Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the doggh98qpo 3/periodic table or Appendix ohq9ggdop8/3 B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a ther6eupdve6ynz3r : u*hq y7 s+x:mometer.ye6*uz 6u y:v dhsrn+ e73px:q

Which is larger, 1 Cnn-0ctqs4zf7c h5dpmwe2g6 3 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium wx7f7 xu vphdg1ie;, g,ith system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tempg 71ux, dxeg7vphif ;,eratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of gj5 qiz*awe3 l-k7b1o iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: Se1gk ojl3zeqb7*a -5wi e Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear exp wiq/id xwxf ;8nnj(gof 5s,;)ansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simpies 6tgfi 4u;s0,bfp(bz0 qc4le thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded;u 06ifcbsf0zs4 g4(eqipt,b together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the en0 xxhhpd*dj. .ds often have a section in the shape of a U..hhx j. dpxd*0 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mer*0 m5sgs(u lu +)gd-9stnwisdcury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomete 0;iokvrpae 69r is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury inie6oirapv0 ; 9ktially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or coye)d nl,/.sxirbz) 4 qk2 e;pioled more rapidly than adjacent parts. E) );,iniy /.ez2rs pde kql4bxxplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its ptiwn(bg fa+dpqb/w1;+ ij .9g8si0y coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to t8.w nf q+10p/j(iyb;tg sab9+iip dwghe increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 25nas 8gy6k5gj:0 nxng0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause it( mapz5*evst(u.q y0f9 gvcqr ao o;48s bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will n5 aa( g* o8y(rq em .9vs4qfvtuo;z0cpot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperaturc;c.3s o6 xeaye increases. Whay.o ec6 ;c3sxen a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or d g o7 1wjjy7h1+ad:gvxecrease if the temperat7joj dg71g +aw1xv:hyure is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatio(je ;bh4 :-kralfc7p d; d rchyf/v4b5n between average kinetic energy and the absolu(kvb;74pa drhl/ h-j crc4eby:5 ;dffte temperature.

Explain in words howsp9pjm(f6 ;qs 3t3cgu Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the rat)gq1k 5 (3u-iodzyzqy io of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must nja 0mv yyo/5kk./yj;have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphereknvyak//m.y o05 jyj;.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What ca9(r wkz5o-qy pn you infer about the molecular properties of on(y5w 9ozqrk-pe relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a 1dnx)pwmthyi+e 6 45nhot dry day at the same temperax 1+n4 pt)w hm6nedi5yture.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (2 ke2b)kdj* ) ok1ztk:b0 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is+ 2waq1jc ur bkx,-+biui-6bio*ea*c the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, t-*ai*ocwb2q1ue j kica ru-i6,+ + bbxhe dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ;/ riud) tfqey(79c,ln 63ggo v/sbh0j 9velwoverheated automobile engine.etd 9vb6l9;foi g(j 3yerg,u qlcsh/wn7) /v0

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the w)mk7; v1swuirq( fu/uinter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper pea:a*td 6*i x rxoo.h3pn 0wex)nny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gonwh(osf(,6a/,e ( 10d ujb*i zoxutal ld ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same mass?( j01uoli6z uo hb,*/sex,(a(fn wda t$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this o;b eur+vydumk t 2:-i:n the Celsius scale? k:2bu:v+udy -irt; me   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lg sqpmi--j*06h 7; oeghad l(gowest temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 y/g: h7wa/ojacm at 0.0 aog:/7hy/w a j$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of v;(ydn b9 y:/bysz w4eu ;vuhw+ll5(t slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29 u jm/v86rl9uko 5g: pjgxe ;.vk--vmg) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height chakuvrke96 /vj:.v; m8 l jg-gu-pomgx5nges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets t+ q49- pnrtdubpw:le.e (g g v5ru8eg-hat are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter atb8r.gvg lgp n+(e - q9ed-:5ru pw4etu 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4 t*la82d2f x nz$^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be i;a 6 .x2yg1 qqin.u.utq.sk opts change in volume if it is heax61qugosqp.. a; tn yq2.iuk.ted from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350wn x3wp0guhwzg3m977 .0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL reavu.( 3z1hq;*j b orof water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mad w19q-f gztxx)e of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containegu dvb,*6g se.0t)uwdd in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient obwdg. ut0d 6e* g,suv)f volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chanw3i4gx8vb j1zz w5c7ege in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w mbz8y*ei- k(q has coefficient of linear expabeq-yk8m*i z(nsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solid xr g8js vstn9:u)k+p+, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps j9 d/v khey:tw28v1ioperfect time at 1ydji1/8 2ht vvk9 eo:w7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer hadl43hn /f jlj6t /k:fts an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The buj3 :dhtlkf/6 ltf j4n/lb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel dxv;+ +ldjhxis6e9g7-snc/ x of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearx ves+c9/x6i-h+ xg7d dn;sj lings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress t1 c7sl:uqfe.0+njz j is required to keep it at this length if the tzu:q+s je t0c71 fl.jnemperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam o)f5s6 mcdv:t7r0 ypfpf cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 21 l8p tgp5az3o0$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followieq f iggo4y/m-a,:7gx ng temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tb5x ,hi w++fhthlx1b*emperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior5 3poxwc9hsjks7s 4im.md,y:8jaa t: ( ;bjst of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a tempeoez**w6o t/(( vpj iuhid /8jkrature of abouu6/vpdj *kij/8ozh t( we( *oit 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the:sjt;3ogm yw70 2+i rb m(xfhn ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank containw/9r0:jvw-w1 qnh a uss 21.6 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP cont36c- aadj h)mbpn,(nqains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at8 (kq+:ederhs 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insidk.vs6i7ol q bu2lzq* 4e a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 3i 27. o zlqsv4l*qku6b85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ogtwd d2ey-:5ogw3q :p f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heati+f8m qa-( ufqdng the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. S8(m+du q-fqa fuppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airdn-rwz 0lco*3 at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen au mmm.+ )2m2to yiri5pt 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 2vo8 7pfv/q0b kcp*hk* osj 6kaz3 3/yi0.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number +2rdse e9c4gm of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are th:utm1i.+z zndf o ydb5- r41ptere in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol .x5p; nivt+9zuihwd +es,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumef q(puv :(kx.mi-oqq )xj f)u5k88 uywdnt1 c0 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecol39, ea +tmqq;a+ pguules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hauq9pq ea 3o,l+g tm;+int: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen moleculq bx+0o0u a8j14i zztve at STP?j 1 +8 v0aob4uit0zqxz    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at 6n oyr*/o( mhma temperature of hron( */ moy6mabout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if tmyf+r3r+ils8c wfqf*u7xe i:hr 2 a1)he temperature is increased from 0 whs 21mrfif ++7r: )8r3elfi c ayqx*u$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 62j q*2 cd1dfqm, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 82 mq*j2dcdf1 q, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules6rg) /sd-v wtw /jo/tb in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by what 00 fzn9hlw 6c kbs8 5.k3vexkdfactor9 w6k.5d b xvnfl3k8 s0ek0czh does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spouhz12mzg)am2 y -e8veed of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at thj ds 2eja.5rx:e same temperature, the ratio of their rms s .2eda5jxjs r:peeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containhd) lvjs4mcqo08e+ m;ed in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speeda*y (3xnyq:. t jm+ .flb5wkgq of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitmlnx4 6+mn3jh.8z azy9 qx s1n+hg1wyrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whos8frs0/2sye,xx3ouad (icn. w e molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell we0i(u 3s dfxsy/ca2,8n o.rx at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can bx:+vqpn;:j mg-k, k dee written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniuu /wfey0z phc;daiq(du8.b++ m, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phzw1zx bf7)emn c3krf393 2gvj ases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the rm18)z t2khs co.4 af:,sevv7f2li eytemperature is (a) 90vhl fe24e. :s )yst 1zrifom7k82c,av $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately). 13w eg,mbnhq if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatubhgq,wm. 1n e3re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water /s qafiloo(3rg0,: akboils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particuli2 rl t+wj3/r)d+(ydck vay4lar place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempera3r+ j+laddr)2 4k/l(y yivw ctture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the par+46 l(drxdpzq tial pressure of water is 530 Pa and(q6d+dl z4 xrp the relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tempeawc2me a 7i9s:rature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water 1t(8 (s/rmti.yt fyus is boiling at a temperature of 12t(stf1 8yyut(sm i/.r0 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 6b8jhxpk hn9( 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 5 0nxfcbcdyhf** 9/tsj p*7. k t$^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycitq (n+hq*7j bqne molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a diq7 (+q hj*nbqtstance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes u:-gy(v0pv1 p(cygv:rh enj.. p6i e icalled tracheae. An averag-hnp0pjvgvg .(y. v( iei p:1r6c e:uye trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has +uq16muxy wfg9.ak*37fowrr been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cali;j)2isdrje43r efpt 7 pp;t)k brated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How 8q6el 0 vb8h41axleki much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool watehe6i1e0q b8k ll8av4 xr, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm.7kk - wdm 9*fi/e4feba After many balloo94febmka-d f*7iew k/ ns have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room okudr8-n3og 3a*m.hexf length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume theaue *d8-x3gro 3nmkh . temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the denseekq)(rknf)- v(;0 jdo- b6htouh v6zity of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is rywy1a2lf0(sm den j rr t+c u2s5(j25abojry5m0 5c 1ufjt22ewy(r lda+rns2s(ut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity ofx(fiswva1 h: -4- psnli f7.mw 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose txfiwv1 f:-i(wal-4 sn .h7 pmso the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s at(onfu(qu1jrjs)t,f)9mm pi)y z-j2k mosphere at a speed of about 40,0zr 2(kf9)uq)m(f1,)um j nopystj - ij00 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 1 v)df+epn(sr9 10$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m r/xxom:+ 0ok/t+ 5crq w:dlse$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the suu t(*w:a meua/rface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earta(e w*a:/tmu uh’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mo k;1nt 8 -z; feqhxnlkhn9r p25z0ysl*lecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitar6dwbnan13 bk ar :.x1l has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long wx:a 113w6bnnbdr. kar ill the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquida 6t6,ugknaqpg5kvun+ // 5 zy mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at fr5e*j3d krjx;;k2 xqd9y;d a 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at kyqt333y p)rfrnd 71wq)d kr225$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly ontp 0 f*q d 05rm8oqtoo,fo29ufpaj 31y(zvpgl*o a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adoptedx ln1 doya.m.7 in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 1sq j7lm9rhm*895 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthvdiy bdckf 3xb72bs7gg87:j*b0 5p yl is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown, cvrgoda olj:a67 *p qp6yb;- vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, aslda6 ojoagv y*br- ;,pq67p :csuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a dep3 n.lg r6s3pfxm-b 7xgth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 3-gf3 7nb lgm.6xxs pr298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the follow7udsoc l/y wjsus1 34(ing two days: us l/34w1j 7coyssd(u
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it it *+082zxmmtkhs-cv z s a solid deep in the Earth scmzmz0 t28+hv xt-*kwhere the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an i) bkij3pt; td7d.er4yrsm x0 2n-pb au7jvo:1deal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volu. da p0v-dt)r n y1e32 r;:ijxjsum74 kpbot7bme expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.