Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See pd kp)pu 0holqc58j/-the periodic table or Appendix /8op 0lc jdhkp-pu) q5B.

Name several properties of materia ;u9cg.1slkcwls that could be exploited to make a thermometer. lwgck9u1c; s.

Which is larger, 1 C zir7sirm *.22p3osvy $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibriut09 - )e:mqt0 dp /jrko-apr,cyosz (gm with system B, but B is not in thermal equil (pt0/opd kjaeqzg 0c) ,rmryos-:t9-ibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When helm mfd x3ast1 5,ymn49ated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: S,mdtxn1 fmm3 asy54 l9ee Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion rvyw-:m f),go yr*y6o+kon3 o$\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat use6u6 h;nd4 of(jpxm) *lwiwg h4d to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electxwlgh64jh;w(4on )fd m*i pu6ricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fi pmgyt:x*p4worq:g w7 s o-5lw),)l. b3wpi cxxed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wh m-wox 4r ,5qpotwb*:c) lw:7wiyp 3s)pggx.ly?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury atq4)pf yf),h r1sjhc *y 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass 7 ctrm/9xp( g7o1n6becxja88r9yhfb thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then 7ebg9 rtp(j8o/xcynxf 9cbm 1a768r hrises. Explain.

A glass container may break if ud u:w 84xpa 8v;adpa84dxbv2one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explaiv 8; pdbx4a24dap8vduauw8 x :n.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glas91ja,*u;glso.do mb fs is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased he.9o * ,fmdlgajsub ;o1at resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cd /(-xg( pcymblock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so b o;bv( ;*glssp ;rdy0badly the can will not stand up; ls;vg o 0sbd;prb*(y. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly coolwp sr z./9e)mpressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules wh 9pow.l/)erzsen they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged :+jto13ynuvj:; o m kbin water increase or decrease if the temperat kn tm: yu1+vob;j3j:oure is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relationi.e4-e qht,g u dtb+)k between averaged4iqee) tut, +-b .hgk kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay ut-3pw5omqw7-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio ofzh. l/nrh l)5z $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum ij t3dgd/lh6 0ig h/v2twj.a/ 7q*ayispeed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moong6i/.y hijtlaw/gvhq*d30 at jid7 /2 has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What cank*i4ry(v09x g8zbp fom- - web you infer about the molecular propertmfbori-9- 4y 0e kx* pvb(wzg8ies of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfor4wzidam4yt 5mbx ;),egtt+( ctable than a hot dry day at the sd( e)t+g,xmwyt tm4c;i54zba ame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at-4:ibp)1u hlgi v 3jyt room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is difl0 i5 qfy1,yrlferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the sa llyi051qy, rfme T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to y,.5 nt7zdy6 e zp,qla2;ejkuopen the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engl; yj6,kd ,eay zu2. tp7nqz5eine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a litt ,xkn uy*gzzm b5:g7z ab9+qd2le white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cop*ujx h8x(zxq 9 uc/cxzp ;3te4per penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numberu(qt6 c)xz7j y ko-*no in a silver ring of thj(7kzu yq* )xoc6nto -e same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 9 (yyma 9 n/yval,;xwx6p jb.5lb+ioh68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?9i nalb,yly/m waxy+x pjh5 6bv9(; .o   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperat2jsu 3c2qkhvj16h wp0ures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column qs+if2*nxp:.loc d7. enbm 9mhas length 11.82 cm at 0.0qmnf msb+:icl.o9n 7 x.*d pe2 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (2v,-aryvk: g8e0 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built l m v5zq5 den)m1tewvs5z )/f+of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperaturlqe)vt n ew5z1svm5/)zf+ 5mde of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet ,h. )kcuh.sk st3vn-ekx4 dh2hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter4xk 3d u.-.h2tk)esnk h ch,sv is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water x z hqdyp92-(:p8 baooccb64 oat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in df1ppfc nsq7rwd)pte3byk l0 b 1m;66 -iameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heatetld6 y wpfbc31npqk1 6r7f-b;ps )me0d from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fie th: u1937g 7issacmtlled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wat(7s/uwpkja8o -fdhz ,er at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ri6u)ocss.x 7d7.paeu s ng made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containedgkwmcpj,a;g c1w qmx vo3ms267)1l*6 +yp e jk in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, shg7m 6m jw;lvaykep 16p1qc3jsm)o x2c*wgk,+ow that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change -walm. r4ji5bykha-/sq2 c e;in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has cf paviag--7 m-oefficient of linear expansioniagf 7vap-- -m $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrop;( f5l(v f laqci+e+kvvk51d pic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gr3 rsee ;j3ss/tandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 3eest;/ s3jrs$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury t2bguf kxf/a0tc0 4a/vb b q,f5hermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bu0 0v2xaua/f /bf5g,btq fbc k4lb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatinabjv0lc4s1 )lgykn +9 g about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular v ll1 g9vsban4c )j0ky+elocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requirei8 r,73 keuboo(pjj w) i39:p.l+vqd qbwkgx/d to keep it at this length if the temperature inc8gu(:/9 kbk3qq+ij,jrx3.w)ilo wb 7vopdp ereases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-secdr0i*1bxp.ja , i k4iiuj/7 fmtional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 200 gp4* 7zagrey$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvi(g/w iqg xo j3w 8i9m*)xixfe1n scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatur6vnlsd rb7x, v0etf-q u8 bxpv658q-ne on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and2 pie p,t(d2mggy z7 6nnxem,3 Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temp: b1g cxjkh. fo-h,b*95tr b+nuxkp;iq 5sba0erature of about 21chr*snxq .u ,thb jba5o-+f: k 9pigbb5k; 0x0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the dyn8ckhx( 5 l1,xw( n3urcao9(w2wqspx. p( qideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contaive(f47 v6.u .d/pb1zt:fscva 7dn swr ns 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitr+ l*ssz5e pgy(ogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is njlsekk ad43 9d77k2qat 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a +*yois1 q (rdb35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3 s+*qbo di(1yr85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0lyts+z3c;9zmg qee 4eo, , g0qes(0vd kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heatingcj0r5xk.t1a-b n9s8 iog jw/f the air inside the balloon, which makes it less j.jtwi -/ga8bkrs0n5ofx1 9c dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1dq)k2,6f(nt mqr1o ox: dlaa .5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18fqnjycrrc2f djsvp3nh8un5 j n4(.lq8 k4936.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at s0*u-h 0 mabdh 3vq)l-- lwppzhea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule 34epmvh a nlcq 6;tiyok/s1p:2b09h cs / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wathqk /e6c1nn* ( afmgy0er are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number z7s01o lj h5hwof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume jra (h. oz)d7n/gfuu7 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L b gegg3,*+ w(jsrk0h/nbsc6 alreath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 kc3kg/a+h*bs (w6j0gn s,e glrm high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationalvdlvs40 avx:2 kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STl2 4vs0:vdax vP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of t,f-iw.jowqu w:m6.z u +-yppb he Sun at a temperature wi-.m pb wfy.jquu+z: ,-p6owof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatu9o23 e2oegii fre is increase2ie 3gi ofeo92d from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of +b3cdvt5 3zsj99a av bkm/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and d+99 3a3v5 vazbj bcst8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas 73 kt o2qbane,at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is raobl:n 6c;tow)q8 m +doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor does :m wno blc)+;t8o6q ar$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecul vme,3;mg9qfjj s)vj2 4p+ kk (q3naryes in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of theiv*x1rnc 4 c/fq1o9wngceq4 :q r rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots vo9/qc4cqw 1 cq:rn* fn14g exof their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained iv buqxn93it 24n an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed m9uhg: 5 9s: ljwbs*)gt kynf2ux84h tof an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules *-d4o3 ltusaycr 7kw ,at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass i .sf4 s nr5 50thrjnqofzwn67.s 89 u in a living.fwnq 4sj5os0h. fzrt57r nn 6 cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P d ibh9.p+ja6wa0d.ucxd lr87 of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u 1mlm /,(s6;5ubayefrzr kl xm4lht+;ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in w69 je7vd;fcpc hat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperdc1n7k * rb 0n/6wuudcature is (a) 90 n0rw du*b6dc 7u knc/1$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% )lij6w1i* eg67ywsz7v 2lwhv on a day when the temp e wjyl 6wvl *i1vswg6zh77i2)erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water )o qxbs/ vdfcjdfotz0081z2+boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular pkpael4x8gu- oc. i 2:0isuqz40ta9hm lace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempez8co 2ikx 40ipemuas:qahl 4 -t0 9ug.rature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a d,/f,*au- x+l rmhmw nlay when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and ,*wlaf ,/lmx r+mn-huthe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempeq-17hlz6zzji mwn mx 03xa(9nrature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the waterf8amy74 +xw yg is boiling at a xm74 f8wgyay+temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a ,*s x.izlf6aws x9d4/ xpte 2droom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew pchy n r(3oc:d8aexe 1u9o(w)doint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time neededqh1c. d1d*l dy for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a disly.dd h 11d*cqtance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes cfe( yb52fr3 wb8,f afpalled tracheae. An average trachea is about f823r5fa ybf(eb , fpw2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calie6m k lz:z e*c)k:;gtmbrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at nf)iaota/0i 0)x ck) f20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tem 1 hwu0:o )efxf6apg;sperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the e1hpa0s)fgu 6xo ;fw: cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 aca. e4p q4edb-/lul9htm. After many balloon9ul4/ lc baq4hdep. -es have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m,t+ilu4vefh,q:4exj - immm03 width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22 - quief0t: 4l,mx3i 4mhvjme+$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter aw)z7maa9k mbwepzz9(f ( ;2uis about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques ,mctn3ir3 zp*is abouc3 z mi*t,3prnt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the yv dsr*.sfw;6 surface, to what volume would his lungs expanvs fr;*s. 6dywd if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Eart:.eamn)h 1+e xxy/a-xgo cfl- h’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume niaxa1 . ex/m+xf-ely: ghc-o)ntrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fu48q 3eoqh1 hyrom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o)( cec936 irb,b irdsrhd d6dy o1n2w9f 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value omwq dmlp 9csgw46c/g88h 6;c lf atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atm4q hmpg l6;d98wc6gs /w clc8mosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cobv,a u1 fc pdtb56+3hzntained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hopu:hgxla eiq 18bx5u lk8; p;9spital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pre i5ubgpl8 xl;1puq8khe9x : ;assure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in jasi pjx( /r.fi/j:n)ik+q2 l a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at zgykv-8onl, iqw jz5lp)k) 5 ro;b+aes,w ,r40$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25n mnr* lc20 x zfw1eogq: f9.n(busuh.) dpy2.$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a g0/ t;cs b; ;k9qpxvvbjq15get lass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the y*zh0hcv(cd: 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure e 232qcqt8;6xzc hq biof 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eada6hn8hl+ 2s erth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown v*ib.z ol2kob 8ertica.blz 2 *i8okbolly upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameterls(ma.g9a dc. (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bua 9lagd. .sm(cbble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wateb5btyz8;v q2or vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: o2tbv 8q5y;bz
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and whezign) 29do8rm 5x ej1an it is a solid deep in the Earth where the ame95z )r1ogxjd28 i ntemperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at const,f.1i sv(/pyg 7hsou tant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal tsyigth(p,.s 7 f /o1uvo $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constanze 0g2jrmz4a)tly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar ij0r z a4em2)zgn a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg