Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or rm4 gfa+4;x cb1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendimcf4;g 4a xbr+x B.

Name several properties of-)ur .elu/ x,jzzx1kt materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet-lx /1xu)z,tju .erzk er.

Which is larger, 1 C znd 60w.jsl;ps1he,l$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with s;n+d .c1 bb9h*yy mxitystem B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures hxy;mni9c *tyb d +b1.of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a s(rt8 gm0*i14jse()npsmjh ottrip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside8r 0tmt ejj(4(g) nsoimph *s1 of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear ehnw b2ylz1g2ne ek,7-xpansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used t pk9pwv mn.a42o control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how th9 pm vpkaw.2n4is device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape ox1g6 xt*w -uym q8o,opf a U. Whx,mp1 *qtg6 uw oox-y8y?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at wjcj3p* x0 6vj0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed iod r r2)2gtv.mn a hot tub of water, the mervr m2gd2 .otr)cury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one papc5 t) vg-lg ;wv28krvrt of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exp)-v 8vgv5l kwr;2pg ctlain.

The principal virtue of Pyrvvhk 5v c shv/4-z*qj/ex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why /kh -v*vj4hqzv vc/s5this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20zg42jkb (:; v8fkqrdm $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will8a*m id sl 04ee8eoy0s cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. o4e8 esyaeislm0 80d *What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperqevoa9euo5p3soije2e f) p0 yw(b +()m:ic+ xature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moviei)e owcpb om 0 qsapj+xyufe)o9 ve+:2(3i5(ng piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or czjh mrw-. bln l p+3- +lt3ue4oa)qw.decrease if the temperature is increasnwq)umrc wo+- th.433lz.+ ll - bjpeaed from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows 8:f, xhqgc xyhm *gx. xjlt43cn)8s3sfrom kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and thegtfh4qgm)8 .:sl x3yxcx j8 hn*3 s,xc absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theq khw+p2jt7x3: lmf83us xcxka ,v1n 7ory.

As you go higher in thet9dll;c ra1s ay9bjx 5r 2b;;l)6ztjt Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for tht o a0,0wcv(dae Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically0d(0 ,vcaat wo no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more qurx 8 0y0xl3zb6 m6nl;9a tzsthickly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular proz ;yhb n09aztt066lm38lrxsxperties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hh1fsw2b9 r wh8ot dry day at the same tem29bwfws1r8hh perature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature ( setf u;las gz 3b9h3 qttvhy6i)*h+6-20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whe 60ro )zy oe+k:gfe9lfn the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at y9fefol+ gzk06o)e :rthe same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerojqgw;m (r3upic6,)y7 viqm w7xz( 6 fyus to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile yiyw(w7m )i,(j vz;u67c 6xq3 grqp fmengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the w .i5.ryf qyw:,pwwsj d0b. ;3z)qcp seinter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in g6ma9 kr+rv odd8n ;;1qxwme*a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram 7) e2.cv,dqisg/wdv cgold ring compare to the number in a silver7v2)s/ .diccw,egqvd ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What i.pb.1wu 5 vtee il;a9ss this on the Celsius scale?9atve5p wli..; ube s1   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowesu)kx 4 yn(:f2tz j -hjqrtv5r*t temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometefgs6qurog3-)ppqs 0a.z f;+1e b j f)ir, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 re 6z1sgf p-;iuf)3bp0 aq.jgs oqf+) $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slgfqg+ e k,;h2sabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrougoo k)wf y55d9o,mq7ev ht iron approximately 300 m tall. E,woy5okq 5do97vme f) stimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thak uk f j1h3(0y:*vdts.n9wtdet are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. 3sh k90tv:*yk n du.f(jwdet1A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at z pp cj q4d5n:-szh:h(4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in di8;zkb0pvy6 kkj)3 rn ks 0y)xpameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heatek)p)s; k8jzv3 0ynry k xp6k0bd from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim withdcdzd,j9f b p*qxx75 * 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mLj(n11wq twur bu k))nncrs-34 of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring maf b6,rwl;i r2zde of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentialm.* 7fx4lpu cfx:g1 zvr3 gn7xly one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficieng4 7xmr.cugf7 zlnv x:1p3xf*t of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densc.g.+:ksen4 (s rayd bity $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coe5 fr ko:9a3jdii:zy9tfficient of linear expank9ria oy: dfz9j:35ti sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol/h4y( f(t zkqn xz1(aiva4d:a id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made53ti kaqoios2s) h6x ia*h8:u of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 )i su6a8qhtia3o2k s5:xi*oh$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm5d6cx5jq(go; xx t8 do. The bulb has a v x5 8jc;(dq6xodoxt 5golume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wh/ yqhw gef*+)1tk bt;geel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular velocit 1w;gf y/tgtkbqh)+e*y $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length whyaf 2)w;i 5h-+ m5anz/tjp kymen at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length;k2 tpywa-ym j+i 5) an5zfmh/ if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041lgc8 (t7da *bj$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diametersa0 g+p,72/hjryuyj,gice4fc fn1,m 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatuhhr9f*kx 1 , *tx:eezyres on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fah o k8g-f7gwl50p xhn,lrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 40n4ndeb3 f*slk(f90l acc(7wb 00$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospher2au0.stdnq8n,eg , bg gmy/p. ic pressure and a temperature 8myq n.gb,p g0s/na, .2etug dof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP u ))l+ls44 ubzaq3g .dnccghh)sing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg ygm-.vt,a+p+aqcgs1x 1n3 8r : w vfffof nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrogeuqv. y-c+nug :xg fl4(n ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10qnc0+t d:9nnxzx+i;r (,kgak1j a-be.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a nbcy:x7e njqf,)pe-7 qgf1.b v 9j:( edbq nb,35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3 qbby,)je7npv( q9f. 1bge : nqend-j:xb7cf,85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg mko:l ,ik )7u-okk/yli 1d)lhc*wpx9of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air ilu -.- a1hhqpq8 v1zhqnside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a p1q8zh1uqhhlq a-.- vballoon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a3 nlw)i6sb.j;iq m8yl t 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a-ksq zhq*9:xd14 -9uijlbgi pt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled ballo+o 1,.zidclk ion escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / p6ackd:e.o ld:y* hy+$m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are dh y/ lejk6dm;08y:ku9ko i h.there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molm9kqg+a5mc dxy)xl; s9.x; is zy 5nv y,fbm56es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 57c ge3 tybe-r4s-wp,nql:m6fp q5x j9.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molec 7 iv7agetfr3)b+ iwfzibe5b:a7,(yaw. fhi0 ules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Gab zw5fy hvae.fi,rt3+(bfai7b 0a 7:i 7i ewg)lileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule dn(g7 fkpu/k3at STP?3 g /nudp7kfk(    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium qtm+-u 7bbz:gd(evv 0atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 v- qvte7m 0zud bg(:b+K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of 62y6 esby *sg9 abi/vrgas molecules increase if the temperature is increasey6avyi9*/g62bess b rd from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followiei(l;qmu/u4s mj9 e b2ng speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8ju;um m4slei92qb/(e. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gapmf5u9 th3q tfo 3v93js at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a s5 w kxeq-9:phgas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factoxek5 p 9h:wsq-r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed l5f5;+1ndsyehk8 kp.q ;h5h,lezutb of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of ths 5*)r-v zks5ae:g gajfb 7.yzeir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of theiszr. j7y*)sv-kafg 5bzgae5: r molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conu,hgoag 7. k/wmxl n5+*+3xhfp u cap8tained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed oz*iu2y6j7b6 gm4sv d s(q9krp f an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distanceo/nhmih.2p 1qrjm 96q 40dyf exrs:.t between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular ma-t* j1q :btm+ n;jvuumss is 89 u in a living cell at :q+nu1 t*vjj-; mbtum 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be wrf1w1z 8s*f ub 4v9cdczitten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urd+,q nv* pw ut)q e p8s3kg/o,ki(lvy(anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what pb55k. nqh l(gxhases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm o/9 k 4ou8*l uftrimci3; yei-it:;ah and the temperature is (a) il t:;/ ytikaoi43roue f9-m*;chi u890 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the4evid fr .x5 9a7qj0xj tempera r9x5 q a0d4ev.i7xjfjture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at )hy(x/pi3. fvn7*;syr luwj ra place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place ige3o v) hw2f-;37nfc o wpk,mtn the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which -f2g,;33o7e hv wp nf mowtk)cwater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature ohgsr7 3bp*lkbzf p.c xf43 +w3e)bayoe:c06un a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidityrc7 lbwgc4 )ee3bs*b6u.xof+ 3y hfk0pza3:p is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when *a354lc p kgfiruwq*/ the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside al 5*8ggpov; gcna/ bb- pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 120*5 bgn8 /l ogc;ap-bvg $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume fhgdtv78rm57 bpwnn 7 ys(vep)u4s-3680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point(w :p*pkma7fh of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to difjcr 143vaqe o3;az *mmfuse a dista4j3mqerv;a*o1 zam c3nce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interro 3z encae605l -p,zeior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional are0-op,z36 cene5elzr aa of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape meaxwb6x :v- h;fgsi5 ;zqsure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 24 o4zpbqm-p/pbyqi :c+f b7 8i0$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibp1gkg7 ,r tw7ql )dtrxz;0b7 brated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool watexlgd1z)7rq70bpwk,;7b rttg r, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is inithc v8 x b0(4nq*8)oujgeau9y rially 28 atm. After many balloonjr89(* q4oa80 hxvbuge)ucny s have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, anuf5zwgr s q tdo3- l19pl9m8y1d heigh85 tms dl wu91pg-1qrzolfy39 t 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per*a+ luk- bw1/lbxhw55efcoi( $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure sw nkmulay428-/ b 5vyattainable using the best available vacuum techniques is about avbs mun5w 4yylk2 /-8$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m b t88o 7xx fx9uq8h,xq* btja5 (g9nkmoelow the surface, to what volume would hij* k9anx 8,m5(x 987tfxqqbohuxot8g s lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle reture /jax //uba2lning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.) x b/uea/l2j/a   K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110: 5bqn ytj5*x;w9gfd3k pfh 6o$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7ifoj rw1.;l+i0mmv l mva7a61 70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric preswo9.n2fx hyl g5 ,r(cysure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’(.59o, xr lyhycn gwf2s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed ti 2v:f3if)jk of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital hatw6 7ib 5gjta1nsaf5-s gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measurw5 ttg6 5ajabsif7-1n ed at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a ve)b+tcf7bar/* rjeo ; n.sd +bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline+bg4l /gz.x ui at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’(yy- ca. cblqj6f5,7zht9gvd lu 3p-s s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass lsq cpne;yzk+v(9 /b+ jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stan/szx7e/cevzv4y s o: bg*9du ,dard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has aw,p /1wxbn j;l)w 0ee pi)a8bc pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth gk+:kaueh cd:3-1v(p j j1*rdea(arzis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is mrp ,puy)i,g jp*n)z4 suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming theyji4z),m,ppnpgur *)y have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bub6:io,hok nxm(t x.oaq bq05d0ble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it6(dhmoq , o xq:0tk05nbx.iao reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in thp0ujzh* /6eh (eh 3kgre air on the following two days: j3 kg0h( /p*rzuhh6ee
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP,1g-jeo n8u (6i7tpxee and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where th8g nu xo(ee1ej6p -7tie temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant m,r vp5qkbt am,d0o9dr5se(4 b/ o.vl pressure, the coefficient o vova k5./rs ,5l(tq0ddr 4,opmb9e bmf volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to x;47 zjos rbxg,:tbn3prevent rot and mildew. If the cellarbg3t,xs7;:bn r4 xozj in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg