Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum:ny+ x.e0fzd h? See the periodic table or App+xzh: nf.d0y eendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could bdonj8lta-j e4s 38)zle exploited to make a thermomete8jn8j4dsl)lt-eza 3o r.

Which is larger, 1 Cdj 6 b6tjpl3z8*vyhbvhm* p (vvqe (k9wo: -9m $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in trappu :sv2 g06hermal equilibriap6suv0:p2g r um with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminu2x. sixha1 gc5m riveted to a strip of iron. When hea 1hgsx2 xia.5cted, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansvk,* yr6tqkm +/p 8hdbion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostatj43x;4axrw sw 3e df(q used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace anx;4 w( qxd3wra sjf34ed how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends dd/qsbw h(n 26pv8z(xy6z6 fmoften have a section in the shape of ady w(2bms zq8n6phzxd66/ v(f U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatsv9j 3w 8lzg6/ * g3ioqj9;wn8c5;fkl avyvvga in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass,;3hj93ra kgfr3yo tku h8e:d thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the uy3h8 o9;rr kk,3eag3j th:f dmercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break)vom*q, mr/g5ey. td h if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explainteyv,)5 mrm /dgo*q .h.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffifvge c10(g5 uqmnvzz,,. rj2p cient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary,150nj2zpgeurqcm vz.( f,vg glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clo+ nqwoiflx+b :hb;z+. 8(khk hck, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda 8prkmnga z 3,.e 1do1owill cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hon1,8 r omeg1azd3pk.as happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by puso +x2sl xdp(e/hing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. epx/(+dls o2xExplain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incrl;v;5 -p mfxhz2cui8jease or decrease if the temperature is increas; cijp5f-mz8 vl;h 2uxed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law foll2frto,7 :hh auows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolu7 hh:troa 2f,ute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic o:/kv b tbz lxf4gs7s8:n0id2 s,jrf( theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospmko 892 bmuw7ghere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum sp1k hlk sn;dohcd5*-i:eed an object must have to leadhkn cd ih*o; -sk1l5:ve the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whadp1s mc9b746ymovgh4 t can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to ths64v ydo1p94g mhb7m ce other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day 4n .e;(yw( (lp g;+ bpwf wxekg,zo,esat the same temperatugw ,z(bwl+,ew p;eksypfo(e4xn (;g .re.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatuq-:xh lk-zc; 3mgo+ mdre (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the ai8zflcskg-zgnjhe p 1hx,9oz ,h 6o) .6r temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more ko9x)h, , 1h6pz-j.zc8 leg6ogf zsnhdense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of aw9 w +rk lm67wz/y)nfkn overheated automobile engin+wwl 7yz r 6mknf9)wk/e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter, r.snxg:y5 co (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram c(kehvmu2)*9p kxmy m 5opper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare toa5el. eax5+ x8cc s4wj the number in a silver ring of te+x x4aw.eal c 58cjs5he same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the w5qkv)s -ao+ lCelsius scale?w+5v-o l)k saq   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaturd(iu9 cl:qy3t )nz mba:ogg;7wbv4;ees recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11apr-9gm 6hoy,:xf z 8k.82 cm at 0.0 ho9- y,a8f xm:z6 rpkg$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12ny*+evl/tlsw *n 9n8pie 8 +xy m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought irof;1b-dqm- ndkk 91w vun approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its hd mdqub1n-1-vw9;kfkeight changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often usedv y g:ot/-ivg5 an5:gv/-vt gioyd the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water kc-yr fsx2q(;4)xg . zywnj :bhm8g2gat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chan0pu ;tj,)z5did yked1 ge in volume if it isidy1,t 05 )d;zpkj ude heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 10 s(:lmymm/, dk0.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that ro+z 0 wtama4855.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is t,gcnt ixvm6+:o be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containe:mu r(d2**hve yfat 4pd in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction v def r2p tuyha4*:(m*only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in:z (e.mnk9w7 xlrl0jz the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has 32 0 5aigcxncjcoefficient of linear expn 3x0igcc25 jaansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotr ;1 po2dzx kdw/nlxcvj,r4-d/ opic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keepx0t*tot /hb (ws perfect time at 17 /thtt0obx* (w$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insidva9jihc; ; ih.e diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb ha9;iha ;vjhi c.s a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum n2bq8 m * rb9jjte0z3hcylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocitqm*b3zt2j nh8 9rej0b y $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lenghpv25k(fjeod/inn ,b uv6;4 bth when at 15°C. How much stress is required to kij nk5fbd6e uv4( /vh 2,n;opbeep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0 zbd9wj/le t+6.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 :gxc*p44 frs;cwqzd+ qd2 e -vcm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the org7opgx+ 6j2 ph)a9et mw)+h- i,tsc Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on :et*d y;a+pgnthe Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth c/; s p,oa - gof.r.xzq-sr;yuand Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temper /8f16srhm84 owwyhkng yc:u9ature of about wrcgw /mfnush18h ko: 8yy69 420$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using theqmya1a/in z:z6y2j 1 i ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containss r y8qonc cn)s;1)-ym 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.vdxz9s,( 73wis7 oowo5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gaafrt6oqyl 5r 7k -f/*ss is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg oa5 lqgba:thdij f7 4ky q(c492f argon gas at 385 jliy2(qtg97qa d4 c: 5ahkf b4K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of uaq 1b71z/wipg ,w.ji5nya /b$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inh0ozw,-bp)/ nrb da (iside the balloon, which makes it less dense than(wh anibrod-z, b 0)/p the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled witd0* 5rhi qkyr+h air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18h(t 8iuu vd)5v: zjheehu3 +lxd 2s3p+.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon )y az;mtx6y ccs2o(:j escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /s:* x9. *t2z4b13 yxevzq6 jeveqmgxd $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How mamv7znd,di+;xup,7qsc f r ,1r ny molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moll toq:pc48u5 ses,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumvm(t n/qhj z2nwjo uz;np1.+i :s (w9ke 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wer*:mbni7r:rk x 3 2e uuonv0h;ke also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about ir v:x3eknbur: nku m0o*7;h2 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecul:frbowy 4 x .)nej:nb6e at STP? yfxoen.nbr 4 j ):w:6b   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the nkiwwo 1t *o)v)+ fey, :xch8vSun at a temperature + he cwo8 wox1:kv)yvfin*t,) of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms w +pi/ hi/kac6speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature ia6+/k/pci hw is increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the9a xf sg9*pt;2w b.fqhwwja819oc ru 2 following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, ohb2u9j89a*xtr pw9; wwc.fgq2 as f 17, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas r;eh)(wa. tnw at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, bw)7udi0b-vm f y what fa- 7 0u)ifvbwdmctor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a h+3jcv rpqlmtk 1 ++4ngas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempero;u s-b..c*a / bmnuewature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal.;e.- *mb awsbcn u/uo to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculeln/6,fbw: vv 6zgbupft 9 4c5ds contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0rq31sqia az/k,jt* a 1n7-om o $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwm3bi, ymt kkw :dho;8/een nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an w/e0c fvn a9d*amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at / 9ancevdwf*0 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can d) kvp5vaf,ty -i)ry/ .a3kkbbe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of t3n9tth5a( ly3ij*uqn lp (kh-xv 2l+uranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases odv5 oh6i5fr2 can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phascv) 6w i j/3w/ozwyp14lzv2k ue when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 l vz46/ 3 jv2ipwy/ucozw1)k w$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day whoc-lfdc re(xf5s f; ,6en the te56lc f,s drx(fo-ce;fmperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air presbu.:9lo bdn;t sure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimatex2kbkh n8 +(,rs br4p6py3xbg the temperature a bb(6 r b34+yshk82xrpgkx,n pt which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressg;bg uyi 2l)xq67m6yr ure of water is 530 Pa and the relib2y6qx)g uym 6rlg ;7ative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressurecezd2 5 ye50xa of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boilinj xtanr8:5fo t2i-)uv g at a temperature f i)nxj5ao 82 rtvu:t-of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume-l v- fnifn0uw:h/6ls 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poisscf1k gq;qa 5d(yp37nt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 1zhma +2djsnspgn8s5 t q*99f+3–4) to diffuse a distance 5a+hmq9zpsngst*2sj +f n98 dof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insecyo/ l0+utgv (+ j5vchcts to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and t(cj 0+/ovh5cvg+ylu has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at3o t8bl2m. *3blyl8) md*ai.oq vqrn a 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape m5ah3yh 1; + bk9- pw+gokvcndl** wlyseasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normalbkb 5 b8rk+qbl3 l,mm1 room temperature. How much error will bmk83b51q b kmb +rl,lbe made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 u0l2vtiol hrhrn9a2 h (ue3luf ,-(-y atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remhtl3h-ry lu l 2anur,v0(heo (- i92ufains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room ofg8vv 2aj*jy v(e(t,r z length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume tj8v (,ya2tjg( *evz rvhe temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about-+ kd0rpt dvw0 one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques /.g)o;sel xdvx jdf,3 is aboueo ,xjld.)vxfgd /;3st $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below theoc ;zc b -.u(b/l+o:jghb2 vfr surface, to what volume would his lungs expandf:bc;bv/-r l+zguj(oho c . b2 if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enter7xo, c.h h6r2wes;trns Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperatu r2xsenrh;6,c.t 7owhre, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increa(q xprg ./q,5is x)uuosed from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770qwkz( 3g,;bot m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the sg5 *anrpfs5b rc .t0w5urface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecu0*rtbaf ncg5 pw5 5sr.les in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitroge86u qjr2odkxedubl + v 9.z,k.n molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has ga1zjx v, zagbo 0nl+;:puge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rata1;ogl :z+ j npvxzb,0e, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl agxu2hu-spl;3dh*yq- hd/r+ of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinz -/mowz(grf0i.e*ox(t sj m 3e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eartuq;vyh+j itvk +*q2+y h’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20 .*r o-c2zjsnw$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted 46 ecberwku) ud;ex(jzy1 k7 z+w)xk /in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 bw )l+ mcp7do8tq.2bi+v s.e yo*r+hi atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the9zhc tj9oh,ms: j-e kz-6n;bn Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis baw23k55d.u( ziq,f mgddq ci 7zlls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/w m dzf5gd2u3i 7kic,5.qz dq(s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-j))u e2imeooutz5)v 8 jqd/9z diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it re2ijdq8tezum) j/ueo5 zv )o9)aches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air od ytoq56gt b63mp2wyzw)*4 e dn the following two days: 6eo zpg) mdwtyy*tw 4325bqd6
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of 130sk yd,yceuq) ph* e9ip9 hhiron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the 3k0 1c ehypid*9h q 9,epy)suhtemperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas awr7lc6n /0 /o +gri+lkl h4phlt constant pressure, the coefficient ogl cwn+/hrlrplh47+0klo 6i /f volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.