Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table )d8u/gfsgrd pd0.2vxz t0q/ p 3tj1sq or Appens 0r//zxdjtdp2s qq u.301gfvg8d t )pdix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to m3jpbf+wtr/q +px5o rloc:zr )61aqr ;ake a thermometercl 1r: 6t3r xfzoqw q)ro a/5bp;+r+jp.

Which is larger, 1 C1qz8hdhjis5k / m+,. rmj-a gf $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium c(p yunq4esg 7n 3e1;owith system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, w1go e3;ynq u 47pscne(hat can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consabw-:8c4v (a 0ghqmqcg5+n hxists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will4q g:gc w(nqma8b-h+ v0 hcx5a bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exp wlpe2+q ll r(6cqa.u.ansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furna- 34:jay3lu tf m/ mq+kyyirh+ce (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set jihqt- lu y +r33fy/m+m: a4kyat different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a secag2a6(qte0 h:hiats7tq o ;s3tion in the shape of a a0e s3sg27:t(q6aoaq t;thh iU. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lb0cb3rg lfu4an)e3-9 /o jt fhead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury--g4qw)sia g / j;*gu g-najr/gin-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descendsgq/ng4wag*a;g -sirj/) j-g u a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled wx kk;b9ay.kr;+oao1 more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain. 9+bykaxk ok;.1r ;wao

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficienhmozob6 vnn 6n/2h, g6t of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat reshv /gn zn26oh6bo, m6nistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloc 43m/pimoeg9 mp8a;bck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to gs:eo rhjf:;1bulge so badly the can will not sta sg:f h:r;eo1jnd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly comprq1 r+yton slz8 tx.,7eessed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes is tt7 1eol+yzn8 qx.,rn temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged i3o(yssesdcu3w55t 1 s q(o.opn water increase or decrease53(oweo (stsd3 y c1q5 uos.ps if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s/ 1j6 uw*4nro3bnl t+fthz)zq law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the ab 3uh ntjl *1/nbzow+tf z4q)r6solute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s lawawk7q)hnxi(ayt 3 se 5b.-pe* follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmos+37 y-mbgdwozphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimueekn .;/vdk1eh3, ul um speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller m h;eee nk3/du,kl.v 1uass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at roobox84 n-xy( ic -psh*nz 6lruo1+ug8sm temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the othu8ns gp b 1n +iyluo(z*cs4x-r 8-ho6xer?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at thjx:uz v;t:de +e same temperatuzt;:uxdve : j+re.

Is it possible to boil water at room teme ojh- eh/g;-lo/ ll2dperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but theo0i1osa no2j 7,m r8cy1b ga/9wrlpm* humidity is different. Which 9imonsb1 g0 m*r2o7c o l/wya 8aj1,pris more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automhwk p.q+jw q69obile engi9 j.+k qqphw6wne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Firkwp3w 3 6y1gq,fm (*jx2evv(ie e2oqg. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper93c cbx0 tkt7 6,yq8,o 4/tzzpcyme lx penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of u4m vx*p6ea,y atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the smvu,p6yx ea *4ame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Cels9ew*+zp7bf d+ h,wj dqexdrz 83zg)b9ius scale?jrqeh+w,+pgw73zb9xb 8 *zed dz 9fd)    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded qaf)(gr. b/zfkijs i5*3yib 5 are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohokb6sk *vwx a hcn,/68el column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 /6v ac*hk8n6,wk bex s$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 sxv/i /zeyi2eeoyy7z; /n 0:f m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built gzr p,gaat 70t+qn2rbp 13u53t .oc.m kj; jceof wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its h 5rjg,.+kart q.moj7 pp2a;1 bteu33zc0ct gn eight changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet ho t*gp)em2o :kgle are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in d2kotp*g) g me:iameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterz lj:f6p3iim1g:r9i p at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamns m5(pblg/ )vr0z2ujeter. What will be its change in volume if it isrn(z2 v)b/lsp m50ujg heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fi)3qlzbe 1s w *gd8 *2y+oiilbjlled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 :bz8rr pd/) ce$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made ss-pz8(bl8 c7(kqwi tqukc. : of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in eyx .*b *9jco tq7kql*osqy1a9ssentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately eqojq qoq1k97 9al* y.tc*bx *syual to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densi 2xb10dzcw bl)ty $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and wni. ou3 xj se+;1uzd7nidth w has coefficient of linear expansio+jui3u.; n n1s 7zedoxn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropongji )(.ocm08p p:ad1l xja8ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfathe)frqgfix-* anej6*g5q;,j mx r clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 1nae ),jm-x *5 6rjfxqfg*;igq7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside di)v+t qis 68aniameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume v6nq iait+s )8of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatingd/l(s sno4 x65rfna6a4ldj;g about its axle on frictigns n rofl/64 6lxsdj(a;5ad4onless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lengt/ vxmc-+lcl 78s-x xhph when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keeph/cml --x+xp8x vscl7 it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sec l 5-b a7f)g4 xi4t+ uyjuwzna)ksgg10tional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1t1 rsc5dv69s qdt0m2rc lx 2n822 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on ti5 ;qynya0 6nxhe Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tem1y;ecdm28e 5 veksj t)+i* uif-4 ic).qvndxnperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the int 2ntdl.e/0 yxqgxba*.erior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a ts4 u i7y3:j-wtf rkpx2emperature of abouty3 tsju-4p x7 k:if2wr 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using thux ha m)5n*.yl 8fqcs5e ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains *72 )tiyt +b iul h8:sca0dtqx4cju-d 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP con0q 1izg xzakz26nns */tains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium //ip6 .b*t-: z mvkaig4waqrm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 5l6aeb ,g 2h/zxct 4ykkg of argon gas at 385 K?z2t/5c,4ebkh6 agy lx   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ox8 1o euxa6grug)zr*ev; e2 gr)jr2+if $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside thedkd.pw/gr 8p/ balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume k/ d .ppgrwd8/of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air amg,+s 5 ymyoa()x :kze-i -r+9yp4*kl bpszs rt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 / le-. /hcfjiw l6ftd9$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 2f:y l nqpyx2,.;gp3.rxgsx n,0.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number abs)x2xa.; t1q mc2ncof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in fnvevvz47sw5b; p 3 -i2arn+ d1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofl)xn/z x p 03ougcf1il28 4fc zw5t*xb (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1)/m3utyv ztokq - 3nk,$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breathvmol54k9;e 6joc lg8 j you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant d 4 ll65gjvc;o8mk9 oejensity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of aq z r:2wc8;qy .xjb:;cq5flji20d/ cgol0emin oxygen molecule at STP? iz2b2;cl5: w/q:;q rd 0ijqy.loe0c 8gcfmjx    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of)m0jr b9dg *zy the Sun at a temperatuz m)g* drb09yjre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if thjko6q) /;r)-q xajiowq4da(r e temperature is qar qojq4o)i (-;ajxr /w6)kdincreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, u2ta b5fkma) -0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. C-5u)f2ak ambt alculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 7ul;y( x,tdmc)+ zi+erllluj /dtrbh+ 8s8 w;20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while f;ncw7e ,mft4lk16uxits volume is held constant, by what factor d ;4nfwtu71 mk6xe,lf coes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas gu + a6)0wi04a3i4 ejdlbkxljis given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of d8s , wom0uoaqpf11rpl8u / g(two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to thepl(osarpq 8 /g w,uofm118du0 inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms spee;xg jokqd (b(q(ro54md of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule e u 3r-rg,+2i zpayi2dat 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules7 yyngu3mb/;s r7vzg* at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 8 a29kbtc-fmt*9 u in a li-ktm*9ab2t cfving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a mp : :vuqo*:aa2n2z eqgas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urang6vc7nbra t 8ik1w72xium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressu(4csu; dflt28,agqo ore, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temper4obe2wgn -z xrv-r0,:dv-oq qature is (a) 9qbnqw-4o-ex:r vr vgo -,d2z00 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a da+xx gw(2c( urjii pj /(.dkx3xy when the temperature is 25 /gw i xxxi+x(cj2(3u(.r pjkd$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where waterndo 7 u i40ut2(obs0srsp b39s boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a pa3so ;6:qg g o0srhtxg14sd,iorticular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperao,rx3g; id6 st0ogsq o: 14gshture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 1bj-ono+v0 /x snt9qb530 Pa and 9s x jqnon1 b-/+tvob0the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempagwbb 8ha ;6.perature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pkfng xe413f +h/z /bsiressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilingh /31zi/e4 +gnfksfx b at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roo5nqjd 6,;zsatm of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pk)hd45mv6 vn9h8 gyso-*ht rp oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse u sd vu,m(j 6,fe*sq2ot;r0dwa distajs*t6r eufu qdwv2 ,s,md0(o;nce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects hunez0ek 4sqq *04 p6;2dsyjato the interior through tiny tubes c6jes;ea 0k2u4h4 s*0qzpnqdyalled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beenczwb*x.1 l)6chyz7mv calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibr25r iezc*nkqh. 5sh assiwh +o,)6 o-yated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cupi emt c4,*tmx.pkm.4i was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error wilm ,mm.t4ipc.4*i xtk el be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm(y;h0* jfyau4 f8lbaj. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Wha4 f0 yy8bu h;jjlafa(*t fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecphv9x2 z,.mndgc gpmh4qx62gn, ;z s8ules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assumqn98pgg,h m hm2 sv; 6xg4d znzp.xc2,e the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom s+gx s; +l:ydxb al,e5e5jwj(per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable uyh5s5)by 6pynsing the best available vacuum techniques is abouthpyy5 6yb5s n) $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills h9r:+dh.5h4kfg2d9ptsu hz:vvkp zv/* tal 0o is lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume vko *l.4 09h +vpds29zgrvhkzf /a t:t 5uh:pdwould his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Ea gaddofcop91oake uw-p d)),0j5xu7 3rth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the e)), go0c 3xjuofoa pu1kdda9p-wd57nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasp k.nsj(/n*ivdy(w a.s, 7dd ped from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofzg q.v5tm(9af 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, esti7,lzvidtvj7qj, l. hc36 qg1 pmate the total number of air molecules in the Eartvtqqp,v1.zd i l3 j7g,jc67hl h’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen 9 izul2m9zc+v:sn,y lm 2ob q+molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure0 tr cu2cgs88a = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at28t a rg0sc8cu 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at + ay5 btg b+z1ep89gupr:ldp, 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolin/0wj -;z )dkgibk72 b3hr4 qsys. opcpe at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to yq vu,i+nua( .ay 1mh3fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tighl638veh fzlx./v ;lb8 zv*sio tly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1frxzine2t5. 9na3 ukd3lw7qfi 7m4 / y8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fdv idlm h 0e,k;jd86xfd;u0 ,pully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro-qk.zjvjn j; n :3ypp+m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravityih:( hx8t,px1 ari 7qb by tennis balls thrown vertically upwaxx:7 i ihh1bp,8ra(t qrd at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (s6p 09qjcbwh 7xpherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble whe 9b70 xchpwqj6n it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air oass 2d ly-),ahn the following two days: sy l2ad)a,hs-
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when i8r3fk 6kf3k.d b,azqct is a solid deep in the Earth .qd68 r3fckz3 ,kbkafwhere the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas lae26 kwvfw) ds-(vk+nlw to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume w(f l dv6kw)nkev- 2+sexpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.