Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See tui-z 4ov.g(s6 wn;raphe periodic table or Appendix-wi n; .pu(4 goavz6rs B.

Name several properti-;xb q687wqk6sgw jmhu i -,senz*c1 - d+eycves of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomethsesq1,b c -iw86*x;cj duyq6 kmg-+en7-wvzer.

Which is larger, 1 C mz/ kf580 d*8n8im: uurrdlao$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, b1d/l1 8t ekdykut B is not in thermal equilibrium with systemd 81kye1t/lkd C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stbdwx8xz5 w 7t3cty6nk- xj+bha;2 g ezrs81 0prip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of tbkg12nphsx c 60w t ; ez3xawdx58t-yj7br+z 8he curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the co 8 tw;6q,gy ;wo 1qci6klgo9ueefficient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to )9v8ddo*k dp kcontrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The el d)kk8*dvo p9dectric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in tvz-mib)m c(zyfi 93+ o5cxyg i1b6+xthe shape of a U. Why?5txmyc -mfo1x3z yi69 (zc+gb + i)ivb

A flat, uniform cylinder of leadl2 zbw.;8 yetp floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first picw u *lk vd*n93e3hs5laced in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then riswhu*vilk5cn3d 3e * 9ses. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled 1a /+tpal )- ,yrjaphzmore rapidly than adjacent l h1aj apra+/t,p zy)-parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffiylcnl*g-4kcx.sr *,wcient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to th.w slykclrc-n4,*gx * e increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate atp0eqeu)/q:w .5bg h/yb ,wi:scuzo -g 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda lndq7ds 7fk 82i4a1a3 uyu .ybwill cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Wh k d7ub7i.8y3sa ayfu41ln q2dat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushictk0( x nt72bvr56t k1lnnis 9ng down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature 5n k i91ln7t2txrnt(06ckvsb using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decq0k.6iqy3zno 8 g n8w5scujh *rease if the temperature is increased from 8yw0ohuqnc5 gjqk8s63 .z i *n20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kineti.(cij spo,bi- c theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperacbispo(i,.-j ture.

Explain in words how Gay-Lusxovkv5xzve 47b7 +fjb 9k, w4tsac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’if .l)2.ktdj.cfu h dan vn9,+3ez+ym s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for thei),-; l4/wuvhm: ky cautj)ah Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never r lky;cv- )4waht, ihuj:/u) ameturn. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room daxxg .fq,wx-u 6:qy 1temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propertiq,. uf w1:gyxq-a6xx des of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far drgn p(9yt. ynw5k12o more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatu 2tyw1(pdrk5o.gn 9ny re.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperbc kc2(m *0aozature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the v en5lw7v9q:hq u h+pr0cdr -dc mq.3(humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T?v5hrdcnp: 7cqe l-md.qw vuh0r3 ( 9+q Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cjan* 9rlz8t -o fyo1c;ap of an overheated automobile enginy1 9r; jl ct-o*nf8oaze.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)cauw.13p q; w *(7b+c io(bh)oqd jiuqxz,tk(?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-grams qj0hpv/9 0-n z/zffx copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 2yg-rc;x g3v;f-xzs: z6.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the srygsz f z 3;-xg:-xvc;ame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Wkf8qs2pa+ 6q7gxxt d 9hat is this on the Celsius scale? 8 pq9qg6+7tasfkx2x d   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 1ray qnx9ck n5m.1heg9yi) 3: q36 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has zm ;t9iv ,)nuelength 11.82 cm at 0. menu9,;) zivt0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20p5ai obo,hqmp( sn5( cy-ln60 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatelymra4;o vw 4vtv+90ypo 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averagvto+am ov04pv;9yr w4 e temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often u))hkki9ogy9 dsed and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry iceh99))kkydigo ) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at k9nckof *ozqw326m bd.:ze-s 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if ipbq i5m +kb0t*a(i 5qzt is heated from 5pti q*+zqak 0i5m(b b30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass ismb9 g7v +q,bvnc wj/4yeam/x. filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water+:rjp525jyyoks5 z2 go ag -nj at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is b+sk .p*wm71whx olzdxj8( n2to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in e b7 gll(8peodv9(j8jfssentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximate79vdlb8og((jl fp8ej ly equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in ffkm z g;*lr +ne3fl3,the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length e 0rr)ay ow7 ha5jh8x)+m bs9nl and width w has coefficient of linear ex8h oja)xwer+ 9barh5 sy)m7 n0pansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic +,9 4g6sgz1uho5gtx2s gqkmwsolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of bkfog-ci wt0-)x q 8(hurass and keeps perfect time at 17 (u-xto 8i w0hc-gqfk)$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an insidr46xq5n;2ehwkrvn/*/ hi o: z-nx unge diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb4h rxn:o/nu2 6/ vwqx*5hrk;igezn -n has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylw9r 2uo+b,a(3 zfdf 5f0x fkte3 .utmzindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with an2f93kw 5eft zfftx3a.b0z,u o (mdur +gular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length 4v 3.ziiaxbi3when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this le axbiv.33i z4ingth if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel v8, 9 spt(wj1sfutt4aI-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter;ct u o3l6ojr fb xk7)j;1x6b xfi,l0b 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tecmb8 c7l zs+3qmperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheitqc;xlvq7+en ;9n bqq+ scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interioe8l14j+z* fg4r pyjfy r of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric press1- o65bctht nirddx4mkxl+n+0s-c/ z ure and a temperature of bld0d5 1-46 zr+hmokxn/ttci+-c sxnabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using thu3d -t/b juhn12oa9 jh*)xrs* wrc 4yhe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrog+w h)dg ut-u1cen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP conta, *1kx6 hik x1en;la.bq(,uiktipw 9tins 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helii* rs/z4dzjd(b j3j6.un tl:qum gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon ga.m -swrs7z- n9manavm0qq/4 ws at 3v n- nm0q.mw-wz s97asmq4a/r85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 ke.en9z ljac0;g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its n)0hs pg51go5nnq 7q ,r, fmh)usvy s5buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 180g5g , hs)n5y, po n)q0smu5n1qv7frsh0 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at xk mdvimp8k ff:bq he8- *252e15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.*7odq 1h3a ; cshp 7llikgnz3,0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chijj) bb. xbeq )/n1mx0zld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molobl- p 4;e)mab r6c)auecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there ing2uyy r m6pqar ,p/;g mlh+/w5:yr;h(up+ ck n 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number ofz(ae e6 j)b3iy (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5s3d:4.h sy5g 9de ymuuapq+y (.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecul5q; 2gk5h g4c/nqcps5ulw,d 14vw pl9 hktvy;es of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last b ;cq2dlph; t vuh 4/4wlpwskcyvk55n,gg 5q91reath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen)(jx evd6vw:j molecule at STPv v(xed w:6jj)?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun uh ow.;uy-7nhat a temperah;uwhu7y .o- nture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increask,49xi .d;ry *.cubukanx v2ke if the temperature is ikn a.;yxr*u 9c.4dkvi k2uxb,ncreased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, givu sj7a:m hs84x c-ip2ien in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculs 47xij: uah2i 8cp-msate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molech 2i: o/ rfx7.h0fchad4:cemdules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volumom lw*r p-u c gg8vf1dk p42-z0t*qd8ge is held constant, by what factor d 0g82duk* -z4r-fot*8gwmgpv1ql cd poes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is giv6argbyfxr2bk; d)mg1l9 61tp en by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tem7hrx:gr80gq2p.ow a gtf/ e z0perature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inversre/wza7gf0qp.t o0g x:g8hr2 e ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cga7a f ocb;dtib9*5fu40/ gmgontained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecu4 ;jdr(aub377qt07(vcb 0 bb5tddg hk1zmo gm le at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at ST(igqgs )f yoq /+iw:*rP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular78snh4gip ) 7qb x(gzn mass is 89 u in a livignq(7xn )b si p8h4gz7ng cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be hceyby - x5y-3written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur,wy/a :n8zjsi xq5/x)),+jkf krtkt uanium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phasesg3x7t dx ibz/2th.z stth9k)5 can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.smmo z.sl7)- gavj5 c.,r)wqe 01 atm and the temperature is (a) msjq-l e7 ,r .zog5 ms)cwv.a)90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day whee0k3mnpe63;wiz*z bwn the temperatur 3zke n0iwb ;ep3zw*6me is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place whyfig0 , b9mnb3c -/kexere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a w.r 3ylh,,o/ihf x;nif cdl24particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temnrc,ilyfi,lxdwh3 ;4 2h .o/fperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of xhy36jv,fdd*e m gfd.a7c(a9 water is 530 Pa and the rel9d 7fa*y f( 6dde,.cxjv gahm3ative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure o9mii.qs :9 3rlheddp3f water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water lr9/xoz7k e3 gis boilinl7e/rkg zo93x g at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room /b r i5)jzrw9sp.w-,pstv s6yof volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poin n-61e/9 baesxfdst n3w((b tjt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse ad0bp 2 mbq;2o9n;b rbi distance opbn202ob; bbm;r9di qf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects tow,aj65fojc2dod *qx s6vj ,b* the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. 2j,j6 d* bo*6dxa s 5w,ofqvcjAn average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure hasjep:y9d2pl16s 1a b .hlh:r nv been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hav by4joc8o/ )ms been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How)s0t6rj8slk1h)k 8x qti mlk 1 much error will be ma)lq rskx1i0mh8tk6 k jst18 l)de in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After 5:p;nc 2ameix: iq jv(many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Wha(;2ei :: niaq5pmjx vct fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wid.iqln8+ q v +t,bfvsg9th 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatursvi+ +8 nbq 9gfqv,l.te is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one aih x59.+b ezcelv8 au6tom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the(pv;vzb (hi4o best available vacuum techniques is abou4 p((;hvz oibvt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 ,:e+)jrdf.;qhxvim5 0b fvppL when 10 m below the surface, tfe j.)0p r,qp i:mh dx+5fbvv;o what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spebkr*xfe,b e 9/ed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperatur9be x ,kbref*/e? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an i ylg/cv(a7v::y cshw,deal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770g+-cdqi)x o 1im$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospherin g.tifqu 0v (uzh-3i kh; 0u-s3vyw:bc pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules h33zw .h vs-btk00i v uny(qg:;uu-fi in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of npg3 dklij(k5qw+e3:eitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure4 lc(;.f,.xkac-af2ggfhsqp 8e og f,3 peua( = 2000 psi (13,800 kef8a ,f3,ggfhgl .ace quo xk c(4 ppsa.-(;f2Pa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bodv8r zo)g-hc 3;-mo1 x*y5u bls fslt5wl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinz9t6rnj / ybh:k)uqyxin i .51s7ta2ce at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fylzv m4rsk, 0n*8( y4h*edosvit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tight j5,sz/0 zzx n-.gx 6j9e1nqelg;geim ly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in th0t( ,g4qhsook e 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chqe5xq)y3*l6l tu t7 ctarged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thet oa(gl;p9 oek- me:3f Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by t 0sw*rhgrx u:8ennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second musthsr8 0:u*rgwx rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubbr rq /+snx1y*hdf bg)6le of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble r+/xqfb h*ngsd 1)6ry when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total wat:h sh vp;aj-a9er vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: va9sjh:pah -;
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, g+-9 zl;pknf f-o1/anpl p )sjand when it is a solid deep io/-1 ska9l-jf +l zgpnn f;p)pn the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at c/w s v9jz-o-cmwnw,0ponstant pressure, the coefficww zo-,0mnc -v/ 9jspwient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars ni a a1ojyqf h)1)-hw42ixuy xtt90 )gto prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kep 2tha)iuwty x g)9y04jo- haqxf1i1n)t at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg