Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iiol* , s*mqaq-d.f9 .n mo-qtsn7vnm)ron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appen . qn* s*. i-m 9,7amf)qdqv-tsnomolndix B.

Name several properties of materials th i31cd)oyq2 kzat could be exploited to make a thermomet2d 3kzio) yq1cer.

Which is larger, 1 C vq0 87zzzn/3 n4 fkdrg$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal f (g,1h0nngixequilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tempi nhxn 0,gf(1geratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveja 1 sfrv:.)wated to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13.) 1w ara:sfvj–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of h-w +dii8 i4t oe5cj*blinear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simplg.c( lw6h6 zdi q:u8yc5ckm-v:zuz2 ne thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the zkcml wc-(zh2dq6. gcv65u :uyzn8 :i furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fix3f + 8ud.g8eci awihx1ed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why faw 813gh+uex8cii.d?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floakgi3gf.nvs y:9( 7wpyg9v vm2ts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-i yu*h y.f0gi9cf7z/:zbleqt 7n-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially desccyf fg/h:zteb . i7u zq*970ylends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part dpv-z;9 qm8 rnof it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent paz-m9dv8n; q prrts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of line5agj3h(o q6jmwsjl voz,:9+ f ar expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resiaq3 fz+hjvg6 s:j(oo9,jw m l5stance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 ggxfjp0z8 *8a$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly theps5go s rq0y51 can will not stand up. Wsygsp1rq5 o50 hat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a v/ki8zz behpt- 7 up3x1e*8r2 cu/kig piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston,pu-zu21k xv kg8 bi/ 37ceep8/ rzth*i it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged p0zeg3v gjj g9- e eq/vx0pa/9in water increase or decrea9/0e vagxj0/qg e9pe-jg 3z vpse if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s lawm7b-o1)i6hdf0y ato6htrm b; follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average m7fbhhdrt tam0o1 ) -ib6 o;y6kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fzjg 5,xu7y zz--gzfiv -5z;lbollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, theb4f*ngp lotuy 6)65 4bluqo7d ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object mubq 3 n*.w)1a*hp grvl;jl2c,pe)kkxi st have to leave the Earth and neve*kj; l.qg 2pk*)i x)h,brpa n3lew1vcr return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you ivgu,hly/)m:o8x3 jdf ss/h )c nfer about the molecular properties of one relative to the j3xh/d/fslug),:) s8 yhovc mother?

Explain why a hot humc h:eob. qudl2-7h h3aid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same ch b.2- hoq7:ae3l duhtemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at j nxo,jn090-he*y us1i/s g cv no:gk3room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature i(:24ljs l rphfs the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, thehplr ( s:24fjl dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobillz 8l2 h5-f(iv: ihkdoe engineh2f io:- zvihkd5l l8(.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winterq 8tv 1cj hm1)btgx 04+mbg7re (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram 1 (fk; 79xw nzxc8xnxacopper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare ty of.d8yw ph19o the number in af9ohd 8y1. wpy silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Co idzhrf2( r5fkc4k81 elsius scale?8k5cr dof k(1h i42fzr   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 1369m2wr uvwgm3ik nl* lo,- c(c8 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermome i ju1 /gw1h(fzzwn:t/ter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 /h gnf:(1 w/uitwjzz1 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway isdw*f0(wvb zd- g4 kjq+ built of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wi n vzfwg)x,o2:s.;oirought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature xw 2 :; gzs,.ii)vfnooof 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thrm6hoel /z2;kcf +cu;d;v .waat are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameterz;h.;v u/lk d6r 2macwe c;o+f is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water aw v u*:9tth:lit 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be i. wh(ybvjz2o9uimscdp -2 5rp+1 t,djts change in volume if it is heateddchs+ vz j,yr2di(5j21w9-u.tmbpp o from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350 bo8+j(q6)3 3yumtkf knq cfo..0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55. xqrrqk4yki1+ t :59yx50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. Atj ,0g(4 nv(zco-taeec 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a mii0cz7)jrs6 032gtgn fhob y9:0bab long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansioysz0gr0) m afitn9 ob j7g6icb320 bh:n is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change inb lnd1yv91s7ylw co1 8fl6)vv the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular ptamf7 ;qiys*1late of length l and width w has coefficient of linear exp1q; ytsm a*i7fansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic ax8 5 ebwbzio4 z*(,ws0f2;b/ pvjajasolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect tim5 -vjscv xfe0 nx91b5he at 17 exf5cn j9h-bvvs x150 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter ofvnas u16a62 gtdi1,afd2 5hxk 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vol 2kfs ,iadn a1xh6 1a652guvtdume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 jahf0 6 d5th .rvf-(ypr)e)rsm is rotating about its axle on frictiot6h.0r-r5p svy(d af)frhe j)nless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desiredef g8nr 1khfx z6 f.p:/jwx,p: length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if thnpeg,fx8/pzkx : wf 61.:h fjre temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of crobeyr4h 7ce 7v 2j-tcq-ss-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 l w( av9v 1kubk8p;k:jcm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperm8qk;+qt4vf i atures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what 3xbi (y2gjwr m -wx2di2 )4pfktemperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and atvljrw54x w18k. n7wSun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustionp;7g/q:6vgr6g z ;f :lbli5 e;zlagzy engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2;/gqz;6z l bla p; eil65vrfy g:7g:gz0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP em ;k-(,a f ryl3;eubm8 kywm1using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogevz(vxmw. 8u-yow46k on ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STPatt0ktg6.uv: .tf.b e contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heli kn .:9f*x9ulsbb ckaeju5a7h bu-ze( (sef,0um gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 10azvfp cmw2bwz4i2. 5,(fi k,m5.0 kg of argon gas at 3f(w p 4cw2 bf ivmm.2z,ia,zk585 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of a7q6fqa o 1gc ze-oca0tm0;0w $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its t:kwa;v;xgb -cs6y8j buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air ouw -gc; j:t6s;vyx8a kbtside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with t5i/(vb5yg3k ( mgylaair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0f2jxch7zmopm m +utn3-+;w- f $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chg1l-r x1aqup+z un g0tvb-4.lild’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of m,ghit(9bgc sq)q/n bnm z/y.1olecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wate4 zox5blz9c k2qr-l 5gr are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, ei0h1.)hu m rl/k4pug z4n 4hded a3d8   $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1dyk602)t/swa0ccf t e wxdq ,y)1j uc;$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules onj6 loul *a) rwe(wg;3f air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breathge; lno rl6wjuwa)3(* Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translatir1n //c9 )ej kh2) cibhppzgs,onal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? h rjhg9 n i/kzp eb)1p)/s2,cc   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfa k9d-ui lrbghmj6 equ)iab:4; */kv0dce of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000jg0)ih * d/d49el :k6rm;b v-ibuakqu K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperyzc+*in- n pu:mp)be6ps nf+(ature iseu+n f- )*(mn6pz+nsi pb p:cy increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 44 johf+gd5v8 u, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rd 4+ hgjfu8vo5ms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at9eqo vra lcm0p .f-qcz :2bz27 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what f7hc7w h;,ebsk 44 iwuledm, +lactor does uwlcmbh, ehld7s;ki7,e +44w $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleldn 2l9s5:.,ha ofwqm cules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of t* ,clddiqf1(/xa q.ixm- wfd 2heir rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masslq2d1fcx*dim. -ai (x/f wd,qes.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen2i4-lt, y;zdc4 mgv3v,y).w gosim sc molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spee(j0 mzggx/s i5d of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average d5bog;s,zz n j ugq+:;wistance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular m2zht8sf(i g)a o osm*9ass is 89 u in a living cell ahtf 9i z*8o2 o(smas)gt 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =qq/ b:ri)l/5q4zna) .b 5r7dnak ahcg $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urani6f5voynjx lg9x6t d,(um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phaslhzg4x)qj :ms ++m+eqli6 jv 5es can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the prnu xie cxt3()t4;--vtets )3xhd0 l xtessure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) tx-nuhe tv;xx3x( et)3ds- )i0tlt c4 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximatgw2 tjd.yf8 82p ,hfekely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 2.kh tp82ey fwj8,f d2g5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boih:a i)tqnm-+ tls at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mouawjg4qur8o)-gcqu8 8e9 nz p; vc n0k4ntains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water kv;g aq-uz8q8n)8p4crc 9 0ungj o4weboils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 5re5k42ha 8 whc30 Pa and the relat wh82 5r4hckeaive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure t )a9m(beod.xdurb -*of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximatkpb)vokxlk/lf 86r. g*eft7 f(b43y de pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1206)b ve y b lp8ot*(l73fk.4/ kxfdgkfr $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volum 6 +npxygqqzwuww tm;/s3wt3b:c* 8+ye 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its deira67c2, qae)b-gbdy w point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glsbm,/dc b. qdy.9g3fy 1fdz7yycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanzcb3q9.ymdf,d 1gb/yydf s .7ce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from c lp1 +hm6nbxz(r 0a3jthe surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is ab06r+ cj( m1x3zbnahlpout 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at oo , 7j3(tcpuoi4k1 or20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been ck*+o, wmpo m9xalibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roo,v*+ cy +a+xg w p7bazqp6 z/sy3b5tehm temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water andzt/z3a,*ge +6 + ahy+7b sb5ppwqvcyx the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many6(4. dx::zm czgeev 2t:styqd balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original g4( qx:e st::d2yzmc dz.ge6v tas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air mf (gwvi 4zavh 7hc93 ,kg6+dqj).xaz tolecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5f6c3vq.hz a, +9 zgkgtx4djvi)aw7h( m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of m)b df 1d0elsj8s8sq n,atter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure aene7fa i603ohttainable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboni a6ohf703e eut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m be 2pr2f,e8st lclow the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surfacetrfel 2c28 ps,? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from3 qhdvt6f r6u8/de 9a 7l(ojwf the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the veho9dj8fr tw/f7vq6 3la (6duehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 11q*mg yud) 6z/owka /n30$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 0 s-mlmrf-ee;z 6 ;tbf770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric+lg )z7tmzkd ) pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’sk z tg)l7)d+mz atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moh+my6c7)e v9yy;a dgelecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hosp;2zo.ep /.cla wm/)t (bhx gtcital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow ra(zt ;w)l/xeo .cg/mab. pt2hcte, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a t wini4eob zo.. lij wj)r;0(zh4fc:5 bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline af-s hxy.i oc0df8km;m)ony04 z r3ha*t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Ear(ja;m , x8vdomth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2 cdi5y ibe 5rt9ue:0r40$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the :i ieye)a i+.v18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressur 0n2)yj)8iikez dkokg.qn 3ax:)vh 8oe of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is h-x0csr;d:w( 5fr ged$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tenwhsi9k2e41 hg nis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a massw9h1kshe i42g of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) mz-.cek kby ms8z11(itcs:ts -jr10h bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. Hrzb( ik.ck0sy1t sh j-m:z8cm -ts11eow large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air . aka19c9rn cfon the following two days: 1 9arckfna9 c.
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in-57vr9*vv98dqsoy qnh*; v wlzhu eq9c3l p1c the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth whel vwe1 v*;hdc9 3u9p*v- q5ocrn8 hzsqlqvy7 9re the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law yufa)cz;3cr 5xb+cg 0 to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coeffici g5;rbc0) y+cf3czux aent of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify the1 lh,bwwmf:*b kc ps2+ir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar icbw pfl12 h:k m*,bws+n a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg