj1-v2 slsmrc+3wv5 3/wyb blo 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0(xd cx9+erfl7og 77b u $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chi1 z:wb5wuopm vly9v/*gg :zf .ld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of e* *6l 6g6 kbvacct3ulrum7;dmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many wh:w sp4u1onbnx-.8*ha gv1dmolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,,a fx+uz91s+zbfy*x. hlo3ez    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum x a9 gizt.os:)muzngm8k18+ oe 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each zrlk)da .vj++pp-/ wd 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant densitwrzkp -d+)p a. +jl/dvy.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at tezhnf*9)i;wSTP?*ht w;zf)ie n9    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed ix45tk r0cx,7zv r .bsof helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of 0rv4ztrxibx5ks,7 . cabout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of rf*/um; tb s.bgas molecules increase if the temperature is s/fbb u*.;tmr increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given i*5vvd nr 1ngp /i9ad1en units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,r*dv9dvig /a 5p1enn 1 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleba)g dk2xq klu9kt . t71q+m3vcules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fav7l+l vj,f,u si(:g eactor doesgfv ul,i,+:as( jel7v $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is ggtjfzae bk.0jg55 5/kc4zt4r iven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at theh8(cwj:wow 7w g)3ep2xu m0ns same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of thew ewm 7c: (o30hs)g x8pu2wwnj square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conyu8z t)26bxzyaq l*9atained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed ofexbs q.8s7 vg83.trf l an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between ni pp vcatk r*++5**rme ,.yhy/i1ncnrptrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in dp v3-3.ixp*6azqi;y4nx azna living cell at 37q-vpidza .n pyx* 3a34i;z x6n $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of oxsy gaxs2- ga-8nb0)a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, tgf 3id-n0dw* x0 x9xu$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, ile6c8 zuu gf8+mw7f,7fkr v5un what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperaturkl 4anws yj0 56wwr,9.*jyfzo e is (a) 9w.*fo60r yj ks4zw 5j a,nl9yw0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point fmc pdka7y*vs1h* 7w+ (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperwdk71 hf *pv* s7yac+mature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water b4a3lgw lpdn;.l, zp c-oils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atml*ty8g+/yn( *r9er wc ew4 zmj, estimate the temperature at wtywy mz* g9ne4w*e+(/8 rcrjlhich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pacnhct hiljv/ :ft) fx;u7w60fya d,-2 and the relative humfyt6xlh f-;j/27hf0 n iat dw,:c)ucvidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature i ys 5-t.ofej ;utix-3rs 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the p-rx 9zm+ vr)swater is boiling at a temm+ p-vr r9zxs)perature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roo u/ a20tniqyd,m of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 +m-4q i1*sbgqjkour vyx -09o$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diff1i9:/ dgq sp -naa:9 slw.ijlouse a distance olilpassa99 :o w/dn-:jg.qi1 f 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surzv932k c8)i3w2gyroxqgn*yorv 99u o face of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area oo)9vvcr xk 3yq9oo9 8r*2uiyz2 nw3ggf $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bn34qy 8m au/wbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape meashj f +cj -3l9m4pg4yfoii 6t2nure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How muuocc; a0p.dn22 u9lrsch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and tcodn u. p9au2r20sl;che cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 3vd8cb7qg3 yxv ;bzj:atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in :dv 38cvx bgq;3yz7bjthe cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of )6 1 j uswm/*g0bzpeehair molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22uzbj/0 ee m)s 1gwph6*$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abogkz2k vut77z; hzr m02ut one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best avai jd0ja-v4i kpudwwm( cb+( a/m)a95jh lable vacuum techniques is aboh45pw9+i cm d a( wjvjk0d)-mb( uaj/aut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his6ux5rv gs 1dvss(j)3r lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickvx) ugs jr36vds sr1(5ly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of ol8j0,y c*0v e 7oeffyabout 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspo ,eyo yf0*0le7 8fjvocnd to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increa0 ubnqd.urns// i17uhsed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofne. b)s6un -o3 iykk:r 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric prlo6 dlmy,aptppz;.2) essure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmod 6pmop2z,pl.al)yt;sphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed ofy m*anig .s8)r nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a,an;qloc . ua. hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and a qaca..u; oln,t T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merol9fm6 4-bivj r; x5luc5)sv2ikp8x gcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at np l egjchww) *z0/87qopd-1r 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Ea:s+nx:c74li zu2)qy uqbo 8olrth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto t),pk1h6nr tl;f;5ij eim*vs a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted ejx7-k-jui weopx:. w8kiu*6in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a prey,yspru l4-e+ n +d6lzssure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the k)8pk fntz*1 xEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bavzy8 3j,nw0m xi t2tp0lls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12mzw028 v,n yi3tt0pxm j/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spn564g2cakge -sra k1fherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a la6 gargfk4- k51e csn2ake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the folg5sem,p-mb +gdz-w p( lowing two days: m-d(g zg-pm5,e+pbws
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, anhkzwy 46nko((nv (gm-d when it is a solid deep in the Earth wheg-nmh y w( (onv(kk46zre the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas latet7 5bvwy,j) w to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion 5 etbjvtw)y,7is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.