Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic tabll r59ug9s/7ene ,ho tle or Appele eu9sg/7h,ot9l5 nrndix B.

Name several properties of materials that could , f7h.+vp( bx42 pbcnjp bift9be exploited to make a thermometerncpf24 fpt+( bjhv b7 x9p,ib..

Which is larger, 1 C o ;wj6bccf.qx9zb-des 4 lf00 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, bug -29 ws/myioo l2j)qft B is not in thermal equilibrium wit2o2i-sm w9f )goyq/ jlh system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consfry i-pm7vwpzcbh 2 h8* 8/ bt;wozm3(ists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See2/wthh-*yp8 vbw fpimc(r;omz3 87b z Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expan,b fodzsl+huxhje46+ 9r- 7jmsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control ama tef*+e3( u*kydo,h furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different ma*,t ue+3kymf* edh o(etals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed sq s1 k1 crd-pwx)6tg6at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why?rkdsxq)s1t 6c61 pg w-

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at rnn rrx8 v ntri5wy0z9;2i06y0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a h;( hk;3 iptmutxx:b4a ot tub of water, the mercury initiallyti; xth(xmubp: k3;4a descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if onu**3w dmty7y+fq79q l-tuk nfe part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explai3ylk +mqfw-*7d9uy*q7fut t nn.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glaslgvo6sl,evp +z*hi hd 2 :g7j(s is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrsv, eh(ill j+o6p 2d*:vghg7zex.

Will a grandfather clock, acvm g0 l9vbbu*;curate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom anyta e vyze/ jc*9*vo)8d top to bulge so badly the can will not stand uce8/vzvy **eot yaj 9)p. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pim5rz 0v:w6vlrnivxjr*8p)0 c ston), its temperature increases. When a gas expanrz rim5n6 0v80w):vx v *pjlrcds against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sp4 4+5pzlk0 qz7eubj aahere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased4k ulz05j aqz+pe4ba7 from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theu)) rm)yrt)2z 2pwa mbory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute t) ))u)myb2r mwr2pa ztemperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kineticrf+q dw ujhi71xwg :82x6ane0 theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphw38wfz9m zsv 4ere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum sw +x(zx-mee1f2 7tauy peed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth e(z7- wuxt1+ex aymf2 what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What c* bmj1ror4rxs/tkh ld v(08;fan you infer about the molecular properties of one relats8hj/( ;tx*ofbdr 4rlkr0 m1vive to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncom fpif+tdt4w ,pm22:f8yxf fy, fortable than a hot dry day at the same temperaptxyp+:yff ff2 4 8mwt,2d,ifture.

Is it possible to boil water atot*vl, 2q2lixib bsxh9o9dso4 c 1(c, room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when z*l+08q)6 8zatk8iapmplzfk the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more denseq *t kpz6)88mzkz f l+ala08pi, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheate mh:m:n9kh) g)qkq hw4d automobile eng4: wh:9)k h mkhmqq)gnine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a lit70t,oakg5nvc u // tzdtle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram kl1 /s*;bxc6cr(x djjcopper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in ax2l tzj,q2l rx 3 /;-ng7kvnci )tkoj/ 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the so, ;tnikx2/ jk )-zgj qntcv3lx/7r 2lame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whap7dyr74 (ut ctt is this on the Celsius scale?4p7c dutr yt7(   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recyz9 : ,oz,ox byrf/llmd n,t5;orded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 1ko mb*s8d el+61.82 cm at 0.0 d6skbl8e m*o+$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (.q t+in+pi; 1aoxlj2 g20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxcu.y qseavlbhn+))q of xy. p+9 (+sj;imately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperatuvs).ylhcpqa+on s+ y;q.e ufxbj+)9( re of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than d5:hhktrsed 3(2lq . kthe rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is plq:dk3l rhtsk(eh.5d2 aced in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 tpxi;,w(1b y )zeklep29 , kl1d bo0ww1wi.pi$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its awt,g7d;er8w cj/ a0n;n cq)m change in volume if it is heate0wnn /w; )medca8c;atrg,7j qd from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0 ))njbc8bh8 5-8rf f svnt0hhe$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of vc6px.e clk :)water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. A vnbg -)(t,x2z,ywxo xt 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containedbkd* */o* *sy(xvhg fc in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of hxcfgs( **y d*b*/vok linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chs62t hzb ul q+/jymqtb/8g 8(jange in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has wn.icira, z /3coefficient of linear expansia3ri/wzc. , nion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic so: tfcsv2h1+.dg/veq;q y0o yclid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect0z*d5 u.3lmj8dq rv kr time at 1z.ul0 k*m5 qv8rd j3rd7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a merbvhw0kvbhg,) c h)6b 0f(1 uybcury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb huv )bb ,fwb0kbh0)vg 6h(c h1yas a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum c :pe,(vrj k :qw3 wu8is9ivm/i1cj re3ylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axcr,:ivim:e3rw 3sw (8e vjqpi 9/ujk1le on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stree7c2qb v64xap7iz1jq ss is required to keep it at this length if the temperature iq 4j ipqc276v17abzex ncreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-s :mh19k)vitvi( j1ivf ectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1gj r nd)3uidt 3kj,;j56zajy+22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin/kwy8nxy wiv3x1)8 agfr u;eg. )fmg ; scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempn 4w(o d*ha ny)htsk:.4rdr3perature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the jz :l-2kq3a t1m-rk:p7/ xsl6cizd sginterior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmos bafig1o-w4 f+l( sra-pheric pressure and a temperature of abou1 (4arag- lffsowb+i -t 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the 4s5l upq8 g;jcp5box(ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nimiov9o0 c cjk9 px *uj-16ouq3trogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kgc*nyai m( o:33fd7hgm of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is atat ad19n5qb88kk5s tj 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container kg.ci 2wg4j)*nd9 fopholding 105.0 kg of argon gas at fiowp*g.dj gk c29n)4385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 khdu y625d ja ydn1)-deh7kkm +g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by hea mq2ac fx)c(dn 1a lpj*qd:f+*ting the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a(jpc)q1a *+fx nf a:q *dcd2ml balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15y e30bl1k r8vn3lmimfvu 9 *-*2qidsn $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 tj x7)pbsq /k9+, airr$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level andk-lyiy7 byu2qq)g- 6 j 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules /9sn-gr;aj 5pouis /-o $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of waixe ; ac )(tbj 5 iofp+wdbg-30rg0ux0ter are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, dwv,j 1yaz.k8jg-be1    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 16zskap;6 j t7psn3 xu5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L bre+/frb -kztz+ yu1.aleath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galile+y.k1lr+z/ab -tef z uo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen 1l,0,)q+n jmz5 m.pnb x qxsmfmolecule at STPxqqmf+z 5p)s,mnl 0. bxjn1m,?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface zd3ljj*eu x),tg m,w-,n.z be of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000du*,nt)jwej g3zx-l , ,bz.me K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incref/ 2kv*o gepotuo: k3tg4ot+k9e7mw *ase if the temperature is increaseu/m7fk+w24tpke o9gv *3oe o gt *kt:od from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speed:*ae2cuo vv72)e t2 v,grysw ms, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1,arvmt 2ce s7wve:2 2)o* v,uyg 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas 4zixe-i 5j)3tm6tccv(n mpk6 7 kq)wsat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, hsss2 j:ic qkhj)s918by what factksjjs9s1 i:s28 q h)hcor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecul4,iddmyi(k q+es in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the rac 0k8aor+3 uy8ipn )v m+q-f2bm. qhjztio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their moleculaif02)j v 88zp3 +yqn.ukq- moca+hrbmr masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molqyte53- j4 sjzecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule atr2i5( esv *lb f2s2aof 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betweewqzwsi.ee(q6m7j-;-y i m) gpn nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular m,ot:jxwhu+c**m6spf w np 6: eass is 89 u in a living cellp fw 6e c**u6wjxonpt,h :+:ms at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P oas +u8ie lx,u3f a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranivpsd tgng/ ((m37um r0um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, 7f*g1ujquz a7il6gx +in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phn,o ts6ewr ;1e;ljpx5ase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 tn;;jplex ,5s6 w1eo r$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidcwby e g3t5.z,ity is 50% on a day when the temperazgt3 cbey5.,wture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at rhl tgp4()4yy fv2 unt(w29jda place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountainmo6jtqzmg23jk/,cg d.mpdb)y+ p e ::s is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water zkm3j/.62pt:dcp):y gjb m+mq deog,boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pay0tl rwryi4x*4.p y)t and the relatiytyx.p r40lwi4r *t)yve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature ig-d( d/k; yxie4a d;whs 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate puqev rae d363;tyvpkx( ;8d1d ressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a tempeux3;kerd3 68pyd;q1 t(dva e vrature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 63u t0 yjpkr3ip- 4qcl480$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dewnmvf cu8 z-i.- point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time nee3c +vnfmmp 9sw4fdd7/ ded for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15d7m fp4svwc/n d 9+3mf $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes xje5jlb9r,5 )obf;decalled trach5le ,xbeod )j5 jf9b;reae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bxz v p611cja0been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has beltzew +n9,v w9en calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempers-hn f+lzmby 5soe s,uh( fujh43,24lature. How much error will be made in a recipe cans-el,,hf2+ lu(s zuhmh5bys4 o3j4flling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm.kct /c2,y582si ; hsqy-up ijl After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas rej2ysqut2s5pl ;8 -i cyk/ic, hmains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air moleculw5 t 4e 3rh *6btxsa,knlb1nq/5kxrkr 6)b i8yes in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume th1n5qttiya*r brkw xnxb36k 4,8 6b5e /hs k)rle temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is 7+dbj -xb/tq babout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attak(cb h 8,yn n5q-5giugd440 o)fyiqyzinable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboyoy5kc),8 qn(un 4-yigzbiq0fdh 54g ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to f8nim:n *e-m6yxz3/i-3m slbyu .dhpfull capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to tlz3s3*m:/hin-md m x py.6 8ifuney-bhe surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s ac q5jmj u-*pr:tmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose:mq-c*5jup jr of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased laa1c3we c-4g7b hru de08n.g from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of w n.bkcoh 8q3:770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atn;(nthg1u2;e6l oa oondh 98m mospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in thelh92;nho8oad6t ;emo(1n ugn Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed ah,mk-y b/h:zof nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000ojwji198 up a7 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow ratpij9j87 u1 waoe, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liqui 8au5tp(cx k.;8;2s df+shf bnp)npmnd mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolix( ib m27.9dceo,l)ktc r.b/nlrpj-q ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were tos*;9gnoyh z ,l fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ont m d8p2kaz.d4ao a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length stas(s2tahff*g 9c.7 edkndard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, wvxm .p*75(oac/j mf ohas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth r7li2hc ,snw- q,k/p ris $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lidp63- 8redw cbd is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per8 dbp36 redwc- second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver release /ztmrzc70v d/s3ni*h 4vs)kws a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfe kc0nt/ih v 7s*zd3w 4)mv/srzct gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pudq*bt1 gy k8:8 q sdyvni .3;td9fxc2ressure in the air on the following two days: f:dyvs 1 nu b8tt83 ydq29*kxqg. i;cd
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dehou d v:+r49kznsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth w:zkhv 9orud 4+here the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, tu7u tc.pwb(1 zhe coefficient of volume expansio(ub wuctz 71p.n is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people conslot8/ 05d:u;pn hxnpxtantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a housep;nhl o08put nx:5d/x (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg