Which has more atoms: 1 kg of il 3 zn8cja aif5x*nans7d)hp.i 4md98ron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table orch nzax83nd.sfim)9d a *j47i5anlp8 Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials to7awux1/e0cs7z c4 f shat could be exploited to make a thermometef14xscos 7a uwc7e/0 zr.

Which is larger, 1 C h-a;fla;uf,q a l9qe8$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is no; x gf8mzppsa- x5h0n6fs1f :ot in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C fg-m;fpz0 x6o f1ax5n:sh8 ps?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strim)6yct nj;ydc1d0. e mp of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tableemdy tymcn;.) 1d0jc 6 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expah+s9nb;a woz s4cm ;l-nsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to co2sas ah* 5u07nbv4irjntrol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded to07 jnras sh5u2v *a4bigether. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at tpn z0dvx*o8(s h)k ,wdhe ends often have a section in the shape of dz( n)k p* w8xo0hsdv,a U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead float1m4mykpt xgz 7ne36ad)gv7; 8qnmr x8s in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of waterr5*y :qw 6 geuue9f k.iih,rk., the mercur u.g:rku95f i .*6ei,yrweqkhy initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of v3dx1bluu(p fqwjx3b.g v/ 6:it is heated or cooled more rapidly tha/ b6.lbgu3:u 1vwx3dfv (jxqpn adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear zckl ,vd: vl ./ly8dq0e:f lm:expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance offkqv:l.8vc/:lmle,z0d :l dy Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 + gdi3e6jhl rv2: vsz)$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the ca2uop +hperj+hm:z3ub27pe jtp *e7z/n will not stand up. What has ze hu bj+opzu272pe 3ehmpr tjp7*:+/happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperaturc;j+se.2 ohcze increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in;e h2c .+zcjos temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum uyf9 pu+,u6 qasphere submerged in water increase or decrease if f,6p a9u+ uuqythe temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rej, bx.;mqe x4ylation be q.em,x;yjbx4 tween average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetp ex2w :lt)(xxeu(bnqy4 u8enh8a40 qic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio o27jpqs5nlaf izx1sl0/b 6 g r-f $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the mini:luqt*m ywv mi,it;+3mum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is fol* t, ym+;tmviqiw:u3r the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water /9df 9n115saf mu .-cnz lhbpnat room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to pu15/1s-mc9df9 fh n a.n bnzlthe other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfor9,pa rfoi5 v2 8oitxkv.0+f qftable than a hot dry day at the samex+i2v 5prafk vi0f8fo t,.9q o temperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperexb)(/xh( 1lk p-6pfm u ommd+ature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humiq).af (6ii .r 7hbvxuudity is different. Which is moreiv.)h7frb au(xi q6.u dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to owx6b1oh,:g zg1l69(p hv3 jlo7hxaik pen the radiator cap of an overheated automobile eng 6ghaji:p,x 1x loo97 zhh63 b1vwlk(gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white 17v2lm5yze-ks s* fe kcloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-g- i10,euo6v lmue)9b yo 0hrkqram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number ofded5kt+ z*; ry6y2uqg atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silverez5 6+uy;rky dgdt2* q ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Wha t4i*wugk jc*9ab1,w-c ge 6fvt is this on the Celsius scale?fk9 *ce6ji wb*a gv-u1twcg, 4   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and )-)*/a qvv9ckht-j a wirh9rhlowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 c0 65xfi lv 0jioiw+fkwix e.ns5*;oi l+ 3yx0lm at 0.0e0w lvi;ixxyfws3k+ o6f0i5l +i * .xn j5loi0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabsj;26qv ai - c9)v+ +qqbacvdlflm,xi0 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron app1pjv0fdqu4z,x lm s ,v-aqv 25g+cd-eroximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much itsge f4q-dm2pzusvq5cl, vjv1, 0ad-x+ height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used+7oyvy.hh (gdd,o6 m;j.dnzu and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry id +g vd,.;hozmd 6.jyn(yuo7hce) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterry7oe x (uhd5woq8eqi: 1b5b) at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if,wc0jd:l: m 6el/dgui it is heated from 30u:il, emdj:l/6 cwdg0 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of,yqidw qgk1- 8)b-lre water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wat8w adi+2y jfmph ;6i4ker at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placedc-tl7j- 2yy/jjf cu/l in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, naik*8gis 4 n:z,vp+pfvrrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is a* vg:ns p4,ifv8pzki+ pproximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitypvcazxy 824 q* $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of lengtuhjw2q iqc ekxl4.+. 7h l and width w has coefficient of linear expans4ukq2.7hl.q xcwi je+ion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotrsqjj mnlsjwv w)hyixx6 +(/..; 1 xi3mopic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass andj( (j/jr,okzd keeps perfect time at 17 ,/ kzj o(dj(jr$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diamo+9/ (gd wf;y d5)9yenm 6z cnliyv2wpeter of 0.140 mm. The bum+)(9f/yp wy d6z non; gdewiy2lc5 9vlb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylinuh9 . p:ti +v3 ;sqiyrerz)6xmdrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on friction;qui rp):it sx9he.zm yr63+vless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired l;y83f i-u6i*svj tyvc z9 (99vckoomyength when at 15°C. How much stress is required to ke(fivkc9 y-c6z;*vv9yt o3yjou m89is ep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional aroaazr:y7 /:(xjndg i+ea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134w1 ;5b7buqlgcyg3) ua .122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin s, f1)xi m t9ibe48a odc:nk ourr3xb:)cale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? -p 4qzp*+ddaj   $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the in-vpyl o 2(h4mbmp/h:j u:u5h dc5+vhnterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at *l8fy b) esc1igd g.:*6kcfmratmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 20c:i*gc1 e .l)f *gsyrbmf6kd8$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of or +q l+sj/l9zj 9wgk7lxygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 0yl fe)r:xx0o6r 9sh ckg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of niu0i5f9 wxj5zr9w.w7feqt: qmtrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is.q io( i4w.1i( vpeapa at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35bd 7p2)rzj:tv7/bvfc .0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 Ktv /czf2)vr7bj7d p: b?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0u3g bo 6 pojb1t2ivq1upd(sf6k4e 14r kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heo4klog,bjyr(33n.)lwq ate 1ating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume ltg ) 3q,.4o ljk o3anrw1yeb(of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 1,) uumxg y3n2*uw nlnn0rh+f+ 5 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.ri3-qpm*nzwj,) k /wr0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes 4hpuec 1 kvdm:q69 mg;a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / x8jue3l0 )gqkp-lh ng0-rk i2 $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How manzu/ 9e 4y(lh8csrza;jy molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a7 fjg.,q7w nej) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume j)5 *p85cwe 9w oaxzay5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you in7qxm,c hm)k unc z24h5hale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 kmu cxz,57kn 2) qchmhm4 high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxccsw8na4 ei:zu- )n d-ygen molecule at STP?i:z-sce48d) u awn n-c    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms neajj 69l7:j iofs/vf0 cjr the surface of the Sun at a tempera/cl7oiv: j06j fjjf9 sture of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules izsyfatm1we.* 8u k0l--- prjf ncrease if the temperature is increased from 0 ple0-swat81 jfrkz mu-y-f .*$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in unit;ndv.8+trgwz 5c 9*atjbs 9 sqs of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5q8dc9+vbs9ngs t wr;zj . 5*ta, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas 7hda(*s vs oo.g3d 4zzat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while it dcloezdfcn. 78,d8 7,3zpklfs volume is held constant, by what factor d,f7d8lko nc . fdelpzzd3c78, oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecuh:j7r35qitzezo - 2 ) i ck:ygvg+z:6hzzqv 1iles in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temper , b.aysr6ihb-4x7p tkature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular ma h bpb7-rys,k6i a.4txsses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contain6omfwz kf. fmi3 2qi(hj*y41 un2f0 beed in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms s/5ux,fy w,f kfpeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitro3 2v5kc.k+z yv 7lqcr .ki.jnggen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whz*.afc;u x moo0*zbg, ose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell at 3;c.g *mzbx,0zo fao*u 7 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressu+e rv5 e1ua+imhi e:2y cjuen9op .*,i-vvdz 5re P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ub 2vmk p6rj4h2ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, nh,qx6 m-*jpo in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (ah/n yznbg*y10m r s-;s)cxm+q )bx;/1g+ sy0smhmcynz) q*n-r 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximhrpcy 2yu;2fug 7+6k wately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature ih+gfyu;ypw7r 2 6cuk 2s 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils c6v v, sx g1w w;0,lc,bhyw7hj(n:e qcat 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a c 0+ zn l*34z*rssvlniz3iu5o particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at *r 34 zc0zioi ln*+sz5vulns 3which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure ovgng,y0 2o5f9hp2wkn j4gz n7f water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 4 g7fojvngw49p2 0kn,g yh5n2z0%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature iiu1o blkzdtam+a unv3p: (;4lka9u: /s 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is ug;a;xt2;6 pu1ojw s gboiling at au; oa1ux6;w;s 2 ggpjt temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6tvhw+/p2q* kr 80$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew i5 17rdx o,bfbpoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule v9 ku esv1x.o8n3k b;vuz3v4l (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance oks3 1oun4vx39lev vv;8.buz kf 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to th enhuhw do84jh-ct*0cw +b;9 szvl6s* e interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-s* 6b e h lhvcu0h9otjswns8w;z+*cd- 4ectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calv*k,o) u,5 jsrenz. baibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibra+/5rbd:z a yxhted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was ho:8-a r.j. osqxjgf;:lf q+w calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a qj;8qx- sw:jra+ hl ofgo.f:.recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is ini6j) p ;)m/wepj(zuabctially 28 atm. After many balloo p)aw/; c6mu(pz)jbjens have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molhfg ) 6fyn6dj5ecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and 5)j hf d6gynf6height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter s.*grytjra.+yn k b ,6is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is q 3phgtm54g05u2 dhu uabou45mtgh d02hugu3 pu5qt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to fulgbuc i(k.qxx( s zhd8vkgw5)8;v:8oh l capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what s:(ukk vg.qibdv ohcwh (5;)xzxg8 88volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a spebr/-nlx/v sztkmc+ ++swj4l9 ed of about 40,000 kx4 +9-+t wkr ssn+bcjlzvl/m/m/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fnurtl46pq 13g 9 y1feurom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770j:r4h(h),p0 f). pm8k3vb-j ie iosqh4tbrn zm$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pr wft8 ilzevie 5xdoftx;623 q7mr:gf xc1+/ :eessure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere/dlzwxe7vrtt6exog2if1 f 35:m 8 :qexci f+;.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of bq79 t0 .wtucjgi:8 d 9g:fzcvnitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = r f-x3 pzb/ )o6;txoib2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 6tbi rxz fp3) bx;o/-o2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a,e8g uph :ok.t bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a02 zvz*dwn2h h*wtr3kgi3 8ip t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly7*wz:+d c a w+:qq9k-d*m ,px omyegui around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar fvjdvdn;slps)54x- g .wb (j1shk.k0 at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the9uy9 akhly 0gi)rp 35j 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atv7 +f+i 2bnwnvd.lgo6 m at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth /8rd-s 6apzf+6oxlak is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid ixp /x9bj 6p59bdjh5v ls suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown verticx9hbppvx 95jjbd/l 65ally upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm 5r:aeq*7 creox0jnd0 -diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant5xdeac :qr0oj7r0 n*e at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total g2-xsw7:98gylahv c uwater vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: a-8gv :hs7ucxwgl 2 9y
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, andoyu a9,lp4m rxo*up/sy) tzm75qy -,d when it is a solid deep in the Ear uo 4 /,s-ym7xp m5d9tquoyl,zpr y)a*th where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show tha 8:w uq3 :wgrk5bvarw5t, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient3a rwwwq 85:g:k5bruv of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.