Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminuugo4 pxkgl ga0v-pt h*/,so11 m? See the periodic table or Appe- k 4lxo1/ou g*s ,hpatp1ggv0ndix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exp8 /rt,nju4:bci2rzmez cdb -/loited to make a thermometer.c,2ct bmb 4 n-:u zj/rri/8zed

Which is larger, 1 Cxlh+ 16h41jr-qegwx g $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibr9htcd*.i6t acdm-- cdium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can y*m9cdi-6t d h-atd.cc ou say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consistb j1qmqk5y1/;pr/h bks of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bendq/k1r b kbmj5p1 qh/;y. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of lms4wtj6uz 5.qinear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a sim9d o :m*3rz)x.o0dl ab/ wc+t(seyvhuple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this devi 9 :wosb0ur xl)vye.matzo3/* c+ dhd(ce controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed a yizlrr70;0vxj) j8 9ss 8h,+s wkwaqgt the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why 9+ 0s0; 7ri j8vywzrk8sg lxsa,)hwqj?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercq +bcu5 +;oq-mozf9p zury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass vym9+ gkv/td+thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit anm9kvyt+g+d v/ d then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one patl :kph2dkaojdk0d6h* o::z t0- ndq 3rt of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Exd 3::q h*nkttoohp0-kj:dd zkld6a20plain.

The principal virtue of ncsjz*+ mbb.9(nhfb ; Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). .c;n9 bjzmh(b*bn+fs Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 20 sirm x v5e9lqlub7bm eg*59(4 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom a7grt lb u3-/d* yczkn)0qak x6nd top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happ kcta ) qy6znd*g7r /kub0lx3-ened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston.pyn. u.q ;ttt), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic tytun ;.. pt.qtheory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphemhl6m 0*f.l;vhws i 3;ig9y abre submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature ii 9hmi;y.h ls30 l;wgfv6*a mbs increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law f)jg z1hsi 4cpkt67hf 1ollows from kinetic theory and the relation between average ki 7sth4h1kf1 cj6z p)ginetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay csn a/1.kh-e2ln6uu;egsi9r -Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio,ttqip8pnx y6/ ,.* ytym:clr of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Eartq z7a e:5-l7amvfzq cjh3 1z2ch refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth :q3 zaa e1fv2h7-z5l7m cq jczwhat it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temh8 i/;yxb3fe rperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the othb8iyf /x;re 3her?

Explain why a hot humid day is far moresv; dv2w)-o pn uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the sn-s vo ;)vpd2wame temperature.

Is it possible to boil wn o8crm1q,b.cz)grh 7ater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but the humidity is dlw4 pleg5v,, pifferent. Which is more dense, the dry air or thpw,e5,vp4g lle humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiato6yx bosy(i+5j r cap of an overheated automobilesj+y5(ixy6bo engine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in thewkc-lc0u 7lr7 winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper ).:q,;z ndftu (k7tk:ojm snwpenny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring coqd 09tfj w 5/)rm:+rmza2h ypjmpare to the number in a silver ring of the same hr)y/pa:0qj r wd t2zm+5m9jf mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Cels3xgab9 rm;tzw n9fto 1e -v6e-ius scale? mn9g3x91 v b tefar-;tw6-zeo   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest 4y jkjq2rk9 x21djk2xtemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermomed .4.7gtdazr yter, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.y.dgrd4 7 tza.0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long e1any.+ pucmjx8j z*by 4vb2+(20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of is:yvn.1 x9d3ac gc4 *x :qfmuwrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average tiy:a fm:q x3ung*4 9x.1dvcscemperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole cknyaip p19ls7)0 uw/ o 8at+eare often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diamu7)ka n9y p+tw 0lsiea8/1 opceter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water /nehd xe si3zd/f1gl ;4q*)9st eyaz6at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wioj2 p8r ign a/9a6+rltll be its change in volume if it is heated from 9g/ 8 +jpa2oil6n artr30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to t zx)phvw)8 -;2ru1(bc g +e(lgk)muj:xcgqwi he brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of watbz l3bva72 b l a1hg.cuma194ser at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placp5 y e *+xkj.kh1rxzd5ed in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in esse1znf +oh)l cbt/l,(ebntially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equalfen blth,z( )+clob /1 to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in m3ig+nt2vgj , y6s( skthe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l *j 2q23pz usbjgp3-5 neox*iwb ct9,aand width w has coefficient of linear expj9p3w e*s3j-5 tbc q 2,az*n 2xougibpansion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidv q(o;he .ff1l, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a gr9b 87wc-v 6ji-/rdd vdn(m kmpandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 17w8br 76m n--dm djdipc9(/kvv $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. T )+,+;hm, p yjzm qvhupto;2oahe bulopzohapt) ,hy;q;2 ,umvm+ +jb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m isv12epv pc6i3x rotating about its axle on frict6i epxv1vpc 23ionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How. e7oofo+j-/xo 16dhtfme0j/z 1mu of much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperat0 d7fj 1z6mo+1f-moej//utoox. f oehure increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional area qjhd f2)x2k7 c0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 moqw j9,ae6* s.l-q ckcm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kel5kfoek 2r x)czv(j1y:at tu0n w80p yu pu::l6vin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? +q2g.k m) ggwqm/+juc    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in -.zthl lr(f9)u o*dhm the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at at xp*qy;4g xls4. ohzz*mospheric pressure and a temperature of about 2;*zp sx.h4g4qzol *xy 0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the il2w8,4mzx n8e4 oj*ygqmfsm: deal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogexu /67b66 fpp**iqoha h -l13cj21gmlepws lv n ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg ofnlh7v :j :btm:5rd k*s nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.0sccs1 6s t6e*t$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container hojab kjjo:lr )ur/a y23 w)j,(mlding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 a2jk: ju()wojaj3)b/lrmr, y K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kv ys;(y2qk4g rg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift xu1;5 iu 3jysyby heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon ii1xys yuu5 j;3s 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15zirnkz y74;p8f l,f q1 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0k+tzwsq o.4ov3kw6 ao4l vk*,(q bv0m $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level andfmlfce4-vfpv:e y/ l 4vpolx k:c;29kn*i1m4 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules / 6r txzx)q,*+gy (l:in:x9 s.kwdqhzp $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of wa kw6 njx4x o+bpdr(ncu 088om(ter are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole-9njeu6srhp :h02vzu n p v6x7s,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5k*)l 7n24tt ssoir++yryp vc 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecult m1f66q gbcav1ghrbx6,w0g)+c:dde es of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and ofbw)6cgxvtge,ahq1d016c: brfmd 6g + constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic evv9lm)t qh-ws;2( mhgnergy of an oxygen molecule at STP?lmq9h2hsw) - vt(mv; g    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperlkzrp1a :/- ci* uqcj(s9kr ,eature rs1/( ce-klp 9i,u cqr:a kjz*of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mog0x5t8 8ds,eb7z 7 kn jq(oc zfq+eh6nlecules increase if the temperature is increa, he7e+ 70nkf sz8x qqz6tb 5ocgn8d(jsed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have tl1t8i0ty8n.6)w uvjll(.g z1b vbni phe following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3ljn)tiwv16. .g(bn1ltvliz8 yp08bu, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in qjs- u4lrd caq4- e.,ta gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whilewt bmehvm/r6 6g;svb7+;ge( b its volume is held constant, by what factor d /v6 e gm ;hw;t6gb+mrsvb(be7oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a )3aicq:zp qq5(.c2y+la j9wos4k wqrp 4t,g fgas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixt..cf+lq 518e rx wqzwmure of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds m.l +f1zxr5q.cq8wew is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen mo s/ox zj.c8kwpn:w h79lecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed on2 5,tai8 xdogf an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average disn:4esm6qry.suoba 6ycu *u5f9e2: pu tance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms sa3rc s46d8 twepeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell ad 83rw6t sce4at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = 5hu)ydss/ k6 h$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran +rdvl*gk2 p8nium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what ph;)s :45+ xtmxzr uxabhases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase 84xoratd mdkw)11cm0 fgi5h4when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 rco4xa1mdf mwd 8k)ith015 g4$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approfut9 0ws6mutwdmxd fo 20d.3n 2u *ii:ximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 3muudftniwdi2w*tm0 f:9. odx6 s 0 2u25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wherefxb-(x7n zum,* upa fy 0kv a)n1ex0e/ water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the moo aa08y pgi2k ) ut2 z*fhi)v8stb3rj5untains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature athzg3at)2 y5i f 8o8a)vsp*jk2ui 0trb which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa an-ur (e13sp:v0odfo ved the relati-v r1(0d3oee uovsp :fve humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water- c;s.o)qyxg qrr0x5g on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate (mptld 3/6wr ,x 9jifepressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatui3xdlw t p6efr9j(/,mre of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a r .l0y2 5q.sgi:kjc ppp,cbc)toom of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew w kehherb/g21q0 p4 1ipoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a 63lhn gi; b3wiglycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 3 g6i3lh bn;iw$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects td 7p 2bc3j,p)4yox1dvu/krpjo the interior through tiny tubes ckp 7rv,y4up2xp1 j/3cod)dj balled tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tapei* nlfj-th+ 0cgtm(kp ft r544 measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been caliblvc,(,yt(rk;o v)c )lefy +bh * hq.kxrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal roomq5* obmawwv0+ eso9 +p temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, atmo+pawb05v s+ q*ow9e 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas lqy8o3efwnuf(i2fx1s (e6 8wcylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloonoifx8ew8un lq26( ws 3yef(f1s have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of am2i1 q4iu(wm 0rydczu z ),(n7 qgm;mbir molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and he 1qmc m7 rwudbz)g ;,4mini02zmuq( (yight 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abouts ;iia7 gj9kt3 one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainv(a h-:fsd( o hl:r-k/ wrf/gaable using the best available vacuum techniques is aboutr/ok- s/a:v :- (hargdfw( fhl $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fill6me*wgdnu- rpuqcwue 6 y)0i 2m (x0*os his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he nyq660ocu-u *m(p 0ue r)e* wxdi2g wmquickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosph:xeh cbv9w t s.t8r;5gere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the8be5 ;stxtc9vr:g . hw vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal 1 xkso+z/s p5agas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of gf;l2h;ib ha pki;z0lq;z3jqlc46h .770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric presqu: j cg1s8ep,5i pek,sure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total nu,,p8ei qje5 k 1c:pgusmber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculesb35si5j th j(v contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge d a26 gu5q2bqlpressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flbq 2g6q2lu d5aow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liq (c0zjcop;p + q5u,4aqma(zjy uid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolinek9t+ zn0s7m1yskp 9vrke;7)osa lc3 p at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit7r y paog2/i9i snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tight5g-j ;:zcyoacn sy8iwqn /q l :.y2u,ily onto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the+r1 0 hbr8fgdx 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure*b2s4z:ae/* azbo0-m sntk ol of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earthb(*fdbad 7 i+p d;rwq: is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is :6 (xxpj17 ,ywp+gzcgrv8bhz suspended against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. Ho8+pjgvz7(bpcy, w hx rx:g1 6zw many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a dehv, la4 x.*9 zf hiuwjx*m,j7qpth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the suz.hx7*,ujim w ljh49a,* fvqx rface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor p,o0+e7y6ni4 3 ta-nzyxxs ny zressure in the air on the following two days: 4ynt xn+z e07yio zxny, as-63
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent differen ig:+vm tyj:04 6xpou 1jxmz;ace in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temg: jxv0y6m1 i;ux:amj4o t+zp perature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant prf tmescnd uq8 2w-807dessure, the coefficient of volume expansion duc2q wt 0d-e 7sf8m8nis equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.