Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the pert5p-r acgx6;t5n2g r ciodic table or Appendixcc56gtna r;2p5xg -tr B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a cxbhuqqlmcp- 5ge-xu 0 4.fo.cis,9*thermometer.g .uxu.*-p9milq choefc xcq04-,s b 5

Which is larger, 1 C rq39g y v-9cpw xqig7zq 10zs1$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium lksm8i6tzt1bw v,( 1t with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C1vl(s 1bz km,ti86ttw, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to:rvv(4dg 6k yu a strip of iron. When heated, the strip wilvud ry vk:(g64l bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffic8p.fftv) .x je.w8vs0 lo.gatient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram etmrp98tkn n 7q5ux+8 of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liqutu+87qnp et8mr59xn k id mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the eh9 u,ubv qyaqx m np:(h2w.8 7c9zwuj)nds often have a section in the shape of(c b 2.:u 9j),n qyuzx9h7vm8pua qhww a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of legul( wz(la+e /ad floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass theryw g9mpf.s0ee f.;;l2nk 3p xdgk tb.-mometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercurygk mpe2ln ebw0dx.fp;tsgfk9y.. ;-3 initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of7h af 1oifpep;m q.1/8hb;w0piodg 1v gb3ft4 it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pa dfmi fp/ 8.037obvoafpei; gg41p;q11twhbhrts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansioj 2-piz* k y*ifp//jvon is much smaller tpkop / 2f-/*ziy jvji*han that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 u v- nkbfai)o+:m sq07$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of sof g7eh+2j;dg q(9zxjx da will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up.fh92dx( 7z+ xejq;g gj What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed.2su vs:lbj t a30a7hp (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, int.s:u a7a2v jb0pslh3 particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in wate -jq8hlzeu5, a(hmo)wr increase or decrease if the temperature is inco,( jlh w eh-uz)5aq8mreased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory andn.(7)v ahrkc .xi(hro the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature. )vhk .n7.c(arx(roih

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory la8,nv+,;pihyb ymmrm :m.7 l.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atm *ry9a7whqml;osphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an 2x fbav -;r(zhf-eyf) object must have to leave the Earth and -;z xfrhfb-yf)e 2va(never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room tl 2n:spud3k kcg nj) b:6a1xr3emperature. What can you infera3 3):l sn2u xjbpnkdkcr16 g: about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the :j0ei5h) vsg7zfjlw9same tjsjz09)hw7gv :e5 iflemperature.

Is it possible to boil watr+ 3ykk(3ub d2z jyf;mer at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is thztp2obn9/2/xqhy 5 xg e same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humy/ xz/ xob9nt2q5hgp2id air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap(* gw(bt:,z akiu j4he of an overheated automobile enw4 ,zh gi*k( u(ate:jbgine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winte1 s vgqpm0nl1:r (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper p )+vfvico/p5x enny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring co 4nhd *uxt s489 :wkjvnib5;brmpare to the number in a silver ring of the same h v:jd rtwi8nskb;*5 ub4x94nmass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken au8b,ue(7hjhcjew zv; -dy0 : to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?0h:juave-,zb7; (due 8ycjwh    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest t 25,*powj:of z0axkki emperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column :2imjiq e +z+f9+h knkhas length 11.82 cm at 0.0 niim k+qz:kej+f h2 +9$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (s q:b/*mk+ i(mp32b-q*ij i5cmkt dyj20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 30:8ggn (cmu pybpe5 cx;67k .yy0 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (averageb85kg .yecmn;7 c:xpuyy p6 g( temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larjksp8 mo)l; 1r vr;7flger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is)lr jkrmsl7;o;f8v1p to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a 7sx7,qb+por yl g5u4ut 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 64)op5sp kbso cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is heated from 30ok5 4sspb o6p) $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim wbhbpz q t2key:v5 (p*v2v- pbtv9kx5*ith 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.55*v; cdkd hx3y0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plgthw*(3a nue ,a(2 nqiaced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it ca*xi/esf-z c p)n expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coexp*c sfi-/ )zefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in y7f*lwro*za9 the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has os:5ukys0b i4t u8j,lcoefficient of linear expao5yu4 ssjb uk8lti:0 ,nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrop76 nrr0-ajari 4bql 5f;fedf +ic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass an, 7y y5be1*hb* v .1*qbec rhqehag3q5ajn ,xyd keeps perfect time at 1yheq.e*qy vqcb,53h rhb *,e g1bya*ax5 n17j7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diametff; ;pu*uvcn6er of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255 6;fpuu*; f cnv$cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindricali v9pa8whj p.ghb(;w- wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless beariaw8hijwhpv b p;9.g-(ngs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required n jzyd*+1e z4 gzfx *(uk2t.lsd2f2mb to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to e t(m 42xbdgz2fn.*1 +*j2uslzkfz dy 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional ar6 xn//o e s0;mmnvo8.oygg5yvea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134* dyitw3j.a1h .122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the z9wm.( (u.,wczala7 8oq/,rrnjse itKelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature ;ae; yh:i8z2 z7o ndevh3s0 qgon the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sllpy l0. /c-l7es .y/yrhx p0gun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tdecyw 5 ree)eb3s( ;97owhrp:emperature of a7w95e(b3 rc:rd p;e)esewhy obout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gasb gxweu w0sta 1+*5rnk7n ;z4s law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen1ra)qw. x+vah ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains fk, o oh5kw4:bupel30 mx 1q9c18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helickjfvth2ym0oz2jq( g 5--(xpum gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside )3ct+kn m5 uyva 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 n3k5) myu tc+vK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of j rj)gwtm*49cmo z 4, 28h50qft gmevs$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the t:zh9f 0v2b86 dnzr miair inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of :9zd nzh0 tibr8v6 2fma balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withq2u.i zjyl/z,y 40 t4ze zsz2b air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ay;veyhhg*fl-) hl 7e, t 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea lei *)lhsor-wm1 ))or5bpkq wu 7vel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o a4;+gdd*zea . plamrw 3r2x6sf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L?evv6f dq51yw 7 How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) x88nz 6.mr*qgknkw3 vmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumil )1vr, i+m v.,qdoolwx4o y1e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that weredgbu, (.z/utee7zc9g gb .(,g9du7tu e cze/zalso in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an d2 ,hmw (ci 7d4tx7r6opcu;e eoxygen molecule at STPwxd6p24iucm e;e(,o crdht 7 7?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliufr(aie. q* pw5m atoms near the surface of the Sun at a tempera*wiq (a .r5efpture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed o ;:tt 1ep9wwg)*oc h6txe)nnaf gas molecules increase if the temperature i ;anew1t*chte )x6tn o:gp)w9s increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, give xexvny)ug84 eo8bv -+hk i*e+zrj -7gn in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1b-* g8 4jgxrve+o8kne)eu 7z+ vixh-y, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atxny6y xm0 f(c1,p3z4mak0b jp 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whilyc57naz ivwl+ j)t 5c0e its volume is held constant, by what f05y 7t +aivwzj)5l nccactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moouko w(pmkj1m0yvw.b5 /w a0 /lecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture 3/ gr:8ocn5z5m wdmjqqar 5b 4:b-jqpof two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speed-g /qr pmqn35dobq:5za58mwb 4j:c jrs is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogenqhkk*q9). lhbn3 nkj0i3:jy;i bn e*t molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molexxura)wh 75 a06px+ d5st*tqncule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP? qd*q+8d w(wwu    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino yd*vo pz wi0s)nyfrz x;c1*+2(3u 2uokni: hpacid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a li: 1fx;)uv(**yporzdpzhos u ni2 i3w0 2cyn+kving cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = 9z, :dq eczffmd;rp.u iae7 .)g1k9ll $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of l1)/ysx57 t stq ;yxcquranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pr m21j/z/s ighaj a 1cxct/)n*zessure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a)cablpo- ; ob/(wm yj,ljuu+1 b8-a+oc 90 1(b,y;j+uabl -wlo cjam/u+-8b co po$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if 8x ke-(gig9iz(iotftuf)* 8 pthe humidity is 50% on a day when the temperaturtii8 -xit9pko((fgufg ) 8*zee is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wh xo1.jupj k6.k: 3npscere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in th0. rk8zr7/pweez zv, ze mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperat pzvk/rz,8w ze.z0e7 rure at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperat8i2f3pf d in27muz;tvure on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is zi7m;niff t3dv2u2p 840%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature e vx qn:9aie+qk*d )j0s p6j7vis 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pz dl)w , ./wbaz.)ueyrressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling ur) ba/zew,y.l )z.w dat a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 63d)u4qzsyb 5u 8oow1 s80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 7id sp:2evff68z(afa5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for nmd 7f /if-cd1skr,:t a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 nmk i/s7ft,fdcr-1: d $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the inteyg/l.i3 v q2 vwfhghe+3x*o5crior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm lo/vfc+25 xv g l.g33 yhoihq*ewng and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has beec/ f,o hyl..8mnyt i-yohz.(jn calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bex0pso:k c md6(:xe oii1 exo:2en calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How ay pt 5l93j gs5uwi09s;dd7 bq 7bqd4mmuch error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of d7 q;b9095td75 dy b aswljmi43ugqspcool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initiallyi(tpq ;dazw 2+ 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge piw +;aqtpz (d2ressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, awxgd*ykj44m nyzr:- 3 nd height 2.5 m. As -3: z*4gyn drkm4xjywsume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom 7cu0thox7dl+ zue.m+ 0x: j jqper $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure att7b 2y aah:9eelainable using the best available vacuum techniques is abo bl2 9ayaee:7hut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when vt,88 rh xj-gyu/p49/3i6l lxxv fnma10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisaugx6x4m8ta j /-v3pr, 9hnlxlyivf /8ble?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Eart5f0 ct48fj ox4 lohn+zh’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be m no4x84f5 jto c+0zfhlade of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 11q0 7twiog2epi(yap+,do*1 qs.n) gvp0$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77ddtmhaxs9fu n4o:uk l 1g b*qh+gr6 ); p:;;dc0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmol(n7/ rsvmprfrap:i bh.., (sspheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules i.svs.h/rfi(p,rl pb n r7: (man the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.fg5;*;+sgalq qq bu6y6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxvf9h pta+y sg: j-/tsyv* 9w,aygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cyl:a ,jy9/s*sw +tg t9y h-pfavvinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats innb6xdf +8w wzfop ),8x a bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at b)d ld-t*nyd6g(1a or 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around s29 9:eg6 eyr mh)03.ybz*lzg smvpuy the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly 27i.zgn di)aconto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard,1 y n3l*1spiyzuqv x b6r*udd 4g b,87w2rvwr, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fullab si w( :( c7bmtz(2vuinp)y,y charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is ql3quik l/ fka52y5q)$ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended againsg3n 77b8otf4.eaju mit gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rjmna gi7.b 8 ef3uto74ebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3 c)2 0qsepw *xo,t8fqv.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the ),8o*s20xfpw qqe ctvsurface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following twaihvgi) fj hmnc3wln2a2;9q 6g6:j g;yj0og7o days: i;w32 ggvf6ym h hn 2j l ;qj:907)gaiaonjg6c
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference 0 kwq*kmkih 71z8dr9vin the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 200d78 h0i*mkq1k vwz kr90$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at-w k ua6eb +5)b(i6sxzhsc2s0j oqne 6 constant pressure, the coef w sq u jhzbes6)xn(6sc2 b6ak+-5ie0oficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidi utw/mw75rqg70cp+ zmfy their cellars to prevent rot and mildq5wmztrwg7cu+0 /pm 7ew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg