Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the 2,3*zgm 3 zz:yebkei hperiodic table or Ap zbi3 e h*eykzg,z2:m3pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet 8p7 vkhxh+dypxmnpjj )a1 w c64ryn/g.-n,/xpy,p chv8 jd)r+n y46. jkxgwm-paxn hx/n17/er.

Which is larger, 1 C +n4sk;jys ;)ch prd.c2i+s zl$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wi4n hde1 k pcfkki/v;0x :g*+wath system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium w+ ewk n0 a;1dc :/pvx4hkkg*ifith system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stri+liy9;: wps)r d jm.anf97gyzp consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip waj pi m7ynzs)+y9f:d.lr gw9;ill bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lineae pqgh9vg,cj)i;+-oc r expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a g jto(hi. u3)w26luid furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnd3ih6)it jwoug2lu. (ace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends 3re9)loygkd4 q /sh a6often have a section in the shape of a 4 6h/dlyaorg9)eq k3s U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury atc),mdgj(7h,v6l tw vbls-w -t 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placedjvm+8(p e)apbj x0.hw in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and he8m)(j jbxp+v.wp0athen rises. Explain.

A glass container may break f22aowf+t iaz3/tm,e if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than /f +a 2,iatt2oew mz3fadjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lineaglz ga3q82*jlxv 1)tu (wf km0r expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why thisfjxk*1uwg0a2z8gl m 3t)qlv ( gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate(ox xj)znu91b at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cad1djm/4ty,vg;h rbj +hfsn;;use its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up.; tvrhb,d /;;4myhds ng1fj+j What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing i1ql) -b qw;h80/ :9foey k8hww ylehgdown a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what haply; hykf b-h8e 9wo/h:8iq0w1qwgel )pens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumici;hd3jm 5:yohycf;f9c d,.r num sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if th5f jycfo;.h9rd :h y icc;3m,de temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words howrvh8kc 8. 7fwtoyr0nb1 w i76e Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy7 w7vw0ebf8hn 6rkyo. rt1 8ci and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s 2bct:jfd;s-(t 7p e6p) ysq) hi,xged law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, theap(w euen 23od d;5sp2 ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the 9**qu*gu xf*g /vtqlo ,wz5z tEarth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to v**t qqu z,5tz xfggl* uw*/o9leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Whw4 7 kyvwoad7 kn39d8qat can you infer about the molecular properties of on9kkdw3w 7v784naoydqe relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far mo r-j4eadvg u;,ae- 8mure uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempe,e-8 maevu4u; -grdj arature.

Is it possible to boil6 v:b:5 dspfqe water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tet; fr .uefqc /3iiu8n/mperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense,8/i.nuifq/3fur ; ct e the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automooebwldb p 8w,vf745)gbile engine.b 8,l p)gfeo wd4vb5w7

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?s3mi/ mqfq/ v*0w avqk .02hpt

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppe9dg sj(.cvv:dmbn 24er penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring com.jt mjo ms.uzmax 4(6q;w)*n gpare to the number in a silver ring of the same mt;ms m..ug(qj) 64 anjwozx*mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is t2 g+fb:he + 2k6dertvm6tmx.this on the Celsius scale?f 66ex.egmvt+d b : h2m2rtkt+   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaturesipwsu 7hcm n(0r-k (q 5ij*sd 0qtxb); recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cc 0rw sc;8rd7xqsf tw8+zp67h m at 0.0 qc;hx7w 67rtrs8zc dwf p0+8s $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of u, px56gf/t2 :bewngpslabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroz 3fcbxf- l2g1ught iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) an2f3cb - xz1lgfd January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are la; ou1ss. :auej pq)dyk*q:w/erger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usual .soyjq/*u)pd:;1u w se:qaekly in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water r( d.dsry:s s0z: em yda89fs.at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in voluw ayzyc.,g2 y9)ovl:nme if it is heaty an)c. 2,vg9wyl:oz yed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 w 7kf9) dmfe5umL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at -7scl s:vw7sb20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made o1 fs a :0s-j3/zxp ll+vpusfe-f iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand ;;cl cc1 f9f8rvh3qzpin essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficie3cp; 1lqfzchv f8; 9crnt of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change x 5 oe81fxfa0w.k,lmdm 0 yri+in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has c;rzl d9jh*9a ffypyr;- obl44oefficient of linear expanslj -4abrz*hpfl4 ; yr9d f;oy9ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sol+bqlq// 8vedqb4 c2ny id, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfaoy j us*+4ga0qther clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17y 0 *+qaso4gju $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The butgjbu sg vm)t/l.444 xlb has a vols/b44gl.t jtm4)ugvx ume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 n3edir*3w*v nr b,9 rdm is rotating about its axle on frictionless beari ri9b*rwdenv r,dn33*ngs with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15f0-fgqj lbv 5k51k s 2z8ydxhh ea9u)+°C. How much stress is required to keep it aj5 q+lgus9 xdbahvkf-2 h5y fz)e 1k80t this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steelmcxk-l 8vyt )lv157xo I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134zw6 lbzi168rlodlar(f);/ f b.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempcy8m wm0-toey5(lk (reratures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit s.np/y-7ri aqoo wjnku 6/n7zr s)mlfugs74 5 (cale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the intep8k; z sfy0;+dolmlj3 rior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combusi+15 t djpu-0k)vkrdp3af -t ytion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 205dd3t fj v0)ary i-k+p-1ktup $^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densitysx -.9f +yapqz of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg ofv7qi** a -+*qasxbfb 73m toud nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP pgkyn*,, 48pipdg rt3contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliz*(2s znn ta3wum gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at ib:q /ywp -xiob2(58j dh7twm385 7/i oq bp 2:wyh8(mwbixt5j-dK?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ofb0wp39+tjw9+cxg ysw $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside+m7lf)j0o bxf the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a bm)0fxlj+ ofb7 alloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 0r w1 a)sf oz.h6e,zq*p0atwf15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0o* (-)u ;0 nefotsbfl1aoy*mg $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level mbiyoup- /3 o:x*zzm1 and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mol 4n tmwodj 4;v;z/.d fk w0,vsl/lbh;uecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Hor37sldfn3igs zkfi :x+(*+daw many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol y 0kthbs5l2yp/0h:4m yit mo+es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume c o r:(4yjfzu-;juvu00 q6fwkw9d/zg5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in eachjbkdaoa(3 /+ yj+0qtz 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the lastk aq/3j0+t ab +(oyjdz breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translathzl /uah6r1o .q1a +tbk.o h,lional kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STh1r.+zhoo6l lkq. ub /,htaa1P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed o9 r1mfw3d+cl saz1j+3 r71sibwb ev-t f helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abouw bj wm1z 39 lsr1t+sv37-rbac1ie+fd t 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increash((d9g;mr pwl e if the temperature is increased l;wphg( (m9 drfrom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the 2 :zrnf8lqd, r*hry7ss rn8 9qfollowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms :dhrf,zl*9 rs 7q8rsyn2 nqr 8speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules i.3xwyt9 ljj3s n a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubzo6dt ks+ym 310pgwoy vd0ysf (*y -e(:ei3tiled while its volume is held constant, by what factor doey yy(3 ydfei0pvtsw g0di:1z* (6ks+m-t3eo os $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is:( kc)+qv pvwx1 fye-huj(d8;vvme* c given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the s ffgi*kz*x;i; ame temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratioi ;ix g;kff*z* of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules confxy)46iynind+ 4 kcw;tained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0 o(f uop:(k p8e$^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between7xu(gmw; ab/jki:cd+by/8 lw nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid w0oec9,vpnt war /(,bw hose molecular mass is 89 u in a living , /w0prvb,e(wa9tnco cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gasy.0w7zdl 2 jzvdl* 0yu can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urahr ybl.8.p,f y ,yl2id xrme8:nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what (a woix6 9c7zlvq xv5-/f wek1phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase whe2tg+4q oj;p s5sv9ae bi *skx.n the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90+i9sjksq .goe2ax;v5 pt4 b *s $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a das+liw/v ng4n,qslz bv z00kf 6y4p(/fxbl0p 0y when the tem 0ilf /vz vp+lpn 4fxbq /4gwbl60s(,0y0nzksperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boilsqm ci4b4x::seh y0pw;vad91 s at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particuyvr8ane;k a: )lar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which8 r):kavy aen; water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial presyxfu:d90g8 ee sure of water is 530 Pa and the relaeed8x9gu 0:f ytive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressu 9johu,3at 7jbqx 8x7yre of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if 4 ;j4o1emsn:uyabko/ the water is boilin4;4 :m s/nakbeuy1ojo g at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume nn+y; .y6rmigamq3 8g 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5yi;opmn. ehcj,1ow0e d ,lb29f j0c2u $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a din6digg wf:y9( vu+iium yi/-2 stance of n+9vi /6imiw y ygg(2dui:uf- 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface ot 64x0hbafe 8of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional a xt4abe6hf8o 0rea of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratr+l;s k7rekj7so5zc )hyd1l7 ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali znc00f:r :srkbrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error fwsgoq2w8;djpx/ b 82 will be made in dxgjsww/88o p;22 fbq a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is inj.sf9l.jpdu ;1r)qlyitially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original g. jur .p)sqjf1ly d9;las remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleccu-yt;sc; 5hvo5 ti6gules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperatursh5cuc5 yovitt ;g-6;e is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about q obl9v.mq4 5kone atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is z *(+oo) pvwkf/vhgs8fz9f1u abou p gv)*u+w1sfhooz(/fvfz9 k8t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L w9zvo fgt1mm/(hen 10 m below the surface, to m vtom1f/gz(9what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spkkt:l+ezwku * 55s7wieed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of tkiklze5:*u 7ws+ k5wspecial materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal g+ 6 a13uscg d6ki1jzlnas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume 1*bckrrc m,lj3 :wc4r of 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pregn; ;*w 5s-lpghhte4 oqlfn/ +nrv-8o ssure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in vq +sl * ;4n5r/wgle;fon8-htn- ohp gthe Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules dkm.wa:-wmy gnkc64wx8(0 om contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital h3gz(s a 9cx1-m+;i;ohtzrim was gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will tc;ri xzsaghow9m(z3-; +tm1 ihe cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid me+1 axy3g4oczvrcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline alm ) s**zve.n4h49rdi wd488ia hnelst 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Eartxdm*doin o. n+ - 4l2fr*w1vwmh’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tigh*4yf qqt bvm:g)ia 9v,73aqkhtly onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptz ;(j dvblb/:zed in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully k5i-mlsalx + *ynll( 0charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thecqw ziqn6 y ej)qaa:*-; rp pr(u2f.35o7xxye Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ballszu; u-me(*qe52 svayq thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.0-;z m2uqq 5s ev*auey(60 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air fri+ vm4d:kepz4v2 (85qkilz miom a depth of 14.0 m in a45ld+ :8iik4v zpm(2m ezikq v lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor press 1jn)1w ruslh)u0 xwokmq(o1,ure in the air on the following two days: s nw j,)uo(u 1x1l0kwr1h o)mq
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, ao nvo/h bl*+nt2y c4sz4v 9tm+nd when it is a solid deep in the Earth lb/vhoynct+ 4tv4zm +9 n*2so where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law r8,h hy hvy9jgj(lyl1vmf0 t :q2-up2to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is eq r-ylfut,:myq 0vvg 1 phyh(lj29j2h8 ual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify u0r7zcaa3 6h0xm3n7 fmb/8o a vu7wqitheir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar 3xbfq iwm073 moarn 80/aa7 7 6uvhczuin a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg