Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron orl+7rh5d6n qzf 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix Brqzhfl5 7+6nd .

Name several properties of materials that could be q10- hvvsk8i y o+e1ekexploited to make a thermometehe8+ 0 ski q-yv1v1koer.

Which is larger, 1 C3z3 anoc-tf c/4qt x;b $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in ther4iybscwl54ir;.hrm2 mal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatul. 4h sir5c;24wyimr bres of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of ironn)c rkxl/(wd 7u ub+n,. When heatednd (x7 /u)+urcnl kbw,, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lin0)vl-7-isz6cm/t ,f(dnkcu9 l x luidear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagr94hiplik h. 6 0 muvnm-mwh2/mam of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when/khm hu0 immp6lmiv-42hw.9 n it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shapegbh4 1 xb7j(ze of a1b4j (gbzxe h7 U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylind2aq5o;4vfha9ll . gw ,r1rd* z8dpo tber of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a (jcrxh3d;v x *4;arguhot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. ja rxv3; gh(;d4*urc xExplain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rm 19kd4tmrcivgvq aa;p*5la 2c, o787bh1 ou rapidly tom;g5c1 od9 7va ,crmvph b8k qar4u*1ilt27ahan adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lxn6* g 6ak08:mqqhaaqinear expansion is much smaller than that fx: 6a*8aqh0mqg 6kna qor ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2a t)46kud 1jka0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda wi. -yh 9zah:, )xv nexzmn7dtv(ik21-gc qkv8cll cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not2c-d: -qv)g hkzvxm yvnz98( 7.ackxh1 ien,t stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistp2p6pu4lr3vkaw 1 d i:on), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinevd2l6ap p:r iu3p14kwtic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spherm6ev ;sjyv7t9 e submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is;m 7jv9v6stey increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory*5q45tc yply5qn7vu .r egf/h and the relation between average k./y7 r 55yqlc4f pvne*t5g qhuinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.nq)o 0e+vowvtr3u nv4st :ss4;gp5,d

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio ohb7 cmx* buu1(f $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an obzkx6 l y09bn*iyj48aqject must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon9jlyybxk*qa8i6 z0n 4 is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What c ip;buof cdo .1kr7p ag3/l48fan you infer about the molecular properties opo4cdfk g.f 1u8/poi;a 3rbl 7f one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot3gci 51+scc4hs xk 2nt dry day at the samexksc+ is 523c1tgh cn4 temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperagjn*jv8rm 8 +fture (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same 7db4s d9 oqv/b,y4snq but the humidity is different.q,9oqsybd7 4/ dsb4v n Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of faeg: ezz3*3fuz/at2qc +k;t an overheated automobile eazg3*teu zf: fe 3;q2kat+z/c ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the53sd **iljx ro winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there inioju8y9)i omoig;+ -a a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram goldy szk.v3 rd0e* ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the sd.r*s k03ey vzame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” if,:vu4gpbc j0-p4e- dxvbpx ll,ap.1s often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?j -u0xal v4e-fgbpp1xclb.pp v,,:d4    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowestjs,*f4v9z y:s j7:ujrub x .oq temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 1 wpox 41kb)x-kh5m,s g1.82 cm at 0.w4 5k pkg,bhxm)-s1x o0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs xj ,vz r+bz8m.12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tr ,-ygu* 8naug/ 8hsyyall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 /h yr8g, u8uynyga*-s$^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets td0g ;j l a27apnzq+bh3hat are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled dbjg2 lnzaq+3;p07ah (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at -+4/rygague up5 qtn/4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume isa7 ixtxh 61s -0abed1f it is heated fsth e71a- 16d 0aixbxsrom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100j q9jzb:e gqarskbb67 b)hr:5yw;q6 ).0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 : xx(h i7og7(mqrc.dx $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. Atq;* (kmw tf4dli.v-jb0mo 1mr 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a le/ yu1:24jy9yfu ve emong, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show yuej:myy ev1 u/2fe9 4that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change it ./1yoow2,dvsq sc p7n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and w9n6 h)dqsam 2h0zeay 3idth w has coefficient of linear expansion2nda9 am )y36hh0 seqz $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrzv3ng8 gsg5 n7opic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps prcco:.7*xa op .awp)dpt;p5m erfect time at 1 p ;pw.xrd): cpata7*.om5cpo7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diam3z gfkd: k kocp/3mz( .dvm/-geter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.- . g/vk/mgf33k:zm dczok(d p255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindricalj)fh6;eg ltph6zwnjk*q . 0*j wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with anjfht*p6)gln . z hq;w6jek* 0jgular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the d5gra 055ptwul 9r sqata4k:,vesired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature in4 5a5rtv swtl:a u9rkqap5,0gcreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-section:vzw. d8w-0yt /v xkllal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1aja3y2j6bw2czv wki 0x:0uw 434.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempn b;f/(a3u a qk.1*y-wwicfj57 fokz weratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on tvbp:gxgi *r /czv)71dhe Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are abou hey5qx pxz( 8xck(3+p8itp8u t 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature , -btt:*di8 zddq/6 4a tfk7dfxzx.xnof qfd4itn, t -d*atf8kz 7 b/dxxdz 6.x:about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at (a sg txo9x ;i7fms;-kSTP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2 fiptgf4g j10 10bes)g1.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kgiygo-oyn1c/iw a,7o : of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10 sj; pbzn- t)2(ofgwmji+yp343keg.v.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container v krc0 cavdvrrq5b b +1m0+/gy1njf76holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K vbkbc57vqv0+r1r gmrnya+/djfc6 01?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of z gr(9 sp+c7rgv w.ywe 0./itr$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the dflbzp -6oa30 balloon, which makes it less dense than the air oabfd-0l3zp 6outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 1r0rm7o14pemjtroq( hre46z $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 1o l8zpq rmql1o,.ig4*8.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escape)vm*l;,om/xcd( zu ky s a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mi.3 :c h1m-zgesbyy1eolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules? mn6l+8sz0od.l r:q 2gll. uap   mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, o-lsc1yw0bq-n1sw6xg tfr07    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.x f:kiv1 ee:-zvjpr0 :m- yy()o*q ynf1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale tha w0xwed2 c7uw7t were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint:2 w7cw0 xue7dw Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an 6a3 qlw4ukwedb572 ,4efiwagwv28 syoxygen molecule at STP? ve7fusw8 l,5wq6y4wbie32 2awgadk4    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun z/7kuzcs /x.c- ixo:l at a temperature of about 6000 K. - 7xz zlsi/ou/cx.: ck   m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecujsxujuuaqu8 yq-xd2 e6(g*7 7v u -.fyles increase if the temperature is increased from f7s8(uy-v2yad. jqex6*x7g u quuuj -0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have t4an24+* ,t dwxj epqw -gmlt6tm3pr8o he following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, apx4tw ,lawjrn2gt-+3e 48mm*6qp odtnd 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atsk))1f0 d syhb 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while-iv6rc2j de1 k its volume is held constant, by what factor doek-e ivj6cd21r s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mole9*za0oh5a:7ssixe e1)2paoc7 umf*mtlq s,mcules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature,7y r)o nsd7gy5 the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masseg7or) dy7y s5ns.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules ourz((8hqnkjrc;+uz:x:jhk eq f6 5of( .3t j contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms fyl:6 hsc9lg e-q f-/sgsib/9 speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen mouvo f,q:8, epd xyd:xny.1dy/ lecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amine,b )mf0je a2vo acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a livivfe,ja2m 0e)b ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas ca h((t)v;lhgp zn be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani*/jny ut+:krw 9l*nwv um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phas,-pd4;u6 c;nn ra5ktctgj.+qp1 w xu ees can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the x/hkn3 ico)h,temperature is (a) 90 xkih ,cn )oh3/$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approxi 0 jbcf71y+9j feylq3 oqk9*uemately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperaturj1yu 7qojleqef +9k30b*fc9 ye is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at ahb: -n0aaj6m bnz4vuk+5 s :fh place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atr9n1p 6:ww-zjcs /zvom, estimate the temperature at which water 96z-pj/wwz r ocs1 n:vboils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature 1bl-7 pxf/wmz3eu1mh u0 0bg aon a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rel 1b013-/zpx umuw lf0g aebhm7ative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a dk96 vps+3l rrwy2y :tray when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure 2dys):)anhxo 8t o;mjinside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempe8)s 2t:)ndomjaohx ;yrature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vo iu k9(zob:pmy dx ke,2.4n*eylume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pbthg rtwnl /0g9x,k79oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to 92t5 c-3gybf/2 qmw8fwgjurk diffuse a distanyt 82jfbqgm5krug239c- w/w fce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior thkm:8 vnzh :x0urough tiny tubes called trach:0nm ux:vzk8 heae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20 vvzwj6b,4b / tdg9 t)ifb0p1t$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated qs :yyif srrdi)/bcza, h dbw2 3/+3:kat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error n p91f.vtb1f ezq2rx 6will be made in a recipe calling for 301f2bt xpzfve16n9r.q 0 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heliuyhsy1:n-)jov g gj, b ,e(-kyxm gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm-jhoj :sn bek gyygy-1,, x()v. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room obc, gr 5.d0psmf length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is pgs.m0db5, rc22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mattepu- i g*(qaz pq1 m-viijxm5(.r is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usinw l( v7bnuh3z-g the best available vacuum techniques is aboul3wn 7z(ubh-v t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L wd, 4. jbsx8fgqhen 10 m below the surfgb, . djxfs4q8ace, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moo n1x bb6*kx8r ge9ta,3vwbof*n enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, partxb6bo fb8xr **,t39ew 1nvkga of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an izo2oy; 2z 6cnp +mn17clss2p edeal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of k1k3qi(hf1 2 ro w/rpb770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimqbrcb1:l* ctd mt8rr0 5,(e(pv qqd *vate the total number of air molecules in r (:qmv (pqbr 1dbdcc0ltvr**qt85e,the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules hn -g7kt24fy*wyk )xwcontained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has ;m,r ( bpf1okygauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and f1;py,kor m (bat T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at oo*xkw bjfspi0*a.;30$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli27py(/h0tn ,cpnt timne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fip u vi;qb:id x:3,0grpt snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto:ds2s,le l.hi a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in thh4s- z7 tn0 wq0budq.ljkb3 j9e 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, zh m-8(krv/ky has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed froez;- 7lwnaemn zl/51am the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls throwns 1cw6 +ew nkv;jw:7xg: rzl*ii+xj6 u vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a : 1+gwsu*lei; 7 zxi k6nxc6r+jjvww: mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubblehxhb x/rvpyo18 j-q1f w4s3z3 of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume thr1/ hs43jpv ow8fbhq1z3-xxye temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor prej yp,e//:lq12ovki ddssure in the air on the following two days: /kd1,ijodl2/ e y:qp v
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and wh :4n z :o (b qawgq7o0v.x*:i7uwrwouken it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000iu7zaq wwgo.4v*:n0(:xr7uqowb :k o$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an cfo o; q1tuw:*ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume exo o*q:tf;wc u1pansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, peo*r6 hl 3qbt1dhvs-q1 ople constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (keplqbh6 * ohs31t dv1r-qt at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg