Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See /s w/p oi-x,mfthe periodic table or Ap-w/if/px som ,pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to mcy.zt.sh+b:hnqgoe /u) e- x5 ake a thermometer sch 5- z:.)eoxuh+tgne.q b/y.

Which is larger, 1 Ciu/ j vb3v(w+y $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, lg+c+ctso p7 ,but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can yo7,+s+olg ptccu say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consist :z8p 8krfhxz/oq zk45s of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, thef5ozq8/xk:h zkz84p r strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expaojqk; , (u6pqbnsion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used tokjm:af4 ys2n2zg.3 j(+a sjvn control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric syvns 3 ng4 jjm (zfj2k.+s:aa2witch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixeq y;/6d32agd j0z zzind at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Wzga/y3qz;id6n d20j z hy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of v1(i 4:oiu;hq6w* q7q ph xnislead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is firsd8kg,xusd 9cna *k91i t placed in a hot tub of water, the nsk* g,ack1ux9 8i9 ddmercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if ongudg+d83ie r. e part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exp8+ge udi3d g.rlain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear) bk-p/ii96 .bu rjats expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased hea/ui6tpbbis- ja.r k9)t resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurl: n1icof)j qn-*ka,hmnz200 r vct j8ate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top fb0 oex1j7 w/zto bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happenedzw/oj xfb071 e?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its te j3j.n0iv5xaz1dve fbvod c) r4*g5h.6x1r d umperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using 01* ..anr3o6i51x g edjvu dv djxb)54vzrf chthe kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum spher69(fy smwg 9 )6dgfwuge submerged in water increase or decr6syg9( 9fwgg6)mwudf ease if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’o p(di/g ;8 txhs)jzf(s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic ene/i(fx8 gzp)o sj(t; hdrgy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Luuk;7)3zvtx dr ssac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth97;e-n serv wc’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers towq)d9,3md jf :f0flqs9ntc u2 the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Et9,qf lf9:mwfjcusdn0 3q d) 2xplain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at ro f*,z er(lq2b +mnlqv;om temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties ofb*ne+,mql;v (rz2 l qf one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortablhhz: )2 z/jtome than a hot dry day at the same te /:zhj)tz2mho mperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room 1l.g3 p. z(loyhiq hf2temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days whenfem4:t3sfyc; the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air 3 mf;:te4sc yfor the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of a7n+uzid 0rpp-y*umuigxw c0b 8+hm/; n overheated automobile engiy h -0nmcui 70u*+pzr;8u/bg x+wimdpne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in t n )jdlq,xul*e- 7.ajohe winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 1ujrk.. f x/xr, ge4+u:/dehy :cuhhc3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold rinx k7o 3-csvaxj)3a3yag compare to the number in a silvxy7 -3o 3 3sxva)ajkcaer ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius-*ldryilgq97o y /l9g pm9t5 l scale? 9dl5gy m7rql9 y polgl/it9-*   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tem/90. r)s ylhjiiynu:g peratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomervo6( ne2 )0/gukmhzf; e;twm 2i qy-zfe7)jfter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.gi 2v f;-q tw;n/zke j )myo6(0r27ez)hmeuf f0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (2 -;swsm 9vv 1 1ja4okqq7jn;bw0 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fijkr07n dc-2jkg. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how 072 nkcr-jkjdmuch its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rkf0o/2cu q0 ypivet hole are often used and the rivet icop u0kq0/y 2fs cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water ay-wuz 8yai 95st 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chang+4d z0 ai p +15k)dpcrt6b(j/nketd zge in volume if it is hdnkabp(ptd +6r zid) j1/ck+etg50z4eated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1sv f -acxfje4,::oxj08 inze .00.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of (hm1,z) fbmehcu4 dr1water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is r ,i; +jev:ooxto be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained iiu i k,crrh8oi)n.6b5 n a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficik, 6c)r.5bo 8u rhiiinent of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density s*qn en+lv5vn /*;uexku 1l5li:f *m d$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and widthfwk(;s-j a:o fqd-0ug w has coefficient of linear exp--gj uq adf(w;kof 0s:ansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropm;)/r d yun4 aj c2u.6ma8m7vx4tyqwxic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of br53z2 vp rybf)sop7vm7ass and keeps perfect time at 17rvvpbzy 725) p7os3fm $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer hqfs k;1)tg,kn r 3i4ggv *4lahas an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has l)s4 3;4kvif ,kg1nggh aq*tr a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of rqmf6vpa8z+ /q:o q0snadius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular ve zq/o0+:f8nsvqmpa q6locity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lengtavg.s nem n3 e0yrcv2*g--(vo h when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature increases to cv.0rn o 2e vga(*-gsy3emvn-35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-section0iu ao c;w4.. pfh)vnzal area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 20oara);m 5l2,y- oa qpo$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatur* gtllk)s ;jfcmvtb;v;*9-y aes on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scal,au :1 u*o2c ixcfpo7le?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in t, f,bce8 av (r;*6iebro sqzg6he interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressurvl qu xpkk550/xz:(./3g pdp9lqa pbpe and a temperature of about 20 qkzl35u vp5kp/0(l. qbpaxp9xgd /:p$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gas laao94yz87 gxc48 7ggoiwfn8 j rx21lohw.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 2196dtts p4((rg 7/ t9zcrkynsjot/xl..6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg o 7 vfo0+w -lqvsd11s /jvd6lzbf nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0ziu l;li /c(t7$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of ct1wo*t pw/:kuz- -wj9 :mhxbargon gas at 38*:wzj-k9hw/o wp ut1ct:-bxm 5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of;zi i. yy8-vjj $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air in+0m *m 3glb6lfm+ c*kyaul +oi9do 3fyside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. c3 ul+0y 3kf+il*9bfoo+gd6my*mam lSuppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15f;ln la5* qhh* $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 8*p:/dz 2xmo:zfbpb;aup )j l18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chillni0uc)u xg 19-sy em 4b5.hrrw+ ajl4d’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of monpv/ t1f ;ann-lecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there inck/yyj f0l8 voecbpx947: zk0 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of6uno3exb hx)9ou/xf . (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1o1r 8s0 h*jnemden v.:$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wej-,kajcp il.)8 0f xezre also in the last breath Galileiefx.-z c)l j,8j ak0po took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an ox1hw w l5u7j qor,k/e3jygen molecule at STP?e35kulqj /jw7 ,1horw    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms nearqj,.1n;)-4 3ktjemumi/a2rs d5c qv pqm if5a the surface of the Sun at a temperatu;e15i)a/4t 2p3jqnk q5smrfa qim - ucmjd,.vre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms sp3j:zure. sp vd1so0.weed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 01jes: z3wu..osd prv 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2q:lx;ejo2d:84z7iq3p qi big ;qf8cc, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8i2lc q q3qpcqe;zx:b:g7 i;if8odj48 , 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at 20qymd3(s t:me9.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volu/ct*evq ( dqc kuj+v(u51 bd5zme is held constant, by what fackucv*zqj5dqv b5(+ d(u/ec t1 tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is givl z(7t8 kri:9wp 8;halswmlp 9en by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of , xtmuq v(v-:;8v qp bthfc6;lrhsm18 their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratiocf 8m-ult v(sv:bp,xh6 1q;;m hqv 8tr of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containeb40t5k2 bu n3agm)cyb d in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at/5nubpx3no3d)fka9ih ;8dzn v;2 yf wfyk94p 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average diwhsncr0wi,7p u*1nc/6c-i kx stance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a li: 0uop cr*+gfvving cecf :*+v ro0pgull at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bkyl6xh*y-z thq n2,3 fe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uhhm/s byi*p,x:f ) m/+ j7lgq*prb df9ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phases cawc 9q cnpw/t+o o7+(x2gp.fltn $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a/ 1llmd6p6po x) 906olxd1p pm6/ l $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (appmamk7o6yl6d 9 kh kc/8roximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temmmd kky6c ho8/kal976perature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at sy51yg4a7:l9af wn(6 giv0ls 6h bhag hkit*5a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 a e6 ta:j8gc)blyp1 rj2tm, estimate the temperature at whi1y 8r jc6gtj pel:)2abch water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partil.e9,kbh el-m k4i ol1al pressure of water is 530 Pa and t. ik-kllh1o,9 4elmbehe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on0:8ra jswshu z)7lc2tm,tnv 4 a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate press* tegp(jv rei*0y 5iw7ure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a te t5wj0 *irepg7e (*vyimperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vfx/1nn1a2jzh8 n fea.v4lcy 3 olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of*mh3i9g/q3 /tgsk fhy 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needi:oy y)kxvu )3r5go)ui6;kyu ed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 156g3ko)y xoy )i : ru;k5)yvuui $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses fromho6l ds zo:bp-:r7di5 the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea i7 bipr6 oh o-l:dd5:zss about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure aqdvyw.j*i 51+c,(hvdadw8j has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibra2 ,l;ma2c)uo41qhpvq cd rc6 oted at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room dt2v yf/nr.pm uvooey7..n:mv z2 l5 -temperature. How much error wilyo2ur ./ze.-n57mdvm 2v .yfo:p vt lnl be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cy:kg9r1k ud9 jdlinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas r9g: 9rdkdj u1kemains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wikr(8j:a oozk5:wj fj *dth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume twfo k:* j5j:8 jozr(kahe temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about on ypn/ p+l0dp,ovust/-c 2zg/o*qrop(e atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques i i/icg*-/u ohcwu (dj:s abo/g-o:id*wui (u c jhc/ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5)(jnx c:z l ..t4wmid+bcf 9q5onkr/v L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expan:9t/o.bfkl+)n wi4nm.rd vq j czx 5c(d if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from 5ab dmj8+ lm sk;x6un/the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; inxmlda m; n/86+ bjs5kudeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fr,nww1rcejobc)9oih* 84 vq0 vom 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume o )nn 217tbust.g wo.tpf 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure8 sad kli;u4 lf/p59fw5qen4o at the surface of the Earth, estimate thed 45u9/anfw l4qk;sl fp58oei total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speedw8q)+ fhb9n(s px2exc of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen us/c z31s ezuqszo)qkbf;p5 86 p pvf2r,ed in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant ap61uzv p;8k32efscfbz)qq z/p ,o r5st 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid me1c+4ti;+m u tflg+jmtrcury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoliic: afj3c ipphc8s 249(cxuz **ex 06wz(ggvqne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit styj /o fs2wecav9w9oe)b;e+ vfp, q -*nugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a i4y1vq0y w+m rglass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standgue(t b0n0-lrs/0lt+ s)o hig ard, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm:8cey:xub s 1 w,tht+u at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth is ihk*(mfp1dc* $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity r5fuutz;zk :/by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elasticallyf/;: kutr uzz5, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spi g,uo7iuwh-bk 1 -2teherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfectbi 2ig-t1ukh we-,ou7 gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air onxcee1oe j 9c06 the following two days: 9ee1cxj c0 6oe
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP,ybgu) 9.n80g8cl dn:s l 7jwam and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature isgu0al8. )m lgwc8n:y7ds9jnb 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pr 4swo6eqfn9z3vad1z6 lo +5kmessure, the coefficient of vo6wd4as 6ez5qv+zo 3nk fo1 9lmlume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to pr96k ((uy egesbevent rot and mildew. If the cellar ((s9uge y6ekbin a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg