Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum40yng2ik.f0ig .n s dd? See the periodic table or Appendix B. 4i2i dgfg sy0kn.d0n.

Name several properties of materials tha5g)alb 3 kwy,ht could be exploited to make a thermometer)h3ba5g, ywk l.

Which is larger, 1 C ;wbz:m6fkmlmqh.:emkq0(ai 3bg 5; y$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal eq uu au8c7)m9lei7 q0fpp ):ubiuilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you s0epul)iuu7 7pabmu9 ):8q fciay about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of irg5-p ggh7s9k ron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on 9grpg5 s- 7kghthe outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of l :, as *4juflc q+*5f0hslafqj8lu5fiinear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnhe4qq cc8 :,akace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it ccq4aeq,8k:h can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends o: l8z-.t t.s:, bxoz1kssadn bften have a section in the shape of a U..:z k 8b:ox stt.n,s1za-sldb Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floaouno ol) hf,7t,t7xxyz ns11 .ts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is fi ke9bq*(/j jsnrst placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit abn*je/qkjs( 9nd then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated op s64 0yelta3vknf;x 7r cooled more rapidly than adjacent pa0xvp;tl347keyf6nas rts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansp 036jtc -cbsbion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives risetc 06ps3bcj- b to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate er f05vwx.cv9o- -v3fprl)r i at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and w oc.+xmgz+uo+o;o/ecz9(dg top to bulge so badly the can will ;(goo /+ez +9m xzd cwuo+oc.gnot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressp;t) 0h.s1nyn9 czucaed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a pist1n; sc)tn zy9up0.ahcon, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an 4ys zdc): uurebsvf gj6/r4/8 aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increasvf84 c/ur4s/jzeb6)g:dysr ued from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from /qa 7p+pe f 5o oc ni5/o((jialw/4ajskinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic eneo aja5oi((nw/pci/ /l7aq4 oejpf+s5 rgy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fo3 wf:u47x5n1rgweanfl3y jxh 08n u :rllows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the re cp0.vlg;r 4latio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eajz im 3cnrr,c .8b4r/hrth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moorh8j3/zr4 i r bn.cmc,n has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you induk 21i4qcln 68 y0kljfer about the molecu0iyd l14k2ujn8lqck 6lar properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomn;wck g8 (,v-w- brynnfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperat-ncng wwn,;yr( -kb8v ure.

Is it possible to boil water at room t( 32tppbdn6nfe hq;-vemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but tpdo tm/p9k15l +ds/bmhe humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dryd5/p bt 1ml k/d+omps9 air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator ca(vvnh -1(1tpc c0atlu1zx1bcp of an overheated automobile enginc1t 1(caxvlp-tzb1vcu0 1h(ne.

Why does exhaled air appear +5k 2 dy r5s am*,t:oc0bdmw:fshupl1 as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copvxamt bl/ 5q;+per penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5i t*uq/jqh0lx+ 5r qi ;c tyck62mrf+*-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the saqh5r**f;ct yq6ti2l+ rq/ c+ ki0umx jme mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whauy5ht5 *lh0yz3k rckfh 2u8r +t is this on the Celsius scale?2y50ch uhr hryl+z *u3k8 5tfk   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempu )b-oiu) 9vnva)pns /eratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.y 3hdbl6dy x y6a,5h7u0 6y53yd lx7ay h bud6h,$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slu .xfy ; x)5.ginvmzj,abs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 mta4+5b b7o dkb8gq6 fro8ir2a tall. Estimate how much its height changes between6287dbb ao5 rrqia4bk 8to+ fg July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet l 3xl6*ezqk -. lwym-dhole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A ste3wlleldym6-k- . xzq*el rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of wateri :nnl8 9)j.qzr7t uol(e8qp d at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in d oh o,9krotb++bvz:)oiameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heatedo+z ot 9+:boorv,b)k h from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to 1bh4 pfn5caqs5+t3 6mn)uwjb the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.506bj ( dmyo0j8x mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is ,gkf kfgb*lx z0(dic u hj757rdy-jo9 /7ol7fto be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained gya5rc.a/ m8.s36qf 3oez )mshxn5to in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expantna.eg8s .a56 qm5 rfoh3smxzo)yc 3/sion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changem- gl92nrj2lfrxt, dy 5yd; c+0qtas, in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lzn wx+n v946em y0yv,tinear expansion vevm4yy,n6+9zxt0 wn$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic f19 liacsuq1j68eooy4;tj mu 1u54jqsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perq) tpw7srp6b9iq n6iu kctj5o/ 6hz1) fect time at 17zt b79qq j)6 cp6u w)otn ks5ip6ih/r1 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has a9 b i1f;pm uu.8 06g1g, oiosbo3nfznqn inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.guiso3f6b;f goomiun0qb1zn 1 p8,9 .255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.4qi :tr yhr/+ 5w*42 vfmtaxh5r1 m is rotating about its axle on friction2qi / rvrah+rfx5: hy t*t4mw5less bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 1+x- 1gzyu4m-tey euqb 4n(* ja5°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increasesn zmua -1 +4yj-gye*eu4 xq(tb to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam 7 m-+esdn r)cdof cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm c ;wj:f xj,b/kat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on thepz- fmwi ,1u)z Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scg kes5kf;g:(qqxp o38ale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inte:/fktdx 91ifk+wo6qx /*b gxhrior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pr:ww 8.9x dm l bve+;ilw,dcn;zessure and a temperature of w;vl, i8cd 9: +wb xmzw.e;ldnabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the idekn ,mw:t2/q zgal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.aj5wc78cpp9-)nv0iit56m q cw9 u u ua6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contax5o pp9fyh9 u.ki6 0nwins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas .jb fz;90f(wdml khzm5 v*s u)is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argh;.,)qttkpu:ei*qfe x eg *:h1v at +ron gas at 1tt*q*txhg)e pa: + ,eu.hvf:ki;req385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 n -:lthyf (4uxkg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating8tn)vqrsn9-))4xfw4coad(* z o lhb m the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 18 l4o )f x8rnsvz)4d9 b)oamwcn(-qt*h 00 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air atb +f5f , jco/1yuw(nts 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at dd 7p0q b yqw.y41fa9rle8 ,t c+s8cno18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level81y+zh5 f lvv9hvkz4ye3s xc4 and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule4+(fwlw w4omhq/y - rss / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many moleculg* zv0)h odjp6es?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of u5k7qofa3khvok 6qf *l 4:ief(y,w;e(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5. bkum9l-h(m( d1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that werk 8z1k hrxc7+*ei g:nxe also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constagr8xkceh*1+k z xn 7i:nt density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kiney 9ch v:3q27 etu3jmxrtic energy of an oxygen molecule at STvxrhy:j7e3 ct um239qP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a t5jzfvn*08 x iqemperature of about 60z*j0xi f 85vnq00 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of 5hn cph9, cvh7gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased pchhn5,v7 h 9cfrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in u;b0dfi8 -pw vsoeq--dl 9zd2vnits of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculateqb-iep vs--029 dof; l8wzd vd the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gap 0y;df2g sozjg.8 oy(km x)o32e:f qws at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constaw+ly 7 r sm02j0ueg.;jjtca;b nt, by what factor doe g;2.wa0tl;se m7rbuj jy+cj0s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of m9, xaalfm a0x8u ke6d8l:li3xolecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gasqb..htt9q. 3z-/rfqe - oyoju es at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is e-ej-..b. 3qyo9q t hofz uqtr/qual to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculxl v8r jw6rcbu/).ve *es contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed i zv*fm6 nfdme1)8i65lh ohjj1oto1 9of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average diwh) ,qu4bxh h,7 l/eeystance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular massi 4i hqxv1 w)i+p6wga+ is 89 u in a living ceh+ iv1+ix paw)qi g6w4ll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be5symz)- b kul+:my5 hz written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniuq e2sxw+7yy2z ero9( wolu8tq bvd,8:m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases czyk 2/ fv0-nvcan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressurygm6q ;/ d3u(glvfp2he is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) flqd;6h(3/vy2 pgm ug 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity isk:810nsxh+wxuia + ji 50% on a day when the temperath+ +xsni80ixa u:1jkw ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water b .oa r./i4n yo9 4+aisv7fuo1zk xwq4foils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estim nx pe9ju5wn2i:.vh6 hate the temperature at which watux:h6 25vh 9pwi jn.neer boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a dayv 1km89z p(vfzrn 86ni when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa anfr(n9 1z8z i v6pkm8vnd the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressuy cwm2a6 a6)s:5wev*gcvu1kore of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressurez g64l6ubi:ats +uepvo0+c1 r inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilin+p 01ovl gb ae 46r6:scuzui+tg at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vthyz+gcu;, 0eolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of.*g hvr wsv:pr2tb06u6gbp y9 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4d*-lz.7 gajl 15 pdqtd) to diffuse a distance of 1d lp. q*5-1jzla7dt dg5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface /f -n 9sgcb6wg,r0/o ai9rjvbrc9l 0eof insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae.i/g6sr9f rlcae 9/ -0wc 0 grvbob,9nj An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measu (cbjhaskcf 3a cs0+64re has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20,6)wh6 fdanxtxp*5phcm , a7om2e j s0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempera8qpnlz d8rggzpf/ g:5a8jr *5ture. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water anlp58g/qr8zf8gd5 pzra * n:j gd the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. 0ondia :9 f, 6swlah-zAfter many balloonli ow ,s9adn6f-haz 0:s have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecull( ,dlci sayws w4vu-9 1 urw.x48ll5les in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5uu8l (l1l.swyw5w9rl4 s d4acvlx-,i m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter ii lol,o3y2b)j:v ara2s about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techn6 dr bnzte3rh3fl+;0k 6 .ssf *ei;qckiques is abo0kherz3ki+qn;6 f*.3dferts b; s6lc ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lun(2yj * , )(fjfbwetpyjgs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surfacee *(jtpyf(2jf ,w)y bj, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enppo )ms t8hkrac/, +a3ters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,03om+ ,p/tcs)a akrhp800 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fro+3 vh24bssvng m 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 71sf5wz.cg 9-n- pltw m70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at t6ad lxhe(0cm o9wc+n7he surface of the Earth, estimate the total numb9mc0o(nldaweh c +67xer of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speedx8m r 0; qdrt2,+b*smoiyr, bp of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi e /xl496gjfca(13,800 kPa) a/4e9f6j cxlgand at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a 0if9-t+k +*b h4d uo*xqkcj) iu) tpombowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline n3a(z+ m x:jpfsa a28eat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were 19y e9)qo0lfotht 9*d3zymtp,y c df. to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass xr ut1l02wkg1s1kr9zio4f3cg5 9g fajar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, zwgd0o)xchi640* o n tadopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 19sp( lqa.isy055 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the o xi*uyp)2zop hw:gat88o40k 4w(jo o Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vntuzc ca:r+5cil39dsg45 2e pertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically9u:5ct di4enc grlz2c5p 3+a s, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from7y*r28r 1ptcyohb4 ds a depth of 14.h ty b24pd*r 178yrcos0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressurehqr)n *6y)ex wyzfv; /8blb8e in the air on the following two days: q vzbe*b )r/n8yf8lw;x y6 )eh
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a 3bj(bonpi i80solid deep in b83p0o( iibn jthe Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at w(euni/: un5z +es 3osconstant pressure, the coefficient of volume e (wnu3s:/n5si +ouezexpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to p9po 1 d8aogz1w 1srs)grevent rot and mildew. 8og1z9adrs1po w1) gs If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg