Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of ae hf,npa/u*h gh,z3i6luminum? See the periodic table or Appen*hng,h3hu/6efz , ap idix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited p:w vwoos,g11 to make a thermometer1wow1:vs ,gp o.

Which is larger, 1 C wzac.o1j*0jp $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with sys7e:kyn sy2g7dx64gc e tem B, but B is not in thermal equi:7de72 gygyxkes4nc 6 librium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stri*m(9 mtvwd.)p(cvlo:ix gipt) wg4t) p consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal wi ct t*gm)w v.pvt gwop(i9 dm4i)l(:x)ll be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansilzg hv)*n z8:don $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostmebxy9mv(v0 c1njf ( y::i d35 kwzg(kat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wirjf( kw0 (v:3:m19eyz vkyc idn(mx5gb es. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have ad2*:vn ymp* wbya;or+ section in the shape of p+vm2*n w;b :y*dya roa U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of a) t) s9m3o)zbdev mv0lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of awh8i2 s n hgg7c02o:xwater, the mercury initially descends a bit22 s0 8nhghao: cx7wgi and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may fw+r7th g t/ryrra.es(9-4vu break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent part (wrv7 gyas.r tfrer9u- +4ht/s. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear+iq kpoem. rxpl+po*i. rxv(7ff. *h5 expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (oqh.x(mx f*i+.ppr7ope. vil+f kr*5Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, pa6dwt3 nw+ e4; uw7lgaccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can .4-yv+jsep c6 l :lvdc7)zvhjw67) hep4.dvyv-c :z jjsvllc +ill not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compjj -(de4xhjk/ressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explj(4-e/kxhd j jain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrt e2dh 9pmso7vk4h:,z ease if the temperature is increased from 20d mh: zopte,h9kv72 s4 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows f+(fo(z s4xo ij.g 2*;vna0tjmio-ks u kzt;v0rom kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute tem ovtsxoj;a v4(;oj 2kfg mszz0un.( *i+kt-i 0perature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinu-bqqje /2)ztsxv je 5ef -5z;etic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the 3 ) fncf.8ueftratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object muri(3q)( tjvunst have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphetniv r)(3uqj (re.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whfkqr( -pw9 gd*a5pi .cat can you infer about the molecular properties of or9 5p*w-k. q igpcfa(dne relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at tkn 66doqos ,c1he same temperaturdc6 n,oso6 1kqe.

Is it possible to boil water at room tv 0u bu;3q;t vuflb- rt.4u1ixemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when cs8j3 on km7v1m*9nug the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain71on jskngmc muv* 983.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap ofsef/qd3kb9j8 d e4: nnp ;3ndoe+um+r an overheated automobile enginejr:ob mp+e dn/8fe d4q ;k n+3esund93.

Why does exhaled air appear as a ljsgg4j3rh): xg:9c pe ittle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppera5uzdu45 oad(aps;t qhh.89h penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to /q,qod-ul 3p/t9-guak f 0hi cthe number in a silver ring of g h/c iq q-fd-pu,ouklt3/09 athe same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thi(.y*7twsd9fz*z c t jes on the Celsius scale? jw cdfzz*.9esy *7(tt   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowesw3l7,n0t1q vp +fjpsix9v9nj(7dq zt t temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, tbeb/. k3z uuau. vl+2y;wa)qyhe alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0.l3) e;+buav.ubw 2yz/uak yq $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long rhgt1c*e. b6ipzq+8;h6wm bg (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) i(/, 3lypx3(77n :zcgw8dm e bcee n de.adzkr.s built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°Cne,.d8 p(mykdzxwge3(an7 rlc .e/d zb7e3c: ) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, ri2c z+yw*/ssg gvets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used andzsysw+ g*g2 c/ the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterqsz ;cyl-2p)em1c sg : at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in09b e3+vd2,ooot if9tiscc . xr)tv-i volume if it is heatexoi9) o2te 0focc3,drb.i9vtvt -i+s d from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled toi*69teqa s3 fz the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that s7pjb20 nel2+5o y dkq55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 2lum.4 pmp7i2e+pg :dd0 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, nyl k l7s 1xy21;xf8/v bgmd(lw+3zn xlarrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximatelyyzk8 ;xl+xwm(fldv2/lb y g xl 11sn73 equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the ygp7j8wlb/uj ) i3hy2 density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengt.70sv*gbu b vzh l and width w has coefficient of linear expansion g*b0uvb . sv7z$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solijihagkz)r 6ver-nb c ,p;0j46d, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock i.+h0ae9i 1t asesxvl:os 0)ars made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17+: 009.rletseah)asox s1iav $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diame95x6m rcw*qg6 ktv9yb;zb;ed ter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a v9ecw6 6q dtzy kmr9*v5bbxg; ;olume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindricw)g1u mri;;e 1 s5fjdwal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity wem1 j r5ufid g;);s1w$\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is re g37yzpgsf*x 3quired to keep it at this length if the temperature incg 7pz3fs3yx* greases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beap)ls(,74 rij ecg:aram of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20 zamjash5p(ht2)- x,x$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatumsin i8 vqh t9i/o-)n*res on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tos7df:x na( cx:+oy3x emperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interiorvar6pqvjsrstjek8vao:- q/3 7a9m 2 ; of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air r mqsdzk4x xb7i.8k+. at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of aboutsk47 kbd+xr8x.z.iq m 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of o6/ydf)a) mc/f f9(;p6 wv-8 m kwhpxuz6qdbi axygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen ya;5m:u7 rs+nopv8 yc($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 k(x(zkx:a8w.bcx9vje i yz1- cg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu.*wc o97. t:tq:mcxy zt 39 tqkksnlvx7r41qsm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L,y8 byy*2gu9:qjga m 5lhge9p container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38q,aupb:lgy yhe5j82g g9 9*ym 5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kdj/+ctzoxv/( 1 om6nc g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by hevzuq (:c1olckam q.(nm6. jh ;ating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense thanqc.mz; m6quo 1j(: ca lkv.(nh the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15s wfdp6d- fnsy(/.1c w $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 jz rlbz7 fx7y3.(w*eg.flr+e$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon e 5gl3iff .(uwdv)r23gnwf bs)scapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /t d/p1 i/gdg.o $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Homx8 m;:cncz92- +fxz lcjlm4uw many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mop7 r47ctcgt+fc2x *irles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volum c 32bwsbhhadf5) 5zy8e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L bre:uo8 t ix/n;cqath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 k: i/n c8;ouxtqm high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic eneripl pa((ov7n:gy of an oxygen molecule at STP? n o(:pap7lv i(   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of .l9sv9 g:o8p nhs9 ylythe Sun at a temperatur998gvlp: y.n9syo ls he of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the0 t*x1+ az 0xb q3fvz);kmazq))idvi r temperature is increased from )vrq) i)13 z+v*i0 xazmtx;a zdkq0 fb0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have thenpjl5ny r.:; ml0d/sq2kno )s following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate ssd .kr; :0p/nn lmyj oq)l2n5the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules h1 -xmit./ kbgin a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas go-h .nqsht1a(vuq;0*bde z * is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fstvugz-(b en*.a 1 dho q*0q;hactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of iqbpt/w*3vr 1 gsmt8 ,o- zfr87+lrl tmolecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio ofemk+mb ri7t ypf953mc q3g/y3 their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the squa3 3b/k 9i7 mmt35pcemf gqyyr+re roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrlxw(fo1 1*em iogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spee: lmfivc,5a281fw uydd of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at Sbr 10qfh6g3e. 1pd:dmnn2z 6dvw rl5aTP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89h cb. i45vhsg( u in a livinv( bh.45sghic g cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cf10/dmbw egf /an be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ubql 2scw hlr u+.;:cxpks , klm8)gw66ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cao/ag /--evfljn $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 a1eo6 znao.a )/l g6xqrtm and the temperature is (a)/q.1onr leaz)go x a66 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the .4kxj ,o5tz cft7vux. temp..c 4 ,vuzxotftxjk7 5erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at f ketq5by6y 8m 4je*,(hhjls 0( o(9siwis5fn90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a pzwwf(cy 2tx w3cqx9 49articular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperaf9 9w32 qwywzc(xtxc4 ture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa an5m- q iy)v*aj ;a(duzfd j*ifm ( azd-u);v5aqythe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 26e b g/phfjy,6 b/,igm5 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insidi uus ,3:rdf9ie a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature u 9i3d,:rs iufof 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of veko82u8 wobn )olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point (oto +1buss3l9 h-h2sjm-z:yj rgwf7 of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycinejv: t2msa 8z9d molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 1 m8jatzds 92v:5 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses fromzk8p2/0 ikj qtq5 idt- the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional it /dq0 2kk-8pj i5qztarea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape mea) 48 6yb-k-e f-+vq rmctubfdg ta4nk+sure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedt2uiv 1 +jpzt4j4+irm at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup gm l*,l;iapd4e1 pj f7r i55zgahr2e 7was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the az 2a7, r5glgme4p 7ef*;h piilrdj 51water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftey- j ecw/y z7suivd804. buk:do+je;fr many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the or-o.sjuejy8 yie/fu+7 b 0dvk wc:zd4;iginal gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules ix;ga zvlcp7+u6/b, 3t, rsrmx*fz0ql)x8 bwmn a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height z,fs/gr0tb8lxq)uva c7mw p x*mrb,6xz3l+ ;2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one e t-nd3x)x vy7atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacomhr :nh+9m7x) ) ;0r7yl3n duc qaajcuum techniques is aboh3+ dya0r :ucolm ;jcnqx )9m7 )an7rhut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of ngc b9giy /i+z5 0dnl75.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?gnbn/5 i0+ilyz 97 cgd    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of/psqf7/aj.r8u5onwnxy3 c d63 m +wq c about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperjcw8n+6 c7 owpa/u3rfs/.yqmxn3q 5 dature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increaseqpn7y 2qrkz ,4t)si0c d from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of o/gfdiz8k ig/n /e9b: 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure 9p)0rn f7m ke(j)mayzat the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosmfzmk)y()9ap 7nr 0 jephere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.a s,9:husi o+auc9.j x6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi:oqvofhx5(vz8jos my*:)c z, (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric prezooy:: c*5z vm8 )vjq,soh(xfssure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid 6mb wbq 1la0r,mj)kj-hs 7+mqerdg(: mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline nd v6w 4arxfbu 85px(/(q p+zmat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s ts*m mqtmh2k/ 7/ka/ sequator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tigh w-jh2+poxb djol *u.+tly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted brup*-/v 6 bshk) 21h dqqb1gpin the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a hf.q.*fzyiq9 ,2qpccct31gb pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eal90mu0-(na 1 ovdr)rzd w ym1vtxg+(urth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gr1h/8n3,:zq iz kz jnfqavity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, asq i,zzq8 n/13zjknhf: suming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-1dbf6 qn 7ohc4ggxh60 cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a logc6h0g 6bnq fh7xd41ake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the 9 8s4qlt/yn6wif u qax9olw(( air on the following two days: 4( sww q/yloi ut x9(n89a6fql
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and whenyq 7y.v2s ix8i it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature 7.x yi 28qysivis 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for and18tvq:l1 j ek ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion ijt q:k1le dv18s equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly de5e7d0a: 3jf rykx-rnqhumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kepta7yfrj35 r0exd:kq- n at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg