Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of alum5f oofh-jv :7gwd8g2 iinum? See the periodic table or Appendixi25g-d f:vwj 8ohgof7 B.

Name several properties of materials thav, zwg gfi;xuqp3r dua)023b +t could be exploited to make a thermometeb,xgv+dg; qu a3 u)2zp03wifr r.

Which is larger, 1 C 0fn8. uokqhyy ,p/ w8u$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium withmnv5r+7w m) 8 f3eppty system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what cavm tp8 53wmp reyfn+)7n you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminue/ eu 5uez6a3bm riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [ub5e / 36auezeHint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expi: r ,61xipsjnansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simpl in4c 7oafo3foh(q5l,e thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of differentofl 7fnic oqo5ah34,( metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the end5)p3gyi s0+4cnp5myhge t t b.s often have a section in the shape of a U. Whysngm.)iy5+ ectyh5bt0 3 p4gp?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercurygi r6 .pyudli)/*tc /e at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-x9 9isy h+xujx.kvf1;glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and theif 1xyx;su9 vj+ xk.9hn rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly z x9:cff5oh1opfn/9v hej 00 zthan adjacent parts. Explainz00f jov/f9ohzenf95 1px hc:.

The principal virtue of Pzena,as wgdp6 g7fq+i5/;r)e yrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistanc i6, +wzgf;ea)aeqp 7sgn/d 5re of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 wzbg:jq--uy n3uje-1w-+. gzhg5f o i$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly5f 3 x5cnbej/ 2-eucyw the can will not stand up. What has happenenye-/c c3jxw u525 fbed?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), itsiw27,9y0 ktprxl xp5b temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when theypl2,xri5x 9typ w7 kb0 strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere subw)kxk9d lo90 ucrub3t(2 yxw)merged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is inc2wo kbxxk) ud(w9uc r9l3yt0 )reased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Cha qr,ryh w 9xht(, r.9tymhbb*;rles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy t,rbmhyw. ,rb(*;9thqh yr9xand the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kiw;ugysn.1 v +hnetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio ofp rck */sd9y(i)cj-1a1qm znd $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must h;fn 5v1toa2 wfave to leto12v;naf5 fw ave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly tlh/j l8td;8j ;kf(0(gh,p gf2o orvpihan water at room temperature. What can you infer about the moleculiv p( o h;(2gojtl; g8,r/0fklfh8dpjar properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at th q1w:;( b urw)e d.axhe9tx4lue same temp :t)4a luehwqbx9e(.1xrd;uwerature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperaturzoa49v4 c (hbh*0lrjd2q uqi9 e (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sr che2yu wss5/i;:-x game but the humidity is different. Weghis2-u s y wx5cr:/;hich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheat1 * s(v 3mprs2m gl3 f/mhl)(px2betzaed automobiles33 brfztlx2(m1e mg (spp2v)*hmla/ engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little w+a*0y fim poq18x+t bchite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram vwoq0-8a x-l/nrclof, )/ ztu copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atomh8wr tk,pa,io.k 5in czo/1l; /v/mshs in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver rin/,,mos8/ z5it;rhihk/kp. con1 a wlvg of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°Fbw:eeh n zr2.b(xss152y em4m. What is this on the Celsius scale?r m2.2 wb(z1ne s5mxbe:she4y   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and p 75 aok5y-a uvnf*/dzlowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermoay+ x ukzbvh0x 4r249jmeter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.00y v+xb u44hjxa2 kzr9 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12as-b; qmp ,r67a h.kdk m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appmt,t/u ypd,g1 roximately 300 m tall. Estimate how muchm 1gtd, /p,uty its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger tha nd:1/m aqwlo8n the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it:1aol8m/ nw qd is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 47 2vobqk6zs89j c mk lnqz;77j $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it pw0zi;e rd9hlx3)mib(:.lmw is heated frm (iplm:9w) lrzb .3i wxde0h;om 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL fx/dd.iyas 8 2of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at 20 8 mlfp;) 1bbs-sn)n qi$^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring jwx7gg8 ,qg.f go+cl,made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can gp;7 jygnzj z4m3my35expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansizgyn jzjg5m4 pym;337 on is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in 0ijh, t;q,n:ntrld g+the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate plq*qpui1 z 1f*-oq) td2- lpnwj3yc-of length l and width w has coefficient of linear expansio-p*tjqnyp q z3 l po*1wi)1qd-2l-ufcn $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropg bm es)cws.-4ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps cr*fzj( yk, c)perfect time at 17fkj(zr)*cyc , $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside 6 :wwd2vo 5qv3r zy+wkdiameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a w6 rokw:+2vyw q3z5vdvolume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotatin lroz32inh +bkir *x+2g about its axle on frictionless bearingrl2 3obnhxz+ i*rik+2 s with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when w (d(ij5aky c-jf0 hark,8po/at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the tempe( jcp0 w,kaaykif8(5drjho-/ rature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam sf0*;x2 updsw2a -eerof cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1a e 9 ;e18agz5;h6*onbhyaozvs )xnp822 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tem uxszk 6u3lk86peratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what ,fgz wu,d)+: 6jnxjjltemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the inte6v 4mfzf 68vworior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmok 3jz*ny( a0reb/ o3fu,m ol,xspheric pressure and a temperature of about 20 xe3zn,mjob/rou 0f,la3*(ky$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using - x-h a bvd-8ls4n)j/zxsdwrco (6f;pthe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of ndt1f)n4)x /pk14y l * wbflvuwitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitro0xfc0.1 5rajx.w pf5e etxv z-gen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0yiot1 4j1xjpp50itbn(iw;0n n/xih 8$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure;e 2vg,dwa k9f;g x 0x5njwf3p inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Kk2; p0 dg93nfag5 jfwwvxe, ;x?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg *dei9mz5 d-u+ 7dvu c3.ujtukof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achiev54iknhr+cb5z es its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the ballooni zk4h 5b+5cnr, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 h1+e- g y-gbus$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.wja*z+ v,mv6s6i ajf/ 0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a cg/ 9twfj9;5veyud c 2jhild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of modv ss,3z0q saukw 984clecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water a6 c1af fm8zri)n;q7,z1 bi cytre there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molx6vk i4 a+fsl*es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.sw43zau, ptrfjm 2j8 91$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0 de, j9lm1rnpc-) f4qh-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume)- 4r mhdnjp cflq,19e the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy off,(nvdq4 jx q1 an oxygen molecule at STvq 4jq,dx(nf1 P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tee-tqbp,1 w 5gjwu/ a9emperature -,tq91w jageu/5w be pof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas l6gshyvlog o e;dy2o,nh;o5 ,h +s)8k molecules increase if the temperature is increase;ohl) hg ng y8sk;+o,,oshd 6 o25elvyd from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4.w4g zol,,jd w)8zlvs, 6, 0, gvz4ozd)ws8wl .jl, , 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0 zly0wbf5q)0) y u +1p,uumfhf $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whil )a6 vogd785omppwm:be its volume is held constant, by what factor does d :w8p6o gm5bp)o7vam$v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givbe(on)c:43y:tx9x xv;m dnz qen by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperatuyovw +x a t6,4xb5r x2uaqqi3:re, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecu xi, qa25r3+w6uvq otxax4y:b lar masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained inj,un4.(wb jsq8 te;jx an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of ankjp79c eno 07bcw 4t8oyz eb63 oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molhptf21orf3e;o .dk ;hecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u inat/4;hh:gbz9afk e /n a living cell at eaafhn/9;/4hzbtk: g 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P oha / si .zk07z;ouarv7-a shn0f a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani6an:t xs6 zti(pa6zc;um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr:fpuj6 i5*raa ka k2l0essure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0n :)ir(b58d3mvw gcv m.01 atm and the temperature is (a) c(3bwmg v vdirm:n85) 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% o rlp:a. jvm2.on a day when the temperatam .ojprlv 2:.ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boio ;9z v 4cx p3xrsb.kr2p0p1oils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a g+duatn :t1 h6particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wgttah:6 +n 1duater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water isx l ,ybr4g2832k: nblrlr w7hn 530 Pa and the relative hum n2r4glk bxr3ly:h,87wb2 rlnidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water rpwe/n/1xfcr9u78 ey on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximaf 9dctv,w c,02v8 edkxwr,v 6ate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperaturxevr cv d8,k atv926, 0,wwfcde of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a roo/84gx myljds+*9d se( dqbjb 66:dsyg m of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew x2tbwea:-rx8 point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fof2ahysz, ia 8+r a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance oa, hf+8s yaz2if 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tin/3;coqt4t3dcm eo *(b.xkr i:lf/ zvsy tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and t(v:/t4zroil/o.qm3c*be ; csfkd x3has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atxa :1htx (w-a,ua+ak m 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cal h)kbwqr+a276 q8(ou tbo 4ziribrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal ;ucrfdwz.u+ 9m. 3sysroom temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if therz9 y.u;.m susfdcw3+ water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylixcb70 co18l xander is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remaibcxxa oc180 l7ns in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules m;dhy5jw )zjko cw( 4;in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5j wjd4);zc(omyh ;k 5w m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of i3 xfph7)n9opbz 2xe- matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum toej(izz0 necs*4 1v9nechniques is abouoce nz0(1zij9 nse *v4t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungzowr q -.xxq95-fun *gs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the sqwz-5or x .gf-x 9n*quurface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon8hchzbt7;*nxs kpl : 6 enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)s*p x c8zknbl;6 7:hth    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 1 um:7j-fr6l ppd*/ihop d* fs110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of t1 of*qufrwq-(ica5(770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pqo /bg;pxkcr x.o4 .z1ressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atopo1q. g4 cxr/.b;xkzmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in ab4 ry9 ws5qsvh).-p xv 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi w gli ,e6g1czw x3r5 dc.g)o2z(13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate,35gld,gg.e )xrwwz o2ic6 1c z measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid me i,9y6ve)yiju ;9;e4bwukeb orcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 02c m82d00efhus4 mf/-lxj ljn $^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earths 6ka/x5yc/dz ’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a g(frjlk r ,m+cd 23.iztlass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptedch.*; :,+no dewwcc(upulx+/e u2ujf in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charqi 0zdl gv;z-6i1skv:ged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from ton(q8 ab1 (8okg7r .waog;uttx,: qa bhe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thros,e9c lxqxoppcs t .:4/d6 pn.wn vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per4psn.ql9ccpx/ p,osx t:e d.6 second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00glxn)o4ko7p g ,b4r2q -cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. 7l) xgpng2okr,q4o4 bAssume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in qif7yej qoq;ra+hs s+ f86b 69the air on the following two days: qisajyqs 7 6 be6q+f9fr8+;ho
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent dic7(zmyh5a i6a kkr g dj-//x-r:lgu8wfference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is l-5:/ / z( ia6hy kmgxwcja drg-8kur72000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show thamaq3rd 6k7 p9)qqi q)qt, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficiqm)kqr7 q9iqp)d3aq 6 ent of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people const yl ll kphudbab-2;6: -f8q3utantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If t6lp q- ba3hlty :82udbf-k;luhe cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg