Which has more atoms: 1 kg of irogn+an4kh 2s(8wlh b 5igc.2op n or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix b whl no24k5g8in(sc2g ah.+pB.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited tova.. n 4twi1lz make a thermometer.4t .niv1z.law

Which is larger, 1 Cl ;ekei x2k.ii2ecb3q( 9i( at $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equili2yrd +oqtzz82- 4yepr brium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B2zpq2 4zdreory y8 +-t, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists5q 7u9 ugk8zre of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outsidu8 7equgzkr9 5e of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansiorve/v+y5ep9wn.to )ocvl (g(n $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple2rwx7fgczo; hm m,(/w thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heaz;m hc(wxo7/2m wgr,fting or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed aq iy5m 18prd,.v nsh2ht the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. W1svnq .dph8 m, 2i5hryhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flo45s tt3gt0crt ats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hol -3 un4 df: hrvab7ceby7,4z3kwodq*t tub of water, the mercury initiallu*fnb7k by4 7whlq azv4 o: ,3ce-d3dry descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coole3-1 jepeicm9(+q8gn* ref sxj d more rapidly than adjee rc( 1-epm* jgi93n8s+qfxjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficiexoikm) f3) cm; bz.;qunt of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explfm3 ;zmbo;i)u)k. cxq ain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate ap/up/ap w q:4xt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and 75 vm1veg onzkai3g 9c-bsb71 top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has hap5bekv1cm1gzi77 g v9b-n 3sa opened?

When a gas is rapidly compred /3o7 jmdr. sdd8iq9issed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature injdd im98.3sddq/7 ior creases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on o vn 4spiz9d d*w/x(m*an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increadn mswz4*o 9*d/ivx( psed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rela .gwxj x6q/h-vg .:x+hqoztw 1tion between average kinetic energy and t. x /-woq1x6vjwh x.qgz th+g:he absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows fro05 ooyndinl.3 1km ,fztl7.hom kinetic theory.

As you go higher in 5ctse:; 1bxg bthe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed a8rd+esceg;vz j/hgn w 4.63apcz7 3brn object must have to leave the d 38nvbh;r467+z3ejrzc /ec.wapgg s Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whrql:f2p;ijg df99g y6 chhw5-at can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the l:52h fgi9; -fcjwqyg prhd69other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomforta) b72apmlztq3 p:9h/mzek,qo ble than a hot dry day at the same temperatur3 2ql e pm:h7t,z9qz) kabm/poe.

Is it possible to boil water at room tw 9gz .(n*ybvqemperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is7g4h7pg7.ggxi h*3 nkm j1 pfm the same but the humidity is differentg3 . gknh*47gj ipmfgxh77mp 1. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open t4v+2ma tit1k che radiator cap of an overheated automobile en tict +va1k2m4gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winte c b14 hm750:liyh)gh dic5dyqr (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gramtrb.5 8huh6dr copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ri/u9rp 1sxd1tgoi* k ;wng compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mau9 /w1*;rdtoxs gp1i kss?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken lc(1cz1gy-xtk)ez1 a - *qteg to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?e- tc1lxc(t-egq1a z 1)gk*y z   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest an2i emd5v)bc**( f8d;rsqh ppdd lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column httx/ j0ob:l4qas length 11.82 cm at 0.q0to l/tj:xb4 0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 j1 9h e/u x7 k,y((pbum+wvuqj$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of w/y2mapz.a aj4 8/kzbprought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperatura2/jyb/pa .k mzz 48pae of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivetezr. 3w-op, kws that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed,3wr .-kzpweo in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4xn 1is:x:o20t tdykm( $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diamel88 t:rsxb i 9te4co //erldx,9iq+kyter. What will be its change in volume if it is ht:e8exr8 / sclri+4ol9i y/ 9dq bkxt,eated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wiu6gh,t u( -g6h.pycixth 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wateeqfak )h c0 mx9x(rp7a*dsd: /r at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to bzgcq 0;*ma7atn) yspq . :s.che placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand.jqm l9u+zfw 0 in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient 0l z+jm.u9q wfof linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change inpayun(qc 48o*ek )sk :uc4; fx the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of m9)10i)e* z pukh)wq w n.elzxlength l and width w has coefficient of linear exp zn hw ep0w9lxuqm)1e).z*)kiansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic yry.47ov aj (t/h*1kflht:f/ nyz3b dsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass ang.8h5wh xh2ynd keeps perfect time at 17.xhw8n5y hg2 h $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insuxryf5 ycw ;;-9zr;d+s3y* y b8kifvyide diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb ;i k;f3w-yyy59zx 8*dry rvfyu sc+;bhas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical whlidi *zn59 :w n/ntlfewqj+,7 eel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angqj:7nnn+ w5e /*ldzi9i , tlwfular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired len(x4/1fyj*cqb5 mkv: e 4tu4 e rrvzbs/gth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature incr4/x :fr tr4v c 1vus/em*zqjb4e(kby5eases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-bm+si6b08edb l76k 1 a-cgscqneam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.cu2;v;gnmus)(di : d p122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin ) lmfp:a12mrtqz y9n9 scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Flij4 c or. h:9bbbe5q5ahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earthr p;qwial/y5: qm;v 3y and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure anf ,e;ntl:vtf cn6kfj3p0:t5tbk9 5m zd a temperature of avfctz5b,pn f n :lt5 ;ttemf3j:k9k6 0bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas ltk 7u,;jg00 bs+stox naw.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 dtx*g m/v;r:u kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogeudwc7d6wr n4n woy0 ,/n ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas eo9 ( v(dy ktftuki obc2it1,9 d9ts;2;mnb-n is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container heq3ckqw,1 gsc.dw+m 5 olding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 38 wc+c3gk w5.qqs,d 1me5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of z *5;a qw1,xrc/ fvzr5eeh(tg $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the a;2ju q vc)9(duy s5ju 1,gyclhcj8w0gir inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the1g 0l uc,uq)8c (dgjjvh cs5;wy9juy 2 volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air jy15(ohwynmn2 : 6kqv at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ojk9en7 (4u)nh).zmzz vrfk+at 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s ha -rrl222g3mm dxbk)t*t) ptfb nd at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mo18ty kfkv 0e st2ik.t+lecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 7.thixjl:3 y3l4fw mjL? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ooced gn/x 1 ;;bb+ok-uf (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.ur,zc 3xksn*n ckr/2;1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eac m88ac2sfq,-l 0 fjwmsh 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atm sfmswf8cqa2j m,-l80osphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an r3)d)bmgi* yt oxygen molecule at STP? gi tmb rd*3)y)   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium at2b kg4k h6+*vw zy(v90b6pyqe1:lj cs w;banh oms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature o+6z:qlyv ksbnb(6;w*1av0 2 heb kygj9c 4phwf about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas moles4l* :u*uy /ac:g 1t2 mpukppfcules increase if the temperature is increased from ulpsup g/ 42:ctuk1p*:m afy*0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the for4x 6kemiuq6 4llowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate tuixk46e4 6q rmhe rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules ili eu6 o3q, ud(6/ijwmfcpn +)n a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what fyxnqs,9tgx b o;6u61 (tpbq.mactor d y ng(tsp1 6xtq b;mo,96u.xqboes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas isbm b s+;1ceg)j*t +ieqb.css- given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of thei*b wze ;71mlzjq44htxr rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of tqe*4lh71z w zjm btx4;heir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a4pg ; *abjkbf/* 5vcson 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of ap5y3 cu4e: lpdf/jq.6mlr y b9n oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between niny fgk7rb pu. 45vek,52envgv)7 as .rtrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of a p o5e0*v;-lsl9xmecbn amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell aex5sl 9l0*vb o;cm ep-t 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P xh*+u2fb4xad f*eix- of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of rijuki(d; aq-3 *b*kmuranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pxl8 nrs,g1vf ;hases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is kouv:v*3w/ mze7 c,zu13sbo9wm 0 sxs0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 0c9 e:suw*mzkos7 ,s 33ovwm1xbvuz /90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a d7, fwx7hv n*iday when the temperature isv7n ,*xwf idh7 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pres htjml +ok3l99sure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimatexs vv2;jyg24 3: qux ,vqh05fscin s2n the temperature at sujhv5x0 i2q,; :g2x2vq4nsfvyscn 3 which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water iswv,/yiv3hhvb qh:g 33 530 Pa and the relative hvbyv,hi3 qgv:hw3 /3humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wat o3er1hp0y vkogw*0xw /3tx,ver on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the zm,vq0 6gu u 7.6v .qjlr.sphlwater is boiling z.6g6srq lq7j.m v,pu 0vhu.lat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume ;bmscrds wzee3t ( td;e;)*r1680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of j /6 ez+tgmemguf: 5-g5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for ofn) z/3lms h41zu0rka glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 3 o0khn1zfzl4)su /rm$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the d6.hh,/4-hgfb dkt wf interior through tiny tubes called trac 6 hh.d,td4kbw-ff /hgheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrat sxb k01zvt*1sed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure :-eu3os cgn 9dhas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperatu;2qt- 8kgulm pre. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 2kmp;u-ql8g t 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in aev/ at+ - -jyyj7o2k,yfkjumvbye42 3 helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge presm+yj,vj -/-u7ajyb ty23o2e ek4yfvksure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air mogss: te*y +qj1aig n65w*c 6zwlecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is1g:y ww s+tq66zgjsi* n5eca * 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter l,:bb48rj(nr t(;r dsa2ve heis about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availab fvs07dw,h* s8o ocy h5tqb*+ble vacuum techniques is aboowq*d o t5 8*7hsyb+ cfh0bsv,ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his azdl + wu4i(y5lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly ros 4 dl+wyui5za(e to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere v2kuacqb .w,;95mbtqat a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of spe,uqw2t;5k .b9 mcqv abcial materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased7txe(zl qf9s m9fp9- h from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume trk-9o1g4hcxjrc va0xb + *hukhr:*4of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value o5irb x1gh6wpr/w.ee4z )oz t )f atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s a 5g4exw zw e.i1/))rortzpbh6tmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moluhlc ln tveu))-,(v4flizsf51-1j pyecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge prenel qcd 55/t9pq+rtok 1ff an6c+ v4i*ssure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is consta59n q6 pfqikdnc5 4a/fc++tl1*vro etnt at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at2vsqqr7zk )/ t 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at,lz*(f lvbp-e 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly arounb8.l.ggx 4eun8uz l d3d the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glardes p7+;g1gsss jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standar2mf52d hcgp n(d, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pree x yy0nd8o 19.xv:uz)q ,g7vbvt 2rppssure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth ish:x7bgtc -2ns+k;w pn $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended aiab d; ri k5c-y89doq4igvraf* viji/m,w 759 gainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many to ci iiv 5f9gbq, ;mrdkid4a7j v9ya/5r*wi-8ennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00 p+bz4azq1ae ,-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. +z1 ebzap, qa4How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air v7o 0ulqo 7hk 8e9um-jaa3,g g,nbmg*on the following two days: k aquah7vmg-0 7lgoe,n*o3ju, m bg98
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it i+; yu4 xade7rjs a solid deep in the Earth where the ter4 jd a7xu;+yemperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal j0zbeo0 lf 3;jnme87(wx 3,)elec crx gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is jrme83w3ello0jn 0(zc,fe)xecb7;x equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify theirgrpsw ga 8z(thr60(7p cellars to prevent rot and mipz(h 7aw s g6prt(8rg0ldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg