Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic 8 6: pk t3cvbtqyfq8a.table or Apkqb f:y3c868taqptv . pendix B.

Name several properties of materials tharc )y gq(bi6/, jnn,jvt could be exploited to make a thermometer./6yn jnbr ), jc,i(vgq

Which is larger, 1 C ye,+p n )z 8fvez,vv*e$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not ic-3j 5xxi2nu9+snr w xn thermal equilibxj 2 nr3+w-s uc5nixx9rium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of ironp3jt1;f x0 gvkeyn 4q4. When heate4j31tq0y; kvfg 4xpne d, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient a;iy kpkc6oui ge*dym(2(qg ,o)h+k 3 of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat au,x70du+ y,3f y((/zrvlt- x;sydl llg,g ej used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how tvyxg3+ -,x, auye drt(;/d(u fllljzy s7gl0 ,his device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends;982-odi a(i agkvzjm9w*le5klo o8c often have a section in the shape of a U. o2aoi8mk*85olg-djlcw;kzav 9i9 (e Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flo;qn t;vf1h-mkxtn .)xats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wate de7it9a1t-be )/govtr, the mercury initially descends a bit and thento97a )1t-v it/degbe rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rvr4 pquvq.*6capidly than adjacent parts.cv*4u pr.v6qq Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linee0gr6at )cu( 6 cot1x3 2lpiywar expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary3o ru agepi2)(6x 61cc wlytt0 glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, p+ tab xi5xt.5accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its btao t7d; s+,ia)up ny:ottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Wh7sn :o)taa,p; +udyi tat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempera817l npok4l9g0eiih -o .d;fldd;ywrture increas-lerf ldiy0 p;7l8k1gnio o.d4dhw 9 ;es. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an awvqt3pa-u(( a+)68yg ) la1mvwf fmtoluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increasefv( vpw)ymq alo6u ma-8g1t3()t f w+ad from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words howf,,j.ru.v huu Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute te.f vru j,u,h.umperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussa ez2l xy/fim tc42;r5ic’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmo6 a*rep6c 3x:- gntjyqsphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth r um5o-,naz uzf2.5rqlefers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about oneq5l z2f.,5-uan u mozr-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tn0blon*jag)t: j(1tx emperature. What can you infer about)g:xntbj an0tlj* 1(o the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfobpm:k+ f6p3xjrtable than a hot dry day at the same tp6+ p3f:bkjxm emperature.

Is it possible to boh+trid r koa /cw)90+ril water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity 7 h1st50,y.m7zm6p o.ajo og*gbprndis different. Which is more dense, tm ymd.gt o5n7,6 r01 aob*.shpj7ozgphe dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated i-5z 6 .l3w)x+znwgdquhe92h y .okqf automobile engin5il-g)whf6 hx.. quzzdwqny + eo32k9 e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (F)scrq.4k:a d 9f g*bcgig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in apbipy.10 7oa p 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gr aqn2gi /i.yo0am gold ring compare to the number in a silver rin2ny qg/ o.0iiag of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. r)ais *o4k2i x )w-jrhWhat is this on the Celsius scale? i *rj wox2s)ha-i4r)k   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperat u5i2r-pelmc9 zd61 oiures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm a zz/-e-jn(aj00 7 dvcj)ymomr *i f;xft 0.j(/xzma-00c d ejo;7frfy-nij*v zm )0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is builyo4(f 0hjka u4t of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron ap+k0uf5k 9mxd;nofr2fa w;7dv proximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its he09mdf;w5ua ;f2nr fkv7+xk o dight changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often usl9g1eqmsp)esi 7t4ci *3m4 ysed and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in tlsg9mep4 sqe4s*)yi tm 3i c71he hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterk : ov/61: hcsb3o(wgcrvs5 h ryq),nd at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if iw, v2ljswk 2t.t is heated fromk l.wjw2,v2s t 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of wate(cokk 4diui (2r at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.gvkt6n 1k :,tcam3 u0*y/mqgt50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron.qu911no) f(wvbg ba7q At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nj: zt e7bo-37cjhhf.a 4hjj f+arrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expanajj 7tfbz hh73:ehoj-.c jf4+sion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change inkv)2b/3l rw at0c ikw+ the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has 6(z o-smgoyg1xionw*1a6jk a4 -wxt cv;6zh( coefficient of linear ex*nx ikxw4o hatogv(c w -go1ym61 z6a;j6sz-(pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid, m j z*yc+(rhwx en606k$\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps pe29xrdpy:+pc.30v;gz f +irz)phjvlnrfect time at 17 phfp lv 9d0:r 3.x);zp y+ r2injvc+zg$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometert*g9s u 9kl9 mbe m/ccn.as:8q has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.258nas: 9 tm m/uksc*e .gblq99c5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is ywupi j(g 922krotating about its axle on fj2ig( 9w2pkuyrictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 152lyg4yd)q 1zk7+ww wo°C. How much stress is required to keep it 2dww)1+y4qygzw k7loat this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crosskxr3uk3 w(gqv4 a8y )b-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122sns9iv5ng +foxjqw )9 d)9j7p cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kn4: b.15w yn w3mmm s7.lsh*apiimh:z elvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? 8v0c7tp.lqnz q -rcn-    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inte4fdzl+e .af c5) gfq1rrior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, 0 .dp0kl /qvggair at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about kg00 gdql./p v20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the in h* z+i4;ny3ngn a(tmdeal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen:qq.kr u los:9 3+mffp ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogmi n0m2 t+a3lan,j3ec en ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium g-+e,qtey7 c (jp5 6zxyecyq5aas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg baw+8 v j9ig ucns4,w:ma7-0vi ;hjvt of argon gas at 385 Kc uhi8-; +0 n ww7jsv:ajt94ivabm ,gv?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of t-8jzk(jdg27zcpu.*p bws; g $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves jw lbh5:(p7/ lv)og fqits buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense thanfg:o5qvbj hwp l)7 /l( the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15pk f9f(fo-x3;z05zh i h iqaa7 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ; jrj; h.ce/r uh(kcs)at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes;4w t0dd daqy*l 31gry5x fqe9 a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molec6lk.k mspq0l/ sbw7-dules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wa.c yntegc .wxqz+2j)ybv ;d: //te/ylter are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of -m* 2 6x vtozmtga.k1;pt1e ab(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumvhf3 + pgo0x9ve 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of .6l a ymfqt qw(ah+is uo2f/(4air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphe(+asqiawhf4mf6 lyqu. t2( /ore is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygezv c5ql26dopoo,76mm cuid , 4n molecule at STom5,c 4 2 dvucmoli,q67p6do zP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near 1ybry tsr27go1p bb,j j2i6t ,the surface of the Sun at a temperab sjb16r,b,yy t22rpigo 17jtture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tempg:z8d1 jl/imiuhw ,0s erature is increased f108,:ihg/ ui sljzdmwrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4,g e0g+.p6)a bjt;cscr t70h-w4 xmybt 6, 0, 4, +pg)eg;4 mcbcyra7-h6stx. 0bjt 0tw 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molec dsz*adgf ,u+e2o5s3vules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doub +myk*z) :fzu up.k/lxled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does ./ umuxlfy p:*zzkk)+ $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed ang jbf4- 6r*eof molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the saiqs/g v 3/fn)xme temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of thefn//i)3qg s vxir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containedp * ubu*)jw0hgsqyj73 in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecul0xfs tc7pp/- j 3 fy 7a/9axp,*jbiocle at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecuy w3fdw2r0,or les at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass istl6k0 4 02obcmcv m,yoew+ss 2 89 u in a living cell at 37 lkm,20eosv 2wcoc0m6+b tys 4$^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writgp-ujy-p6 ,snk is .g3(0 rnqm32ubggten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, 4(f5:s 2qq dfxuwn)0+wtpt yj$^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases 9tio( egnt,nyiy18b pj9y 0 3ocan $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the tem k16y(q3/qee:dhy l7nri0ufm perature is (a) 90 hur/qfne(m ylk: 3i1eq0 6y7d $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity ix4*a;xcdgv hf 01 z1fks 50% on a day when the temperatu*0;zf1cv4fxx agk 1hd re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure pvk bkq td tzk7e)t -r:jn16p9am** f*at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the moun fxybzc :d9*f9tains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wa9dzf*:y9f xb cter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the fw) ag/eq*4tlv,1 nnzpartial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative hul,v*gn41fnqzt) /e awmidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure g mza*2tq,qb 13toy3sof water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure ivwq4 mu-ak 82unside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature2m4a-quu8w vk of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volujfnx,d/ -8hiy me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of dc71vu l- w(zyt3:6qvh4o(*vnp2t1 vx vcmpt 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table vevc/ (uh8dc2 13–4) to diffuse a dis(c dce2 h/u8vvtance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throxc ap 3vl /ew1*0xbnm-ugh tiny tubes called tracheae. An n 3 bw0lm1x/xa*ep-vcaverage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been caliqak ixfp;+w 65brated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measujw8mhz-shzjp i89swbv, )l35re has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cua8kot4 wdz7ci52)ewjp was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mk2de)74z 5citwaw jo8L of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28bz f/e)31 oh 3qu(zhgo,nik7g atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cyzbqeg 3)o7/1h3ionuf khz (,glinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of* qip;-i8ts )55 uem32rkn t5pwvqo wl length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m.q-5*; on8q5k tp empui25rw w)lvsti3 Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom p oqm,uc,t 6is i 1m/uayom.2e. trs-)ter $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques b k npd.c6jy) .a1wnh6is abo hdp1nj6 wnc .bk.ay6)ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills hisc4 nnr;1ihe+1x4snx p lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface4n4rh nx eix ;nc+s1p1, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a sp xo7x8:usp/pt eed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; i/x:o xt up8sp7ndeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas rp q8:w 9z,vtn,k.)gz cv1cuq is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770rab:/*j 3yu-z(k 8q5 xzfmyqsm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Eakld+: .,;fljojgjc4 o rth, estimate the total number of air moog lol,;jj.:c j+df 4klecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules con.kh-u dnn2ue 7c u5b:etained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hos-lh3pl 7sw+nspital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is conslspl3w- hs7n +tant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury +,c)q eat e -iq/umx1hyaiy79 at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at):vt vs 7)z2fi9p:x v0vnx zjf 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s .o4 -7k z hdkt5dwqtu6equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass j82f/5v )v tya koyox;bl8dqb0ar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptez 1 sxd0d-9f vm:ok*wz;easr/d in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 2y9j.naach.kol;5 ;j o0$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the tt*sk 2)rlxz*mo)5 jpEarth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is susp dai)fo, 55;y ecvnxsebmpj 7xzp21; 5ended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How my5dj2 5 ;cxz s1 vpb )ax;e,of7nei5pmany tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sp 4x5c iqir7jy;herical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas.r45x; qjyii7 c How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressgjt*xj 9j14u3r qi.up1 a tx2oure in the air on the following two days: xqout ijp1 r4t9g .a1j*j2u3x
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differjrym/eu /h 4xkxp)o19ence in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where 9 /uk m/o4e)prx xj1yhthe temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to s1czjann3hf qmj7u34e vqe1g g.z /t:4brw. . nhow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equa3gh4jvte.u:jnwnaq7qr4/z1 cz nm 3b.1fe.gl to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot arrbs ola64 60fnd mildew. If the cellar in a house 6r64afb lsro0(kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg