Which has more atoms: 1 kg of i tz rli l:7),x*aycdh8ngc1ush. /ba7ron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Ap *n chll dzai8ayc7/rh)g:1bst7 u.x, pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thermogxhc 7ohj 2+fx6o;gvo de::w4j,4t jz meter.:vhcexog64df+j4j g :w; 2z oj7h,oxt

Which is larger, 1 Cmram-*4xwf-n zx ,-v i $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equili wux079r64lu a9h ufokbrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures o9h k4uf0 l roxu7w69uaf A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a sb(;obb(nohdz 2 1sv1bfc +0v0c bv al-trip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] W0+old v(bzf 0c-;a1h o12vbscbbn(bvhy?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient 0)clbhu*t*;p w,vbg1xeuaustfy p50r2a 00n of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagraa dk .)3oob1eam of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatub1k.eo)3a aod res.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at .o;12eojs;d xc4tol 1al (tckthe ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why?12;c4xo(c sl o1;al djt.eotk

A flat, uniform cylinder of leadk9 wvyt7v6x lwx90ws1 floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is x.j 5uhw( ay93rzxq:rwk,vfi/ 1w qo, first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a w r( ,x.raijvy 5xfu w1k9hq3qwo,z/: bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated om 2 )ve/h ycq9q5:lsudr cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts5eysd 2hlucq9v: mq/). Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is tha6 *orw gadhq19t its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the incr9oraqgh* 61wd eased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, ea *wlpq6zo( :nxt-e1accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge3akzv3j 1 3abwct kjh0i;3l2f so badly the can will 3c av;b wkjlt32a1zj03hf3ki not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its teznst)qh(-zkys 0 ,-i rmperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Exp( sstqnk-)ri-hyz ,0zlain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water incre:b qfzg z1vi2a c0o-6ease or decrease if the temperatu1zg2o0bq azv6 c-ie: fre is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rel4-lpva0/y lw5vkw t,i ation between avera/lp0wviat5y-vkl4 , wge kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay 72al v-b+ kwjomx r(,+dxrqw9-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the/ m)mjsao 42u 0kw mlwd9idc5* ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an obj+at87cjzlscm 8pv( *irce7 ( oect must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity p7 t+cij(cezs( laovc8 *mr78 for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than waz):fhesr m p *lh3os.oo;5/po ter at room temperature. What can you infer about the molom z*5s;p/roo:p 3o e)lfhsh .ecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day isv.z ocb)mq1)m: ./n tjn+sfq s far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaj scq/f.+)o:) 1 .nvmbstnzm qture.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (9t5 5fiqx 9qw +jjfv0l20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidn ag/oivo+bw )r h6f y/9tfkvgt:4: n5ity is different. Which is more+b:4o5o6ffr vah9y/:) itvtg g n/nwk dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ove 7blbe d9bhaka95.q,/j vc z*brheated automobile e/zvb7 b9*kb9ed c,ajb l.qah5ngine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little w7 izvyokd -x2tpa5zr5h3p 1(mhite cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thoo)10- fun8 gg6z0uxj wlakp6 ere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ringpa yi1f-e)5*m c l00:lfmbils compare to the number in a silver rill-m * 0f5e0yc flps):imaib1ng of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is iushohnpfw x *(/y 77ayqmk *t/od4f.7ou+w5this on the Celsius scale?* *f7 5/wd yfh7kopohqtx.u4mw(anu7 soi y/+   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and9. oahleg.gh/3b5p g-mx aga-y nu 3y3 lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm .z r5zau(v6w;m 5l md .4kgozuat 0.0m5; urozaw5k..l(z mvg4u dz6 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m ln3cg(nk a3rcg)k na*6 ong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron appr *)jit17tt2 gx*yjyowys*ai *oximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperay*) tt2xa 1o***tyjij7iwsygture of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often usedz1(dh-arx bq+ and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.(+r xazq -1dhb869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterg( o dx)rreh*5xn948h:e sn fq at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change inesf*k e-u/:w k volume if it is we u*/:kekf-s heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL oz9tc6 g y(di ;roma*5vf water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.5adrrlg1gx6/lbct6t*g c/r/yx ;zu*kd z t80 90 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of i 2rqo rq,)zoqkjoe++ 34 e/gcq nwy4hz3h2*mjron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrozflp ,o4)8ljeuq.lh 3w vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficien)jl3lzpf l.uqoh,48 et of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densit*.h hhjyzd,t i28 nmz4y $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficienthe 5q bvxi.v4e r+ ui5)u2j4hv of linear exj i 2v4)ueibeq+v hh uvr54.5xpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic s21zni5; nw +b0oeap ziolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather ap9tokg yz7sr*vwu.bd: (j cxd//e:0clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 et9ou*.(x ap/zrds::j/db kc0vgy 7 w$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermom 6g31)l nlv, uwjm4axmeter has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb 4,a3lug m mx1 wnv)6jlhas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m i6 psj7 )9m la)m*h;rybjjvkp7s rotating about its axle on frictionleh) sk j*v)pmjpry9b7m6l; 7 ajss bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desirs+ibsi38a r,dl.. iwst.q4pned length when at 15°C. How much stress is required trw isdi.+ 3, ti.q.b la4ns8pso keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-kf8rq *;om-qmbeam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter val. 6bryvp9z)0z t2 s134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temper;:.,ivf) o+g yg vylowatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scn/jkvsrz1y 38ale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about tvu/xejk 1e tu /:24ui4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure a ;om1*yuk g7g3hya swyd02kj4xffp1 9nd a temperature yodg ; y* 9fwkamsh u3yx2k174jg 0f1pof about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the densitr8mq -lp3c, 3 j;rjq0r,tmz ayy of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitr +p9zhsk(jc) dogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1g- e)aavpf1 v68.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gao5rsk-2 doe i(s is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insi-+ke co9h d *ag+utl,pde a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385,oledg a-h*9p++ t cku K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 2 a;gsh( rb( e28bh2lbh)46la aedneo kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the a*q8negfm 5k1nve9xq( ir inside the balloon, whige (xnk*vf59q8q m n1ech makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15v y / pkr(*w8,tb)7 ygyt7siwrfrxf7 8 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 z6ej(/c zl5, /mpceir i pm.c)$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon(t:p bob* 0car escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleg ro d+o(:jlg+cules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How manxy79+l cm1 2l3okdh7xk8 4udl+o9km ucaxpv9y molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moletwiy wyu2g8 5j)i+e.ss,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume end.- wzk3rax m-bc995.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of ak02zpxz c uux: 9;gp4vir are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were c4 vx;0p gzp29uz :uxkalso in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of /xz kovstoxdl/ 90i 6g 47g0rp6lm f2gan oxygen molecule at STP? il6 l xz76g/ srgk 4tmg9 0xov/0op2df   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a( av64r;1vyqfv6ru sg temperature o6v 1qy r(6; 4rvgvsfauf about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rm9j;anfl)k p x; c8ej6ds speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increasedjek) jdp a8cxl;fn;96 from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 1f 8mys5x y(jcd+ 5oja4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the a+5m 1jo85x yfj csy(drms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas adio;4 br: miry2v /ay:t 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is hel q 3fqz)bi+(t5rv arj*d constant, by what factoz)fiv+5rtq *j (b q3arr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given o r0mpu5kzi8zj4 /)qa by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gasexb-- 4fuosoq ve b/u90s at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speuou vbfx 0bo4e-/9qs- eds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mola,t/ge c)mku +pg*l w2(hze)qecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of 27;of:w9zdf(0zaq ( dr g vsyean oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between n3o 4f1uz m.tyco/x4kv4tcfu: itrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of gy3cb(*d pm1+ rosw*aan amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell*(3r gyp w*bodamsc1 + at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas c(jw)quj g,9*fehlz ni(m) p0pan be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urann9-7r 6y,nm a)wuyaijrw00a dium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in0u*rr.qpcw-( g n 9wr 1a*fk) km4ojvv what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase whenw (7dfg4 (5abwjt hd5e the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9(geb5thdd 7j( fwaw45 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is bs1n7h9a :5elvkf ap/50% on a day when the temper fn 5phksbva7a1:/e9lature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water bwei*6 qcvar:cssmf5d54w q.6/9 qr psoils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure 1my v.x/ljv9 /zhyan;at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature atj/y/ xnvl z.m; ya1v9h which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressurvr1p24 o9qahsqu r8 *ue of water is 530 Pa and the relative humoq8p 92qrr*h41suva u idity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when t.n0f ip 0hsq5phe temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the watern t(wfh-8 dtr3 is boilin 3hnd(- r8ftwtg at a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volum8be3(;mf5vk vl v/q; pgd +xkte 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dm9*:v9gt obadz1qzy a3 kg*jn *r5qs )ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffusi wmhr,:)rkyq 3ividev 21 s8 d /49+iwuz:vqle a distance 91 k/ i 3d: i8w)r 2l eqm4uyivv,hwi+svd:rqzof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses fromz+de6b 3ua+wc the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheaeau bce+d z+w63. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrate(z3d9ahx ; b1(id8nuik.rch pog * x2qd at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bee1w z(5 7ac:e/*s xxvvae2fe yon calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much erroe5vfuko l+ 6t,r will be made in a recipe calli, otkel u56f+vng for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder 2x/kv .,nzkqmis initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has dec.nvk 2kz ,mq/xreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widtmuq1c 7mnt6kzm:lr 05h 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the te6zum t:7 1mmqn5rlc0k mperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densij/u6vu :)xft1 orwpw4jkq. 0i ty of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is e9+r5 cwj86;wg(xqtvc806 stharjxjaboutq(8ar;xc6 ww et8 t cvj+j9x6 sgrj50h $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5. pn6py a3jdde vx//20f5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the sufdv/pd03 6 ye j/px2narface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spehxz lm2 7p 4p0vze6n3eed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of i 4vehlm 3z7p2 zx0n6pet does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is incrdt2k p8)l c*uxeased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume otd.g9on.1+ q k .ouq.rods j6ff 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of +nkk:z*f fw8g atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s a kfzfkwg :n8*+tmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nilyokuh6yqsfqevs yw7 +06;y 7 q 9 hf,.8,booutrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi2pzj: j8pzy ,:jer g u/3ndilt/o87ks (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the z,zglj j3/ 88r psyeki:2potdnj 7/ u:flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merc tt3fp+f/7uks +8nzgoury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atrv4g.f a zms 5;0sumpk+g:b)l 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to1b4; b/ xbmbfsuv4s,r pakr55 fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar a+ sxpudhdfd +;3-s5fw t 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, b/1t0rcifnh)adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a prehqo a-,lxltzx:i: u6 1s6:somssure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth 1.,;u6g l cj hr;:4ckzl1 8yypj.br qsityu m9is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thl c6 z:u4rq-aywqmdyk m0(-yx)9+l d hrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and a6l-- a9 dmqq(lykyh+ w:m) u4z0yrd xcre thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a/ny q-h,tn+l f depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surfacet+/f-,q h ylnn?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: wkkq ) it:2*hn t 2kn:w )q*khi
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent d9 qm. zpcko /,cu2ak*vifference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Ear,p c*omqkv .z 92cau/kth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal a4 1jd 10(xaazsagb0k gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to 14kj0z (xdabaa01 sag$\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellar3yfn7p8f g 9lpes3v bd hc -onyvou.b1d)4q2 0s to prevent rot and mildew. If thg d 43yov73fspfqc h9b o28bd)-0l ve.np n1uye cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg