Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or zhd fgw7t4o261 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or 6gh fwdt2z7o4 Appendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a the53*,u doidph21oyx iazh4 n 5ormometer. dohho3xuid 5a,52*i4zoy1pn

Which is larger, 1 C u zcsozd qr1vty-h6s0802 q(-y.tu ym$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermalt*2 2- 6oed cquwi-ihape5j/ m equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A,et q-5/h*p e2u2ci wi o-6amjd B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. Wh hhz9q; y*qfo:d5v mb /chufags2v,9v3y( ts8en heated, th;t5a,v f 8b svmh2y:c/f(9y uh*9h3qsovzdqg e strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expan*crbhk(5m 5epvsqjwk k h 5 mro338.1psion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermosc eez s572a(zrtat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this dar z5ze 72c(seevice controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixblmhnng g;zj:tq2w f v/s 87)os0wyp ,9x61nded at the ends often have a section in the shape of a bhg9lvn jzgo60qx 2s1tp7/dw ;f: nmw)8 sn y,U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lea yi.1baj51qm ld floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer1 s z4ybcy7/dq is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercurd c4 /bs7yyzq1y initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break za-*80cz m wgqif one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than aaqm8 wz0cz*g-djacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coef.j) s;9yywdm26mebcl ficient of linear expansion is m9esyl 6m bw .j;dm)2cyuch smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, a *q7dvfjpg9; aai g zhnyy//5ci;*+vklabq.) ccurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bott 5-jrmhwxbskks3 u 5ptrg(y;q; 97- trom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. Wg-jsqx- tym;pu7wk s r5hb9(;rrt 35k hat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pistoyi m9zx4l( 3qmn), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the mo lq4yzi(9m m3xving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an alumibmeoez: ;c g/0num sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 2o;ze c0ge bm/:0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theofw w: muomw63v3z4/ze-mgojp8 /d3dury and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperature-zw/m6vw3p:j 4e mm/ 3wo dguodz f8u3.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s pkdd 8d4(.p f; ss+kawlaw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, tg- 3/9d byxqp cptusy9 ngxq.i+ng-.+ he ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers a4)(qsz7 gzhpb ,(0qsi kv:lbto the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphe4g0( lzs :ihbas)p b q,k(7qvzre.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can you i 0:wpjut1 z2ti5j cqlzhi/,3 rnfer about the molecular properties of one relative to th1z jr ,:350uq/tticlz2i hjw pe other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncobu6h za7da4qpj 28zg/ mfortable than a hot dry day at the same temperatzq4b7gzup j/ h82a6daure.

Is it possible to boil 2:wmgadb;t7dl0 / es wwater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature 9,fnkewdng u vd ny f06j:-r/6is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explaid/9,fnug0: ew kf ynr -nv6jd6n.

Explain why it is dangerous to open thlfd) zjd mr70/zk+n)vl gz6(xe radiator cap of an overheated automobile )zd0m z67 rz (+dlgf)/xn jlkvengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28m t cqu+:vvqe0:3rh4n/ *osjsh f9t(:lmnmq: )?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gvkk8+g kvm:ad9m0ufsd n*zv2 g *k)6tram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in axtxoste*9 6)k silver ring of the same mas6tx 9skxe*t) os?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on tuq +i:o+f6s ( jiasayz28epu /he Celsius scale?s/ap+uz qui8(2fa +o yj6 ei:s   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaclsj vlguw(s+mw tp8kz5w15kq 7( )5atures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 1i+q5 qr9ge1kjs ;.nre1.82 cm at 0.0k j9gsir1+eeq ;r .5qn $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is build-sog (ff : wh;25mtd/d.rqsc t of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is b r7:njv z:aqu-xp7t0 ruilt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average tempar j0 tvn-:pq7u7:rzxerature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than tbsd : ,ukyzc*:he rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diamz sucybd*,:: keter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atscot6)xo: )qi 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in voda-kautk 1k 55lume if it is he5d1ak5a -ktukated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is vwqz1l99o c q n.42vwcstbe+7 ov 6y(sqs8q0ifilled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL o+/1s uvnrnr3s f water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be plaqs9cn43umkb- p bq6w; ced in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vetn9vgqsbvbg )q a 2 g*9d-d1n(ssel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that t(2- gsb bgngq*1)nvddqa9 9vthe effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitya: )mc f(y imdv48:wxd $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length lr qy(k7q42 cko and width w has coefficient of linear expan oqkrkyq72c 4(sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sotspe +veqv3p02ew -m8lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 180qf3zzo.hoibh igit /8:; l: mkrsb -7 b3mh qoih:;.i8bgz: 0tikrfl -/oz s8$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an 59wb9pyx-wl8 ydj wv8inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a voly yjdbw8pw 589w-vx9 lume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41,jakx7 k4a.vj m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearingskkajvjx.a74, with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C ,w :)h hgdlt43)gtxh93eg mjb. How much stress is required to k j 3 t)xth:3lg,wbh )eghd9mg4eep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectionalj v;u+q2fcwlz yfd 1+0;q ig6xc speji3r(91l area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2(2ct*jxv,gbta4 s e6x,hqoe:0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatrj7no*n7r pj 7ures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperatureu25*na1 uf7y70:g0xrncgo w tk* u ffv on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Suo zkrfxj.-,i6 n are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric- v hlu-m:2cni,j p2eq pressure and a temperature of abovjl n-hm:iu2-, 2q ecput 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gasq cm 28 io7:7evbvl55pm r(nee law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitx.l/ a*auar3erogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitr ha:/c8vtwuboda+k+z gl;:y)ogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium9gz3rr iw) w1l gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0zq4v9p l5* ddt:+: qde zlkf0a-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3dz9:t qk+lep d:ld f0q*v45z a85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg owq52sbvya0823xp u s hf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the airt- u sy6xsf8s w0 nrn1ba x2g,kne /aa)k9n8y9 inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Supposex9/ fesy k9n 8,y0nrwb s)kn-2s na81gxa 6aut the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air a-ddo sdp7yos4 a (t1/mt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 0k3u0mb kkh2z 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a chi(nj2tnial)bl l s28 f3ld’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mocddhr+8hmbep+6w: f :lecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are thereyiu9oik hl-zj17i 2l- in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) molesqkge8*k;4)it y,xxjktle s)*j8z r7w,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.1khyay(:iw aqms* ,i3($ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many moleculw,* b gpmdgcei 16eh34q)x *+y7v bhlfes of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galiled3l)bgey1g x6e b,vp +h**qfw4 7ichmo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translatio 4; *f-n75ejof(eh)baclcy f)v7w(savu -hmxnal kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STv( hvne4-7fe;)fcm()5fbw yl-acsjo 7 haxu* P?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speedgt1(7 zq8 vmhjvk)9ssf j/9n x of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abouvvg79 18(/qmsjs ztf )k9xh jnt 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if th/bxy*60 kxtplcq8( lo e temperature is increased f*pxk8tq bl/lcx6y ( o0rom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given iikc2pp*)hs ; mn units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calcu kmc*s2ipph;) late the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gasm cx1sj.:gj6s at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doul/gql*ye sp* mg y5lr5: )3jltbled while its volume is held constant, by what fs *ey*llgj l/rq g5)tpy5 :3lmactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a *;-vi 3zbfkp uttg 2z(*oy w0igas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases z84 qrh ixn-i k-.v;5 0ai.fjrn.ve njat the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratiinj-8 v 4q.ia5.ir-n ;zxernv jk0f.ho of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moyi20j-w+2,w -q s;g*)grbp zxwoomghlecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecuj7hxkpq l+j 6(le at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance bax35b;o9x k tmetween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino aci pzcc.a/vti(:v uwz:/d whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living ceupi/: zvwtv: zcc a(./ll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure eri 8e *z:k4z/ad drekd5y27 w6 wd/exP of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,1hiudn2:sl + uwev11h $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric press7 xyvbabeh)th v z+:)./n3ttnure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase do4 )/2r t mas3cax:znwhen the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9d/r)zs4 tco an:x32m a0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (apppd)zb/z vg1zd o-n4f6roximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 25 z 4 b6-ov)pn/dzfz1 dg$^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water b/ sr/ 7kv:7ta, ldlikganct 0-oils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains ,e x pjx1ajoz .l5q./eis 0.72 atm, estimate the temperatur1x.jaez5pexl j/o., q e at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure 57dokzhp flgtyli33() /3 k shof water is 530 Pa and the relativehlfho37kgl3(3 dki 5p)yt/ sz humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 2501g ia* h10q.r ;4e/2vjiyplud yezyj $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pres:z 8z x:-sdunmu l- 4zkdz4)ijsure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature izum-d 4d)-z s4 nukz: zj8:xlof 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumeegdx fp3wy*o *ckl2:i4 pm(l3 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point o18uxaz:4bc5ok5gwpgvh 3 oc 2g4; lchf 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (ec* yq 0t-pwg(see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 q(*p0wcy te-g $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the lk3pi k:c,v cd73 *5bf; gpvxbinterior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has crosi5pkk*cp:3vl7dbx f;, cgvb3s-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure+g* jk;jag ,g/gxn0ts has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has 01 ts:/wbas nnbu,-czbeen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How ggm -n2 dip3jy;+ ny3gw1:-m on/jru smuch error will be made in a recipe calling fon y ; -33ig yj:mg+pu2nwdo-j rms1/gnr 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atmyiu2f 94po rxu l: 2*0rw6hvin. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?*iwhn0y 64pruov2l ifr 9: u2x   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and ikqx5m*fs,h 3ky (u31n)onqe height 2.5 m. Assume the,n )y(3f ui3 q*ne qkm1sh5xok temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom 38m fk5v08zhu t fbkg/per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques s9)mkq 8p(3hhp h82pepa4 hmuis abo2pp qm3h)au 9ephkm (hp8s84hut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fill)ixb)8 ) v5f:rb olr axvoe24is his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surfaor xxab)lbv): i)fv5r42io8 ece? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning mb(y lbp,x/3.i rwgl4from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what tempe4r/,p.3lbybmi gw (xlrature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fr exc4cep693*ej.s)e r d iysq-om 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770lp fze146)(f3 z,gsir43 kcq;ibvqhl m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure a,c c l5ifcv9- zveo770v6pos ft the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air mo 6 cc9ov0opf -evl5vzs77f,ic lecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molec xs-h /8um sis+7s8ofk+z9jnmules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressur7ppjl,u e; a-le = 2000 psi (13,80e pl,jul a;7p-0 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury a9ffyt ny7 5r.bt 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli3x0ep ma/0vcwc hox2i8y5nl ;ne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit yq6h7 p; oh,:enyrokm ,7b zqyne(y ;5snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar at 2 ayr;scc .f 7(9xiqw;m0$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1g*e4/aei-qvb(f.i vty ey 5 m/8$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm a 5 1qaxyv/w jvgs;:f 9b8n-pmgt 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from t,*pkyqp3p6 ili(m)j the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bbnay* 2mb t8wa,(rq:c alls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kgq2y8 rtaw nbbc(:a m*, and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spf:u:di7do68m)wm xu di+s 4sm herical) bubble of air from a depth ofsdf+4md x::w smui)7odim8 u6 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following 3qss t-29 ej-a +dptwetwo days: swqa9 t t es3-j+2-pde
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, an id(bv,5t; h/pgs4q z(uck e,ed when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is k4cg,dve t5(h,s u;b i/ (zpeq2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at ;scx 2j1o.bqeconstant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansionq1;o x2bj.ce s is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly deh 4cwvuz .+qom b*5j ljmu:z;w3umidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If tomw :q +cjjz. ml4wbuv*u;3z5 he cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg