Which has more atoms: 1 kg of irol+vh.(n2gih 1 ln5 wzbn or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix Bz+hgin wb lv5hl.n(21.

Name several properties of materials togexf 0 2r;,cbeo/r*dcrd 5u(hat could be exploited to make a thermometeg5 */orfrxord(b;cee0c2,u d r.

Which is larger, 1 Cftje a3-/i mo1 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal e* (k.og zade1*p h-gq(xp vfq)quilibrium with syste(oe xp p)qha-fgg(v*dz.*q1 km C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron2s9so .-xc-1vx uex,wi4m 4wia9agfh. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on wx a41o vfc9-eg4a9s.m -,2ix iwushx the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coe.2tk ;qgdv wm4sc1 fd+fficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thf5ddl9 j+5udu /jxwaq x9(aan5n 2 j3fermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that (/dfnfa5 u9nd9 5xa +5 wajqd2j 3uxljconducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often ha,q5-/ktc 8xwtl0c dzc ve a section in the shape of a U. Whyx5/tz8t ldkw0c,cq- c ?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats inx1ad fqc: 1 w7btf)5k1is i)nk mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wa uiv7t sj4n) qb8y93boter, the mercury initially descends a bij tuyn3i4vq98) 7 bobst and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidxe;r;cwr4a 4 0agjuplm10 f g9ly than adjacent parts. E4u901apl;ggjc;r fexa40 mwrxplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that itx qs029wlfq u)s coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordi29qxs 0qlufw )nary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at*lmzs:8kw4tr ;gr: eppe g)l . 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its/a6jaqyky7* c bottom and top to bulge so badly the can wil kq /7y6j*caayl not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its t+x;t xt 07wuyyo,ol6),bmhxvemperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature us;yh6o yx7 )+x bmu,,vtwtlx0oing the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase oruy hi;:ld pzv2 .ekgr+36xqi27m1bnf decrease if t 7xik 6hb r1y+ 2;emqz:2vgl 3dpiun.fhe temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law folg(vjoww k. ra+,p.x0zlows from kinetic theory and the relation between average ki, vaj.xr0+z (pw wk.ognetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kqb7- xa 04fjgminetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, x1 ll+v+*b vysxbo8xao-j k9dq h)/y 6the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth rj5za;(qtv mr1 efers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explam(; zqj15rva tin why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wh7cw ju+ fwimq 20 )r4dbdv(dg1at can you infer about thfg w+4d(cd7)2muwrv1 dqjb 0ie molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable tq +*ym i4brs9c1oaro-pya+ 5fhan a hot dry day at the s*ba-r4mof5 qo yaps9++c1r i yame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at roomn y7x.6v)4k rs spun/a temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity ishs2k om.hvccv 8lv-d;y s26)k different. 26vck mvs )hs;dko2.8-vlyh cWhich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobilney8f. y/ilrt1u k s .0w,psfrm+pj00e/ 8.e 0,.ljk 0sw+ys nupr1rp im0ftfy engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white clouaw9 fg 3d+;7,zzmiwac d in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there yu9mzf6hy4 rxvdz,06w5uw l0in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atomzst97v9fw )dm s in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of9vzf9tw d)s7m the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often tak-el4+wj*hn v pen to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?e 4*pwhl- +vnj   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowesowpeui y+iqb;w6 u1/yn /b97it temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 ce; vp4cmh7y;1, aisajm at 0.,esi7 jpy;4aah m 1cv;0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabqvprtk sse 72d3b3,d;c 9ay+t s 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximateq6weu a3-c 29.yiwkn :; ljpidly 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (avera jwc.e-ia;yd9 wuqki623 : lnpge temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are 6y)a7 gsb7lup larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) befor 7l gp)saub6y7e it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a6 5dv892+shcg3mov9dvdff+h: l pxtft 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volun.brp.f+jx3n 3 2i+aoo 9cfiu me if it is heat+ixf39 .o.3o+icr nfnjuap2bed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is bz6qcv n-64osui*n4n filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofo8tolem0c6gz3i n3; v water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At g 9hev 4b(2.auavb .af20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in ess8*sg ,u)(ozt+pi 3bxbv f0 ntxentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansiogtb* 0t(zb,+s ufvxniop 3 8x)n is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the duqoqc.d7 k8(, h4 ri4qdzop kebl8 ll,z.;)uyensity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w hd.kf* (gxr+i fas coefficient of linear expansfx gf(ki.rd +*ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol)lv9p z;z ab 3a0 xmzd/d2qiy;id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfefvvh -4 +np4db3tnnu -ct time at 1tvf-uv 4p dnn+4nhb -37 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.14hvkrxj ti*sb x7/h 79:0 mm. The bulb has a vol x*hkbh: tx/97 v7rsjiume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatingm/2d qr+bdlcb +.-b,x5 bktmt about its axle on frictionless bearings with anguldx tb5t k /+rmbbdb+ l-2,m.cqar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 1s ndhh2/0*duqv2hqx /5°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this leng/sh *qvu0h2dh /dq2x nth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam dmqpv1 s 7;yl.of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at g8 7xng0 o8 kh*ukto,jm+ 0 nkqa8-ngy20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following te *w5x,s0tb pl5avlg69;wecdr mperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fg qz:rtdp;u 9jfn60/ hahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the 09ufb jya(ki3gdk+*l;j t81y kl, r q.ts*nob Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric press rvj:k-3ts: j,rxb9 houre and a temperature of aboutjxr,-to v3bs j:9h:k r 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas la*uzq w6mfcmn 81bx +r,w.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6u :isl;rgan +17do6nf kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP/ p9qo9ru9 u,rv.kty pi;hl/s contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliug0zvoyv- gr2svuw1l9 b4 w*1zm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holdin j2z5vv( eg.zng 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?jgv5v e2.nzz(   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o* gr-dd3yqn c7 +na,l6xu qd9bf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant liftli z/z,pn5 1wz by heating the air inside the balloon, whiwipz5n l,z1z/ch makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air d3 ;oigccy2l; e6s 51uk mja4hat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen jdh/mn(.b0oz at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon esc*ztbq/ db-0 teapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number ) iue iyag2x5ez( a)z*of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1wg/+mc n j:v6r.* oes,0ppt sc.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (ae7rvjb 5 0xyay(5mu ;,5send s) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume5nod1 l hu 886e tp2yuxrv5tv1 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L bre3h60u 9) qlef k )sti*)yzqzohath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km h0eqh)36qi z )9fku) hotl y*szigh and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST zy f702diw b9gt-(iaga (6qruP?wz0qbi2 t-a gr6 udga9((fiy7    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun cz t)az-u,iq1 w.x;7 m6z 2eonmja8 gnat a temperature of abo 72o .iea6tn, j z-m)mncqa;8 uw1zzgxut 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature i52 :7pg fcfxgcs incrxfp7 ggc2c5:f eased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follok2g c9m(3yu2+bq n +;ibfmln* wvfrt.wing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate therl qnmf+ct;y(v 9m2nb i.b2*f kg3+wu rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20wo:fw -;fk; cb.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled wrmzedu.a-nukx r(9e 5*da,iz4t74bc hile its volume is held constant, by what fa7znd5u eac*9b.(t4 areixd4,mrz -u kctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given clnt9zg0e4 0r02rial by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at thwa89mhx5 fb2yi /ymu:e same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio o ywmif/x 8uh:bm29ay 5f the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of bmk3o v60 rzh8nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms u680(nvk s4ftflxt2 kspeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitr7vy5 lbcz*j tk 5 ny6j9-bm8fskcfi-8ogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89/fft s x1z-0nvkjvs zqw2rb( s39hj,: u in a living cell at 37 2h0zvv 1ffjsr,3sn -/9 t:jks zwqb x($^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can .r:zf+s7awnecz 5 .nc be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, (xk t je+2y-yk$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases zwwyk26jc 5:u can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when t . pr m w(3uw*u;6-jgjblf7fjxhe pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9bf6w-lm*u; j f . 7jgrwjxp3u(0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity5w,kix/due7w f rva -9 is 50% on a day when the temperatu/-w u7fkxe5i d, aw9vrre is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boilswnqirx /50/p(e v o):c.)+sxjzllqgn at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular placeebl9 j1 ;xy:htonyx* 1 in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempera*b1; ho 1xjx9tyny le:ture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the parfi:(rltc ,yqm fe/m:6 tial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity ftr:m,( 6ce fmq:iy/l is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day wheno-i pe/h35gl8x *jar9ch*j dr(onyl 5 the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cougj6 y9x;q wn;oker if the water is boiling at a temperaturew 69uj;x nqg;y of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of 9t);sh o xe*mevolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of.) vj3rts gt/h 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to h+6 ph2)so-h7hvub ukdiffuse a distos v276hhu -k)pbh+ uhance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny t/)i hk0 it3ytn 1u)xbeubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has ki/3)u tyn 0 ieb)txh1cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape m y85k8pmaytz3 6izxp-easure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been ;:p ;asq5 rvykdqsw( 6gvt5v sp20esu63r z(jcalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal s 7ko6ywg 6qp qszw0 8bpsl 479z/b,rmroom temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool wos mzb6l 7b,py/ wp089 qwqsgrs 764kzater, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initid,ebjj lg i2 y p9jcsf*cj/4+gf c.-1nally 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauges49c +.p /ejjcynjd fgb 21jl-*,icfg pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lengy6(sd7dnyk1 uouft* /th 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempe 6s/o*dy7ud(unk1fytrature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pefvjvb;./qe4t2 hxc r4r $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using t xdqk6oqz,(he 4o*is 5he best available vacuum techniques is about ,zo4i *qo hx5q(6dkes$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.oj 64rq6mln),qnfsxw8z, e2 v5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is 4 q6w xnmjr,2nveoq,l8sfz6) this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning froyqzjy w/ f,9.bm the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as zw.jby/,9fqy a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal *e l8p xjh;3c v(ixca 5-ppbq/gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of y/d lu6 9h s,z/)lcwrxqo u1/l770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface ofl ow2elw), 62 vkjdfa7 the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’sl7 ve62 l djowwk,2fa) atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a hsz fqo) m 3s9db;j:a/7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitakf t:xu9rz3s i42ho/zp/e;b gl has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/m;/9f 2izeh34ro zkbgu s:tx p/in. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mexavxu .rcwev, l0*;h3rcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinis/x 5xmp 9sqkk9e-.f:t) bc ce at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator atw8mj,mi ; )rbsikitpkv 1c9 2n.0cpjy1c/ t(t 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly,l/o x6e /hjtx onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adop7 *w:v+v -:-sbmddnc-v rlyg mted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, hct9yzr-4rznw j v 9r 5* mmanl/aa;o)8as a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earga4fo zmpc 1zbeyg889;qb-+v4ry1 yn th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by f gaa3gz9299:nuh zi ltennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per 9au32:zf z g h9ianl9gsecond must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a;p5nx oud jp+26 j*d,r+ ypsna 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it re nnojs,jap +rp2dxud *+y;5 6paches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the airbic x-8l8sh 6csmp0+sd4jw0zp7)n uk on the following two days: 0-c8pmbsshnud6j)k 8 p z70+xlc4s iw
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differ2xd g 2qd126k jcpvsp2ence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solidsqc21p6 2dkdx gvj2p2 deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an is- i:um.obob-,h mi2jdeal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of,ibsmm-:-h.2bujoo i volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot ame6 zrtwzx4 v-s v9-.hjsv1m ;nd mildew. If the cev -1v.9;wszx-4 6mmvzrt hsjellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg