Which has more atoms: 1 kg nwtb 50xn;l- :bkk ab(of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appbt; k kwab-(5 lx0n:nbendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to dy)reo v:9;y8as utnx5q-b+9ucs e6nmake a thermometbxonnu 5 :ra;yvd9 ees6-yt c)8sq+9uer.

Which is larger, 1 Ch-muk)a u- b78ipg/rs $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal eqyvckaawq 4+60uilibrium with system C, what can you say abouya+k460 wv acqt the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When he2 dv z4gw6 bj5tuw/eh,ated, the strip will wbut2,5d z4/ h w6evjgbend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linesn9jcs/j9 :he ar expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a f zh1 ioq,25tk8 apjb2lurnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controlsj 5it,2aq2p18 bhloz k the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a sd 5dn.7v 6b8jz0wu xq3pqayn3ection in the shape of a U. Why?u qxb8z3jd .ypvq5naw6d73n0

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0k691iy je qgb0xf9tsoy)rp 62 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in xy4k1ugdy8re,m tiwe,/7 jg6 a hot tub of water, gd,m tygy7k ,e4rxw6u/ ej1 8ithe mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or xr q). z(mytx7,zys p/shb:u- cooled more rapidly than adjacent parry, sx(-:yx/t. s zpb7u m)hzqts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its cjuacq7f-iapn + 0st4el 0(5jyoefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain ts ai(l 700+-cnjupy5f4ajqewhy this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 ugd/cg4: 58ni m0hvzr$^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bc- :xuq5xra(p tuq87aonbv :9ottom and top to bulge so badly the can will n rt9u5a:uxx c(-7:a8qbn poq vot stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, b)scmm(, 4fkp ky pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these chs, (c)fkmk 4mpanges in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum szyqs -m,x/25*7d e mdb-yemccphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased frommmzsd,-/7 cemx qy cd-eb*y52 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relatio e+n l: ethd5z25-otpln between average kinetic energy andhn t5e2-ledp: tz +ol5 the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kineti*zmiy1p5+ nc oc theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s0w8bol/dn3tyjpsm /4 atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must ha6aj53of+ 8k94bcv ft+rzogh6/nl pc zve to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon ikvfctro+zhcgf l4a8 566n/o b+93z jps about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room nbl0 -mtang a;izl(:v1dnbw2 7i;,pl temperature. What can you infer about the molecular propertiil;zb7diwtl g b v20;-anln1( npa,:mes of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day isl*n(n9ag fx4d far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the n *a9n dx(flg4same temperature.

Is it possible to boil wa9v )ks+jg6do a37( xe ndij hyp,l86inter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempempz : r/as-2pus5+dgxrature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at:+ zp5/xs2sp mg uadr- the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of a igcez6r*h 9ii) j52ein overheated automobile engiic j)9r gei5i6i*2ezhne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?hr9h wy q5q0+x

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram *f6* 1qa pjwogkgyltl)7v 4qchrh; /o99jo(ecopper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numbert+f 6jdyhhmi1w ;13ge- knq/f in a silver ring of the sat-hfnydh 3m f11 j6wqe/;ik+gme mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsi/xmp8qd ;ddu )(;owh ous scale? x/do8;;hmdod)p quw(   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 1362xu2t,z+ uiy j+xr :qz.eikbd fnz, 4. $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thq)yzs/b,) p sscp)/qlcn6ex : ermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 z bs,e y6cs /:lp) xncqpqs))/$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20kd leb )e1- ihm6*qnr* $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approxi8vl3us)tr jl6 mately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (ave6l urj3vlt )s8rage temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hd kh nm75f9b8lole are often used and the rivet is cooled (us95mfbh 7kdl8n ually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at a*xp- si4yv,b4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its cr1d 0vgq ;cnx04m1 *;fwhoz4 5j utuxdhange in volume if it 0vzdrndfh 1;5x4w x cuqg 1jo ;4tm0u*is heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the bri a20wicfz3 a psfpy,w6/ y+0vzm with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wat0l6mq.vs/m x3k(s .svh gkqme+cm) x1er at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a r.zjom0n *x ti2ing made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vesy ) 8o3pzcw yw ue(ky+/+mwq;es*,at bsel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of line3wwmy)b +8/ts+q ek(uz yp *a ;e,ocwyar expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in tbg ne 1cc.(/h9ql;nwm he density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has cqmogphu 7v6oq/: d*2zoefficient of linear ex:/dqgzhpv u 7*o oq26mpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic 14hbhpygj)* ,vmah9 icbg +c,solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and x o c/kz)fh.a.keeps perfect time at 17 a/ockh. fzx) .$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The buz5(kh(b sa50 uv;a0it+wem rqlb has a volume h 5+skqzu0wvae (5b;0ami r(tof 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 /4),pihx7km czbqb -fm is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with a /,b4-k)fb 7cqizxm phngular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the derrx0m1 (gb;odsired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the 1bm(r d;0xorgtemperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-jr5djqv0v*j (beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 135tlo7*;afd jt4.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin gd1ks hnrg,z)d 1j/.h mxsn;4scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperat9ul8 xrlql 3r,4:wknm lo s(8oure on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000o lmw28 6olo duj8j rrdu.* g:sq*u;,o$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperatup7px q pdufbkp8jgzgrp./,15 h :d s/.re odgg7uxp q/p.pr /.,pzf 5bs18:hkjdp f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gez.,5m xkh p pi8*,wu p(yqu7cas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nifnkj 3.e)zyqf hy8/l5trogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 05ai azb)a26c:qr) qphn hff,y f:y )ckg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas isnskk w j(pct: b9v7+3ft 9+nsd at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inz9a9+klttb,7 omt3tn rg 0q;kt5rsu)side a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at tmuks) ,g59rt t al k bt3orn+q9z;t70385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg p+xgfqp wp3 +5iuiz)cq04;l pof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achi5ghy+5 p8bt fpi)so *ieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the b)igp5potsihyf+5 8 *air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air av :k:/sd9ip +d 4cqukgt 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18. ,ok45pb/la tyfl*tr.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0g21mo- )r*ty+qw,wd 5 ehbn xm $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number d;hwf+0j1f7/h 4-u urvvp gswof molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in u0c0ruwxf7 q,1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) wcb/ ah:qj:zv( sbkj ;)6g-ufmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumd j(c 2/:ptp)t jp,+leyn1r3t5e mqxne 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of aira5wq at7p 7kgi38i2lcch -/lh are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the l7 8wia h-5i2c3cp h/akqt lg7last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen mo95e r7v81zum mw )5ffqj7ts qxlecule at STP? 759mqeu7)jfv z5 qt81mwr sxf   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the S5 k *liehww(0yun at a temperature of abouhk 5*ly(wiw 0et 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas ;dx/1:t76z w pzmhryo 9 -46kpo tgsszmolecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0 97rs/dxp g;wzk-:o 164h pstzotzmy 6$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, givxo*1xg sjj rgfo4ci wb45g /u3po8 51uen in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8,g w541o8 r/jjc gxbpu5g 1fu 3osox*i4 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules i7tv 7yud u9-95air mzc ce md)mo :s-oa01;ntdn a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its vol6 9xhvt utj8q2ume is held constant, by what factor doetxq8v6 jh29uts $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speedlr:p(m1x-af.zqj p wr:. 2zmi of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of,cxdq9y teqyo i.,; it 2wfm2* two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecularf2iym tioe,d q9 ,*2xtw;cq.y masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containedl*y0:c* vb9pnomwqq5mf* m y* in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecu 5q;3(km.egbh iowv 2at86hdn;kx 5 eqle at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitroga4ayk jx/mwdotd 35+(en molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mam/a12d 3xxwf7 +frj0eqk ws6 kss is 89 u in a livjm3 fd1 k26x0r 7wsfa /qxke+wing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P =8olltb7,oopo)j1x f :+kr-y-gih t 3h $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,p61dq:hxs xu80*ium z $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure-dt;dbegn ) x3, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when tlh ry q0:5*lzfhe pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9rl5 h:qfz*yl00 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 5l;jb,kv k; 4gg:pu)y-av qik ;0% on a day when the temperatu,pquby v; ikv: ;jl-kk)g4ag ;re is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wher4 a jl5f0:l+w k:bhmsse water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mounthf5mv3m5*y,l mxs3j u3h (qgp ains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wsg5 3q (yvm,m3mf5phh l3jux*ater boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partiak 4equte.b kp(v7x 3tb+*7 haql pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relatie*t be ht4.(3 k7pukvb qa+qx7ve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the tqx ,a+siyw 0inj-7jz dgkavt 3e9u8.) emperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker ngx;cb2z cg 44)e,+ lfbjds6i if the water is boiling at a tempedx6 z,jsbgf4e2+ln; gc4 b)cirature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a robz2t3 k*qjry .om of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poind-ci7k fx -5mvt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) tpqr j(znl v.7ib)7s 4uk;hpd. nf4l g;o diffuse a distance of lvl pkgbq . ;usj r4.n7fp(hz)4i7nd; 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of i0 9bo (j4p zj6i.uhek4e ay9kwnsects to the interior through tiny tubes called trachekkhe jwbep4j64 y. 09 (9aiuzoae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratc+jl, pwr m,p( yc.0r:mlmos. qaa z,)ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure nnqoz6 (d9c.qobnmhwflg4 ;9k h . -wz- kau45has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at g pyg0i ht gl m.j/o3*5)zdwi;normal room temperature. How much error wil3wg phgm 5oi i.)tz* /jy0dg;ll be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 2nrrd o5./0jvd 8 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased t./r5on r d0dvjo 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widys1 j k ay0gqcw3-ks(jjj ++*ith 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the tempkj0y1-g cj *+a ji(sj+ks qw3yerature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matte+6, ;p0e zyitiuq0r ibr is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum tecg fzs(wrrg* 64hniques is abouzfg r*wr( 4g6st $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to ou /m.42sg7wzyspovs4fh4t-c;x fd) full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface?h 74s . co/zys f4g4;-doxwfsu) tvp2m Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a0( 1 uvf:cykio speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Bec1:v yo ik(f0ucause of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas isd ace3 7outbe y-q6z*vn*i37 z increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7r(1 1f)g etcss70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of vdk8a*kx 8+6qfp neu4atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate tkvqfd n46k 8a*+exp8uhe total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speehipz4(md; tygv4jw(9d of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gaug q.ug crk /23fk9p ksh6lim8*pe pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kqp* g9.3f8mk2ulk r k6h/ spciPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a)w03p92; gnyfsoe.gw lkv2yqpm c: +f bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinrib 4 n.yayd96x1mw);xdh+tge at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugl,2w uevxdj)tp8xrj exy:26; *wptb h-y around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jjif),bx ov3zv m 5jwtrmo(s ,i+r/r- *t -4gqdar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the y ocfsi2 c6)g4jos 8q:18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure o ud; ;fhlvu)s1f 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth :y -shsy +qex9is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls thr ,wl zd9xqw8b*own vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and,qwd8l9xb *z w are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubblf)q6fou:pe24stk op) e of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume thf) kt)fp4speo6 :2quoe temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followin- rk+nqkwvs-c 5j 1hvs*4;gnng two days: vjhnn;-4vswn1skr+5 * - kcgq
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the ifuu a4vyzo2,-e)s7s density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tem-s u2i,afz)7 yousv4eperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constad.ylhk1 3nnpa 0)7eh vnt pressure, the coefficient of vhv y 0hkp.7)na1dn3leolume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify the3jzjo : qd7p0v2i,yr: rrz.ohir cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept o2:h 0jz r:ivdy3r7 pr,qzjo.at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg