Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See8,np 8 dj(chg prqd-b. the periodic table or Appqrn8jh( -cbp .pd8,d gendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be;t*f)h rh7 lunu3s )hq exploited to make a thermometer.3 hqrhu7)l; htf*un s)

Which is larger, 1 C 3cdu068ej( (-jqgam juelfqmu * ub3.$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is2rr9 5jwp8;g1 g xz1qfsqk:wz not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperaturj2gr81kfgq:p zw z15r;qwsx 9es of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of alumin* pu;(elrt nzp92-tgnum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Whetg z2ltpp*-u n;n(r9 ich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of liz y 70g.0hvs+bhuz1sknear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used tu :wqx8 es. ptwyx9(rjqq(( w8 o8u:tro control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of pr(q98: 8wxt uw y 8uqje(sw rqo(:.xttwo strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends o+jy nxd lctpv4.,gx(r 8btd4d9:i v(often have a section in the shape of a U. Wh.n8 j:+trcd4bvyti9 gl (dpd4,xox(v y?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in )s)-chpb: 1t*kufk+qj b ad f/q)prh. mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermg i12hi*hkn. gometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then h.ng*h ki2g1i rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated l* +8 ;hlbrnx 1xjl,cgkc36ld or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explain.x3gkd1llx, b ln;j+*cchr68l

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient ofnupft45/gb/sayi4v m 1)i tf8 linear expansion is much smalig/vp4t f8mnsb) /4u iyf 5t1aler than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accp7ku;0yx ,n,hz m 5f/0afewvyurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly bor apdk 5o,ta2nb9zis m)5(*the can will not stand up. What zomrtks bi5n,o(aap 29d5)*b has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its tempere93ys*vx wh, kature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in te9 hek,svw*3y xmperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sph3qru2zo x: f3cxpd5l*v3 thn0 ere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 03h3 lorxp*cz3 5f :xvduntq 220 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation hdh ibd:6ue u :)nt9t.between average kinetic energy and the absolute tem.:h:)d nebt hud9t i6uperature.

Explain in words how Gay-f3 q ak r97r;u-sr1elvLussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Eartt amabr7 h uvsq5s-81 2p)qzofpr7, *dh’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an objec5naleu ykmw i75,6ir -t must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for te 65mira-in7,uly5 kw he Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly7ch7d8ohhbuwna u3/x -g) ur ,/ecji.:)wrf d than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the c,)d3i.xwu/u bh: acofgj hr-/nu7 h8w7) edrother?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable tdu;98 por*yd*d7i.xhg0tfe b han a hot dry day at the same temperatu9 ;oidxf. eg0 b*d*p7tdy8ur hre.

Is it possible to boil water gi. aa -jp+4fiat room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when th.06+ ck d7aqrnz e2l4eu.dmxk vw*k5g )ya8pse air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the yge ds +zkk.nk72p.6 vdle4cqum 8a5 r)*xwa0humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an0oj r4p wuf6su x7sujc99. jg+ overheated automobile eno70 94ux wjrjgu+js6c.f sup9gine.

Why does exhaled air appear as ahv ze 2p+q6vl)tpac y:uk 4*0x little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there ia7 xdx s74irm2n a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-wgwy3tlebr 7q+m6/ n*gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver rn37q/r+w*y g6 lwb meting of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Wha)avxem1 54+b4r e+7r bw tqsivt is this on the Celsius scale? e+r bb xtmvear4si1v+q75)4 w   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest an 7b wsuou xt37yxg4y;x/gjp2 7d lowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengt vb7ps l.f2jd5,t gya-h 11.82 cm at 0.0 b-fat5p27 .dygsljv , $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of sl*nua x(ko5toq4+l d8ygi/go- eq 4 :jeabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wk08vo*u1dd a5dfs t+wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average tempervwt5ukd+s f8a0 *od 1dature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are oft9u8df1ugrsf( x; 8tzmen used and the rivet is cooled (usually in1zgr(fs9tx ;mu8f8 d u dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 41vj,yj8ss i6p $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8 e5s/; er wtzd8.ky6ke.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is;e 8k/y z6td.5r seewk heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.ldx jt4fbq 827jja( u50$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of lg5t0bw )1 wkkwater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring ma1taj26gu-7qydv3s2 4cm db eade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained inafdl1t2mcop 4-t;u3w n,ai 2 w a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show twodt;awan2 -c2tl3ifum p1, 4hat the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in u6* *ekoqulm7the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has zpfm+:pkh 12i coefficient of linear expanphmpik+12z f: sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid,bksyaq ,z 0b6pl0vm5 wg7t c,: $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather er.u-1v2wf1pyk* w0abmea- d clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17.0frma-b1y-kpau 2 ee *wvd1w $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercu7)uu8e sde-xiav 1:kyry thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulxduk:s ei ve-y 71u8)ab has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumins q,**s/jbwgak)2x o 4amxt,rum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on f/2)4* ,kswq,*aobmatr js xxg rictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muchifnd+ w54 d,va stress is required to keep it at this lengtvd+nad45,fiw h if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sect idiz3ngs *+3nional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameterdwr x,9mxd8;x 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperat5mpcel glyd v3 qs2 w8c4+*vg7ures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature gdkly b2(z -n5jy,btbd.* - az8yjnc ;on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are ut vsp-8 kai mb*ji;+ 0+ca;qyabout 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, aip mog2hk1 k x y;cz588mb8qr8ar at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about 28xc8m8phmygqbk az58ok r;120$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the fhoq azb e1x:.r-9ba-ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg ofpfad lw*:4 e0 6tpi9:c/a xpwi nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP containsq;v9ip :n.qgyht/yfyn2xy u ,*h7 rx/ 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliubbz(u 3,ge q v,soh 6tlg(zn59m gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside c;dx. e)8g utncj/ n9ja 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?9j x/nn jg.u)ct8 cde;   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 k/k 4er6a3vn(gmazaj : g of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift byqjx y hz+11cgx-7 nm.f *ld0yj heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppj l1yqhx nm-7j*cyfxzg+0 d.1 ose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 fjbwd :q0k9ahr:n1 3w $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 184ahx*ve io bb,1cwu4..0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chilsx5n7x9bexd9l)w k z.f* n+ und’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number oxrs 4sr8u: 7k5k 7hpg0uulp +jf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecd b9h8 bu*.r/ nhv2xp0yzsy h2ules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles,c4xtbph(il1 adz 9w3 g +b7(ne    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume kea:)o u+g 6*4cq wqkj5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhaleuuo6j6x+pfu6 yk4 yg9 that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere i6xk6 jou4u + yyug69pfs about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tranivt s, 96 8 sd+8amtt4-bze2 webyttd*slational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP t6 bde4v*9zmst ia28- by+ dtts,twe8?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfavh i 7;p m(8*xikljb2/1 osneqce of the Sun at a temperature of aboue1ik7p 2*i nslq x 8mjhbo(/v;t 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperaj 9tjk1 )g;/9jq*fdylm z7o0dxyufd,ture is increased tx0 k9 /l7mdfqy9jy*f) dd,;j uoz1jg from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have t;m1, y st g;seoo*tp0xhe following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcul t;o0eog;sxy1 m*,ps tate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 2lc:(;gjsuuf 16,cdp/qj e d m,yy4u-m0.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant,g4bs. b/;b * 0oc,lvj:jxlj1q;t mdoa by what factor dqojjg4st vb 0b :;/;*xjbo c1l a,mld.oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gawqzm;-xs + 8vfo8c*h:dk r.gl u*rm*js is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at theylegm6h2l-) grgj 8/*fv 1zex same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square rfmvh z/jlglr6*) eg8g2ye -x1oots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules conta5jp v2h5(7ripb ilg3kined in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of ang,t8np/i mg: v j6w9if oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STP?v y()ft:oxy 8 rq*2dnc    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whoqbm080 c fb +jjre8tq8hmn bk16 dk)5tse molecular mass is 89 u in a living k0tm0k n6htbf1ej q8db+r88j 5 mcb) qcell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be writ*n-k q2ewl -n:iejjw (f(z.ujten P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium, ip47o wfx n/l:jsz84ylbqx aq 8:3ky($^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in wbbwq izc4rzc9w) d-bmw: 02;x hat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and t uizil4v7:2 flhe temperature is (a) vz i4f2l7liu: 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (ap8y oy6bpr- ph:proximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25:b ry6op-p8yh $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watetl rkkf 9)2bpx;r1h q/ 6uxg:or boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particu-z9lae-*e spysurz03w /a-co w0 , wlqlar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boils.90waq/ l,-w w0ezzr auyls--se* 3oc p $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the pyek6xo)yxe tk.;s v 66artial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity isxs6.ko)6; x 6eyevkty 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of wa7uuhobi7 53ynter on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boio*ew0+ khx i iv/*y.qdling at a tempio hi*d./k0+ew q*xvyerature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in asazd ikt7*in* f84n f1 room of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew p;o bxzu( mf:f/oint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine wli2ffe: 3 ays*,yv:ab.vn7amolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a dis 2yae:s3, :vba7wniv alfy *f.tance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes m -+ hthupp+)rcalled tracheae. An average tramphur p+ )h+-tchea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at hq x 3tk *zs,kw2ogy2,20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape mew w(3 a3*ue bce4n3 *ai;vmbndasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal rooid,ipfj7nvxnos3 0rl7 rl eo;3 )x4.mm temperature. How much error will be made i4rv33m0i;7.ixf lo l 7esnon)rjpxd,n a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28yjbi*wyz fn lim* +( 1/iptcn9m*:g;l atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of nwimzf g: 9cnl;+*(1yy/l p*i*mijbtthe original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, anzgae wlmth5u 1x zl*d: e3os;t- 51x/vd height 2.5 m. Assume the tempert5m3*/ e1leaxv h ls utx1g:d;w-5 ozzature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abouted6( 7dil-zc0ffgvmz+ we +6 h one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the besne3.l7d8l6k 3chx pjx t available vacuum techniques is abou elp36. 38xnldhxc7 kjt $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fil3 b/joovl vdz m(mg--6ls his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surzm g/(m63 l-jovodbv -face? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon e vt fyqq-b81tk)mv/o7nters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume n)o kvf1/mbt8- vq qty7itrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal .ri4h c9m hc 4lb:m*qag.ob+al) 4gsbgas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ai7g 8i2kaw 1aof 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosph dpek: 1oa;x-keric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of a1pk-xe ko a;:dir molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a0 9*.2 mlxfrk.5sq hpuh;qcoo 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygeea+,diw4e 5 kfwly9pl ru/s1) n used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at at9 +,/5 ar)p lkifs wule4wy1demospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid meo+n/a j2bwm596o eude rcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a*.z ,tlhd9s4- f1a ujms r9bmdt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Ea rfs2p*,o9bthgx2a3 prth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 20xz+viwp*crg z rn74 -8 3ks:lc$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in thel+8 i;b5e urcn 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm +vv e0mr vuq3ez+8g(rat 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from tct r0xri9w42 yhe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vqw1vigo se1(4o;.cp mertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastisgqvp oe;( o.4m1cw1i cally, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases o)ah;bi hxz :0a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surzi : ;)h0hboaxface?    cm

  Calculate the total wqhboxf ,4 xuy5ik8y 5 4pmy,:sater vapor pressure in the air on the following two days: ,y4xq xhys85iypbkf , om u4:5
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the rmcly*3um4,tax0, uy 3g)p ih density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is*clugmyph0yi 43 tx,u3 mr), a 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for a:o0k* .iy lvgtn ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficik yvgl*.it0: oent of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constaml)v 2m-u-)u1zioqz*v 8 ii enntly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. e2)m zqv8*z)nv i-liuu- i1omIf the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg