Which has more atoms: 1 kg; 6vgggfplvg5h d 44+t of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appen5 v 4vf4gpg6gdl+;hg tdix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a ther m ryjb aq8)rdk*9os7g4bj44 emometej44q brdb8y mkao 7)gjre* 9s4r.

Which is larger, 1 C4d ; ey/ 6kcv3hf7njlr $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in therm vhzb x6yeg -m: o,( +1kzeb79z-getlhal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibevxo :y6m(hze-gblk9t 7,g -h +zz 1berium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of :cl4, ) ,rsf7ayhhjcb aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip h chlrj)byc:a7s,f 4,will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient offko - q pomdc2(ovsd1,t29of. linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagrauy/9ex 0ib by nfj89r7m of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Exf 7 nr 8yu/bib0e9x9jyplain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section i8who/7vtyt.,qrct 4 yn the shape of a U./w8r t,7h.4ycvty otq Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lew,ubi2f nww.d(-jzf, mv ;h )ead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermo6wwm7+q2bjd u v1ge:;g- : xy2u1h sigx elyb+meter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and gg+e:wgxj1umie26;x:1 v+-s yy l2bh ubw dq7 then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break 5+fyw9 qpa8fa.(srhwzse24 uif one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent paw95sfe 4apzayh.(q+ r8s2 uwfrts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear exprplr a,8:n- vdansion is much lnrdr- pv :a,8smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accui44eq l9f t(cwvp(vv7rate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottomh6j3hff/uxv , and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has6u,xvjf/fhh 3 happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tlqdrj.9drvg .s5n ws;6va,nm5/b* zt emperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes i5d/65srn.z* lvvd 9bjr. qa;ng mw,stn temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sprn,6 84:wlnr+llo c k*+zgv gh+oys2khere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature lsyn* zlkcl4oh2+ 6kn:o+w r + ,rg8gvis increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the rel*kbj(0ck 0, w rv(zvu6bqrd8 tation between average kinetic energy cjbzuw (v8r6 d0q0k t*,(brvk and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law followsw3/vf oea0 5xecg9x ;q +suao* from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmry3p74w(mswx lb w. xdg+ y1t7osphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object musth bn2 v+azln0f,d-ms) have to leave the Earth and nevbl0a hnfnzm-s), d+ v2er return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more qui 9*g(4m(/emdyjvnmy ne8,pd l ckly than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative,me9(/jeg8y(dmn l4y*n d mvp to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far morz4ws m98fh-g xe uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same tempermwxgf9 48h- zsature.

Is it possible to boil water at r7wdoz +9. eet ,zvr (kcy0tiw /rcq u-e5m+c4joom temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air /(zvt p;bsl/,w3h ;yyxg4k s yyk+9s2anr*zr temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explaz 4/ltyar yvy2;bz* wk9(;pskhn,gr+sy/xs3 in.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator co)dr mfbst8okjb( 4ik0 r*v4;ap of an overheated automobile eng4b (j;rk80*v) itmdosr bk4foine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the wzwd t1iwgcruh+3 ny2w7a ,6 2ninter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny?f8)f3q *ct zqy   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number avf3bqo,o ,ez;m7h .g of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same masvmz.oo;, a7q b3fe,gh s?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale3n+ slutv0-oz ?n+t -vslu03o z   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tew kyz2r;ae v0,mperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the2okjo4(xee(mo: 9th,fx +eest o kh q6++w kv. alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 os e9 h e q(eo+,+t.jx 6ok :h+wme2kkv4f(xot$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m v8q22n sh dbc3r+;mg vlong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approvsh. r7vfq- d,ximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betwe7r hf,.sd-vv qen July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the r zhvom1oe6uut+2 w6j -ivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is tth- mu oj+wv616uzo2eo be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water a.w4e f jh:md 8)yk/ypdt 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameterf2,vvlqdp6 m 7. What will be its change in volume if it is heateqmd67vfv2 lp ,d from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of 2g -3f 4ypdvnu 4mddrf1hp*0 ewater at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wrer46ox bahp w.r ql95n4wk+d b*2ih(ater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placljvr3)8e s*j wed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a longh)10+ecx ygbjsa t k,3, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of voluyse0)a3 +hk btg1, cjxme expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in-md1i n8oembg,,9tbd the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coe7p97g *mbn-mmq/6v2 c yaari hfficient of linear expangm i2*97yabnv6 / mr-qmp ac7hsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isot)tsvtg hgv-.5t:q su )ropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is mad wh07dgfvut.5//pghevzm(r0 .0sh que of brass and keeps perfect time at 17 h 5er(wvf/. quhh.uz0gvd0 tm/g7s0p$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thehia42 hiqidi zqz(*47rmometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a voluq2(iih *7i4zh qzad4ime of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wra.g +,t3kju c*w hwhq41e lycs,7(fiheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearingh 1cskc lh 3,iytqj*wf7w4.u (r+ gae,s with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requiredb5zz(rh 43rin to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35b54z z 3rihnr( $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sem)98f en8on:t2.apg z,y( jmwjzlr0ectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1nb .eg;44nv g5vhtq;zfy c l(734.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on ) zj*ioo8bk*/bznlg lg-,eu9 the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what templc jao ctb2jf7ot:owb ()v/6 /erature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the +zet; f e gpgga19np4*,l-8ho*o tyo rEarth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine,5 6imrz7hrzk9r+s yw. air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of s z965mhr i+r. kryw7zabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usingtn gb+0a+vg 1r the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogd7ve0,g *t su;g6dupgen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitrodkjk5jbafpw8, a /by7 1ltq (2gen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliubll ;tll- -js*m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at uymemq;-.e w o-*(ae a385 Kq m yue--*oa.ea;we(m?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o00 hwjwl 1oku7f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift bykx 7p8,7i d m x:zxcsrmpx9+7s heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outsidex,xzxspxism78r 77 d9pkm+ c:. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airr3 jbdxo kdi8ta v06-6 at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0 5 375zuxvdhch;wi s d3$^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a;j2 oc-yf+pks child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molece+imio1) ug /xgyn7s;1 cxv0t ules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of watw6zug5 kg, zz:ir+w +cag6k; xer are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of03py/*84 ba lkkp+gae/w vitsa 4u5mnlu)*og (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5n:vk-klnxo/, i,qw.r19dam 8u6 jl ec.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2. h8(( clo-abebt;l5kbr,h rj. 0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere i .jlr rbc t hkhbe-l8o5,;((abs about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translatioxhm( 5vugo- ,nnal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? ,gv hx uom5-(n   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near thygc76 uchq tix9.9z: he surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6009zht9uqc. 7cxhyig 6:0 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the tempe js+, k/(za )oz(v,2cqua wrsyrature is increased frorzjs(+zva,/2 k wquc() soay,m 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of kuc2+,rpk5rl p j jo(u2m/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, cr2j j lpk2p5u, rou(+5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20.0*pv fn5s3 -vrkn:u mf7c)mr s2goc3r0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is dg wfqar5yg / h,;gjt x:n*a3m2oubled while its volume is held constant, by what factoratg/ma;*hr ,2f3x: jqn gw 5gy does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculesx ecwh,;bo d a6-annn+s7q.*n in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases atzpxwqay mce94j*yz7x 5ss g +u+s:- 5t the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speedswgyzsjam9*5p7u4z:sx+ -cxe5 + q yts is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculeszf /3 3kzu(bxt contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms swzlxu;/1nnyx5b / s.)7umdrx/ mkv+lpeed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betwef7ptfu/3cf+,vpz8xi,w+h f 4x bi be)en nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u iw68- 0x3bnyghw a7 cymxc9n 0fn a living3-9w0x68myw hn gnx7y0 abcc f cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be ba,icsk0 68o-0blcib written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranijzv9n4( n dml0um, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric press) o i3oo3f;lepgg5 h3cure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm:d o.zo*c*o wg and the temperature is (a) 90ow.co **gdzo: $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approx bl5;gf en,a(himately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25;begh a,(5l nf $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where wa* nehyv85/fmmqt. gr ,ter boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure acymkp/ 4(jim7,5xt .im h4d hit a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature amhmi 5 7x4d. yikt/im4,j(hpct which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watevc+ 4r-eg72g: gyon edr is 530 Pa and the rela2:yo+ 7evge rd4c -ggntive humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperatk,vqso; .6ia ture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is x*o.xi i9*wadboiling at a temperature **.dx 9xi owaiof 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vr:5ce/rfgoav ese 83 1olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poip6b /ky k/l 2vb;yweh)nt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dyj*,ic flza *9zluh 0.x vttj:: .mr3qistanc:0v x*:j *r3qlt..hjcafyz iu,9 ztl me of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to th-o(ju rt)q( b3vze3e ye interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has (j-3ruze) eoq3bv (t ycross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20p3 7lv0src q6g d(/f)s)pqv0illil g;$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at :0gm 8wh/mgbw4j7 wca 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperaturbe d t k2e8:wo.1s/1ruxisqi :e. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cupsers 2ti: .e81:qk1boxuw/di are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 2 ; zutaprd ;9ak3hczea)an2,(2t1y im8 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the a kd2it3 pt em2ayr9(ah, unc;a)z;1zgauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1a7 e+ 79zrzu wjba*ic)yun-v( m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 2u(97 +baju -w*r7e)inzyvzac 2$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the dkw8+k66x ylz sib-i *bensity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using o c6bn1owl e4 *7ah7luthe best available vacuum techniques is about l6 *ol7nbhw7c o 1u4ae$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full c0g7go1iw fj,kt. ze 7fapacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rt7 7fz,01.k gi gwfjoeose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atm f6u/4gyvc o*vosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does va cvvfu yg/4o*6porize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of a o j+d6agrg3gr4 (msqek(us,4 +udg7u n ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7771i4pqddenj /bgjkf+n (. 0ov 0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosphkfjye0tu0-a)ziw- 6 jeric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecyewjt u-z0f0ji -6a) kules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a t-o rxkh/;6hpdv+ *bh4v6ucq 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has vfaif9f(ko5;r7gi/a t.mt n)gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmtvo)n(.f ifr a;9f7a /it mg5kospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid ms3d 5k r3v(s)i;vtt6 enw4adjercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ar b*2y2 e )+pstcvhlt,t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatjp9b tiu7rq. 2pd3vh6 or at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onz, k z05t8tbjuto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the r;mbpoik8 z5 w3,+ttf18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully cha8,fkt*:zscaz ,l we : d;/yepsrged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth i*xbv35cq1 av3pb y osb4,j, afs $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspe*2bk 3yoll up3:uf.jil i ;0yanded against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elasl* :;ky 3obu0 l3jf.yai i2plutically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00 0d2 auxdyd3j bhtg3;8-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 Kd8j ;ag y23dub3h dt0x, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in tha vd.3u 46lvwye air on the following two days: 6a4vy vwd .ul3
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densit1 v cr1kudxhz-u(;l 3py of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where1;l-rxcuz p( 3kv1 udh the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to sho3j5dugug2j, ew that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of uj5,3 ugj2g devolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars 0 hx;dj82ob88aawwbu to prevent rot and mwub8d8w0a8 xb2 o; ajhildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg